Chapter 5:

The Rocks of
the Earth
Presentation of: Kian Suarez
Kristine Mae Osila
 Introd uction
In our previous lesson, we learned about the study of rocks called PETROLOGY.
The earth's solid part (lithosphere) is made up of rocks. There are different rocks existing.
Rocks is the most common material of our planet. You may not have seen such impressive
rocks as these, but you see other rocks every day. These rocks are amazing rocks and
precious that our geologists used their time on digging such precious gems. In order to
achieve that kind of state for those rocks, these rocks must undergo several processes.
Through this processes, rocks varied and have their own unique characteristics and
features that can be distinguished towards one another.
5.1
Formation
of Rocks
 What is Rock?
A ROCK is a hard mass of material came from the collection or
common aggregate of grains of one or more minerals. Materials that
disaggregate are not classified as rocks such as mud and sand. Some rocks
only contain or made up of only one mineral. There are also special types
of rocks that do not contain minerals such as coal which is made up only of
plant's remains. Rocks vary in terms of size, color, texture, and hardness.
 A B C

Figure 5.1 Some rocks samples (a) scoria (oxidized); (b) pumice; and (c)
scoria
 Rocks evolve of charge from one type to another. This proven the
took eyele The cycle describes and illustrates the relationships
between three types or rocks and magma. A metamorphic rock can be
formed when an ig rock or even sedimentary rock is exposed to
extreme heat and pressure. When metamorphic rock in then exposed
to intense heat and pressure, it will melt agai and become molten lava
or magma (molten material which is hot and has solution of silicates
with minor amounts of water and other volatiles). The cycle
continues over years and over many areas in the Earth's crust.
 The rock cycle is a web of
processes that outlines how each of
the three major rock types—
igneous, metamorphic, and
sedimentary—form and break
down based on the different
applications of heat and pressure
over time. For example,
sedimentary rock shale becomes
slate when heat and pressure are
added.

Table 5.2: The Rock Cycle

5.2
Classification
of Rocks
Rocks are made up of one or more minerals.
Although different rocks can contain the same
minerals, they are classified based on the way in
which they were formed. There are three major
types of rocks namely: Igneous rock,
Sedimentary rock, and Metamorphic rock.
 Igneous Rocks
Igneous rock, or magmatic rock. Igneous rocks are
formed through the cooling and solidification of
magma or lava. The magma can be derived from
partial melts of existing rocks in either a planet's
mantle or crust.
 Types of Rocks Distinct Features Uses
1. Igneous Rocks
• enrich soil fertility due to these rocks came
Pumice from volcanic eruptions

• it is formed from hot molten material (magma) within the earth's

crust that has undergone solidification, cooled & hardened, due to high
temperature the magma may come out of the earth's surface through
Gabbro volcanic eruptions and now called lava • building statues and monuments such as
• these rocks are classified based on crystallization before magma has granite
reached the earth's surface (intrusive rocks coarser texture due to big
crystals formations); magma flows out the earth's surface (extrusive
rocks - glassy appearance due to fine crystals); magma comes out in
explosive eruption now becomes lava (pyroclastic rocks) • constructions roads such as traprock
• can be identified based on texture: (a) coarse grained appearance in
Basalt rocks means the mineral crystals are large & sign that the rock
solidified deep in the earth's crust after very slow cooling: (b) fine • grinding and polishing materials such as
grained appearance means the mineral crystals are small rock cooled so pumice
quickly
• common rocks are granite, gabbro, diorite, syenite, peridotite, dunite,
obsidian, tacylite, pegmatite, pumice, clay, slate, basalt
• serves as beautifying product such as clay
Slate
 Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are
formed by the accumulation or deposition of
mineral or organic particles at Earth's surface,
followed by cementation. Sedimentation is the
collective name for processes that cause these
particles to settle in place.
 Types of Rocks Distinct Features
2. Sedimentary Rocks
Limestone
• it is formed from deposits of materials called sediments
which are hardened, cemented, and packed together
• sediments are deposited on land by water, wind and
glaciers; settle down to the bottom of lakes and oceans
• these rocks are classified based sediments they contain
Shale namely: (a) clastic sediments (formed mostly by weathering
and erosion such as gravel, sand, silt, shale, and mud); (b)
chemical sediments (formed. from hardened minerals usually
dissolved in water, minerals can be separated from water by
evaporation or precipitation, examples of these are limestone,
rock gypsum, & rock salt;
Siltstone • (c) organic sediments (formed from remains of living
organisms such as r
ock
Uses
• making of glass such as sandstone
• building construction such as the
limestone
• manufacturing fertilizer, plaster of
paris, porcelain glass, and paints that
came from rock gypsum
• valuable source of fuel from coal
• construction of buildings and side
walks from sandstone
• making of chalk from limestone
• valuable fertilizers from rock salts
 Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks started out as some other type of rock, but
have been substantially changed from their original igneous,
sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form. Metamorphic rocks
form when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot
mineral-rich fluids or, more commonly, some combination of
these factors.
 Types of Rocks Distinct Features Uses
3. Metamorphic Rocks
• making chalk board, table tops, roofs,
laboratory tables slate & sinks from slate
Marble • formed from previous igneous or sedimentary rocks changes due to
high pressure and temperature; changes may be in the shape of crystals
• the changing of rocks from igneous or sedimentary is known as • building stone and manufacturing of glass and
metamorphism sand pa per from quartzite
• metamorphism or metamorphosis could be: (a) contact
metamorphism (an igneous/sedimentary rock is converted to
Gneiss metamorphic if it is direct contact with the source of heat such as the • making bracelets rings, and necklaces from
formation of marble from limestone which is heated to high schist
temperature); (b) regional metamorphism (increase pressure &
temperature is due to some processes known as plate tectonic and
causes the formation of mountains • construction buildings, statues and monuments
• some of the metamorphic rocks came from the following igneous/ from marble
Quartzite sedimentary rocks such as slate from shale, quartzite from sandstone,
gneiss from conglomerate, schist from shale, and marble from
limestone
• rocks are classified as foliated (minerals are flattened, drawn out, and
arranged in bands and parallel layers such as rocks that contain mica or
iron magnesium minerals) and unfoliated (fracture without definite
pattern)
Schist
The following are the types of igneous textures.

