CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM CHUNG

1.1. NH NGHA V PHN LOI CC THIT B TRAO I NHIT.

1.1.1. Cc nh ngha.
Thit b trao i nhit (TBTN) l thit b trong thc hin s trao i nhit gia
cht cn gia cng vi cht mang nhit hoc lnh.
Cht mang nhit hoc lnh c gi chung l mi cht c nhit cao hn hoc thp
hn cht gia cng, dng nung nng hoc lm ngui cht gia cng.
Cht gia cng v mi cht thng pha lng hoc hi, gi chung l cht lng. Cc
cht ny c nhit khc nhau.
phn bit mi thng s l ca cht lng nng hay cht lng lnh, i vo hay ra
khi thit b, ngi ta quy c:
- Dng ch s 1 ch cht lng nng:
1
.
- Dng ch s 2 ch cht lng nng:
2
.
- Dng du ch thng s vo thit b:
1
;
2
.
- Dng du ch thng s ra thit b:
1
;
2
.
V d:
1
Cl t
1
'
1
t
''
Cl
2 2
t
'
t
2
''

Hnh 1.1. S khi ca TBTN
1.1.2. Phn loi cc TBTN.
1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo nguyn l lm vic ca TBTN.
1) TBTN tip xc (hay hn hp), l loi TBTN trong cht gia cng v mi cht
tip xc nhau, thc hin c qu trnh trao i nhit v trao i cht, to ra mt hn hp. V
d bnh gia nhit nc bng cch sc 1 dng hi.
2) TBTN hi nhit, l loi thit b TN c mt trao i nhit c quay, khi tip
xc cht lng 1 mt nhn nhit, khi tip xc cht lng 2 mt to nhit. Qu trnh TN l
khng n nh v trong mt trao i nhit c s dao ng nhit. V d: b sy khng kh
quay trong l hi nh my nhit in.
3) TBTN vch ngn, l loi TBTN c vch rn ngn cch cht lng nng v cht
lng lnh v 2 cht lng TN theo kiu truyn nhit. Loi TBTN vch ngn bo m
kn tuyt i gia hai cht, lm cho cht gia cng c tinh khit v v sinh, an ton, do
c s dng rng ri trong mi cng ngh.
4) TBTN kiu ng nhit, l loi TBTN dng ng nhit truyn ti nhit t cht
lng nng n cht lng lnh. Mi cht trong cc ng nhit nhn nhit t cht lng 1, si
v ho hi thnh hi bo ho kh, truyn n vng tip xc cht lng 2, ngng thnh lng
ri quay v vng nng lp li chu trnh. Trong ng nhit, mi cht si, ngng v chuyn
ng tun hon, ti 1 lng nhit ln t cht lng 1 n cht lng 2.
a. Bnh gia nhit hn hp b. Thng gia nhit kh hi nhit
c. Bnh ngng ng nc d. L hi ng nhit
Hnh 1.2. Cc loi TBTDN phn theo nguyn l lm vic.
1.1.2.2. Phn loi TBTN theo s chuyn ng cht lng, vi loi TBTN c vch
ngn.
a. S song song cng chiu.
b. S song song ngc chiu.
c. S song song i chiu.
d. S giao nhau 1 ln.
e. S giao nhau nhiu ln.
Hnh 1.3. Cc s chuyn ng cht lng trong TBTDN.
1.1.2.3. Phn loi TBTN theo thi gian.
- Thng phn ra 2 loi: Thit b lin tc (v d bnh ngng, calorife) v thit b lm vic
theo chu k (ni nu, thit b sy theo m).
1.1.2.4. Phn loi TBTN theo cng dng.
- Thit b gia nhit dng gia nhit cho sn phm (V d ni nu, l hi).
- Thit b lm mt lm ngui sn phm n nhit mi trng (V d thp gii nhit
nc, bnh lm mt du)
- Thit b lnh h nhit sn phm n nhit nh hn mi trng (V d t cp
ng, t lnh).
1.2. CC YU CU K THUT CHUNG CHO MI TBTN.
1.2.1. Cc yu cu k thut chung cho mi TBTN.
Khi thit k ch to hoc la chn trang b, cc TBTN cn t cc yu cu k thut
chnh sau y.
1) H s truyn nhit
1
1
2
1 1

+ + =

k cn phi ln, tng cng cng sut TN

Q = kF t . Mun tng k, cn tng ,
1
,
2
, nht l tng min (
1
,
2
) v gim chiu dy
ca vch, khng lm vch nhiu lp.
2) Gim tr khng thu lc trn dng chy cc mi cht p
1
, p
2
, gim cng sut
bm qut p = pV/. Mun vy cn gim nht ca cht lng, gim tc , gim cc
tn tht cc b n mc c th.
3) Tng din tch mt trao i nhit, l mt c 2 pha tip xc trc tip cht lng nng
v cht lng lnh tng cng sut Q = kF t .
4) Bo m an ton ti p sut v nhit lm vic cao nht v c tui th cao. Mun
vy phi chn kim loi bn p, t lm vic, tnh ton dy theo cc quy tc sc bn.
5) Bo m kn gia 2 cht lng vi nhau v vi mi trng bn ngoi, g
tnh nhit ca sn phm v v sinh an ton cho mi trng.
6) Cu to n gin, gn nh, d vn chuyn, d lp rp, vn hnh, d kim tra, iu
khin v d v sinh, bo dng.
1.2.2. Cc nguyn tc la chn mi cht.
Mi cht l cht trung gian dng gia nhit hay lm lnh sn phm trong TBTN.
Mi cht c phn loi theo mc ch s dng (Mi cht ti nhit nh hi nc, mi cht
ti lnh nh dung dch NaCl, mi cht lnh nh NH
3
), theo pha khi lm vic (1 pha, 2 pha,
3 pha), theo nhit lm vic t
lv
= (t
min
t
max
) (nhit rt cao, cao, trung bnh, thp, rt
thp).
Vic la chn mi cht cn t cc yu cu sau:
1) Chn mi cht c , c, , r ln c d, k ln nhm tng cng trao i nhit.
2) Cht c nhit nng chy t
nc
, nhit si t
s
v c pha thch hp vi t
lm vic
v
p sut lm vic.

3) Cht c nht nh gim p.
4) Cht khng gy chy n, t c hi, t n mn, khng cha tp cht (cn, bi).
Nhit lm vic, p sut lm vic v kh nng trao i nhit ca 1 s mi cht
thng dng c gii thiu bng 1 v bng 2.

Bng 1 - Khong nhit v p sut lm vic ca cc mi cht.

Mi cht t
lv
[
0
C] p
lv
tuyt i [bar]
Kh H
2

Kh O
2
, N
2
, khng kh
Kh metal CH
4

Kh etal, etylen, freon
Freon 12, 22, NH
3
, CO
2

Nc mui (dung dch NaCl)
Freon 11, 12, 113, 114
Du
Nc H
2
O
Hi nc
Hn hp difenyl
Thu ngn
Khi nng
Cht rn (samot)
Plasma t
0
thp

273
210
-160 -100
-150 -70
-70 0
-50 0
-10 0
0 215
0 374
0 650
260 350
350 500
450 1000
1500
3500
10
200
40
40
15
3
3
2
1 225
1 300
1 6
1 9
1
1
1


