Earth and Life

Science
Quarter 1 - Module 4
Folding, Faulting & Rock Formation
 Table of Contents

What This Module is About .................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know ............................................................................................................. i
How to Learn from this Module .............................................................................................. ii
Icons of this Module ............................................................................................................... ii
What I Know .......................................................................................................................... iii

Lesson 1:
Folding and Faulting ...................................................................1
What I Need to Know ..................................................................................... 1
What’s New: Look for me! .............................................................................. 2
What Is It ........................................................................................................ 3
What’s More: Matchy! Matchy! ....................................................................... 4
What Is It ........................................................................................................ 5
What’s New: Let’s Dig Deeper ....................................................................... 6
What I Have Learned: Compare me Not! ..................................................... 8
Folding and Faulty
Name it! They have it! ................................................ 9

What I Can Do: Poster Making ...................................................................... 9

Lesson 2:
Rock Formation ........................................................................... 10
What I Need to Know ..................................................................................... 11
What’s New: We will rock you! ....................................................................... 12
What Is It ........................................................................................................ 12
What’s More ................................................................................................... 12
What Is It ........................................................................................................ 13
What’s New: Rocking through the rock cycle ................................................ 15
What I Have Learned: Who’s that rock? ........................................................ 16
Incomparably Incomparable! ..................................... 16

What I Can Do: Examining the edible rocks .................................................. 16

Summary ................................................................................................................................ 17
Assessment: (Post-Test) ....................................................................................................... 18
Key to Answers ...................................................................................................................... 19
Module 4 Folding and Faulting
What This Module is About

This module demonstrates an understanding of deformation of Earth’s Crust by

extreme stress or pressure in the crust and mantle. This module focuses on folding and
faulting as the most common deformation processes. This will also discuss the processes,
types and importance of Earth’s deformation. Environmental issues and concerns will also
be given emphasis at the end of this module.

This module will help you explore more spectacular scenery, and help you learned
the history of the Earth in terms of its movement and processes, and how they shaped the
Earth. You will discover and at the end infer how humans can prepare of these phenomena.
We will investigate various types of folds as well as different types of faults. If you
recall from the plate tectonics sections, earthquakes occur along active fault lines. This
section helps us better understand how faults work.

This module focuses only two lessons which are Folding and Faulting
and Rock Formation
 Lesson 1: Folding and Faulting
 Lesson 2: Rock Formation

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Define folding and faulting. (MELC8_LR1_)

2. Describe the types of folding and faulting. (MELC8_LR2_)
3. Compare and contrast the processes of folding and faulting. (MELC8_LR3_)
4. Appreciate the importance of folding and faulting. (MELC8_LR4_)
5. Definition of Stratified Rocks. . (MELC9_LR1_)
6. Classifications of Rocks. . (MELC9_LR2_)
7. Rock Cycle. . (MELC9_LR3_)
8. Layers of Rocks. (MELC9_LR4_)

i
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

ii
 What I Know

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. It is another type of Earth movement that forms cracks or fractures on the rocks
A. Tension B. Faulting
C. Faulting D. Compression
2. It is a type of Earth movement resulting from the compression of rock
A. Tension B. Faulting
C. Faulting D. Compression
3. A one-sided slope connecting two horizontal or gently inclined strata
A. Monocline B. Syncline
C. Anticline D. Overturned
4. It is an upward fold on the rock.
A. Monocline B. Syncline
C. Anticline D. Overturned
5. It happens when rock is being squeezed due to compression force. This type of fault
generally moves up.
A. Monocline B. Transform (strike-slip) fault
B. Reverse (convergent) fault D. Normal (divergent) fault
6. It is a process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers due to crustal movement,
displacement of soils, and distortion of terrain.
A. Compression B. Stratification
C. Tension D. Expansion
7. The following are examples of igneous rocks EXCEPT:
A. Basalt B. Pumice
C. Granite D. Marble
8. Which is an example of sedimentary rocks?
A. Conglomerate B. Slate
C. Basalt D. Granite
9. It is a type of rock which are formed when other rocks are changed by heat, pressure and
chemical reaction.
A. Sedimentary B. Igneous
C. Metamorphic D. Stratified rock
10. It is a type of rock which are formed through solidified molten rock.
A. Sedimentary B. Igneous
C. Metamorphic D. Stratified rock

iii
 Folding and Faulting

What I Need to Know

The Earth's surface has been continually deformed. This deformation is the result of
forces that are strong enough to move ocean sediments to an elevation many thousand
meters above sea level. This helps explain the forces necessary to bend and fold rocks. This
section will discuss the types of forces needed to accomplish such a powerful feat. Look at
your surrounding? Have you ever wondered how mountains and other geologic structures
are formed? And how it leads to the making of geologic map? The answer to that is beyond
our understanding.

