Danh sch cc thut ng vn phm c bn Mt khi hc ting Anh, bn s thng xuyn gp nhng thut ng ny.

. hc tt vn phm ting Anh, chng ta cn phi hiu c nhng khi nim c bn ny. Nu bn khng th nh ht mt ln, hy thng xuyn xem li trang ny m bo mnh c c s vng chc trc khi tin xa hn. Danh sch ny ch bn lm quen khi qut. phn khc s c nhng bi cp chi tit v tng mc c th. Adjective (vit tt: adj) = Tnh Adverb (vit tt: adv) = Trng

t - l t ch tnh cht, dng b ngha cho danh t, i t. Th d: cao, thp, gi, tr, mc, r t : dng b ngha cho ng t hoc c cu. Th d: mt cch nhanh chng, hm qua, ngy mai

Article = Mo t : ng trc danh t. Trong ting Vit khng c t loi ny nn bn cn phi lm quen k t loi ny v chng c dng rt rt rt nhiu v a s ngi hc ting Anh khng phi u bit dng ng, ngay c ngi hc lu nm. Mo t c hai loi: mo t xc nh v mo t bt nh. 1. Indefinite article = Mo t bt nh: c 2 t l A v AN 2. Definite article = Mo t xc nh: c duy nht 1 t THE A ng trc danh t bt u bng ph m. Th d: A CAR (mt chic xe hi)

AN ng trc danh t bt u bng nguyn m

Th d: AN APPLE (mt tri to)

Nguyn m: l m bt u vi a, e, i, o, u Ph m: l m vi ch bt u khc vi nhng m trn y

Ngoi l: C khi mt ch c ch ci ng u l ph m nhng l ph m cm nn ch vn c coi l bt u vi m nguyn m. Th d: Hour c m H cm c nh Our v vy khi dng mo t bt nh phi l: AN HOUR. Auxiliary verb = Tr ng t: l nhng ng t gm BE, DO, HAVE, c dng vi mt ng t chnh to ra nhng cu trc vn phm nh: th, b ng cch, th nghi vn, th ph nh. BE, DO, HAVE s c th thay i hnh thc ty theo ch ng. Clause = Mnh : l t hp c ch ng v v ng nhng phi i km mt mnh khc ph hp v ngha to thnh mt cu c ngha. Conditional clause = Mnh iu kin: l mnh bt u bng t NU, TR KHI. Dng din t mt s kin, tnh trng trong tng lai, hin ti hoc qu kh, c th c tht hoc c th khng c tht. Infinitive = ng t nguyn mu . ng t nguyn mu khng c TO ng trc gi l BARE INFINITIVE, c TO ng trc th c khi gi l TO INFINITIVE. Nu bn c trong tay Bng ng T Bt Quy Tc (mua ngoi nh sch gi khong 5000), bn s thy c 3 ct, l: ng t nguyn mu khng c TO, dng QU KH ca ng t , dng QU KH HON THNH ca ng t . Khi hc xu hn, bn s hiu v ct th 2 v 3. Mi bt u, bn ch cn hc dng nguyn mu ca tng ng t trc, sau , chng ta s bn v cch bin i ng t t cu. Trong ting Vit, ng t khng bao gi thay i hnh thc ca n. Trong ting Anh, ty theo ch ng, ty theo thi gian, ty theo cu trcng t phi thay i hnh thc tng ng. Tuy nhin, tt c u c quy lut h thng, do , bn ng qu lo, chng ta s i tng bc mt. Modal verb = ng

t khim khuyt: Gm c tt c l : CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, MUST, OUGHT TO, SHALL, SHOULD, WILL, WOULD. ng t khim khuyt lun ng trc ng t nguyn mu khng c TO din t
mt dng ngha nht nh, nh: KH NNG, CHO PHP/XIN PHP, BN PHN, KH NNG hoc TNH CHC CHN. Noun = Danh t: T ch tn gi ca s vt, s vic, tnh trng. Ta c danh t c th, danh t tru tng, danh t s t, danh t s nhiu. Cch xc nh danh t m c hay khng trong ting Vit l ta hy thm s trc n v xem n nghe c ng khng. V d: mt ngi: ng nhng mt tin: sai. Vy ngi l danh t m c v tin l danh t khng m c. Trong ting Anh cng c th p dng cch ny, tr mt s ngoi l sau ny bn s bit. Object = Tn ng: L t i sau ng t, b ngha cho ng t. Mt cu thng c 3 phn: CH NG + NG T + TN NG. Th d: TI N CM (Ti: ch ng, n: ng t v cm: tn ng). Active voice = Th Ch cn con ch.

ng: L cu trc vn phm ta dng thng thng, khi ch ng l tc nhn gy ra hnh ng. Th d: Ti : L cu trc vn phm khi ch ng l i tng chu nh hng ca hnh ng do tc nhn khc

Passive voice = Th B ng gy ra. Th d: Ti b ch cn.

Preposition = Gii t: L t gii thiu thng tin v ni chn, thi gian, phng hng, kiu cch. Th d: trn, di, trong ngoii khi gii t i sau ng t to nn mt ngha mi v trong trng hp nh vy, ta phi hc thuc lng v khng c quy tc chung no c.

Pronoun = i t: l t c th dng thay th danh t khng phi lp li danh t no . Tuy nhin c 2 i t khng thay th ai ht, l hai i t nhn xng I v YOU. i t c cc loi: i t nhn xng (ti, anh, ch y, c y), i t s hu v i t ch nh. Ch c hai loi i t sau cng khng c t loi tng ng trong ting Vit. Do , bn cn lm quen vi chng t nay v sau. Relative clause = Mnh quan h: L mnh bt u bng WHO, WHERE, WHICH, WHOSE, hoc THAT. Dng xc nh hoc a thm thng tin. Mnh ny c dng tng ng trong ting Vit nhng khng phi lc no cng dng c, trong khi ting Anh, dng mnh ny dng thng xuyn. Th d: Anh y l mt ngi n ng m mi c gi u mun c ly lm chng. Mnh m mi c gi u mun c ly lm chng a thm thng tin v ngi n ng. Subject = Ch mt cu.

ng : Thng ng u cu, c th l danh t, i t hoc c mt cm t. Ch ng l trung tm ca s ch trong