Bng 2 - Kh nng trao i nhit ca cc mi cht.
[W/m
2
K]
Qu trnh TN Mi cht

min

max
t nng hoc lm ngui Kh
Hi qu nhit
Du
Nc
1
20
60
200
60
120
1.700
10.000
Si bt Cht lng hu c 600 10.000
Nc 6.000 50.000
Ngng mng Hi cht hu c
Hi nc
600
5.000
2.500
20.000
1.2.3. Chn s chuyn ng ca 2 cht lng.
Cc kt qu thc nghim cho bit, h s to nhit khi dng cht lng ct ngang ng
ln hn, khi dng chy dc ng,
n
>
d
, cn tr khng thu lc th p
n
> p
d
.
Qua phn tch, Berman cho bit:
1) Vi cht lng, khi Nu/Pr < 61 th nn cho chy dc ng (u tin ngc chiu, o
chiu).; khi Nu/Pr > 61 nn cho chy ct ngang ng (u tin giao nhiu ln).
2) Vi cht kh, khi Re [4.10
3
4.10
4
] nn cho chy ct ngang ng.
1.2.4. Cc nguyn tc chn cht lng chy trong ng.
Khi cn chn 1 cht lng cho i trong ng th u tin cho:
1) Cht lng c lu lng th tch V (m
3
/s) nh hn, gim vn tc = V/, do
gim p v cng sut bm.
2) Cht lng c nht cao hn tng p lc bm.
3) Cht lng c (p, t)
lv
ln v thit b khng chu (p, t) cao, thit b s nh v r
hn.
4) Cht lng c hi, bn, gy n mn, d lm kn, d v sinh v t tn vt liu b
n mn ha cht.
1.2.5. Chn tc dng mi cht.
Khi tc tng th , k tng, lm TN tt hn, nhng cng lm tng p v cng
sut tiu hao cho bm qut. Do , cn chn mt vn tc hp l gim chi ph vn hnh,
tng hiu qu kinh t. Bi ton ti u cho bit, nn chn hp l cho mi cht theo bng 3
sau y:
Bng 3. Khong gi tr hp l ca vn tc mi cht.
Mi cht

t
(m/s)
Cht lng c nh (H
2
O, glycol)
Cht lng nht cao (du, dd NaCl)
Kh + bi p
k
( khi, kh bi)
Kh sch p
k
( khng kh )
0.5 3
0.2 1
6 10
12 16
Kh nn p > p
k
( kh nn)
Hi bo ho
Hi qu nhit
15 30
30 50
30 75
1.3. PHNG TRNH C BN CA TBTN.
Khi tnh ton cc thit b trao i nhit, ngi ta lun da vo 2 phng trnh sau
y gi l phng trnh c bn ca TBTN.
1.3.1. Phng trnh cn bng nhit (CBN).
Phng trnh cn bng nhit l phng trnh m t nh lut bo ton v bin ho
nng lng cho TBTN.
1.3.1.1. Phng trnh cn bng nhit tng qut.
Phng trnh cn bng nhit tng qut lin h cc h s entanpi ra vo thit b vi
nhit truyn qua v thit b ra mi trng v bin thin ni nng ca thit b:
(Hiu entanpi ra vo ca cht lng 1) + (Hiu entanpi ra- vo ca cht lng 2) +
(Nhit truyn qua v thit b ra mi trng) + (Bin thin ni nng ca thit b) = 0.
dng tch phn, phng trnh cn bng nhit tng qut c dng:
Q = ( I
1
+ I
2
+ Q
k
) + U = 0,
Trong :
I
1
= G
1
(
/
1
//
1
i i ) = G
1
Cp
1
(
/
1
//
1
t t ) < 0, do cht lng 1 to nhit.
I
2
= G
2
(
/
2
//
2
i i ) = G
2
Cp
2
(
/
2
//
2
t t ) > 0, do cht lng 2 thu nhit.
Q
k
= k
i
F
i
( t - t
f
), [W] l nhit truyn t cht lng c nhit t qua cc din tch F
i

ca v thit b ra mi trng nhit t
f
. Vi thit b gia nhit thng c: t > t
f
nn Q
k
> 0
tc mi trng nhn nhit. Vi thit b lm lnh, thng t < t
f
nn Q
k
< 0 tc mi trng
to nhit vo thit b.
[s] l thi gian t khi khi ng thit b nhit t
0
n nhit

t no .
U = V
i

i
C
i
(

t - t
0
), [J] l bin thin ni nng ca cc chi tit to ra thit b. Trong
thit b gia nhit, thng

t > t
0
nn U > 0; trong thit b lm lnh, thng

t < t
0
nn U
< 0. Nu tnh t khi thit b lm vic n nh, th U = 0.
Nu t W = GC
p
, [W/K] l ng lng nc ca cht lng th lin h gia W, lu
lng G(kg/s); khi lng ring [kg/m
3
], nhit dung ring C
p
[J/kgK], vn tc [m/s] ca
cht lng vi tit din dng cht lng f s c dng:

W = GC
p
= fC
p

Trong : V = f [m
3
/s] c gi l lu lng th tch.
Phng trnh CBN tch phn tng qut, lin h cc thng s nh trn s c dng:
[
1

1
f
1
(
/
1
//
1
i i ) +
2

2
f
2
(
/
2
//
2
i i ) + k
i
F
i
( t - t
f
)] +
i
V
i
C
i
(

t - t
0
).
Phng trnh ny cho php tm c mt i lng cha bit no , v d thi gian
khi ng thit b khi c th xc nh tt c cc i lng cn li.
Khi xt cn bng nhit qua 1 vi phn dF ca din tch trao i nhit ca thit b th
phng trnh cn bng nhit tng qut c dng vi phn sau:

1
f
1
di
1
+
2

2
f
2
di
2
+ k
i
F
i
( t - t
f
)dF
i
+
i
V
i
C
i
d
dt
= 0 .
y l phng trnh vi phn cn bng cng sut nhit trao i qua din tch dF ca
TBTN. N cho php tm c lut bin thin theo thi gian ca nhit cc cht lng,
thng qua di = C
p
dt.
1.3.1.2. Cc phng trnh cn bng nhit c bit.
1) Khi thit b cch nhit tt vi mi trng: Coi Q
k
= 0, (I
1
+ I
2
) + U = 0.
2) Khi TBTN lm vic n nh, coi U = 0, I
1
+ I
2
+ Q
k
= 0.
3) Khi thit b c cch nhit, lm vic n nh th:
I
1
+ I
2
= 0 hay G
1
(
//
1
/
1
i i ) = G
2
Cp
2
(
/
2
//
2
i i )
G
1
Cp
1
(
//
1
/
1
t t ) = G
2
Cp
2
(
/
2
//
2
t t ) hay W
1
(
//
1
/
1
t t ) = W
2
(
/
2
//
2
t t )
Dng vi phn ca phng trnh cn bng nhit khi l W
1
dt
1
= W
2
dt
2
.
4) Khi U = 0, Q
k
= 0 nu cc cht lng c s chuyn pha trong TBTN, t cht
lng C
p
n si t
s
nhn nhit r, ri qu nhit n hi c nhit dung ring C
ph
, th phng
trnh cn bng nhit c dng:
G
1 ( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
//
2 2 2
/
2 2 2 2
//
1 1 1 1 1
/
1 1 s p s p s p s h p
t t C r t t C G t t C r t t C + + = + +

Hnh 1.4. Phn b nhit cc cht lng khi chuyn pha trong TBTN cng chiu.
V d: + Phng trnh cn bng nhit trong l hi:
G
1
C
p1 ( )
//
1
/
1
t t ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
//
2 2 2
/
2 2 2 2 s h p s p
t t C r t t C G + + =
vi: 1- khi nng, 2- H
2
O.
+ Phng trnh cn bng nhit cho bnh ngng: 1- hi ngng, 2- nc lm mt.
G
1 ( ) ( ) [ ] ( )
//
2
/
2 2 2
//
1 1 1 1 1
/
1 1
t t C G t t C r t t C
p s p s h p
= + +
.
1.3.2. Phng trnh truyn nhit.
Phng trnh truyn nhit l nhng phng trnh m t lng nhit trao i gia 2
cht lng qua mt TN bng phng thc truyn nhit.
1) Dng vi phn.
Lng nhit Q truyn t cht lng nng nhit t
1
qua din tch dF
x
ca mt TN
n cht lng lnh nhit t
2
l:
Q = k(t
1
t
2
)dF
x
= kt
x
dF
x
, W
Trong :
k =
1
2 1
1 1

+ +

i
i

, [W/m
2
K] l h s truyn nhit qua vch thng c coi l
khng i trong mt F.
t
x
= t
1(x)
t
2(x)
= f(F
x
) l chnh nhit ca 2 cht lng hai bn mt dF
x
, ph
thuc v tr F
x
.
2) Dng tch phn.
Lng nhit Q truyn t cht lng 1 qua din tch TN F n cht lng 2 l:
Q = ( ) ( ) ,
0
t kF dF F t k dF F t k
F
x x x x x x
= =