Mount Guiting-Guiting

Photo by: Rj Balos III | via Flickr Creative Commons

https://www.adventureinyou.com/philippines/top-philippine-mountains/

Have you visited some amazing landforms? Do you know how they are formed?
Look at the scenery. Can you name some landforms and where they can be found? Each of
them formed from constant movement of the Earth’s crust.
Let’s dwell on the processes of folding and faulting. Get ready to discover and be
amazed on some of its importance and effects of these Earth’s movement.

1
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to explain how the movement of plates leads to the
formation of folds and faults

Lesson objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. explain the concepts of folding and faulting.
2. describe the types of folding and faulting.
3. compare and contrast folding and faulting; and
4. cite the importance of folding and faulting in our lives.

What’s New

Activity 1: Look for me!

Below is a figure
that shows the active faults and
trenches in Mindanao. Based
from the given legend, look for
the places in Mindanao that
have active faults. Write them in
the box.
T
a
b
l
e

1
.
Figure 1. Distribution of Active Faults and
Trenches in the Philippines.
Places in Mindanao
 The Plate tectonic movement of the plates results in deformation (folding and faulting) of the Earth’s
crust. The different types of stress that act upon rocks play an important role in the movement of plates.

Folding is the type of Earth movement resulting from the compression of rock because of high
temperature and pressure from the interior of Earth. Bending, curving, crumpling, or buckling of rocks
into folds are usually visible on rock strata. Folding can also happen in oceans and seas.

Figure 2.1 Monocline

Different Figurehave
types of folds 2.2 Anticline Figure 2.3 and clFigure
been recognized 2.4 by the geFigure
assified 2.5 Recumbent
ologist:
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10l.html

1. Monocline – a one-sided slope connecting two horizontal or gently inclined strata

2. Anticline – an upward fold on the rock
3. Syncline - a downward fold on the rock
4. Overturned – happens when one-fold is pushed over the other limb due to increasing
pressure.
5. Recumbent – an extreme type of overturned fold in which the axial plain
acquires an almost horizontal altitude.

Another type of Earth movement is Faults they form cracks or fractures on the rocks. The
movement is caused by low temperatures that make rocks brittle. Instead of folding, rocks break into
large chunks.

Figure 3. Types of Fault

http://www.geologypage.com/2017/10/three-main-types-faults.html

These faults are named according to the type of stress that acts on the rock and by the nature of the
movement of the rock blocks either side of the fault plane.

1. Normal (divergent) fault – occur when rock is being pulled apart due to tension force.
In this type of fault, rock generally moves down.
2. Reverse (convergent) fault – happens when rock is being squeezed due to
compression force. This type of fault generally moves up.
3. Transform (strike-slip) fault – happens when rocks slide past each other in opposite
direction. The San Andreas fault is an example of this type

Now you have knowledge on folding and faulting and their types, let’s dig deeper!
 What’s More

Activity 2.1: Matchy! Matchy!

Direction: Match the illustration with the type of folds. Connect it by drawing a diagonal.

Monocline

Anticline

Syncline

Overturned

Recumbent
 Direction: Identify which of the following fault is being described in the statements below. Write
the CAPITAL letter on the space provided.

A. Normal Fault B. Reverse Fault C. Strike-slip fault

1. A fault is observed where the hanging wall is displaced upward relative to

the footwall.
2. A fault formed when rock is being squeezed due to compression force.
3. The San Andreas fault is an example of this type of fault.
4. A fault where the hanging wall is displaced downward relative to the
footwall.
5. Rocks slide past each other in opposite direction.