Tense = Th: L hnh thc vn phm khng c trong ting Vit. Trong ting Anh, mt hnh ng c xy ra lc no s c t cu vi th tng ng. Hnh thc ca ng t khng ch thay i ty theo ch ng m cn thay i ty theo thi gian hnh ng xy ra. y l khi nim xa l vi ting Vit, do bn cn ch . Ta c 9 th: 1. Th hin ti n 2. Th hin ti tip din 3. Th hin ti hon thnh 4. Th qu kh n 5. Th qu kh tip din 6. Th qu kh hon thnh 7. Th tng lai n 8. Th tng lai tip din 9. Th tng lai hon thnh Trong phn khc, tng th s c gii thch chi tit. Verb (vit tt: V) = ng t: L t ch hnh ng, hoc tnh trng, hoc qu trnh. C 2 loi: ni ng t v ngoi ng t 1. Transitive = Ngoi ng t: l ng t c tn ng i theo sau 2. Intransitive = Ni ng t: l ng t khng c tn ng i theo sau d nh, hy ngh ngoi l bn ngoi, vy ngoi ng t cn c mt tn ng bn ngoi i km theo sau. T c th suy ra ngc li cho ni ng t. ---------------------------------------------------------i t nhn xng i t nhn xng l nhng t dng xng h trong giao tip. Ngi th nht thuc v ngi ni, ngi th hai thuc v ngi nghe, ngi th ba thuc v ngi hoc con vt hoc vt m ngi ni v ngi nghe cp ti. i t nhn xng c lm ch ng nn c th gi chng l i t ch ng. NGI Ting Anh Phin m quc t Ngi th nht s t: TI Ngi th nht s nhiu :CHNG TI, CHNG TA Ngi th hai s t : ANH, CH, BN, NG, B... Ngi th hai s nhiu : CC ANH, CC CH, CC BN... Ngi th ba s t: ANH Y Ngi th ba s t: CH Y Ngi th ba s t: N Ngi th ba s nhiu: H, CHNG N, TI N...

I WE YOU YOU HE SHE IT THEY

/ai/ /wi:/ /ju:/ /ju:/ /hi:/ /i:/ /it/ /ei/

* Lu : - Khi mun ku ngi no t xa, NG BAO GI ku "YOU, YOU" v nh vy l rt rt bt lch s. Nu ngi l nam, c th ku MR, n, c th ku MRS, hoc MISS. - "IT" ch dng cho con vt, vt, s vt hoc danh t tru tng, khng bao gi dng ch ngi. Trong ting Vit, ta c th dng "N" ch ngi th ba no . Trong trng hp ny, trong ting Anh, ch c th dch "N" thnh "HE' hoc "SHE" ty theo gii tnh. ---------------------------------------------------------Tnh t s hu

i t nhn xng

Tnh T S Hu

Phin m Quc T 2

Ti: I Chng ti WE Bn: YOU Cc bn: YOU Anh y: HE C y: SHE N: IT

MY: ca ti OUR: ca chng ti, ca chng ta YOUR: ca bn YOUR: ca cc bn HIS: ca anh y HER: ca c y

/mai/ /'au/ /j:/ /j:/ /hiz/ /h:/ /its/ /e/

ITS: ca n H, chng n: THEY THEIR: ca h, ca chng

Th d: - "CAR" l "xe hi", "MY CAR" l "xe hi ca ti". -"HOUSE" l "nh", "HIS HOUSE" l "nh ca anh y. - Mt i t s hu rt hu ch. Bn bit ti sao khng? V n gip ngi ni khi phi lp li mt ng danh t c tnh cht s hu. Th d: Nu anh A ni: "My vi tnh ca ti chy chm qu!" (MY COMPUTER IS SO SLOW.) anh B p: "My vi tnh ca ti cn chm hn my vi tnh ca anh!". (MY COMPUTER IS EVEN SLOWER THAN YOUR COMPUTER) th nh vy anh B lp li c mt cm t di - Trong ting Anh, chng ta nn hn ch vic di dng v ch . Lc ny bit s dng i t s hu l rt cn thit. - Sn y n li bi trc, sau y l bng gm 4 ct : i t nhn xng, tnh t s hu tng ng, i t s hu tng ng:

/ez/ - Trong th d u bi, nu dng i t s hu, thay v ni "MY COMPUTER IS EVEN SLOWER THAN YOUR COMPUTER", ta s ni gn hn nh th no? - p n: MINE IS EVEN SLOWER THAN YOURS ---------------------------------------------------------Danh t, cch chuyn s t sang s nhiu Phn ny s i su hn v danh t trong ting Anh. Danh t l t ch tn ca ngi, con vt, s vt, trng thi, khi nim... V th loi, danh t c chia thnh nhiu loi. Ta c: * Danh t c th : l danh t ch nhng g c th nhn thy c, s m c. Th d: Ci bn =TABLE, ci gh = CHAIR, con mo = CAT, con ch = DOG, con sng = RIVER,... * Danh t tru tng: l danh t ch nhng khi nim, tnh trng m ta ch c th hnh dung, cm nhn. Th d nh: tnh yu = LOVE, ci p = BEAUTY,... * Danh t ring: l danh t ch tn ring ca mt ngi, s vt, con vt, a danh hoc s kin. Chng ta phi vit hoa ch ci u tin ca danh t ring. V d: China = Trung Quc, England = nc Anh, The Great Walls = Vn L Trng Thnh, Ha Long Bay = Vnh H Long, President Bill Clinton = Tng thng Bill Clinton... * Danh t tp hp: l danh t ch mt nhm, mt on th, mt tp hp ca ngi, vt, con vt, s vt...Th d: mt by c = A SCHOOL OF FISH, mt n chim = A FLOCK OF BIRDS, mt nhm ngi = A GROUP OF PEOPLE... * Danh t m c: l danh t c th thm con s vo ngay trc n. Th d: ONE PIG = Mt con heo, ONE TABLE = mt ci bn... * Danh t khng m c: l danh t m ta khng th thm con s vo ngay trc n. ONE MONEY = mt tin? Khng n, do , MONEY l danh t khng m c, ONE SALT = mt mui? Khng n, do , SALT l danh t khng m c - Danh t chung: c th l danh t c th, tru tng, tp hp nhng khng bao gi l danh t ring (hin nhin ri, ng khng bn!) - Danh t c th c th bao hm c danh t ring. Th d: "sng Hng" l danh t ring nhng ta c th nhn thy c sng H ng nn n cng l danh t c th. V hnh thc, danh t c 4 hnh thc nh sau: Danh t n: l danh t cu to bi mt t duy nht. Th d: WOMAN = ngi n b, COMPUTER = ci my vi tnh, MONEY = tin...

i t nhn xng Ti: I Chng ti WE Bn: YOU Cc bn: YOU Anh y: HE C y: SHE N: IT H: THEY

Tnh T S Hu i T S Hu MY: ca ti MINE OUR: ca chng ti/ta OURS YOUR: ca bn YOURS YOUR: ca cc bn YOURS HIS: ca anh y HIS HER: ca c y HERS ITS: ca n ITS THEIR: ca h, ca chng THEIRS