[W].
Vi: ( )

=
x x x
dF F t
F
t
1
, gi l chnh trung bnh trn mt F ca nhit 2 cht lng.
1.4. XC NH CHNH NHIT TRUNG BNH t .
Gi tr t ph thuc vo t
/
1
, t
//
1
, t
/
2
, t
//
2
v loi s chuyn ng ca 2 cht lng.
1.4.1. S song song ngc chiu.
Phng trnh cn bng nhit v truyn nhit qua dF
x
ca TBTN song song ngc
chiu, theo hnh 1.5 c dng:

=
= =
x x
dF t k Q
dt dt Q

2 2 1 1
W W

Theo c: dt
1
-dt
2
= - Q

2 1
W
1
W
1

hay d =
x
t - mkt
x
dF
x
, vi m =

2 1
W
1
W
1
, [k/W].
Nu m v k khng i th:
x
X
F
x
t
t x
x
mkF
t
t
hay dF mk
t
t d
x x
=

0 0
ln
0
.
Do : t
x
(F
x
) = t
0
exp(-mkF
x
).
Theo nh ngha t : t = ( )

=

1 ) exp( ) (
1
0
0
0 mkF
x x
F
x x x
e
mkF
t
dF mkF
F
t
dF F t
F
.
Thay t
F
= t
0
exp(-mkF) vo trn s c:
0
0
0
0
0
ln
1
ln
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
F
F F
F

=
vi

=
=
/
2
//
1
//
2
/
1
t t t
t t t
F
s

t
x
O
F

x
d
x
F
F
2
dt
x
t
t
o
1
t
2
t
1
dt
t
F
t'
1
t'
2
t"
1
t"
2
C2
C
1
F

Hnh 1.5. S trao i nhit 2 cht lng song song ngc chiu.
1.4.2. S song song cng chiu.
Phng trnh cn bng nhit v truyn nhit dF
x
l:

=
= =
x x
dF t k Q
dt dt Q

2 2 1 1
W W

Sau khi a v dng: dt
x
= -
x
tdF k

+
2 1
W
1
W
1
= -mkt
x
dF
x
v bin i nh trn s
thu c:
0
0
ln
t
t
t t
t
F
F

= vi

=
=
//
2
//
1
/
2
/
1 0
t t t
t t t
F

t
x
O
F
x
d
x
F
F
t'
1
F
1
C
C2
t
1
t"
1
F
t
dt
1
dt
2
t
x
2
t"
t
2
2
t'
o
t

Hnh 1.6. S trao i nhit 2 cht lng song song cng chiu.
Cc cng thc trn dng khi: t
0
t
F
0.
Cc cng thc c bit khc c th tnh t theo:
= t

= =
+
=
0 0
) (
2
1
0
0
0
0
F
F
F
t t khi
t t
t t khi t

1.4.3. Cc s khc.
tnh t cho cc s khc (song song i chiu, giao nhau 1 hay n ln), ta tnh
t theo s song song ngc chiu ri nhn vi h s
t
, c xc nh bng thc
nghim v cho dng th.

t
= f( p =
/
2
/
1
/
2
//
2
t t
t t

, R =
/
2
//
2
//
1
/
1
t t
t t

, loi s ): t = t .
t
(P, R,loi s ).
1.5. CC CH TIU CHT LNG CA TBTN .
nh gi cht lng ca TBTN, ngi ta da vo cc ch tiu sau y:
1.5.1. Ch tiu v nng lng.
c trng cho mt cng sut nhit thu c ng vi 1kW in tiu hao khi vn
hnh bm qut ca thit b, ngi ta dng ch tiu nng lng E
0
, c nh ngha:
E
0
= Cng sut nhit sn phm thu c t mi cht
Tng cng sut bm qut sn phm v mi cht
E
0
=
3 5
) (
/ //
+

=
+
sp i i G
Nq Nb
Q
. E
0
cng ln th thit b cng tt.
V d: L hi sn xut G = 1000 kg/h hi c i
//
= 2770 kJ/kg, t nc c C
p
= 4,18 kJ/kgK,
t
/
= 27
0
C, bm nc tiu th N
B
= 5kW, qut gi tiu th N
q
= 3kW th c:
E
0
=
( )
3 , 92
3 5
27 . 18 , 4 2770
3600
1000
=
+

1.5.2. Cc ch tiu kt cu.
1.5.2.1. gn ca thit b
gn ca thit b, k hiu l G, c nh ngha:
G

= Din tch mt trao i nhit F = F , [m
2
/m
3
]
Th tch hp bao thit b V V
G cng ln, thit b cng gn.
V d: L hi ni trn c G =
3 2
/ 6 , 1
4 . 2 . 2
25
m m
V
F
= =
1.5.2.2. Sut tiu hao kim loi.
Sut tiu hao kim loi, k hiu l b, c nh ngha:
b

= Khi lng ca thit b = M , [kg/m
2
]
Din tch mt trao i nhit F
b cng nh thit b cng t tn kim loi.
V d: L hi ni trn c b =
2
/ 50
25
1200
m kg = .
1.5.3. Hiu sut trao i nhit ca thit b.
1.5.3.1. nh ngha:
Hiu sut TN ca thit b, k hiu bi c nh ngha:
=
max
Q
Q
,
Trong :
Q = W
1
t
1
= W
2
t
2
= bF t l nhit cht lng 1 truyn cho cht lng 2 trong thit b.
Q
max
l nhit cc i m cht lng 1 truyn cho cht lng 2 khi chy song song ngc
chiu vi din tch TN ln v cng F .
Khi hai cht lng chy song song ngc chiu v F th nhit ra cht lng c
W nh hn s bng nhit vo ca cht lng c W ln hn.
Khi W
1
> W
2
t
1
< t
2
v t
//
2
= t
/
1
.
Khi W
1
< W
2
t
1
> t
2
v t
//
1
= t
/
2
.
Do Q
max
bng :
Q
max
=
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

=
=
2 1
/
2
/
1 min
//
1
/
1 1
2 1 2
/
1 min
/
2
//
2 2
W W W W
W W W W
khi t t t t
khi t t t t

tc l Q
max
= W
min
(t
/
1
= t
/
2
), vi W
min
= min(W
1
,W
2
).
Hnh 1.7. Phn b t
i
(F
x
) khi F
1.5.3.2. Cng thc tnh .
=
max
Q
Q
=
( )
/
2
/
1
max
/
2
/
1 min
max min
W
t t
t
t t W
t

vi t
max
= max( t
1
, t
2
)
=
max
Q
Q
=
( )
/
2
/
1
/
2
/
1 min
W t t
t
NTU
t t
t bF

vi NTU =
min
W
kF
gi l s n v chuyn nhit (Number of Tranfu Unit).
Hiu sut TN ph thuc NTU n, 1
W
W
max
min
= m v s chuyn ng ca cht
lng 2 cht lng.
1.5.3.3. Tnh cho s song song ngc chiu.
Xt s song song ngc chiu c W
1
> W
2
.
T phng trnh cn bng nhit Q = -W
1
dt
1
= -W
2
dt
2

C dt
1
dt
2
= d(t
x
) = Q

1 2
W
1
W
1

Theo phng trnotuyn nhit Q = kt
x
dF
x

d(t
x
) = kt
x
dF
x

1 2
W
1
W
1


x
F
t
t x
x
dF
k
t
t d
F

1
2
0 2
W
W
1
W
0

ln
( ) m n
kF
F
F
e e
t
t kF
t
t

= =

1 W
W
1
W
0
1
2
2 0
1
2
2
W
W
1
W
.
Hnh 1.8. tnh cho s song song ngc chiu.
Theo hnh 1.8 c: do W
1
t
1
= W
2
t
2

t
1
=
2 2
1
2
W
W
t n t = .
) 1 (
2
2
2
2
1
2 0
1
1
1
1
m n
F
e
m
t
t
m
t
t
t m t
t t
t t
t t
t
t

=

=


=


=

.
Gii phng trnh (1- ) = (1- m)e
-n(1-m)
thu c:
= 1 ) , (
1
1
) 1 (
) 1 (
=

m n f
me
e
m n
m n

th c dng nh hnh 1.9.
Hnh 1.9. th = f(n,m).
Cc nhn xt:
1) Khi m gim th tng.
2) Khi m = 0 ( lc ngng, si T = const, C
p
= W
max
= ) = e
-n
.
3) Khi m = 1(W
1
= W
2
) =
n
n
m n
m
+
=

1
) , ( lim
1
.
1.5.3.4. Tnh cho s cng chiu.
Xt s song song cng chiu c W
1
> W
2
.
T h phng trnh c bn:

=
= =
x x
dF t k Q
dt dt Q

2 2 1 1
W W

tnh ton nh trn s c: = ) , (
1
1
) 1 (
m n f
m
e
m n
=
+

+
.
Hnh 1.10. tnh cho s song song cng chiu.

