TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).

2008

NGHIN CU THC NGHIM S T CHY SINH KHI TRONG L T TNG SI TNH QUY M NH (SFBC-400)
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BIOMASS COMBUSTION IN A SMALL SCALE STATIONARY FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTOR (SFBC-400) NGUYN NH TNG
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni
TM TT Bi bo ny gii thiu nghin cu thc nghim s t chy ph phm sinh khi (b ci du) trong l t tng si s dng silict lm vt liu tr t. Thc nghim c thc hin trong vng cng sut t 80 n 200 kW cho thy rng nhit t phi nm trong vng t 850 n 900 C. Nhit , th tch v nng ca cc thnh phn pht thi ca khi l (nh O 2 , CO, CO 2 , NO x /NO) c o c bng cc cm bin chuyn dng cc v tr khc nhau bn trong dc theo chiu cao ca l v trn ng ng dn khi thi. Kt qu nghin cu thc nghim cho thy rng nng ca oxit nitrogen (NO x ) trong khi th i l ln hn gi tr cho php xt theo tiu chun Mi trng ca CHLB c (TA-Luft 2002), ring oxit carbon (CO) th nh hn. Cng sut nhit danh ngha ca kh nng pha sau cyclone lc bi vo khong 53 kW. ABSTRACT This paper introduces the experimental study biomass residues (rapeseed residues) combustion in stationary fluidized bed combustor (SFBC-400, diameter 400mm) using silica sand as a material of combustion help. Experiments on ranges from 80 to 200 kW combustion test facility capacity show that rapeseed combustion temperature must be on ranges from 850 to 900 C. Temperature, volume and the concentration of exhausted emissions (e.g. O 2 , CO, CO 2 , NO x /NO) are measured by dedicated sensors at different profiles inside the combustor, along its height and in the flue gas duct where the emission is exhausted. Experimental results showed that compared to German emission limit (TA-Luft 2002) concentration of NO x in the flue gas was higher whereas that of CO was lower. Nominal heat capacity of hot air behind the cyclone is approximately 53 kW. Keywords: SFBC, biomass wastages, energy, heat capacity, thermal efficiency, emission

1. Li gii thiu Nhng nm gn y, s ch ti cc c ng n gh n n g lng (NL) ti to n i chung, c bit l cng ngh sinh khi (SK) ni ring v ang pht trin mnh trn th gii. Cng ngh ny nhm thay th dn/mt phn cc ngun nguyn liu ha thch, bi l do l hin cc ngun NL ha thch ang ngy cng cn kit dn v cn gy ra nhim mi trng.
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).2008

Khc vi cc cng ngh NL ti to khc, cng ngh NL sinh khi (NLSK) khng nhng ch thay th NL ha thch m n cn gp phn ng k trong vic x l cht thi. Hn th na, li th ca SK l c th d tr v s dng khi cn, c tnh cht n nh. Nu nh chng c s dng to ra NL in th s gp phn lm n nh hn cho vic cung cp in [5,8,14]. Hin nay trn quy m ton cu, SK l ngun NL ln th t, chim ti 14-15% tng NL tiu th ca th gii. cc nc ang pht trin, SK thng l ngun NL rt ln, trung bnh ng gp khong 35 % trong tng cung cp NL [5,8,14]. i vi Vit Nam, theo [5,7] hin c khong hn 100 triu tn SK g, ph phm g t ngnh ch bin lm nghip v SK t ph phm nng nghip. Tim nng SK ca Vit Nam kh ln, ch yu l tru, b ma, sn, ng, qu c du, g, phn ng vt, rc sinh hc th v ph phm nng nghip [1,4,7,8,10]. Theo mt s nghin cu cho thy cc ph phm ny c th to ra NL nhit, in theo phng php t trc tip, kh ha hoc ng pht nhit-in hoc c th sn xut ra nhin liu lng [2,6,11]. V vy, s dng NLSK l nhng m hnh hiu qu Vit nam c th p dng nhm cung cp c hi mi cho ngnh Nng-Lm nghip. Ngoi ra cn nhm mc tiu gim kh thi nh knh, a dng ha ngun NL, gim bt sc p v nhu cu NL, nht l trong tnh hnh thi u in trm trng v gi xng du ngy cng ln cao nh hin nay. Hn th na n s cn gp phn m bo an ninh NL trong tng lai. T nhng phn tch trn cho thy vic nghin cu s t chy ph phm SK to ra ngun NL (nhit) l rt cn thit, nht l i vi Vit Nam trong giai o n hin nay. Bi bo ny gii quyt vn xc nh, nh gi cc c tnh pht thi ca khi l so snh vi tiu chun v mi trng v NL nhit s cp c th s dng c t vic t chy SK. T lm c s la chn nguyn liu, cc thng s ca qu trnh; la chn v xut cc phng php gim thiu cc thnh phn pht thi sao cho ph hp vi tng loi nguyn liu khi th nghim l tiu im ca nghin cu ny. 2. Vt liu v phng php nghin cu 2.1. Vt liu Nguyn liu t h nghim y c thc hin trn vt liu SK ca c, l ph phm SK (b ci du). N l ph liu (b) ca qu trnh ch bin du, du sinh hc t cy ci du v c coi nh mt ngun nguyn liu SK. Ngi ta c th dng n lm phn bn, th c n cho sc vt, hoc c th dng n lm nguyn liu t rt thch hp trong h thng t tng si ly NL Nhi t, i n hoc kt hp Nhit -in. Nguyn liu ny c nhng c tnh l, ha (khi lng ring, nhit bt chy, nhit tr ca nguyn liu), c bit l cc Hnh 1. H thng th nghim thnh phn ha hc nh hm lng ca cc bon (C), xy (O), SFBC ca IEUT- Uni. hydr (H), nit (N), lu hunh (S), tro (a), nc (w) tng t Rostock, CHLB [11]
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).2008