Phin m Quc T
/main/ /'auz/ /j:z/ /j:z/ /hiz/ /h:z/ /its/

Danh t phc: l danh t cu to bi hai danh t n. Th d: FIRE-FLY = con om m (FIREFLY = FIRE (la) + FLY (con
rui)), SEAT BELT = dy an tan (SEAT BELT = SEAT (ch ngi)+BELT(dy nch))... Danh t s t: l danh t m c vi n v s m l mt hoc c th l danh t khng m c. Danh t s nhiu: lun lun l danh t m c vi n v s m l hai hoc nhiu hn hai. Th d: TWO APPLES = hai tri to Cch chuyn danh t s t sang s nhiu: V danh t, rc ri nht cho ngi Vit chng ta l cch chuyn hnh thc s t ca danh t sang hnh thc s nhiu. Ti sao? V trong ting Vit, danh t s t, khi dng vi n v m t hai tr ln cng gi nguyn hnh thc, khng h thay i (mt con vt, hai con vt, ba con vt...), cn trong ting Anh th hnh thc ca danh t c s thay i t s it sang s nhiu. Tuy nhin, nu bn chu kh nh nhng quy tc sau y, vic chuyn danh t t s t sang s nhiu trong ting Anh cng khng n ni phc tp lm. THM "S" vo danh t s t chuyn thnh s nhiu. Th d: S t S nhiu BEE = con ong BEES (2 con ong tr ln) COMPUTER = my vi tnh COMPUTERS (2 my vi tnh tr ln) HEN = con g mi HENS (2 con g mi tr ln) DUCK = con vt DUCKS (2 con vt tr ln) APPLE = tri to APPLES (2 tri to tr ln) MANGO = tri xoi MANGOS (2 tri xoi tr ln) TABLE = ci bn TABLES (2 ci bn tr ln) CHAIR = ci gh CHAIRS HOUSE = cn nh HOUSES STREET = con ng STREETS RIVER = con sng RIVERS BIRD = con chim BIRDS CAR = xe hi CARS BICYCLE = xe p BICYCLES THM "ES" vo nhng danh t tn cng bng CH, hoc SH, hoc S, hoc X. Th d: S t S nhiu ONE FISH = 1 con c TWO FISHES = 2 con c ONE BOX = 1 ci hp TWO BOXES = 2 ci hp ONE BUS = 1 xe but TWO BUSES = 2 xe but ONE WATCH = 1 ci ng h eo tay TWO WATCHES = 2 ci ng h THM "ZES" vo nhng danh t tn cng bng Z (my t ny rt t). Th d: NE QUIZ = 1 cu trc nghim TWO QUIZZES Nhng danh t tn cng bng mt ph m v Y: I Y thnh I v THM "ES". Th d: S t S nhiu ONE BUTTERFLY = 1 con bm TWO BUTTERFLIES = 2 con bm ONE BABY = 1 em b TWO BABIES = 2 em b ONE LADY = 1 ngi ph n TWO LADIES = 2 ngi ph n Lu : KEY = cha kha, tn cng bng nguyn m E v Y nn khng p dng quy tc ny m ch thm S vo thnh KEYS. Nhng danh t tn cng bng mt ph m v O: THM ES. Th d: S t S nhiu POTATO = c khoai ty POTATOES TOMATO = tri c chua TOMATOES Lu : quy tc ny c nhng trng hp ngoi l ch c cch phi nh nm lng, th d nh: PIANO ->PIANOS, PHOTO >PHOTOS... Nhng danh t tn cng bng F, FE, FF, B F hoc FE hoc FF v THM VES. Th d: S t S nhiu ONE WOLF = 1 con si TWO WOLVES = 2 con si (B F, THM VES) ONE WIFE = 1 ngi v TWO WIVES (B FE, THM VES)

NGOI NHNG DANH T THEO QUY TC TRN, C NHIU DANH T KHNG THEO QUY TC NO C KHI CHUYN SANG HNH THC S NHIU. CHNG TA CH C CCH HC THUC LNG NHNG DANH T NY. SAU Y L DANH SCH MT S NHNG DANH T C HNH THC S NHIU BT QUY TC THNG GP:
S t MOUSE = con chut GOOSE = con ngng LOUSE = con ch CHILD = a tr, a con MAN = ngi, ngi n ng WOMAN = ngi n b SHEEP = con cu TOOTHH = ci rng S nhiu MICE GEESE LICE CHILDREN MEN WOMEN SHEEP (ging y nh s t) TWO TEETH = 2 ci rng

TWO FEET = 2 bn chn ---------------------------------------------------------Mo t bt nh "A" v "AN" Trong giao tip ting Anh hng ngy d n gin hay phc tp, khng th thiu c hai t "A" v "AN" ny. Bi ny gii thch chi tit v mo t bt nh "A" v "AN". y l loi t tng chng nh n gin nhng rt nhiu bn hc ting Anh lu nm vn cn dng sai hoc khi cn dng li khng dng. Mo t bt nh "A" hoc "AN" lun ng trc danh t m c s t. Do , c th ni, v ngha th "A" hoc "AN" tng ng vi ONE (ngha l "mt"). Tuy nhin, khi dng ONE, ta c phn mun nhn mnh s lng hn, trong khi

FOOT = bn chn

mo t bt nh ch gii thiu ra mt danh t c nhc n ln u tin trong mt cuc ni i thoi.