1. Aphanitic (fine -grained texture)

The cystals are too small for individual minerals to be distinguished with the unaided eye.
Igneous rocks that form at the surface or as small masses within the upper crust where cooling is
relatively rapid posses very fine grained texture, Light, intermediate or dark in color, has spherical
or elongated openings called vesicles left by gas bubbles that escape as magma solidifles that are
most abundant in the upper portion of lava flows where cooling occurs very rapidly.
 2. Phaneritic (coarse-grained texture)

Coarse-grained igneous rocks are formed when large masses of

magma solidify slowly below the surface. Consists of a mass of inter
groven crystals which are roughly equal in size and large enough that
the individual crystals can be identified with the unaided eye.
 3. Porphyritic
Different minerals crystallize at different temperatures and at different rates, it is
possible for some crystals to become quite large before others begin to from. If magma
containing large crystals should change environment like erupting at the surface, the
molten portion of the lava would cool quickly resulting in rocks which has large
crystals embedded in a matrix of smaller crystals. The large crystals are called
phenocrysts and the matrix of smaller crystals is called groundmass
 4. Glassy
During a volcanic eruption, molten rock is ejected into
the atmosphere where it is quenched quickly. Rapid
cooling may generate rocks with glassy.
Sedimentary rocks play a crucial role in deciphering Earth's history. By
analyzing the formation conditions of these rocks, geologists can infer vital
details about their origins, transport methods, and final resting places. This
knowledge allows us to track environmental changes over time at specific
locations, providing a unique glimpse into our planet's past. Since sediments are
deposited on Earth's surface, they offer insights into past physical, chemical,
and biological conditions where they accumulated. Features like ripple marks,
mud cracks, and fossils in sedimentary rocks further enhance our understanding
of previous environments.
• Coal remains the major fuel used in power plants to generate As oil
reserves gradually diminish in the years to come, the use of coal may
increase.
• Oil and natural gas commonly occur together in the pore spaces of
sedimentary rocks, consists of hydrocarbon compounds mixed
together.
• Petroleum formation is associated with the accumulation sediment
in an ocean areas that are rich in plant and animal remains that
become buried and isolated in an oxygen-deficient environment.
 Metamorphic rocks are formed due to the following metamorphism agents.

1. Heat
Provides the energy to drive chemical reactions that result in
recrystallization Rocks formed near the Earth's surface may be
subjected to intense heat when intruded with molten material
rising from below. At convergent boundaries, rocks are slowly
thrust downward to become metamorphosed at depth.
2. Pressure and Stress
Buried rocks are subjected to stress or force exerted by
the load above. Rocks are also subjected to directional
tectonic forces during mountain building, these forces,
which are unequal in different directions are called
differential stresses.
3. Chemical Activities/Chemically active
fluids
The common fluid is water- containing ions in solution, some water
is contained in the pore spaces of every rock.

Water aids in chemical reactions, also surrounds crystals and act as a

catalyst by aiding ion migration. In some instances, water promotes the
recrystallization of minerals.
Metamorphic processes can cause many changes in rocks like:

-Increased density
-Growth of larger crystals
-Reorientation of mineral grains
-Transformation from low temperature to high temperature minerals
THANKYOUUU!
But wait there's more!
Quiz
1-7:
Identification
1. _____ is the web of
processes that outlines each
of the three major kinds of
rocks.
2. It is a hard mass of
material came from the
collection or common
aggregate.
3-5:
Give the three (3) major
classification of rocks.
6-7:
Give at least two (2) types
of igneous texture.
8-10:
True or False
8. Igneous rocks are
also known as
magmatic rock.
9. Sedimentary rocks are
formed from the cooling
and solidification of
magma or lava.
10. Metamorphic rocks are
formed from the transformation of
existing rock types through heat,
pressure, or chemical processes.
That's All,
Thankyou!