What Is It

The process of Earth’s deformation through folding and faulting changes its shape
and volume when stress and strain occur. It creates an abnormal tension inside the Earth's
crust that leads to unequal levelling of the mantle and it forms pressure on the surface of
earth. If such tension is exerted under the land of any reservoir, it leads to collapsing of it.
Folding inside earth's crust take many years. Fault in the land structure makes the land
hollow or unhabitable, hence it causes earthquakes.
In the Philippine the major earthquakes occur somewhere near the Philippines'
Pacific East coast (especially the East coasts of Mindanao & Samar), where a significant
tectonic subduction zone has created the second deepest ocean trench in the World -
named the Philippine Deep or the Philippine Trench - with a depth greater than 34,000 feet!
On 31st August, 2012, this area of the Philippines received a 7.6 magnitude earthquake
along the Philippine Trench, East of Samar Island. Source: https://www.pgyc.org/tsunami-
earthquake.php
But if you think Folding and Faulting can only cause natural phenomena. Think again!
From zig zags and chevrons, to crumples and folds, to fault planes melanges and mountain
formation, these sites are some of the best places to see of the evidence of the power of
geological forces in shaping our landscapes.
 What’s New

Activity 3: Let’s Dig Deeper!

A MODEL OF SEA-FLOOR SPREADING

INTRODUCTION: The creation of new sea-floor at mid-ocean spreading centers and its
destruction in subduction zones is one of the many cycles that causes the Earth to
experience constant change.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this activity is to make a simple model that shows the evolution
of oceanic crust through sea-floor spreading and subduction.

MATERIALS:
— 2 sheets of 8.5" x 11" paper (cardboard may be substituted for 1 of the sheets)
— ruler
— colored pencils or crayons
— scissors
— transparent tape
— masking tape

PROCEDURES: If your teacher gives you a ready-made template for this activity, skip steps
1-4.
1) Place one sheet of binder paper so
that the long side is towards you (Fig. 1).

2) Draw a vertical line in the middle of the

paper with a height of 11.5 cm leaving 5
cm on either side of the line. This line
represents a mid-ocean spreading center
(See Figure 1).
3) Draw a second vertical line to the right
of the center line so that it lies 3 cm from
the right edge of the paper. This line
represents a subduction zone.
4) Draw a third vertical line to the left of
the center line so that it lies 3 cm from
the left edge of the paper. This line
represents another subduction zone.
When you are finished, your piece of
paper should look like the diagram in
Figure 1.
Label the mid-ocean ridge and subduction zones.
5) With a pair of scissors, cut the vertical lines so there will be three slits on the paper all the
same height and parallel to each other. To reinforce the slits you have made, place masking
tape over each one and re-cut the slit though the tape.
6) On the second sheet of paper draw 11 bands each 2.54 cm (1 "wide) perpendicular to the
long edge of the paper.
7) Choose one color to represent normal polarity and a second to represent reversed
polarity. Color alternate bands to represent periods of normal and reversed polarity. Color
the band on the far left as reversed polarity.

6
8) Cut the paper in half parallel to the long edge to get two strips of paper as shown in
Figure 2. Mark the bands on each strip with arrows to indicate alternating periods of normal
(up arrow) and reversed (down arrow) polarity.
Return to top

9) Insert one end of each strip of paper through the spreading center line on your first piece
of paper (see Figure 3).
10) Pull each strip of paper towards the slits nearest the margins of the paper (the
subduction zones). Tape each strip to make a loop as shown in Figure 3.
11) Circulate the ribbons of paper (which represent oceanic crust) to simulate the movement
of ocean floor from the mid-ocean spreading center to the subduction zone.
Start the movement of the ribbons with bands representing normal polarity.

QUESTIONS:
1) The Earth is about 4.6 billion years old. Based on observations of your sea-floor
spreading model, why do you think that the oldest ocean floor is only about 200 million years
old?

2) On the real ocean floor, alternating stripes of normal and reversed polarity are not all of
equal width. What does this tell you about the lengths of time represented by normal and
reversed polarity?

Source: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/fosrec/Metzger3.html

Now that you have discovered further about fossil fuels, let’s test your learning.