Th d: A TEACHER = mt gio vin v ONE TEACHER cng l "mt gio vin", nhng bn ch ni "I AM A TEACHER" (ti l gio vin) ch khng bao gi ni "I AM ONE TEACHER" v chng l bn c th l HAI gio vin hay sao m cn phi nhn mnh ONE ch khng phi con s no khc. Bn hiu ri, ng khng? Vy chng ta hy phn bit khi no dng A trc danh t m c s t v khi no dng "AN" trc danh t m c s t: Dng A trc danh t m c s t bt u bng M PH M. Ti sao chng ta cn nhn mnh M PH M y? V a s ch ci ph m u c m ph m, nhng mt s t bt u bng ch ci ph m li c c nh nguyn m v ch ci l m cm khng c. Ngc li, mt s ch ci l ra l nguyn m nhng li c ngi bn x c nh mt ph m. Th d: A BOY = mt a con trai, A GIRL = 1 a con gi, A STREET = 1 con ng, A FAN = 1 ci qut my, A MOTORCYCLE = 1 chic xe gn my, A STUDENT = 1 hc vin, A SINGER = 1 ca s, A SONG = 1 bi ht, A LESSON = 1 bi hc, A TABLE = 1 ci bn, A HUSBAND = 1 ngi chng, A FAMILY = 1 gia nh, A MINUTE = 1 pht, A SECOND = 1 GIY, A YEAR = 1 nm, A MONTH = 1 thng , A WEEK = 1 tun, ... Th d trng hp ngoi l: A UNIFORM = 1 b ng phc (Bn thy khng, UNIFORM bt u bng U, mt nguyn m nhng UNIFORM c c nh /DIU-NI-FO;RM/ thnh ra U l M PH M ri. Dng AN trc danh t m c s t bng u bng M NGUYN M. Tng t, ta nhn mnh M NGUYN M v mt s t bt u bng ch ci ph m nhng c nh nguyn m. Th d: AN APPLE = 1 tri to, AN EAR = 1 tai, AN UMBRELLA = 1 ci d, AN OX = 1 con b c, AN ARM = 1 cnh tay, AN EYE = 1 con mt, AN EGG = 1 qu trng Th d trng hp ngoi l: AN HOUR ("HOUR" bt u bng H, 1 ch ci ph m nhng trong trng hp ny ngi bn x c "HOUR" y nh "OUR" nn ta phi ni AN HOUR ch KHNG th ni A HOUR.) Khi danh t c b ngha bi mt tnh t hoc mt danh t khc ng trc n, ta da vo m bt u ca t b ngha cho danh t chnh xc nh dng A hay AN. Th d: ta c ENGLISH TEACHER= gio vin ting Anh. Ch ENGLISH ng trc danh t TEACHER b ngha cho TEACHER. Vy ta thy m u ting ca ENGLISH l nguyn m nn ta dng AN --> AN ENGLISH TEACHER. Tng t, ta c: BEUTIFUL = p, WOMAN = ngi n b --> BEAUTIFUL WOMAN = ngi n b p. BEAUTIFUL bt u bng m ph m (B) vy ta ni A BEAUTIFUL WOMAN = 1 ngi n b p. Trong bi sau, chng ta s hc cch t cu vi tt c nhng g chng ta hc. ---------------------------------------------------------NG T "TO BE" -TH HIN TI N VI TO BE y l ng t c bn nht trong ting Anh, nhng li l mt ng t c bit. Hc xong ng t TO BE, bn s bt u bit cch t ra v s cu ni vi nhng g ta hc t u n gi nh i T Nhn Xng, Tnh T S Hu, i T S Hu, Danh T S t, Danh T S Nhiu, Mo T Bt nh A v AN cng vi mt s tnh t c bn bn s c cung cp cui bi ny. Trong th hin ti n, ng t TO BE c tt c 3 bin th l AM, IS v ARE. Ta dng cc bin th tng ng vi ch ng nht nh , nh sau:

* AM: Dng cho ch ng duy nht l I I AM... (vit tt = I'M...) * IS: Dng cho ch ng l ngi th ba s t, bao gm HE, SHE, IT v bt c danh t s t no SHE IS... (vit tt = SHE'S...) HE IS...(vit tt = HE'S...) IT IS...(vit tt = IT'S...) THE DOG IS PETER IS THE TABLE IS * ARE: Dng cho ch ng l YOU, WE, THEY, v bt c ch ng s nhiu no YOU ARE... (vit tt =YOU'RE...) WE ARE...(vit tt = WE'RE...) THEY ARE...(vit tt = THEY'RE...) YOU AND I ARE HE AND I ARE THE DOG AND THE CAT ARE... * Khi no ta phi dng th hin ti n ca ng t TO BE?
- Khi ta mun gii thiu tn hoc a im, hoc tnh cht, trng thi ca mt ngi, con vt hoc s kin trong hin ti.

* Vi Th Hin Ti n ca ng t TO BE, ta c th t c nhng cu nh th no?

- Vn t cng nhiu, bn cng t c nhiu cu. V kiu cu, bn s t c nhng cu nh vi th d sau: Ti l bc s. C y l sinh vin. B ti rt gi. Ci cy vit trn bn. Em mt khng? N khng thnh tht Con gi bn rt p.

*Cng thc Th Hin Ti n ca ng t TO BE: T gi tr i bn hy nh, khi hc cng thc mt th no, ta lun hc 3 th ca n:
Th khng nh: l mt cu ni xc nh, khng c ch KHNG trong .

Ch ng + AM / IS / ARE + B ng
I AM A TEACHER. (Ti l gio vin). HE IS A STUDENT. (Anh y l sinh vin) SHE IS A SINGER. (C ta l ca s) Th ph nh: l mt cu ni ph nhn iu g , c ch KHNG ngay sau ch ng. Ch ng + AM / IS / ARE + NOT + B ng +Cch vit tt: I AM NOT = I'M NOT IS NOT = ISN'T ARE NOT = AREN'T Th d: HE IS NOT HANDSOME. (Anhy khngp trai) YOU ARE NOT STUPID. (Bn khng c ngu) Th nghi vn: l mt cu hi : AM / IS / ARE + Ch ng + B ng ? Th d: IS HE HANDSOME = Anh y p trai khng? AM I TOO FAT? = Ti c qu mp khng vy? IS SHE PRETTY? = C y p khng h? IS HE RICH? = ng ta giu khng vy? ARE YOU OK? = Bn c sao khng vy? Lu : B ng c th l mt ng danh t, c th l mt tnh t, c th l mt trng ng. Th d: B ng l danh t: I AM A YOUNG TEACHER. = ti l mt gio vin tr (A YOUNG TEACHER l mt ng danh t). B ng l tnh t: I AM YOUNG = ti tr. (YOUNG l tnh t) B ng l trng ng: I AM AT HOME = ti ang nh (AT HOME l trng ng, ch ni chn) Nh vy bn hc xong Th Hin Ti n ca ng t TO BE ri . Sau y l mt s t c bn bn tp t cu: AND = v OR = hay, hoc BUT = nhng IN = trong ON = trn UNDER = di ---------------------------------------------------------Mo t xc nh THE L t loi duy nht trong ting Anh ch c 1 t. Ngay c nhiu ngi hc ting Anh lu nm cng khng phi lc no cng dng ng mo t THE. Mo t xc nh THE thng c dng sai, hoc khng dng khi cn dng. Trong khi , y l mt t khng th khng bit v tnh quan trng v cn thit ca n. Mt ngi bn x khng th m ming ra ni qu 10 cu ting Anh m khng dng n mo t THE no Nh vy, ta phi dng mo t xc nh THE nh th no v khi no ?
*THE lun ng trc danh t.