Cc nhn xt:
1) Khi m gim th tng.
2) Khi m = 0 (W
max
c chuyn pha) = 1- e
-n
nh song song ngc chiu.
3) Khi m = 1 = ( )
n
e
2
1
2
1

.
Hnh 1.11. th = f(n,m).
1.5.3.5. Hiu sut trao i nhit ca cc s khc.
1) S song song i chiu th: =

+
+ + +
2
1
1 1
2
2
2
m
n Coth m m
.
2) S giao nhau 1 ln th: = 1 e
-m(1- exp(-mn))
.
3) Cc s khc c = f(n,m) xem trong TLTK.
4) So snh cc s :
+ Khi m = 0
W
W
max
min
= = 1- e
-n
mi s .
+ khi m 0 th:
> > (Xem sch ri v theo, nh Word khng c)
> >
Do = max , = min .
1.6. CC BI TP V D:
1.6.1. V d v p dng phng trnh cn bng nhit truyn nhit.
Bi ton: Mt thng mng ng m = 500 kg dung dch c C
p2
= 2kJ/kgK, nhit
u t
0
= 7
0
C, c khuy u. ng xon dn du nng c thng s vo G
1
= 9 kg/s, C
p1
=
3,5kJ/kgK, t
/
1
= 92
0
C, din tch ng F
1
= 0,785 m
2
, h s truyn nhit qua ng k = 10
3
W/m
2
K. Khi dung dch c t t
p
= 17
0
C th xy ra phn ng pht nhit, vi cng sut sinh
nhit ring q(t), [W/kg] bng: q(t) =

p p p
p
t t khi t t t t q
t t khi
) ( 88 , 0 ) (
0
0

Hnh 1.12. Thng gia nhit phn ng.
H s truyn nhit qua v thng din tch F
2
= 3,5 m
2
n khng kh nhit t
f
=
30
0
C l k
2
= 40W/m
2
K.
1) Tnh thi gian
p
khi dung dch t nhit t
p
.
2) Tnh thi gian
s
n khi dung dch t nhit t
s
= 77
0
C.
3) Nhit cc i t
m
ca dung dch l bao nhiu?
Li gii:
V bnh mng = 0 nn coi du = Fcdt = 0.
V NTU
1
= 025 , 0
3500 . 9
785 , 0 . 1000
1 1
1
= =
p
C G
F k
rt b W
1
= G
1
C
p1
rt ln
t
1
= ( t
/
1
- t
//
1
) rt b coi t
/
1
= t .
1) Khi t < t
p
, cha c phn ng, phng trnh cn bng nhit cho dung dch lc ,
sau d, ng vi nhit dung dch t t(dt):
(Nhit dung dch nhn t u) = ( tng Entanpy dung dch) + (Nhit ra mi trng).
Hay: k
1
F
1
(t
/
1
- t) d = mC
p2
dt + k
2
F
2
( t t
f
)d

2
2 2
/
1 1 1
2
2 2 1 1
p
f
p
mC
t F k t F k
mC
F k F k
t
d
dt
+
=
+
+

t tng ng bng: ( )
1 1
1
1
1 1 1 m
t t a
a
b
t a dt b t a
d
dt
=

= = +

p
m
m p
t
t m
a
t t
t t
d a
t t
dt
p p

1
1 0
1
0
1
1
ln
0
=

p
=
p m
m
t t
t t
a

1
0 1
1
ln
1

vi a
1
=
1 4
2
2 2 1 1
10 . 25 , 9
2000 . 500
5 , 3 . 40 785 , 0 . 1000

=
+
=
+
s
mC
F k F k
p
.
t
m1
= C
F k F k
t F k t F k
a
b
f 0
2 2 1 1
2 2
/
1 1 1
1
1
86 , 82
5 , 3 . 40 785 , 0 . 1000
30 . 5 , 3 . 40 92 . 785 , 0 . 1000
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
Do :
p
= s 153
17 62 , 82
7 62 , 82
ln
35 , 9
10
4
=

2) Khi t t
p
trong dung dch c phn ng sinh nhit q(t), phng trnh cn bng
nhit:
(nhit dung dch nhn t du) + (nhit dung dch nhn t phn ng) = ( tng entanpi) +
(nhit truyn ra mi trng)
hay: k
1
F
1
(t
1
- t)d + mq
0
( t- t
p
)d = mC
p2
dt + k
2
F
2
(t t
f
)d

2
0 2 2 1 1 1
2
0 2 2 1 1
p
p f
p
mC
t mq t F k t F k
mC
mq F k F k
t
d
dt
+
=
+
+

t bng:
2 2
b t a
d
dt
= +

dt = -a
2 ) (
2 2
2
2
m
t t a
a
b
t =

0
2
2
d a
t t
dt
t
t m
p

a
p m m
m p
m
e t t t t a
t t
t t

= =

) ( ) ( ln
2 2 2
2
2

do :
ps
=
s m
p m
t t
t t
a

2
2
2
ln
1

vi: a
2
=
2
0 2 2 1 1
p
mc
mq F t F k +
=
1 4
10 . 85 , 4
2000 . 500
88 , 0 . 500 5 , 3 . 40 785 , 0 . 1000

=
+
s
t
m2
=
0 2 2 1 1
1 2 2 1 1 1
2
2
mq F k F k
t mq t F k t F k
a
b
p f
+
+
=
88 , 0 . 500 5 , 3 . 40 785 , 0 . 10
17 . 88 , 0 . 500 30 . 5 , 3 . 40 2 , 0 . 785 , 0 . 10
3
+
+
=
t
m2
= 142,1
0
C.

ps
= s 1346
77 1 , 142
17 1 , 142
ln
85 , 4
10
4
=

Do thi gian t tng t t
0
t
s
l
s
=
p
+
ps
= 153 + 1346 = 1499 s.
3) Max t() = lim[t
m2
(t
m2
t
p
)e
-a
) = t
m2
= 142,1
0
C.
l nhit n nh ca dung dch khi bnh lm vic.
ng cong t() ca dung dch c dng nh hnh 1.13.
Hnh 1.13. Phn b t() ca dung dch.
1.6.2. V d v p dng phng trnh truyn nhit v tnh t .
Bi ton: Mt l hi sn xut hi bo ho kh t nc si p = 8 bar, c din tch
trao i nhit bng F = 18 cm
2
, h s truyn nhit k = 180 W/m
2
K. Sn phm chy c G
1
=
1 kg/s, nhit t
1
/
= 700
0
C, C
p1
= 1,2 kJ/ kgK.
Tnh nhit khi ra t
1
//
v sn lng hi G
2
ca l v hiu sut trao i nhit ca
l.
Hnh 1.14. Bi ton 1.6.2.
Li gii:
Tra bng nc v hi bo ho ti p = 8 bar, c t
s
= 170
0
C v nhit ho hi r = 2048
kJ/kg.
Phng trnh cn bng nhit c dng:
(Nhit sn phm chy to ra) = (Nhit truyn qua F) = (Nhit do hi thu)
G
1
C
p1
(t
1
/
- t
1
//
) = kF r G
t t
t t
t t t t
s
s
s s
2
//
1
/
1
//
1
/
1
ln
) ( ) (
=