For more information on fossil fuels, visit the following link:

https://www.learnpick.in/questions/details/17314/what-is-folding-and-faulting
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10l.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2-
fHccQUb0&feature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR0vT1VZSeeWsH1AaLe8OoQGYb_
wK3g67KTCDAUrcJ0Qvm0zRNufDbU_xyQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rG8pZxb7w3xA

7
 What I Have Learned

Activity 4: Compare me Not!

Direction: It’s time to synthesize your learning. Table 2 below contains statements
that will describe folding and faulting. Organize them on the Venn diagram to show
comparison and contrast between folding and faulting

Table 2. Folding and Faulting

Syncline Reverse
Normal Monocline

Anticline Overturned

Recumbent Strike Slip

movement resulting from the compression of rock they form cracks or fractures on the rocks.

Formed spectacular landscapes

results from the movement of plates.

Cause natural phenomena

Venn Diagram

Folding Faulting
Both

8
Activity 5: Name it! They have it!

Direction: Identify which among the names of spectacular scenery found in Mindanao.
Mark if it’s found in Mindanao and mark X if not.

1. Enchanted River 6. The Grand Mosque

2. Hundred Islands National Park 7. Bantayan Island
3. Camiguin Island. 8. Siargao Island
4. Lake Sebu, South Cotabato 9. Mount Apo.
5. Chocolate Hills 10. Tinago Falls.

What I Can Do

Activity 6: Poster Making

Direction: In a 1/8 illustration board, make a poster that shows the process of folding
and faulting. Also, it should show the importance of folding and faulting.

RUBRICS
Category 4 3 2 1
The poster clearly The poster clearly The poster The poster does
communicates the communicates indirectly not sufficiently
Presentation main idea and some of the communicates the communicate
strongly promotes important ideas idea and hardly any idea that
awareness. and slightly promotes can promote
promotes awareness. awareness.
awareness.
All of the graphics Most of the The graphics The graphics
used on the graphics used on were made by the were not made
Creativity and poster reflect an the poster reflect student but were by the student.
Originality exceptional student ingenuity copied from the
degree of student in their creation. designs or ideas
ingenuity in their of others.
creation.
All graphics in the Most graphics in Some graphics in The graphics in
Accuracy and poster are the poster are the poster are the poster are
relevance accurate and accurate and accurate and neither accurate
related to the related to the related to the nor related to
topic. topic. topic. the topic.
The poster All required Few required Required
includes all elements are elements are elements are
Required required elements included. included. missing.
Element as well as
additional
information.

9
 Rock Formation

What I Need to Know

Do you think rocks are boring? Well rocks and minerals are all around us! It is a
natural substance composed of solid crystals of different minerals that have been fused
together into a solid lump. They help us to develop new technologies and are used in our
everyday lives. Our use of rocks and minerals includes as building material, cosmetics, cars,
roads, and appliances. There are three basic types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic.

Photo from: http://selftution.com/what-types-of-rocks-igneous-sedimentary-metamorphic-kids/

1. IGNEOUS ROCKS – formed through solidified molten rock. It can be

classified into extrusive (volcanic) formed at surface of the Earth and
intrusive (Plutonic) formed deep on Earth Example: Basalt, Pumice, Granite,
Gabbro, Obsidian
2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS – formed when combinations of rock fragments,
seashells, fossils and chemicals are compressed in layers and hardened.
Example: Conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, shale, dolomite
3. METAMORPHIC ROCKS – formed when other rocks are changed by heat, pressure
and chemical reaction. Example: Marble, Slate, Gneiss, Schist, Phyllite
 Lesson objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
5. explain the concepts of stratified rocks.
6. describe the types of rocks.
7. compare and contrast the three types of rocks; and
8. cite the importance of rocks in our everyday lives.

What’s New

Activity 1: We will Rock You!

Fill in the table below and write the products of rocks and uses that you observed in your
surroundings.

Table 1

Products Uses

11

What Is It
Among the three types of rocks, sedimentary rocks are commonly called stratified rocks. Why?
Sedimentary rocks have layered or stratified structure, this process is called Stratification in which
sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers due to crustal movement, displacement of soils, and distortion
of terrain. The layers of stratified rocks differ from one another depending on the kind, size, and color of
their sediments.
 The layers (strata) are formed from the accumulation, compaction and cementation of sediments
over a period of time. Most fossils are found in these layers. Young rock layers are found at the surface
and older layers below. Geologist has been using these stratified rocks to reconstruct Earth’s history.

