ROCKS

• Minerals aggregate that make up the earth crust.

• Natural complexed bodies that are composed of
minerals.
 Single mineral rocks e.g., rock salt or
 more than two minerals rocks e.g., granite,
sandstone etc.
Minerals are naturally complexed bodies
composed of separate chemical elements e.g.,
feldspar, mica, quartz.
 Rocks

Sedimentary Metamorphic
Igneous rocks
rocks rocks
 Igneous rocks
• Magma.
• The product of cooling, segregation and
crystallization of magma.
• Magma originates < 200 km depth in the interior
of the earth consists of mixture of oxides and
silicates.
• The rock properties depends on:
• Position of the cooling magnetic bodies.
• Conditions of the pressure and temperature.
• Magma composition and its cooling rate.
 Igneous
rocks

Volcanic or Effusive
Plutonic or Intrusive
or Extrusive
(Magma)
(Lava)
e.g., Granite
e.g., Felsites, Basalt
 Intrusive Igneous Rocks
• Form when megma cools slowly below earth
surface.
• Have well formed crystals.
• Large crystals.
• Pluton
• Examples: Granite, Dunite, Gabro, Diorite
 Extrusive Igneous Rocks
• Megma erupts on to the surface.
• Lava
• Cryptic crystals Depends upon Cooling.
Examples: Basalt, Rhyolite
 Sedimentary rocks
• Formed by sediments/sedimentation.
• Sediments.
• Upper most part of the earth crust and
occupy an enormous area (70%).
• Formed in marine basins and on the
surface of land by 3 process (1 ft/900
years):
• Accumulation.
• Chemical precipitation.
• Life activity of organisms.
Sedimentation

• Detritus material comprising rocks and minerals.

• Rivers, oceans, winds and rain all have ability to

carry the particles washed off of eroding rocks.

• When the energy is not strong enough to carry

these particles, the particles drop out in the

process of sedimentation.
• Sedimentation occurs by 3 process:
– Transportation
• Sliding down slopes
• Wind
• Running water
– Deposition
• Sediment is deposited when the energy of
transporting medium becomes too low to continue
the transport process.
– Diagenesis
• Compaction
• Cementation
• Recrystallization
 Sedimentary
Rocks

Clastic
Chemical Biogenic
sedimentary
sedimentary sedimentary
rocks
rocks rocks
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

• Formed by the destruction of other rocks.

• Grouped by size e.g.:

– Gravel (boulder+cobble+pebble).
– Sandstone (sand).
– Mudstone, shale (silt).
– Claystone (clay).
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

• Non clastic rocks.

• Components are formed by chemical
agencies from material in solution e.g.:

– Calcite (CaCo3), predominate.

– Chert (chemically precipitated SiO2).
– Evaporites (salt and gypsum).
Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks

• Formed by biological agencies e.g.:

– Limestone (calcite precipitated by marine
organisms).
– Diatomite (siliceous ooze).
– Coal (accumulation of dead plant matter in a
reducing environment).
– Oil shale (high abundance of organic matter
that is converted to petroleum during
diagenesis).
 Metamorphic Rocks
• Meta= Change, Morph=Form
• Diagnesis: It is change which occur in the
sedimentary rock.
• Result of transformation of pre existing rock.
• Heat and pressure cause obvious changes.
• Deep in Earth crust.
• Marble, Slate
 Metamorphic
• The product of Rocks Examples:
alteration of Sandstone » quartzite
other rocks. Limestone » marble
• Metamorphism.

Contact Regional Dynamic

metamorphism metamorphism metamorphism
 Contact Metamorphism
• Contact with megma.
• Rock mineral may be changed due to
heat.
• Megma bakes the surrounding rock.
• Occur at small area.
 Regional Metamorphism
• Occur over large area.
• Rock mineral may change.
• Foliated rock is formed.
• Occur due to tectonic Changes.
• Folds are formed.
 Dynamic Metamorphism
• When two bodies of rocks slide pass to
each other.
• Fault zone or shear zone is formed.
• Occur in narrow zone.
 Types of Metamorphic Rocks
• Foliated M.R. • Non Foliated M.R.
• Layered or Banded • Non Layered or
• Heat and directed Banded
pressure. • No direction of heat
• Slate • Marble
Thank
You