nh SK (v tru, b ma, x da, thn cy sn / khoai m) ca Vit nam. Cc c tnh ny ca vt liu th nghim s c so snh vi nhng vi vt liu SK ca Vit nam. Chng s c trnh by v minh chng chi tit bng 1, mc 3. 2.2. Phng php Qu trnh thc nghim c tin hnh trn h thng thit b t tng si (SFBC 400) (hnh 1) ca Vin K thut Nng lng v Mi trng, Trng i hc tng hp Rostock, Cng ha Lin bang c (IEUT- Uni. Rostock, CHLB). h thng th nghim ny, khng kh c cung cp bi my nn kh v c th cung cp trc tip vo l hoc qua hm nng nh b trao i nhit. H thng thit b ny c th s dng th nghim cho cc loi nguyn liu khc nhau (kh, lng, rn v hn hp gia chng). Mi c tnh nguyn li u khc nhau th cn s dng cc thit b cung cp ph hp. C hai vt ti cung cp: mt dng cung cp nguyn liu rn v mt dng cung cp cht ph gia. Vt ti cung cp nguyn liu rn c iu khin/iu chnh bi PI-type, n c kt ni vi my tnh ch. Ngoi ra c hai h thng bm dng cung cp nguyn liu lng: mt c dng cho nguyn liu lng c nht thp, ci cn li dng cho nguyn liu c nht cao.

Hnh 2. S cng ngh, ca s hin th Online kt qu o trn SFBC ca IEUT- Univ. Rostock, CHLB [5]

H thng c trang b mt s lng ln cc van (c iu khin t ng hoc bng tay), cc cp nhit k, cc lu lng k v cc p k. Ton b nhng tn hiu ra c tp hp v ghi li ri sau truyn v my tnh ch. Sau chng c nh (ghi) li bi phn mm c bit c xy dng (c vit) bi IEUT-Univ. RostockGermany [5]. Phn mm ny s chuyn (truyn) nhng tn hiu ti my tnh ch. My tnh ch s truyn cc tn hiu ti hai mn hnh: m n hnh chnh (thng c s dng bi mt ngi vn hnh quan st tng th s hot ng ca ton b h thng th
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).2008

nghim) t thao tc, iu khin v vn hnh h thng; cn mn hnh ph c dng hin th s cng ngh ca h thng vi cc tn hiu o chnh xc ti thi im hin ti [5]. Chng c hin th trc tuyn Online s thay i cc thng s cng nh nhit ca lp si, nhit trn bung lu khng, lu lng ca khng kh v lng cung cp nguyn liu (hnh 2). Ngoi ra, h thng cn c trang b ba thit b c bit cho s phn tch kh thi (hnh 3). Thit b u tin c tn gi l ZIROX a cc tn hiu trc tuyn v p sut thnh phn ca Oxy (c chuyn i thnh nng ) trong khi thi m (O 2 humid ) [5]. Thit b th hai c dng phn tch v o c nng ca cc thnh phn pht th i trong khi thi kh, cng nh nng Oxy kh (O 2 dry ), c a carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), ci cui cng dng phn tch Organic (C org ) (hnh 3) [5].