Th d:

VD: THE SUN = mt tri THE MOON = mt trng

* Khi THE ng trc mt s tnh t, tnh t c bin thnh mt danh t ni v mt tng lp, mt th loi lin quan n tnh t . (bn khng th ly bt c tnh t no rp v, nhng tnh t c dng theo kiu ny c hn)
VD: THE RICH = nhng ngi giu THE POOR = nhng ngi ngho THE WEAK = nhng k yu

* Dng THE trc bt c mt danh t no khi ngi ni v ngi nghe u bit v danh t ang c ni ti hocc xcnh r rng: PAY HIM BACK THE MONEY YOU BORROWED FROM HIM = Hy tr li cho n s tin anh mn n! (Ngi ni bit
v s tin ny mi ni ra cu ny v ngi nghe cng bit n s tin ny v anh ta mn ca 1 ngi th 3) PLEASE GIVE ME THE KEY TO MY CAR = Vui lng a ti cha kha xe hi ca ti. THE WOMAN IN BLACK IS HIS WIFE = Ngi n b mc en l v anh ta.

* Dng THE trc nhng danh t thng thng c xem l duy nht, khng c ci th hai.
VD: The sun = mt tri, the moon = mt trng, the sea = bin, the sky = bu tri...

* Dng THE trc s th t: VD: I am the first person to come here today. (Hm nay, ti l ngi u tin n y )
* Dng THE thnh lp SO SNH NHT . THIS IS THE BEST DICTIONARY I HAVE EVER HAD. = y l t in tt nht m trc gi ti c c.

* Mt s tn quc gia phi c THE (a s khng c):

THE PHILIPPINES, THE USA, THE UNITED KING DOM...

* Trong mt s thnh ng, phi c THE (hc thuc lng):

DONT' BEAT ABOUT THE BUSH! = ng c vng vo tam quc. Nh vy, chng ta KHNG dng mo t THE khi no?

* KHNG dng THE khi danh t c tip theo sau bng mt ch s hoc ch ci. VD: The Chicago train is about to depart from track 5. Her flight leaves from gate 32. He fell asleep on page 816 of "War and Peace". She is staying in room 689. * Khng dng THE khi c ng ng t i trc mt trong nhng danh t bed (ging), church (nh th), court (ta n), hospital (bnh vin), prison (nh t), school (trng hc), college (trng i hc), university (trng i hc) nu nh ch
ng s dng nhng ni ng nh chc nng ca n VD: Nu ti n trng hc l hc, tc l ng vi chc nng ca trng hc, vy ti khng cn dng THE trc danh t SCHOOL : I MUST GO TO SCHOOL NOW !(By gi ti phi i hc ri!)

* Khng dng THE khi ni 3 ba n: n sng, n tra, n ti

I NEVER HAVE BREAKFAST. = Ti khng bao gi n sng.

* Khng dng THE trong nhiu thnh ng.

BIRDS OF THE SAME FEATHER FLOCK TOGETHER = Ngu tm ngu, m tm m. Cng hc chng ta s cng bit nhiu hn v mo t THE ny. Trc mt bn c th an tm s dng THE sau bi hc ny. ---------------------------------------------------------SO SNH NHT So snh nht l cu trc ta dng khi cn so snh mt ch th vi ton b nhm, tp th m ch th c trong . * Cu trc so snh nht vi tnh t/trng t ngn: Tnh t hoc trng t ngn l tnh t/trng t c mt m tit. Tnh t/trng t hai m tit tn cng bng Y cng c xem l tnh t/trng t ngn trong cu tr c ny. THE + TNH T/TRNG T NGN THM EST. - Th d: + HE IS THE SMARTEST IN HIS CLASS. = Anh y thng minh nht lp. + THIS BOOK IS THE CHEAPEST I CAN FIND. = Cun sch ny l cun r nht m ti c th tm thy. + HE RUNS THE FASTEST. = Anh ta chy nhanh nht. - Lu : + Khi tnh t ngn tn cng bng Y, ta i Y thnh I ri mi thm EST HAPPY -->THE HAPPIEST CRAZY --> THE CRAZIEST FUNNY --> THE FUNNIEST + Khi tnh t ngn tn cng bng 1 PH M + 1 NGUYN M + 1 PH M: ta vit ph m cui cng thm 1 ln ri mi thm EST BIG --> THE BIGGEST HOT --> THE HOTTEST SMALL --> THE SMALLEST * Cu trc so snh nht vi tnh t/trng t di: Tnh t/trng t di l tnh t/trng t c hai m tit tr ln. THE + MOST + TNH T/TRNG T DI + YOU ARE THE MOST BEAUTIFUL LADY I HAVE EVER MET. = Em l ngi ph n p nht m anh tng gp t trc n nay. + LONDON IS THE MOST EXPENSIVE CITY IN ENGLAND. = Lun n l thnh ph t nht nc Anh. * Ngoi l: mt s tnh t/trng t khi s dng trong cu trc so snh nht c dng c bit, khng theo cng thc trn y, bt buc ta phi nh nm lng: TNH T/TRNG T DNG SO SNH NHT BAD THE WORST GOOD THE BEST WELL THE BEST MANY THE MOST MUCH THE MOST - Th d: + IT WAS THE WORST DAY IN MY LIFE. = Ngy l ci ngy ti t nht trong i ti. + HE IS THE BEST TEACHER I HAVE EVER HAD. = ng y l ngi thy tt nht m ti tng c. + THESE PANTS FIT ME THE BEST. = Qun ny va vn vi ti nht.

+ WHO HAS THE MOST MONEY IN THE WORLD? = Ai c nhiu tin nht trn th gii? ---------------------------------------------------------Cu hi WH vi TO BE Cu hi WH l cu hi bt u bng t c W v H. Nhng t ny gm c: WHAT, WHO, WHERE, WHEN, WHY v HOW. Trong bi ny ta tm gi chng l t WH. Hc xong ng t TO BE ri, gi ta c th p dng TO BE vi nhng t WH t ra v s cu hi.