.
y l h 2 phng trnh ca 2 n t
1
//
v G
2
.
1) Tnh t
1
//
theo G
1
C
p1
(t
1
/
- t
1
//
) = kF
s
s
t t
t t
t t

//
1
/
1
//
1
/
1
ln
ln
1
1 1
/
1
//
1
NTU
C G
kF
t t
t t
p s
s
=

t
1
//
= t
s
+ (t
1
/
- t
s
)e
1 1 p
C G
kF
= 170 + (700 170) exp C
0
62 , 205
2 , 1 . 1
18 . 18 , 0
=

.
2) Tnh G
2
= G
1
( )
h kg s kg
r
t t C
p
/ 1043 / 29 , 0
2048
) 62 , 205 700 ( 2 , 1
1
//
1
/
1 1
= =

- Hiu sut TN l = %. 93
170 700
62 , 205 700
/
2
/
1
//
1
/
1
/
2
/
1
max
=

=
t t
t t
t t
t

1.6.3. V d p dng phng trnh cn bng nhit hn hp.
Bi ton: Bnh gia nhit cha V = 1 m
3
nc t
0
= t
f
= 27
0
C, din tch xung quanh
F = 8 m
2
bng kim loi mng, gia nhit cho dng nc vo bnh c G
2
= 1000 kg/h, nhit
vo t
2
/
= t
f
= 27
0
C, C
p2
= 4,18 kJ/ kgK, bng cch hn hp vi dng hi vo c G
1
= 250
kg/h, i
1
= 2770 kJ/kg (hi bo ho kh p = 8 bar, t
s
= 170
0
C).
H s truyn nhit ra khng kh qua v l k = 10 W/m
2
K.
1) Tm lut bin thin nhit nc ra thi gian t() v tnh nhit nc ra khi n
nh.
2) Nu kho 2 van nc vo ra, m van K thng kh tri th thi gian
s
v lng
nc si M
s
bng bao nhiu khi t(
s
) = t
s
= 100
0
C.
Hnh 1.15. Bi ton 1.6.3.
Li gii:
1) Khi bnh mng, = 0, coi dub = 0. Phng trnh cn bng nhit cho nc trong
bnh lc , sau d c dng:
(Nhit dI do hi ngng to ra) = (Nhit dI
n
nung nng lng nc tnh pV) + (Nhit
gia nhit dng nc dI
G
) + (Nhit Q ra mi trng) hay:
G
1
d(i- C
p2
t) = pVC
p2
dt + G
2
dC
p2
(t- t
2
/
) + kF(t t
f
)d

2
/
2 2 2 1
2
2 2 2 1
p
f p
p
p p
VC
kFt t C G i G
VC
kF C G C G
t
d
dt

+ +
=
+ +
+
t bng:

d t t a d
a
b
t a dt b at
d
dt
m
) ( =

= = +

0
0
adt
t t
dt
t
t m
ln a
t t
t t
m
m
=

0
.
Hm nhit nc ra c dng:
t() = t
m
(t
m
t
0
)e
-a
vi
( )
[ ]
( )
[ ]

+ +
+ +
=
+ +
=

C
kF C G G
kFt t C G i G
t
s
VC
kF C G G
a
p
f p
m
p
p
0
2 2 1
/
2 2 2 1
1
2
2 2 1
,
,

Nhit nc ra lc n nh l:
t
2
//
=

) ( limt = t
m
= C
0
5 , 147
8 . 01 , 0 18 , 4 ) 1000 250 (
3600
1
27 . 8 . 01 , 0 27 . 18 , 4
3600
1000
2770
3600
250
=
+ +
+ +

2) Nu kho 2 van nc th G
2
= 0, khi c:
a
0
=
1 5
2
2 1
10 . 86 , 8
18 , 4 . 1 . 1000
8 . 01 , 0 18 , 4
3600
250

=
+
=
+
s
VC
kF C G
p
p

t
m0
= C
kF C G
kFt i G
p
f 0
1
1
34 , 525
8 . 01 , 0 18 , 4
3600
250
27 . 8 . 01 , 0 2770
3600
250
=
+
+
=
+
+

Thi gian un si khi nc tnh m = V l

s0
= s
t t
t t
a
s m
m
1788
100 34 , 252
27 34 , 525
ln
86 , 8
10
ln
1
5
0
0 0
0
=

= 29 pht 48 s.
Lng nc si khi l: M
s
= m + G
1

s0
hay:
M
s
= V+ G
1

s0
= 1000.1+ 1788
3600
250
= 1124 kg.


























CHNG 2: TNH NHIT CHO THIT B TN

2.1. CC BC TNH THIT K MT THIT B TRAO I NHIT.
Khi tnh ton thit k 1 TBTN nung nng hoc lm lnh 1 sn phm (SP) no
trong mt khu sn xut ca dy chuyn cng ngh, ngi ta thng tin hnh cc bc
tnh sau y:
1) Tnh cng ngh: Theo yu cu cng ngh xc nh cc thng s t
/
, t
//
, W = GC
p

ca SP cn t trong TBTN .
2) Tnh chn s b: Theo yu cu cng ngh cho SP, phn tch, so snh v la chn
loi thit b, chn mi cht (MC) v cc thng s vo t, W, ca n, chn s chuyn
ng v chn trc cc kch thc chnh ca mt trao i nhit.
3) Tnh nhit thit k: Theo phng trnh cn bng nhit v phng trnh truyn
nhit, tnh cc thng s nhit cn li ca cc cht lng, cc h s v k, t xc nh
din tch trao i nhit F.
4) Tnh kt cu: Xc nh mi thng s kt cu ca mt TN v ca thit b.
5) Tnh sc bn: Theo (p,t) lm vic v l thuyt sc bn vt liu, tnh chn vt liu
v dy ca cc mt chu (p,t) c trong thit b.
6) Tnh thu lc: Tnh tn tht p sut trn dng chy cc cht lng v tnh chn bm
qut.
7) Tnh iu khin: Tnh mng in ng lc v t ng iu khin cc hot ng
ca thit b.
8) Tnh kinh t: Tnh khi lng, gi thnh cc vt t v thit b, cc chi ph v hiu
qu kinh t khi trang b v vn hnh TBTN.
Tu theo yu cu, vic tnh nhit cho TBTN thng phn ra 2 bi ton: Tnh thit
k xc nh din tch TN v tnh kim tra kim tra hoc la chn thit b.
2.2. TNH NHIT THIT K THIT B TRAO I NHIT.
2.2.1. Pht biu bi ton tnh nhit thit k 1 TBTN.
Cho trc nhit vo, ng lng nc v cng sut nhit trao i ca 2 cht
lng (SP v MC), cn tnh din tch TN ca thit b:
Cho (t
1
/
, t
2
/
, W
1
, W
2
, Q) tnh F.
2.2.2. Cc bc tnh nhit thit k.
1) Tnh nhit ra 2 cht lng theo phng trnh cn bng nhit:
Q = W
1
(t
1
/
-t
1
//
) = W
2
(t
2
//
-t
2
/
) t
1
//
= t
1
-
1
W
Q
v t
2
//
= t
2
+
2
W
Q

2) Tnh t theo s chn: t = ( ) , , (
ln
1
0
0
R P t t
t
t
t F
F

loi s ).
3) Tnh
1
,
2
vi cht lng 1, cht lng 2 theo cc cng thc thc nghim to nhit
bng phng php lp sai s cho php.
4) Tnh h s truyn nhit k = k(
1
,
2
,
i
,
i
).
5) Tnh din tch trao i nhit: F =
t k
Q

.
2.2.3. Phng php lp tnh
1
,
2
.
Phng php lp da trn vic chn nhit vch thch hp tnh
1
,
2
theo cc
cng thc thc nghim, sao cho sai s cc dng nhit
q
=
1
2 1

q
q q
khng vt qu gi tr
[ ] cho php, thng c chn trc bng [ ] = 5%.
2.2.3.1. Bi ton phng.
Bi ton: Cho vch phng hoc tr mng ( c 2
1
2

d
d
) nhiu lp
i
/
i
, cao h, 2 mt
tip xc vi cht lng 1 c nhit d t
f1
= ( )
//
1
/
1
2
1
t t + , vn tc
1
(chn trc hay tnh theo
=

2
4
d
G
f
G
= ) v cht lng 2 c t
f2
= ( )
//
2
/
2
2
1
t t + ,
2
xc nh nh trn.
Tnh
1
,
2
.
Hnh 2.1. Bi ton phng.