Hnh 3. Cc h thng o v phn tch cc thnh phn pht thi trong khi l ca IEUT- Univ. Rostock- Germany [5]

Vi h thng th nghim ny, cc thng s, kt qu o ca qu trnh t c thc hin iu chnh v hin th Online bng my tnh in t. Cc thnh phn pht thi trong khi l (NO x , CO, CO 2 , Corg), cng nh nhit cc v tr bn trong dc theo chiu cao ca l c o c nh cc b cm bin (Sensor) v thit b o chuyn dng [5]. 3. Kt qu v tho lun Nhng c tnh v ha hc v nhit tr thp ca cc nguyn liu c phn tch bng cc thit b chuyn dng ti phng th nghim phn tch vt liu v mi trng ca IEUT- Uni. Rostock, CHLB, k t qu phn tch c trnh by bng 1. Kt qu phn tch ny c dng so snh i chiu gia nguyn liu dng th nghim vi mt s loi SK Vit Nam chng minh v lm sng t tnh tng ng gia chng. Ngoi ra kt qu ny c n c dng tnh ton cho cc m hnh chy (t) l thuyt, xem xt mc ca cc thnh phn pht thi, lm c s la chn nguyn liu v so snh vi nghin cu thc nghim. Bng 1 cho thy, v c bn cc thnh phn ha hc ca nguyn liu b ci du tng t nh SK Vit Nam, ngoi tr v tru c thnh phn tro l tng i ln hn. Hnh 4 biu din kt qu ca qu trnh th nghim. Qua th cho thy cc thng s chnh nh: nhit ca lp "Si" trong l ti vng "Si" T Wirbelbett 851 C, lng cung cp nguyn liu m' Br 17,5 kg/h (tng ng cng sut nhit ca nguyn liu Q Br
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).2008

88 kW (kW- Kilowatt), lng khng kh cung cp cho qu trnh chy V' Luft 135 m3/h, cng sut t ca l Q F 90 kW v lng oxy trong khi thi O 2tr 12,4 Vol.% (Vol.- Volume).
Bng 1. Nhit tr thp v cc thnh phn ha hc ca nguyn liu Sinh khi

Thnh phn Nguyn liu B ci du*) B ma**) V tru**) S da**)

(C)

(H)

(O)

(N)

(S)

(a)

(w)

(Hu)

(kg/kg) (kg/kg) (kg/kg) (kg/kg) (kg/kg) (kg/kg) (kg/kg) (kJ/kg) 0,4670 0,0633 0,2177 0,0575 0,0001 0,0693 0,1251 18086 0,4638 0,0576 0,4519 0,0074 0,0193 16686 0,1392 0,0230 15196 0,0300 0,0369 17408 0,0450 0,0238 15942

0,3979 0,0523 0,3863 0,0013 0,4622 0,0520 0,4163 0,0026

Thn cy sn/khoai m**) 0,4434 0,0576 0,4237 0,0065

*) - Sinh khi ca c; **) - Sinh khi ca Vit nam; Hu - Nhit tr thp ca nguyn liu

Hnh 4 . th biu din kt qu ca qu trnh th nghim 1. Cc k hiu: T Wirbelbett , T Freeboard , T RG - nhit (ca lp si, vng trn ca l v ca khi thi pha sau cyclone l c bi); V Luft - lu lng khng kh cung cp cho qu trnh t; m Br - lng cung cp nguyn liu; O 2tr - hm lng oxy trong khi thi;2. cc ch s: RG - khi thi, MW - gi tr o thc; arMW- gi tr trung bnh.

Nng ca cc thnh phn pht thi trong khi l c m t hnh 5. Nu so snh vi tiu chun v Mi trng ca c th thnh phn pht thi nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 /NO x ) ln hn gi tr cho php (hnh 4 & 5). Cn nu em so snh vi Tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN 5939: 2005) [12], th thnh phn NO x nh hn gi tr cho php. Nh vy trong thc t, nu ch t t nhin (khng c cht xc tc) i vi ph phm SK ny, th nng ca thnh phn pht thi NO x s khng m bo c yu
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).2008

cu v mi trng khng kh theo tiu chun ca CHLB c (TA -Luft 2002). Do tho mn/p ng c yu cu v tiu chun mi trng th cn thit/bt buc phi dng cc bin php lm sch v gim thiu cc thnh phn pht thi.

Hnh 5 . th so snh gia kt qu thc nghim ca cc thnh phn pht thi vi cc gi tr cho php theo tiu chu n v mi trng ca c v Vit Nam (TA-Luft 2002 & TCVN)