* Ngha ca cc t WH:
WHAT = ci g WHO = ai WHERE = u WHEN = khi no WHY = ti sao HOW = nh th no, bng cch no

*Cng thc cu hi WH vi ng t TO BE:

T WH + TO BE + Ch ng + B ng ? -Lu : + TO BE phi c chia ng bin th (AM hay IS hay ARE) ty theo ch ng. + B ng c th l danh t, tnh t, trng t, trng ng ch ni chn, trng ng ch thi gian. C th khng c b ng. - V d: + WHAT IS LOVE? = tnh yu l g? + WHO AM I? = Ti l ai? + WHO ARE YOU? = Bn l ai? + WHERE IS MY KEY? = Cha kha ca ti u? + WHY AM I HERE? = Ti sao ti li y? + HOW ARE YOU? = Bn nh th no? (Tc l "Bn khe khng?") + HOW IS IT MADE? = N c lm ra bng cch no? * Trng hp c bit HOW: - Vi t HOW, ta cn c cng thc sau: HOW + Tnh t + TO BE + Ch ng + B ng (nu c) ? - VD: + HOW TALL ARE YOU? = Bn cao bao nhiu? + HOW MUCH IS IT? N bao nhiu vy? (Hi gi tin) + HOW FAR IS IT FROM YOUR HOUSE TO SCHOOL? T nh bn n trng bao xa? i t ch nh THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE c thm cng c t cu, ta cn bit v nhng t ny.

* Ngha:
THIS = ny, ci ny, y THESE = s nhiu ca THIS THAT =, ci , iu THOSE = s nhiu ca THAT

* Cch dng: - i t ch nh lun ng trc danh t - i t ch nh c th khng cn danh t, t thn n c th lm ch ng * V d:

+ THIS CAR IS VERY FAST. = Chic xe hi ny rt nhanh.(chy rt nhanh) + THIS IS A BASIC LESSON. = y l mt bi hc c bn. + THESE LESSONS ARE EASY TO UNDERSTAND. = Nhng bi hc ny d hiu. + THESE ARE BASIC LESSONS = Nhng ci ny l nhng bi hc c bn. + THAT DOG IS VICIOUS. = Con ch d lm. + THAT IS MY DAUGHTER. = l con gi ti. + THOSE PILLS ARE ASPIRINS. = My vin thuc l aspirin. + THOSE ARE MY CHILDREN = My a l con ca ti. ---------------------------------------------------------Cu trc THERE IS.../THERE ARE... Cu trc ny dng gii thiu rng c ci g, ai , u trong hin ti. y, ta li cn p dng ng t TO BE hc.

* Cng thc th xc nh:

THERE IS + Danh t s t + Trng ng (nu c) - Lu : + Trc danh t s t m c, cn dng A hoc AN hoc ONE (xem li bi Mo t bt nh A/AN nu cn) + Trc danh t s t khng m c khng thm A/AN nhng c th thm NO (khng), A LITTLE (mt t), LITTLE (t) , MUCH (nhiu), A LOT OF (rt nhiu) + THERE IS c th vit tt l THERE'S - VD: + THERE IS AN APPLE ON THE TABLE = C 1 tri to trn bn.

+ THERE IS NO WATER IN THE TANK = Khng c t nc no trong bn. + THERE IS A LOT OF SUGAR IN VIETNAMESE WHITE COFFEE = C rt nhiu ng trong c ph sa kiu Vit Nam. THERE ARE + Danh t s nhiu + Trng ng (nu c). - Lu : + Trc danh t s nhiu, thng c s t t hai tr ln (TWO, THREE, FOUR) hoc khng c s t m c MANY (nhiu), A FEW (mt s), SOME (vi) A LOT OF (rt nhiu) + THERE ARE c th vit tt l THERE'RE - VD: + THERE ARE TWENTY MEMBERS ONLINE NOW. = C 20 thnh vin ang trc tuyn hin gi. + THERE ARE GOOD PEOPLE AND BAD PEOPLE EVERYWHERE. = C ngi tt v ngi xu mi ni ( u cng c ngi tt, k xu). + THERE ARE A LOT OF BEGGARS IN VIETNAM = C rt nhiu ngi n xin Vit Nam.

* Cng thc th ph nh:

THERE IS NOT + ANY + Danh t s t + (nu c). THERE IS NOT vit tt: THERE ISN'T - Lu : + th ph nh, dng dng vit tt nhiu hn. - VD: + THERE IS NOT ANY FAT IN SKIM MILK. = Khng c cht bo trong sa khng bo. + THERE ISN'T ANY MONEY IN MY WALLET = Trong bp t in ca ti, khng c ly 1 xu. THERE ARE NOT + Danh t s nhiu + (nu c) . THERE ARE NOT vit tt: THERE AREN'T - VD: + THERE AREN'T MANY XICH LOS IN DISTRICT 1. = qun 1, khng c nhiu xe xch l.

* Cng thc th nghi vn:

IS THERE ANY + Danh t s t + Trng ng (nu c) ? - C th thay ANY bng SOME (mt t) - VD: + IS THERE ANY MILK IN THE FRIDGE? Trong t lnh c sa khng? + IS THERE ANYONE HOME? = C ai nh khng? (lu l "anyone" ging nh "anybody" vit lin nhau, khng c khong trng gia any v one) + IS THERE A WAY TO FIX THIS COMPUTER? = C cch sa my vi tnh ny khng? ARE THERE ANY + Danh t s nhiu + Trng ng (nu c) ? + ARE THERE ANY EGSS IN THE KITCHEN? = Trong bp c trng khng? ---------------------------------------------------------Cu hi YES - NO vi ng t TO BE Bi ny cng c thm cch p dng ng t TO BE t mt loi cu hi c th - cu hi Yes -No. Cu hi Yes- No vi ng t TO BE bt u bng bin th ca ng t TO BE tng ng vi ch ng sau n. Ngi ta gi y l cu hi Yes - No v tr li cu hi ny, ta phi bt u bng YES hoc NO.

* CNG THC YES-NO VI NG T TO BE:

TO BE + Ch ng + B ng ? - Lu : + TO BE phi l bin th tng ng vi ch ng i lin sau n (AM hay IS hay ARE) + B ng c th l tnh t, danh t, ng danh t, trng ng - VD: + ARE YOU TIRED? = Bn c mt khng? + ARE YOU A DOCTOR? = Bn c phi l bc s khng? + IS HE A FAMOUS SINGER? = Anh y c phi l mt ca s ni ting khng? + IS SHE HERE? = C y c y khng? (HERE l trng t) + IS IT ON THE TABLE? = N c phi trn bn khng?

* CCH TR LI CU HI YES-NO:
- Nu tr li YES th tr li theo cng thc: YES, ch ng + TO BE. - Nu tr li NO, th tr li theo cng thc: NO, ch ng + TO BE + NOT + Bn hy nh l TO BE phi c chia ng theo ch ng. - VD: + ARE YOU THIRSTY? = Bn c kht nc khng? Tr li YES: YES, I AM. Tr li NO: NO, I AM NOT. + IS SHE YOUR GIRLFRIEND? = C l bn gi ca anh h? Tr li YES: YES, SHE IS. Tr li NO: NO, SHE IS NOT. (vit tt = NO, SHE ISN'T) + ARE THEY YOUR FRIENDS? = H l bn ca anh h? Tr li YES: YES, THEY ARE Tr li NO: NO, THEY ARE NOT (vit tt: NO, THEY AREN'T). * Trong vn ni hng ngy, ta thng dng dng vit tt. Dng y thng dnh khi ta mun nhn mnh mun ni.