Photo from: https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photos-stratified-rocks-image11108918

Now you have knowledge on folding and faulting and their types, let’s dig deeper!

What’s More

Activity 1.2 Which is which?

Direction: TRUE or FALSE. Write True on the space provided if the statement is correct and
False if NOT.
1. The term 'rock strata' refers to layers of sedimentary rocks
2. Rock layers at surface are older strata.
3. Stratification is the process of layering sedimentary rocks.
4. Layers of stratified rocks are the same all throughout.
5. Crustal movement and displacement of soil causes stratification.
6. Earth is the only planet with sedimentary rocks.
7. Sediments formed as a result of rock weathering.

12

What Is It

The Rock Cycle is a group of changes. Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock or
into metamorphic rock. Sedimentary rock can change into metamorphic rock or into igneous
rock. Metamorphic rock can change into igneous or sedimentary rock.
Igneous rock forms when magma cools and makes crystals. Magma is a hot liquid made of
melted minerals. The minerals can form crystals when they cool. Igneous rock can form
underground, where the magma cools slowly. Or, igneous rock can form above ground,
where the magma cools quickly.

http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/rock.html

When it pours out on Earth's surface, magma is called lava. Yes, the same liquid rock matter
that you see coming out of volcanoes.

On Earth's surface, wind and water can break rock into pieces. They can also carry rock
pieces to another place. Usually, the rock pieces, called sediments, drop from the wind or
water to make a layer. The layer can be buried under other layers of sediments. After a long
time the sediments can be cemented together to make sedimentary rock. In this way,
igneous rock can become sedimentary rock.

All rock can be heated. But where does the heat come from? Inside Earth there is heat from
pressure (push your hands together very hard and feel the heat). There is heat from friction
(rub your hands together and feel the heat). There is also heat from radioactive decay (the
process that gives us nuclear power plants that make electricity).

So, what does the heat do to the rock? It bakes the rock.

Baked rock does not melt, but it does change. It forms crystals. If it has crystals already, it
forms larger crystals. Because this rock changes, it is called metamorphic. Remember that a
caterpillar changes to become a butterfly. That change is called metamorphosis.
Metamorphosis can occur in rock when they are heated to 300 to 700 degrees Celsius.

When Earth's tectonic plates move around, they produce heat. When they collide, they build
mountains and metamorphose (met-ah-MORE-foes) the rock.

1
For more information on Rock Cycle, see this article retrieved from
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/rock.html

13
The rock cycle continues. Mountains made of metamorphic rocks can be broken up and
washed away by streams. New sediments from these mountains can make new sedimentary
rock.

The rock cycle never stops.

When might the youngest layer in a set of sedimentary rock layers not be on top?

Sedimentary rock layers contain information about the relative ages of events and
objects in Earth’s history. As you read earlier, sedimentary rocks form from the sediments
that fall to the bottom of lakes, rivers, and seas. Over time, the sediments pile up to form
horizontal layers of sedimentary rocks. The bottom layer of rock forms first, which means it is
oldest. Each layer above that is younger, and the top layer is youngest of all. This ordering is
relative because you cannot be sure exactly when each layer formed, only that each layer is
younger then the one below it. When horizontal layers of sedimentary rock are undisturbed,
the youngest layer is always on top, as shown in the photograph on the left below. But over
millions of years, the movement of tectonic plates can disturb rock layers. A whole set of
layers can get turned on its side. Rock layers can get bent, or even folded over, like taco
shells that begin as flat tortillas. If a set of rock layers has been disturbed, the youngest layer
may no longer be on top. One way scientists determine the original order is to compare the
disturbed rock layers with a similar but undisturbed stack of layers.

http://www.classzone.com/vpg_ebooks/sci_sc_8/accessibility/sci_sc_8/page_296.pdf

14
What’s New

Activity 1.3 Rocking through the Rock Cycle

Mary Mutrux, Missouri State University
 The students will participate as matter traveling through the rock cycle while drawing
cards from 4 rock matter stations (magma, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic).
Afterwards, the student will demonstrate their path using a laser pointer in a projected large
the rock cycle diagram.