- Cc bc tnh lp:
1) Chn nhit vch t
w1
trong khong t
f2
t
f1
.
2) Tnh
1
=
1
1
u
N
h

(R
e1
,G
r1
,P
r1
) theo cng thc thc nghim vi cht lng 1
3) Tnh q
1
=
1
(t
f1
- t
W1
), [W/m
2
].
4) Tnh t
w2
theo phng trnh cn bng nhit q
1
=

i
i
t t

2 W W1

t
W2
= t
W1
- q
1

i
i

5) Tnh
2
= ( )
2 2 2 2
2
r r e u
P G R N
h

theo cng thc thc nghim pha cht lng 2.

6) Tnh q
2
=
2
(t
W2
t
f
) v sai s
q
=
1
2

q
q
h .
7) So snh sai s
q
v [ ] :
Nu
q
- [ ] > 0
q
> [ ] thay i t
W1
v lp li cc bc 2 7
Nu
q
- [ ] 0
q
[ ] ly
1
,
2
nh trn.
- Ch : Nu mi cht l cht kh c nhit cao (T 500 K), th cn tnh thm trao i
nhit bc x.
Khi phc hp tnh theo cng thc:
=
l
+
bx
=
f W
f W
T T
T T
Gr Nu
h

+
4 4
W
Pr) , (Re,

.
2.2.3.2. Bi ton tr
- Bi ton: chn ng tr dy
i
/
i
, mt din tch tip xc cht lng 1 c t
f1
=
( )
//
1
/
1
2
1
t t ,
1
=
1
2
1
1
4
d
G
, mt d
2
tip xc cht lng 2 c t
f2
= ( )
//
2
/
2
2
1
t t ,
2
=
2
2
2
2
4
d
G
. Tnh

1
,
2
.
Hnh 2.2. Bi ton tr.

_ Cc bc tnh lp:
1) Chn nhit vch t
w1
trong khong t
f2
t
f1
.
2) Tnh
1
=
1
1
u
N
h

( R
e1
,G
r1
,P
r1
) theo cng thc thc nghim vi cht lng 1
3) Tnh q
21
=
1
(t
f1
- t
W1
)d
1
, ( W/m).
4) Tnh t
W2
theo phng trnh cn bng nhit q
l1
=

di
di
t t
i
1
ln
2
1
2 W 1 W

t
W2
= t
W1
- q
l1
di
di
i
1
ln
2
1 +

.

5) Tnh q
2
= ( )
2 2 2 2
2
2
r r e u
P G R N
d

theo cng thc thc nghim pha cht lng 2.

6) Tnh q
l2
=
2
( t
W2
t
f2
)d
2
v sai s
q
=
1
2
1

l
l
q
q
.
7) So snh sai s
q
v [ ] :
Nu
q
- [ ] > 0
q
> [ ] thay i t
W1
v lp li cc bc 2 7
Nu
q
- [ ] 0
q
[ ] ly
1
,
2
nh trn.
2.2.4. Tnh h s truyn nhit v mt TN.
1) Vch phng hoc tr mng, khng c cnh.
Tnh F theo Q = kF t vi k =

+ +

K
i
i
2
1
2 1
m
W
,
1 1

tc l F = [ ]
2
2 1
,
1 1
m
t
Q
i
i

+ +

.
2) Vch phng c n cnh bxlx 1 pha
2
b:
Tnh F
1
theo Q = kF
1 t
vi k =
1
2 1
1 1

+ +

c
vi
c
=
1 1
1
1
2
2 1
2 F
h
b
h
b h
F
+ =
+
= F
1

=
t
Q

[ ]
2
2 1
,
1 1
m
c

+ +

.
3) Vch tr dy ( c 2
1
2

d
d
) khng c cnh:
Thay cho tnh din tch F, ngi ta tnh chiu di l ca ng tr theo phng trnh Q =
lq
l
= k
l
t l vi k
l
= [ ] W/mK ,
1
ln
2
1 1
1
1 2
1
1 1

+
+

+ +

n i
i
i
d d
d
d
. Khi c l =
[ ] m
d
d
d d t
Q
n
i
i
i i
, ln
2
1 1 1 1
.
1
1 2 1 1

+ +

+
+

.
4) Vch tr c cnh trn pha ngoi.
Tnh din tch mt trong khng cnh F
0
= 2r
0
l theo: Q = k
0
F
0 t
vi
k
0
=

+ +

K F
F
c
2
1
2 2
02
1
m
W
,
1

.
= r
1
r
0

F
02
= 2r
1
h
1

F
2
= F
02
+ F
c2

F
c2
= 2( r
2
2
t
2
1
).

c
= f

) ( ,
0 2
0
2
r r m
r
r
, vi m =

2
2
cho theo s hnh H.20
2.3. Tinhskieemr tra TBTN .
2.3.1. Bi ton kim tra TBTN.
Khi tnh ton kim tra hoc chn 1 TBTN c sn, thng cho trc nhit
vo, ng lng nc ca cc cht lng, din tch v h s truyn nhit ca thit b, cn
tnh cng sut v nhit ra cc cht lng, xem cc thng s ny c ph hp vi cng
ngh hay khng. Bi ton kim tra c th tm tt nh sau:
Cho (t
/
1
, t
/
2
, W
1
, W
2
, k, F) Tnh (t
//
1
, t
//
2
, Q).
Li gii bi ton ny ph thuc vo s chuyn ng ca 2 cht lng.
2.3.2. Tnh kim tra s ngc chiu.
Nu coi tn tht nhit ra mi trng Q
t
= 0 th Q = I
1
= I
2
= kF t hay
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )

=
=
=
) 3 (
ln
) 2 ( W
) 1 ( W
/
2
//
1
//
2
/
1
/
2
//
1
//
2
/
1
//
2
/
2 2
//
1
/
1 1
t t
t t
t t t t
kF Q
t t Q
t t Q

Dng h 3 phng trnh 3 n s (t
//
1
, t
//
2
, Q), c gii nh sau.
Nu t t
1
= t
/
1
-t
//
1
, t
2
= t
/
2
- t
//
2
, th: T (1) v (3) c W
1
(t
/
1
-t
//
1
) =
( ) ( )
( )
( )
/
2
//
1
//
2
/
1
/
2
//
2
//
1
/
1
ln
t t
t t
t t t t
kF

( )
( )
/
2
//
1
//
2
/
1
ln
t t
t t

1
2
1
1
t
t
W
kF

, (4).
Theo (1), (2) W
1
t
1
= W
2
t
2
t
2
=
1
2
1
W
W
t , (5).
Nu gi
1
1
W
n
kF
= v
1
2
1
W
W
m = th (4) c dng:
( )
( )
//
2
/
1
/
2
//
1
t t
t t

= exp ( ) [ ] 1
1 1
m n .
Tr phng trnh ny cho ng thc 1 = 1 ta c:
( )
( )
//
2
/
1
/
2
//
1
t t
t t

- 1 =
( )
2
/
2
/
1
1 2
/
2
/
2
//
2
/
1
//
2
/
1
/
2
//
1
t t t
t t
t t t t
t t t t