---------------------------------------------------------Cu hi OR vi ng t TO BE y l cu hi cng bt u bng ng t TO BE nhng khng th tr li bng YES hay NO.

* CNG THC CU HI OR VI NG T TO BE:

TO BE + Ch ng + B ng 1 + OR + B ng 2 ? - Lu : + B ng c th l tnh t, danh t, trng t, trng ng - VD: + ARE YOU HUNGRY OR ANGRY? = Bn ang i hay ang gin? + ARE YOU A DENTIST OR A DOCTOR? = Anh l nha s hay l bc s?

* CCH TR LI CU HI OR VI NG T TO BE:
Ch ng + TO BE + B ng 1 hoc B ng 2 (ngi tr li phi chn 1 trong 2) -VD: + ARE YOU HUNGRY OR ANGRY? Tr li: I AM ANGRY. (nuang gin) I AM HUNGRY. (nu ang i) + ARE YOU A DENTIST OR A DOCTOR? Tr li: I AM A DENTIST. (nu l nha s) I AM A DOCTOR. (nu l bc s) ---------------------------------------------------------TH HIN TI N VI NG T THNG y l mt trong nhng th c dng nhiu nht trong cuc sng hng ngy. Khi hc xong th ny, bn s c thm kin thc ng php t cu. t c cng nhiu cu, bn cng phi bit nhiu ng t. Bn ch cn nh ng t dng nguyn mu ca n. Khi ch ng thay i, ng t s phi thay i cho ph hp v thay i nh th no, bi ny s ch cho bn cc quy tc cn bit. ng t thng loi tr ng t TO BE v ng t khim khuyt. Mt ln na, khi hc th no ta lun xem xt cng thc ca n 3 th: khngnh, ph nh v nghi vn.

* Cng thc th khng nh:

Ch ng + ng t ph hp + B ng -Lu : + ng t ph hp phi dng tng ng vi Ch ng. + Khi ch ng l I, WE, YOU, THEY hoc khi ch ng l mt danh t, ng danh t, ng i t s nhiu: TA DNG DNG NGUYN MU CA NG T. + Khi ch ng l HE, SHE, IT hoc l bt c danh t s t no , TA THM S HOC ES NGAY SAU NG T. + Khi no thm S, khi no thm ES sau ng t? Ta c quy tc rt d nh nh sau: + NG T TN CNG L CH, O, S, SH, X, Z TH TA THM ES. V d: WATCH -->HE WATCHES... GO --> SHE GOES... DO --> HE DOES... MISS -- SHE MISSES... WASH --> HE WASHES... MIX --> SHE MIXES... DOZE --> HE DOZES... + KHI NG T TN CNG BNG Y, TA I Y THNH I RI THM ES: FLY --> IT FLIES... + TT C CC NG T CN LI, TA THM S. - Th d: + I LIKE ICE-CREAM = Ti thch kem. + YOU ALWAYS GET UP LATE. = Bn lun lun dy tr. + THEY SING KARAOKE EVERY SUNDAY. = H ht karaoke mi ch nht. + SHE LOVES DURIANS = C y m mn su ring. + HE AND I SING VERY WELL. = Anh ta v ti ht rt hay. + THAT DOG BARKS ALL DAY LONG. = Con ch sa ti ngy. + SHE CRIES WHEN SHE MISSES HER HOMETOWN. = C y khc khi nh nh. - Ngoi l: HAVE --> HAS I HAVE... YOU HAVE.. SHE HAS...

* Cng thc th ph nh:

Ch ng + DO hoc DOES + NOT + ng t nguyn mu + B ng - Lu : + Khi ch ng l I, WE, YOU, THEY hoc khi ch ng l danh t, ng danh t s nhiu, ta dng DO. + Khi ch ng l HE, SHE, IT hoc bt c danh t s t no, ta dng DOES + DO NOT vit tt l DON'T + DOES NOT vit tt l DOESN'T + Thng thng, khi ni, ta dng dng vit tt, dng y dnh khi mun nhn mnh.

10

- Th d: + I DON'T LIKE HIM = Ti khng thch anh ta. + YOU DON'T UNDERSTAND THE MATTER = Bn khng hiu vn y. + SHE DOESN'T RESPECT OLD PEOPLE JUST PEOPLE THEY ARE OLD = C ta khng knh trng ngi ln tui ch v h ln tui. + THAT DOG BARKS ALL DAY LONG BECAUSE IT DOESN'T WANT TO BE CHAINED. = Con ch sa sut ngy bi v n khng mun b xch li.

* Cng thc th nghi vn:

DO hoc DOES + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu + B ng ? - Lu : + Dng DO khi ch ng l I, WE, YOU, THEY hoc bt c danh t, ng danh t s nhiu no. + Dng DOES khi ch ng l HE, SHE, IT hoc bt c danh t, ng danh t s t no. - Th d: + DO YOU LIKE COFFEE? = Bn c thch c ph khng? + DOES SHE LIKE ME? C y c thch ti khng? + DO THEY KNOW THEY DISTURB OTHER PEOPLE WHEN THEY SING KARAOKE TOO LOUD? = Khi h ht karaoke qu ln, h c bit rng h lm phin ngi khc khng?

* Khi no dng th hin ti n:

- Khi cn din t mt hnh ng chung chung, thng lp i lp li trong hin ti. - Khi ni v mt d kin khoa hc hoc mt chn l lun lun ng (mt tri mc hng ng) - Khi a ra ch dn (n ng t, quo tri). - Khi ni v mt s vic din ra theo thi kha biu nht nh - Khi ni v mt thi quen trong hin ti - VD: + The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. = Mt tri mc hngng v ln hng Ty. + You walk down this street and turn left at the second crossroads. = Bn i ng ny v r tri ng t th hai. + The bus leaves at 8 o'clock. = Xe but khi hnh lc 8 gi + I always go to bed before 12. = Ti lun i ng trc 12 gi.

* Nhng trng t thng dng trong th hin ti n:

NEVER = khng bao gi SOMETIMES = thnh thong OFTEN = thng USUALLY = thng (mc thng cao hn OFTEN) ALWAYS = lun lun EVERY DAY = mi ngy (c th thay DAY bng MONTH (thng), WEEK (tun), YEAR (nm)...)