Cn nng ca thnh phn carbon monoxide CO 39 mg/m3tc (m3tc- mt khi tiu chun ) th a mn/ p n g c yu cu v ti u chun Mi trng theo tiu chun TA-Luft 2002 (hnh 5). Cc thng s khc c th xem chi tit hn trn hnh 4. Ring vi nhit ca khi thi vng pha sau Cyclone lc bi tng i cao (TRG 675 - 693 C) (hnh 2). Nh vy ngi ta c th s dng cho b trao i nhit (v d calorifier) to ra NL nhit sch nhm cung cp cho cc h thng cn tiu th nh: h thng ch bin nng-lm-thy sn. c bit c th c dng to ra NL in vi phng thc pht in bng Gas turbine, nh my nhit in, ho c ng pht nhit-in. 4. Kt lun Kt qu thc nghim cho thy, nng pht thi ca cc thnh phn: CO rt nh, cn NO x ln hn (nhng khng nhiu) so vi gi tr cho php theo tiu chun Mi trng ca CHLB c. Cho nn cn p dng cc phng php lm sch v gim thiu cc thnh phn pht thi trong cc nghin cu tip theo. Phng php n gin nht l c th dng cc cht ph gia trong qu trnh t nguyn liu. Cc cht ph gia y c th l Urea CO(NH 2 ) 2 hoc Ammonia water (NH 4 OH). Cc ch t ph gia ny c th trn ln vi nguyn liu v thc hin qu trnh t cng vi nguyn liu, hoc c th c cung cp vo l theo ng cung cp ring ti nhng v tr thch hp trn l. T kt qu trn cho thy, qu trnh t chy SK trong h thng SFBC l tng i trit , hay ni cch khc l chy sch . Nng lng nhit s cp nhn c t vic t ph phm SK c th c s dng kt ni vi cc h thng cn tiu th nh: cc h thng sy, bo qun v ch bin cc sn phm nng-lm nghip hoc thy sn. c bit c th c dng cho h thng ng pht nhit-in (i vi quy m ln) to ra NL in-nhit.
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).2008

TI LIU THAM KHO [1] (IET) - Institute of Environmental Technology 3 Science Park Drive. PSB Science Park Annex Singapore 118223. EC-ASEAN, Energy Facility Program, New and Renewable Energy Opportunities for Electricity Generation in Vietnam, This report was produced in conjunction with the Technology Partnership for New & Renewable Energy (NRE), 4 & 5 March 2004, Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam: 1-31, 2004. www.riet.org. [2] Barnard, G. and Kristoferson, L. Agricultural residues as fuel in the third World. Earth Scan Technical, No 4, International Institute for Environment and Development, London: 11-16, 1983. [3] England, S. B. and D. M. Kammen. Energy resources and development in Vietnam. Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 18: 137-67, 1993. www.annualreviews.org/aronline. [4] Enweremadu, C.C., Ojediran, J.O., Oladeji, J.T. and Afolabi, L.O. Evaluation of energy potentials in husk from soybean and cowpea. Science Focus 8: 18-23, 2004. [5] N.D. Tung, D. Steinbrecht, J. Beu and E. Backhaus. Experimental Study on Hemp Residues Combustion in a small Scale sationary Fluidized Bed Combustor. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Ejournal. Manuscript EE 08 006. Vol. X. August: 1-11, 2008. [6] Nguyen Hoai Chau. Present Status on Biomass Energy Research and Development in Vietnam. Institute of Environmental Technology (IET), Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 2006. [7] Nguyen Quang Khai. Problems of biomass energy development of Vietnam, The report at the conference of developing firm energy in Vietnam, 2006, Hanoi: 1-8, 2006. http://www.vids.org.vn. [8] Pham Khanh Toan. The quantitative research practicability of using sun energy, small hydroelectricity and biomass in industrial scale in Vietnam, The report of scientific technological summarizing, institute of energy, 7/2005, Hanoi-Vietnam, 2005. [9] Renewable Energy in Asia: the Vietnam report. An overview of the energy systems, renewable energy options, initiatives, actors and opportunities in Vietnam, August 2005. Australian Business Council for Sustainable Energy 3rd Floor, 60 Leicester Street, Carlton Victoria 3053: 1-18, 2005. www.bcse.org.au [10] Soltes, E.J. Thermo-chemical routes to chemicals, fuels, and energy from forestry and agricultural residues. In: W.A. Cote (Editor), Biomass Utilization, Plenum Press, New York: 23-47, 1983. [11] Steinbrecht, D. Wirbelschichtfeuerungen, Schwerpunkt Stationre Wirbelschichtfeuerungen. Abschnitt 2, Skript fr Vorlesung, Uni. Rostock, Deutschland, 2008.
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[12] TA Luft 2002. Erste Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz (Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft), Stand: 24.06.2002. Bei: http://www.bmu.de (Febr. 2008). [13] TCVN 5939: 2005. Ch t lng khng kh - Tiu chun kh thi cng nghip i vi bi v cc cht v c; http://www.nea.gov.vn/TCVNMT/Toanvan/TCVN_59392005.pdf [14] Tung D. Nguyen and D. Steinbrecht. Modeling a Combined Heat and Power Cogeneration System in Vietnam with a Fluidized Bed Combustor Burning Biomass. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Ejournal. Manuscript EE 08 008. Vol. X. September, 2008 http://www.cigrjournal.org/index.php/Ejounral/article/viewFile/1125/1040.

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