=
+
+
=
( )
( )
1 1
/
2
/
1
1 1
1
t m t t
m t

= exp ( ) [ ] 1
1 1
m n - 1. Gii
phng trnh cui tm t
1
s c: t
1
= ( )
/
2
/
1
t t
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] 1 exp 1
1 exp 1
1 1 1
1 1


m n m
m n
th c:
t
//
1
= t
/
1
- t
1
= t
/
1
- ( )
/
2
/
1
t t Z(n
1
, m
1
)
t
//
2
= t
/
2
- m
1
t
2
= t
/
2
- m
1
( )
/
2
/
1
t t Z(n
1
, m
1
)
Q = W
1
t
1
= W
1
( )
/
2
/
1
t t Z(n
1
, m
1
).
2.3.3. Tnh kim tra s cng chiu.
H phng trnh tm (t
//
1
, t
//
2
, Q ) l: Q = W
1
( )
//
1
/
1
t t = W
2
( )
/
2
//
2
t t =
( ) ( )
( )
( )
//
2
//
1
/
2
/
1
//
2
//
1
/
2
/
1
ln
t t
t t
t t t t
kF

. Theo W
1
t
1
= kF t c:
( )
( )
//
2
//
1
/
2
/
1
ln
t t
t t

1
2
1
1
t
t
W
kF

= ( ) [ ] 1
1 1
m n
( ) 1
/
2
/
1
//
2
//
1 1 1
+
=

m n
e
t t
t t
ly 1= 1 tr cho phng trnh ny ta c:
1-
( )
( )
( )
( ) 1
/
2
/
1
1 1
/
2
/
1
2 1
/
2
/
1
//
2
//
1
/
2
/
1
/
2
/
1
//
2
//
1 1 1
1
1
+
=

+
=

+
=

+
=

m n
e
t t
m t
t t
t t
t t
t t t t
t t
t t

t
1
= ( )
/
2
/
1
t t
( )
1
1
1
1
1 1
m
e
m n
+

+
t P(n
1
, m
1
) =
( ) [ ]
1
1 1
1
1 exp 1
m
m n
+

th nghim bi ton l:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

= =
= =
= =
1 1
/
2
/
1 1 1
1 1
/
2
/
1
/
2 2
/
2
//
2
1 1
/
2
/
1
/
1 1
/
1
//
1
, W t W
, t
, t
n m P t t Q
n m P t t t t t
n m P t t t t t

n
1
=
1
W
kF
l NTU ca cht lng nng.
m
1
=
1
2
W
W
l t s ng lng nc nng/ lnh.
Ch : Gi tr m
1
[ , 0 ), khc vi m trong biu thc hiu sut trao i nhit,

= =
max
min
min
W
W
,
W
m
kF
n , m < 1.
2.3.4. So snh cng sut TN cc s .
Ngi ta thng so snh cng sut TN cc s khi c cng cc ch s n
1
= kF/ W
1

v m
1
= W
2
/W
1
.
1) So snh s cng chiu v ngc chiu, ta c:
( )
[ ]
( )
[ ]
( )
( )
[ ]
( )
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
,
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
m n f
e m
e m e
z
p
Q
Q
m n
m n m m
z
p
=
+

= =

+
c dng nh hnh H 23.
Nhn xt:
z
p
Q
Q
< 1 nn Q ngc chiu > Q cng chiu. Khi m
1
< 0,05 hay m
1
> 10 th
coi
z
p
Q
Q
= 1 Q ngc chiu = Q cng chiu.
2) So snh c s khc.
Q ngc chiu > Q giao nhau > Q vung gc > Q cng chiu, khi c cng n
1
, m
1
.
2.4. V d v tnh thit k TBTN kiu ng lng.
2.4.1. Bi ton thit ks:
Cng ngh cn un nng G
2
= 3200 kg/h nc lnh t t
/
2
= 15
0
C ln t
//
2
= 45
0
C, bng
mi cht l nc nng c G
1
= 2130 kg/h, nhit vo t
/
1
= 95
0
C.
Chn TBTN kiu ng lng ni tip, ng trong dn nc nng c d
2
/d
1
= 35/ 32
mm, bng thp c = 45W/mK, ng ngoi ng knh D = 48 mm, chiu di l = 2m.
Tnh tng din tch truyn nhit F, h s mdun N v hiu sut TN ca Thit b.
2.4.2. Cc bc tnh thit k.
1) Tnh Q, t
//
1
theo phng trnh cn bng nhit: Q = G
1
C
p1 ( )
//
1
/
1
t t
= G
2
C
p2 ( )
/
2
//
2
t t .
Q = ( ) 15 45 18 , 4
3600
3200
= 111,5 kW.
t
//
1
= t
/
1
- C
C G
Q
p
0
1 1
42
19 , 4 . 2130
3600 . 5 , 111
95 = = .
2) Tnh t s ngc chiu.
t =
( ) ( )
( )
( )
/
2
//
1
//
2
/
1
/
2
//
1
//
2
/
1
ln
t t
t t
t t t t

=
( ) ( )
( )
( ) 15 50
45 95
ln
15 50 45 95

= 42
0
C.
3) Tnh
1
,
2
theo cng thc thc nghim.
a. Xc nh t
f1
,
1
v t
f2
,
2
:
- Theo t
f1
= ( ) ( ) C t t
0 //
1
/
1
5 , 72 50 95
2
1
2
1
= + = + tra TSVL nc c:
1
= 976 kg/m
3
,
1
=
0,67 W/mK,
1
= 0,4.10
-6
m
2
/s
,
P
rk
= 2,5. Tc nc nng
1
=
s m
d
G
/ 754 , 0
032 , 0 . 976 . 14 , 3 . 3600
2130 . 4 4
2 2
1 1
1
= =

.
- Theo t
f2
= ( ) ( ) C t t
0 //
2
/
2
30 45 15
2
1
2
1
= + = + tra TSVL nc c:
1
= 996 kg/m
3
,
1
=
0,61 W/mK,
1
= 0,805.10
-6
m
2
/s
,
P
rk
= 5,42. Tc nc lnh
2
=
( ) ( )
s m
d D
G
f
G
/ 1
996 . 10 . 35 48 14 , 3
3600
3200
. 4
4
4 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
=

=


.
b. Tnh
1
: R
ef
=
4
6
1
1 1
10 60320
10 . 4 , 0
032 , 0 . 754 , 0
= =

d
chy ri: N

=
0,021.R
8 , 0
ef
P
43 , 0
rl l
ru
at
P
P

4
1

Vi
l
= 1 v 50
32
2000
1
=
d
L
chn t
W1
=
( ) ( ) C t t
f f
0
2 1
25 , 51 30 5 , , 72
2
1
2
1
= + = + P
r
= 3,5.
1
=
K m W N
d
uf
2
4
1
43 , 0 8 , 0
1
1
1
/ 4000
5 , 3
5 , 2
5 , 2 . 60320 . 021 , 0
032 , 0
67 , 0
=

.
c. Tnh
2
: V ng mng, ln, coi t
W1
= t
W2
= 51,25 P
rW2
= 3,5.ng knh
tng ng ca hnh xuyn D/d
2
l:
d
t
=
( )
( )
mm d D
d D
d D
u
f
13 35 48
4
4
4
2
2
2
= = =
+

.
R
e2
=
4
6
2
2
10 16149
10 . 805 , 0
013 , 0 . 1
= =

td
d
chy ri.
Cng thc thc nghim tnh khi chy ri trong ng lng D/d
2
l: d
t
=
( )
( )
mm d D
d D
d D
u
f
13 35 48
4
4
4
2
2
2
= = =
+

.
R
e2
=
4
6
2
2
10 16149
10 . 805 , 0
013 , 0 . 1
= =

td
d
chy ri.
Cng thc tnh khi chy ri trong ng lng D/d
2
c dng:
N
uf
= 0,017R
8 , 0
ef
P
4 , 0
rf
=

4
1
18 , 0
2 rW
rt
P
P
d
D
4270 W/m
2
K.
d. Kim tra sai s dng nhit .

q
=
( )
( )
( )
( )
% 8 , 6
25 , 51 5 , 72 4000
30 25 , 51 4270
1 1
1 W1 1
2 W2 2
=

f
f
t t
t t

< 10% ly
1
,
2
nh trn.
4) Tnh k, F v s modun N.
V ng mng,
32
35
1
2
=
d
d
< 1,4 coi l vch phng dy = ( )
1 2
2
1
d d = ( ) 32 35
2
1
= 1,5
mm nn c k = =