Now Characteristics of Rocks that

you Type of Rock
Shape Color Texture

have discovered further about fossil fuels, let’s test your learning.

For more information on fossil fuels, visit the following link:

https://www.sarthaks.com/150627/sedimentary-rocks-are-also-called-stratified-rocks-why
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGK1KkLjdQY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CnjoCu1154
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_8eI0H1tR0

What I Have Learned

Activity 1.4 Who’s that rock?

Direction: : Write the word in the blank to tell what type of rocks goes with each clue.

A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic

1. This rock is formed in layers.

2. You would most likely find this rock near a volcano.
_ 3. Fossils are often found in this rock.
4. It is formed through intense heat and pressure.
5. Basalt is an example of this type of rock.

15

Activity 1.5 Incomparably Comparable!

Direction: Compare and contrast the characteristics of rocks by filling up the table in each
column.
 Igneous

Metamorphic

Sedimentary

What I Can Do
Activity 1.6 Examining the edible rocks

For this exercise, it is easiest to use the ―bite-size‖ version of Snickers Bars.
1. Cut the Snickers Bars in half and give one half to each student. It is very important
not to eat the ―rock‖ until you are told to do so.
2. Draw the cross section (profile) of the Snickers bar.
3. The students should be using their observational skills to determine how many
components there are to the edible rock. As you are drawing the ―rock‖ encourage
the students to be thinking about which layers or features may have formed first. Be
reminded that some of the concepts on the relative age dating worksheet will help
you to determine which layers came first.

16

Summary
1. Plate tectonic movement of the plates results in deformation (folding and faulting)
of the Earth’s crust. The different types of stress that act upon rocks play an
important role in the movement of plates.

2. Folding is the type of Earth movement resulting from the compression of rock
because of high temperature and pressure from the interior of Earth. Bending,
curving, crumpling, or buckling of rocks into folds are usually visible on rock strata.
Folding can also happen in oceans and seas.

3. Monocline is a one-sided slope connecting two horizontal or gently inclined strata.

4. Anticline is an upward fold on the rock.

5. Syncline is a downward fold on the rock.

6. Overturned happens when one-fold is pushed over the other limb due to
increasing
pressure.
7. Recumbent is an extreme type of overturned fold in which the axial plain
acquires an almost horizontal altitude.

8. Faults they form cracks or fractures on the rocks. The movement is caused by low
temperatures that make rocks brittle. Instead of folding, rocks break into large
chunks.

9. Normal (divergent) fault occurs when rock is being pulled apart due to tension
force.

10. Reverse (convergent) fault happens when rock is being squeezed due to
compression force. This type of fault generally moves up.

11. Transform (strike-slip) fault happens when rocks slide past each other in
opposite
direction. The San Andreas fault is an example of this type

12. Stratification– is the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in

layers due to crustal movement, displacement of soils, and distortion of terrain.
The layers of stratified rocks differ from one another depending on the kind,
size,
and color of their sediments.

13. The Rock Cycle is a group of changes. Igneous rock can change into sedimentary
rock or into metamorphic rock. Sedimentary rock can change into metamorphic
rock or into igneous rock. Metamorphic rock can change into igneous or
sedimentary rock.
14. Igneous rocks are formed through solidified molten rock. It can be
classified into extrusive (volcanic) formed at surface of the Earth and
intrusive (Plutonic) formed deep on Earth Example: Basalt, Pumice,
Granite, Gabbro, Obsidian
15. Sedimentary rocks are formed when combinations of rock fragments,
seashells, fossils and chemicals are compressed in layers and hardened.
Example: Conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, shale, dolomite
16. Metamorphic rocks are formed when other rocks are changed by heat, pressure
and chemical reaction. Example: Marble, Slate, Gneiss, Schist, Phyllite

17
 Assessment: (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.
1. It is the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers.
A. Metamorphism B. Compression
C.Stratification D. Tension

2. It is a process in which rocks are continuously transformed between the three rock
types igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
A. Rock Cycle B. Stratification
C. Compression D. Layers of rocks