+ +
2 1
1 1

+ +
4270
1
45
0015 , 0
4000
1
1932 W/ m
2
K.
F =
t k
Q

=
2
3
374 , 1
42 . 1932
10 . 5 , 111
m = .
S moodun N = 83 , 6
2 . 032 , 0 . 14 , 3
374 , 1
1
= =
L d
F

chn N = 7.
5) Hiu sut TN ca thit b l: = % 56
15 95
50 95
/
2
/
1
//
1
/
1
/
2
/
1
max
=

=
t t
t t
t t
t
.
2.5. V d tnh thit k thit b sn xut hi.
2.5.1. Bi ton: Cn thit k mt l hi sn lng G
2
= 36 tn/h hi qu nhit c
//
2
t =
250
0
C p
2
= 10 bar t nc lnh
/
2
t = 27
0
C. Cho bit sn phm chy c
/
1
t = 750
0
C, lu
lng G
1
= 45 kg/h, h s truyn nhit k = 200 W/m
2
K, s song song ngc chiu. Tnh
din tch TN ca l.
2.5.2. Li gii:
1) Theo p
2
= 10 bar tra TSVL ca nc v hi c: C
p1
= 1,2
k
k

, t
s2
= 180
0
C, r
2
=
2015 kJ/ kg, C
ph
= 2 kJ/kgK. ng cong t(F
x
) ca sn phm v hi c dng nh hnh H
25. L hi ny c coi l 3 TBTN ngc chiu ghp ni tip, hm nc trn F
0
, si ho
hi trn F
s
v qu nhit trn F
q
. Phng trnh cn bng nhit v phng trnh truyn nhit
cho mi dng thit b c dng:
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )

= =

= =

= =
s
s
s
q s ph p
s
s
s
q s ph p
s
s
s
q s ph p
t t
t t
t t t t
kF t t C G t t C G
t t
t t
t t t t
kF t t C G t t C G
t t
t t
t t t t
kF t t C G t t C G
//
1
10
11
//
2
/
1 //
2 2 11
/
1 1 1
//
1
10
11
//
2
/
1 //
2 2 11
/
1 1 1
//
1
10
11
//
2
/
1 //
2 2 11
/
1 1 1
ln
ln
ln


y l h 6 phng trnh rcuar 6 n ( t
11
, t
10
, t
//
1
, F
q
, F
s
, F
0
).
C li gii chi tit nh bng sau:
Tn thng
s
Cng thc tnh Thay s Kt
qu
n
v
Nhit
qu nhit
Q
q
= ( )
s ph
t t C G
//
2 2


( ) 180 250 2
3600
10 . 36
3

1400 kW
Nhit
khi ra
F
q
= t
11
= t
1 1
/
1
p
p
C G
Q

2 , 1 . 45
1400
750
724
0
C
t trn F
q

=
q
t
( ) ( )
s
s
t t
t t
t t t t

11
/
2
/
1
11
//
2
/
1
ln

( ) ( )
180 724
250 750
ln
180 724 250 750

522
0
C

Din tch b
qu nhit
F =
q
t k
Q

522 . 200
10 . 1400
3

13 m
2

Nhit
ho hi
Q
s
= G
2
r
2

3600
2015 . 10 . 36
3

20150 kW
Nhit
khi ra F
s

t
10
= t
11
-
1 1 p
s
C G
Q

724 -
2 , 1 . 45
20150

351
0
C

t trn F
s

=
q
t
( ) ( )
s
s
s s
t t
t t
t t t t

10
11
10 11
ln
180 351
180 724
ln
351 724

322
0
C

Din tch
si
F =
s
s
t k
Q

322 . 200
10 . 20150
3

313 m
2

Nhit hm
si
Q
s
= G
2
C
p2 ( )
/
2
t t
s

( ) 27 180 18 , 4
3600
36000

6395 kW
Nhit
khi thi
1 1
0
10
//
1
p
C G
Q
t t =
2 , 1 . 45
6395
351
233
0
C
t trn F
0

=
0
t
( ) ( )
/
2
//
1
10
/
2
//
1 10
ln
t t
t t
t t t t
s
s

27 233
180 351
ln
27 233 180 351

+

188
0
C

Din tch b
hm
F
0
=
0
0
t k
Q

188 . 200
10 . 6395
3

170 m
2

Tng din
tch
F = F
0
+F
s
+F
q
170+322+13
505 m
2

Hiu sut
TN
/
2
/
1
//
1
/
1
t t
t t

=
27 750
233 750

71,5 %
2.6. Tnh thit k bnh ngng.
2.6.1. Bi ton: Cn thit k mt bnh ngng freon 12 kiu ng v nm ngang, dng
ng ng d
2
/d
1
= 14/12mm, c = 100 W/mK, chn bc ng SP = 1,3.d
2
, c cng sut
ngng Q
k
= 42 kW, nhit ngng t t
k
= 30
0
C. Nc lm mt chy trong chm ng,
chn
2
= 1,5 m/s, nhit vo t =
/
n
20
0
C, nhit ra
//
n
t = 26
0
C, chn s hng trng nc
N = 2, nh mc to nhit ra mi trng kh tri Q
t
= 2%Q
k
.
Tnh din tch mt ng, tng s ng n, chiu di l ca ng, ng knh
D ca thit b, hiu sut TN .
2.6.2. Cc bc tnh thit k.
1) Tnh ph ti nhit Q
n
v lu lng G
n
nc lm mt.
Theo Q
k
= Q
n
+ Q
t
Q
n
= Q
k
- Q
t
= (1-0,02)Q
k
= 0,98.42 = 41,16 kg/s.
Theo Q
n
= G
n
C
pn ( )
/ //
n n
t t
G
n
=
( )
/ //
pn
n
C
Q
n n
t t
= 64 , 1
) 20 26 ( 18 , 4
16 , 41
` =

kg/ss.
2) Tnh s ng n, chn s ng mi dy z. ( xem sau).
3) Tnh t ( v s x) khi ngng t
k
= const nn ta c:
= t
( ) ( )
/
//
/ //
ln
n k
n k
n k n k
t t
t t
t t t t

=
26 30
20 30
ln
20 26

= 6,55
0
C.
4) Tnh
1
vi R
12
v tnh
2
vi nc.
Theo t
n
= ( ) ( ) C t t
n n
0 // /
23 20 26
2
1
2
1
= + = + tra TSVL nc c: = 10
-6
m
2
/s, = 0,6
W/mK, P
rf
= 7. Tnh R
e2
= 18000
10
012 , 0 . 5 , 1
6
1
= =

d
> 10
4
chy ri, c:
N
uf
= 0,021R
8 , 0
ef
P
l
rW
rL
rf
P
P

4
1
43 , 0

vi
l

50
d
l
= 1, chn t
w1
= ( )
s k
t t +
2
1
=
( ) C
0
5 , 26 23 30
2
1
= + P
rw
= 5,5
2
=
4
1
8 , 0
5 , 5
7
18000 . 021 , 0 .
012 , 0
6 , 0

=
uf
N
d

= 6531 W/m
2
K.
5) Tnh s ng mi hng m, tng s ng n, chn s dy ngs z:
m tnh theo G
n
= m

2
1
4
d m =
2
1
4
d
G
n

=
2
012 , 0 . 5 , 1 . 998 . 14 , 3
64 , 1 . 4
= 9,7 m = 10 ng,
chn z = 4 v n = N
m
= 20.
Theo t
k
= 30
0
C tra TSVL ca R12 c: = 1293 kg/m
3
, r = 1,384.10
5
J/kg, = 0,067
W/mK, = 2,6.10
-6
Ns/m
2
. Coi t
w2
= t
w1
= 26,5
0
C v MC ln.
Theo cng thc Nesselt, ngng trn ng ngang l:
( )
K m W
td
rg
N
2
6
3 2 5
4
1
2
3 2
/ 6473
014 , 0 5 , 26 30 10 . 6 , 2
067 , 0 . 1293 . 81 , 9 . 10 . 384 , 1
728 , 0 728 , 0 =