3. It is a type of rock which are formed when other rocks are changed by heat, pressure
and chemical reaction.
A. Sedimentary B. Igneous
C. Metamorphic D. Stratified rock
4. It contains information about the relative ages of events and objects in
Earth’s history.
A. Rock Cycle B. Stratification
C. Compression D. Layers of rocks
5. It is a type of rock which are formed through solidified molten rock.
A. Sedimentary B. Igneous
C. Metamorphic D. Stratified rock

6. It is an extreme type of overturned fold in which the axial plain acquires

an almost horizontal altitude.
A. Monocline B. Syncline
C. Anticline D. Recumbent
7. It happens when rocks slide past each other in opposite direction. The San Andreas
fault is an example of this type.
A. Monocline B. Transform (strike-slip) fault
C.Reverse (convergent) fault D. Normal (divergent) fault
8. It occurs when rock is being pulled apart due to tension force. In this type of fault, rock
generally moves down.
A. Monocline B. Transform (strike-slip) fault
B. Reverse (convergent) fault D. Normal (divergent) fault
9. It is a movement of the plates results in deformation (folding and faulting) of the Earth’s
crust.
A. Plate Tectonics B. Faulting
C. Faulting D. Compression
10. The following are list of active faults in Northern Mindanao EXCEPT.
A. Tagoloan River Fault B. Cabanglasan Fault
C. Alubijid town Fault D. San Andreas Fault

18
 Key to Answers

LESSON 1: Folding and Faulting

PreTest Post Test Activity 1

Activity 2.1

Activity 2.2
Activity 3
1. Reverse Fault
2. Reverse Fault Answers may vary Activity 4
2. Transform Fault
3. Normal Fault
2. Strike-slip Fault

Activity 5

1. check
2. check
3. check
4. check
5. X
6. Check
7. X
8. check
9. check
10. check

19
 Key to Answers

LESSON 2: Rock Formation

Activity 1.2 Activity 1.3 Activity 1.3

Answers may vary

Activity 1.4 Activity 1.5

Answers may vary Answers may vary

20
References

Crustal Deformation Processes: Folding and Faulting. Physical Geography.net.

Accessed June 26, 2020
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10l.html

―Geology Page‖Types of Fault. Accessed June 30, 2020

http://www.geologypage.com/2017/10/three-main-types-faults.html

―The Cruising Yacht Club of the Philippines.‖Tsunami and Earthquake Philippines.

Accessed May 31, 2020
https://www.pgyc.org/tsunami-earthquake.php

A Model of Sea-Floor Spreading. Ellen P. Metzger. Accessed June 26, 2020

https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/fosrec/Metzger3.html

What is Folding and Faulting. Learn Pick. Accessed May 31, 2020
https://www.learnpick.in/questions/details/17314/what-is-folding-and-faulting

TMartScience YouTube. Geology. Folding and Folding. Accessed May 31, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2-
fHccQUb0&feature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR0vT1VZSeeWsH1AaLe8OoQGYb_wK3g67KTCD
AUrcJ0Qvm0zRNufDbU_xyQhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rG8pZxbw3xA

Landforms resulting form Folding and Faulting. Accessed May 31, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rG8pZxbw3xA

―Selftution.‖ Types of Rocks. Accessed May 31, 2020

http://selftution.com/what-types-of-rocks-igneous-sedimentary-metamorphic-kids/

―Dreamstime.‖ Stratified Rocks. Accessed June 30, 2020

https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photos-stratified-rocks-image11108918

Rock Cycle: Wheeling Jesuit University/NASA-supported Classroom of the Future,

1997-2004. Accessed June 30, 2020
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/rock.html

Rock Layers. Accessed June 30, 2020

http://www.classzone.com/vpg_ebooks/sci_sc_8/accessibility/sci_sc_8/page_296.pdf

―Sarthaks eConnect.‖ Sedimentary Rocks. Accessed June 30, 2020

https://www.sarthaks.com/150627/sedimentary-rocks-are-also-called-stratified-rocks-why

Types of Rocks and the Rock Cycle. Free School. Accessed June 30, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGK1KkLjdQY

The Rock Cycle. Hank Rod. Accessed June 30, 2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CnjoCu1154

Dinglasan, Rj. Stratified Rocks. Accessed June 30, 2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_8eI0H1tR0