* 3 Loi cu hi vi th hin ti n ca ng t thng: + Cu + Cch tr li: + Th d:

DO YOU UNDERSTAND WHAT I SAID? = Bn c hiu iu ti va ni khng? Tr li YES: ---> YES, I DO. Tr li NO: ---> NO, I DON'T. - Cu hi OR: + Cu trc: DO hoc DOES + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu + B ng 1 + OR + B ng 2 + B ng 3 (nu c)? ---------------------------------------------------------- Cu hi YES - NO: trc : ging nh th nghi vn trn y.

Nu tr li YES: YES, Ch ng + DO hoc DOES (ty theo ch ng, quy tc trn c cp) Nu tr li NO: NO, Ch ng + DO NOT hoc DOES NOT (ty theo ch ng, quy tc trn c cp)

+ Cch tr li:
Ch ng + ng t ph hp + B ng 1 hoc 2 hoc 3 (ty theo ngi tr li)

Lu :
ng t ph hp l phi c chia tng ng theo ch ng, phn trn y c gii thc. Ta c th rt ngn cu tr li bng cch b ch ng v ng t, ch tr li vi b ng 1 hoc 2 hoc 3...

+ Th d:
Hi: DO YOU LIKE COFFE OR TEA? = Bn thch c ph hay tr? Tr li: I LIKE COFFEE. (nu thch c ph) --------> Cch tr li gn hn: COFFEE. Tr li: I LIKE COFFEE (nu thch tr) ---------------> Cch tr li gn hn: TEA. ---------------------------------------------------------- Cu hi WH:

+ Cu trc:
T WH + DO hoc DOES + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c) ? + Cch tr li: theo ni dung cu hi, cng thc ging nh cng thc th khng nh trn.

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+ Th d:
Hi: WHY DO YOU DISLIKE HIM? = Ti sao bn ght anh ta? Tr li: BECAUSE HE IS ARROGANT. =Ti v anh ta kiu cng. ---------------------------------------------------------i t tn ng, i t phn thn i t tn ng cng l i t nhn xng nhng chng khng c lm ch ng m ch c lm tn ng hay b ng. i t phn th n l i t c bit phi dng khi ch ng v b ng l mt.

i t tn ng i t ch ng i t tn ng I ME YOU YOU WE US THEY THEM HE HIM SHE HER IT IT * Th d:

+ YOU KNOW ME. = Anh bit ti. (YOU l ch ng, ME l tn ng) + I DISLIKE HIM = Ti khng thch anh ta. + I LOVE HER = Ti yu c y

i t phn thn i t ch ng i t phn thn I WE YOU (s t) THEY HE SHE IT * Th d:

- I'LL DO IT MYSELF. = Ti s t mnh lm - I CUT MYSELF WHEN I SHAVED THIS MORNING. = Ti t lm try da mt mnh khi co ru sng nay. - THAT MAN IS TALKING TO HIMSELF. IS HE INSANE? = Ngi n ng ang t ni chuyn mt mnh. ng ta c b tm thn khng? - HE SHOT HIMSELF. = Anh y t bn mnh ( t vn). ---------------------------------------------------------TH HIN TI TIP DIN Th hin ti tip din dng din t hnh ng ang din ra trong hin ti. Ngoi ra n cn c dng din t nhng hnh ng mang tnh tm thi. Th ny l th mt trong nhng th c bn.

MYSELF OURSELVES YOURSELF THEMSELVES HIMSELF HERSELF ITSELF

YOU (s nhiu) YOURSELVES

* Cng thc th khng nh:

Ch ng + TO BE + ng t nguyn mu thm ING + B ng (nu c) - Lu : + TO BE phi c chia ng theo ch ng (AM hay IS hay ARE) -nu cn, bn xem li bi "ng t TO BE". + ng t nguyn mu khi khng ni g khc c hiu l ng t nguyn mu khng c TO. + Khi thm ING ngay ng sau ng t nguyn mu, cn nh vi quy tc sau: Nu ng t tn cng bng 1 ch ci E, b E i ri mi thm ING ( RIDE --> RIDING) Nu ng t tn cng bng 2 ch ci E, thm ING bnh thng, khng b E ( SEE --> SEEING) Nu ng t tn cng bng IE, i IE thnh Y ri mi thm ING (DIE --> DYING) Nu ng t n m tn cng bng 1 v ch 1 trong 5 nguyn m (A, E, I, O, U) vi mt v ch mt ph m, ta vit ph m thm 1 ln na ri mi thm ING. ( STOP --> STOPPING, WRAP --> WRAPPING, SHOP --> SHOPPING...) Cc ng t ngoi cc quy tc trn ta thm ING bnh thng. - Th d:

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+ I AM TYPING A LESSON = Ti ang nh my 1 bi h c + YOU ARE READING THIS ARTICLE = Bn ang c bi ny. + HE IS SLEEPING = Anh ta ang ng + SHE IS SWIMMING = C y ang bi. + THE DOG IS BARKING = Con ch ang sa

* Cng thc th ph nh:

Ch ng + TO BE + NOT + ng t nguyn mu thm ING + B ng (nu c) - Lu : + TO BE phi c chia tng ng vi ch ng. (AM hay IS hay ARE) + AM NOT khng vit tt nhng c th vit tt I M = I'M + IS NOT vit tt = ISN'T + ARE NOT vit tt = AREN'T - Th d: + I'M NOT JOKING, I AM SERIOUS = Ti khng phi ang a u, ti ni nghim chnh y! + SHE IS NOT DRINKING WATER, SHE IS DRINKING VODKA. = C ta khng phi ang ung nc, c ta ang ung ru vodka.

* Cng thc th nghi vn:

TO BE + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu thm ING + B ng (nu c) ? - Lu : + TO BE phi chia ng theo ch ng (AM hay IS hay ARE) - Th d: + ARE YOU KIDDING? = My ang a h? + IS SHE CRYING? C phi c y ang khc

* Khi no th dng th hin ti tip din:

- Khi din ta hnh ng ang xy ra trong hin ti ngay khi ni. + I AM TRYING TO EXPLAIN BASIC GRAMMAR TO YOU = Ti ang c gii thch ng php c bn cho bn. - Khi din t hnh ng ang xy ra trong hin ti, nhng khng nht thit l trong lc ang ni. Ni cch khc, tnh hung ny m t mt hnh ng hin trong qu trnh thc hin trong hin ti: + I AM WORKING ON A WEBSITE = Ti ang lm 1 website (Khi ti ni cu ny, ti c th ang ung c ph vi bn, nhng ti ang trong qu trnh thc hin hnh ng lm website) - Khi din ta hnh ng m bnh thng khng xy ra, hin gi ch xy ra tm thi thi, v mt l do no . + I AM NOT WORKING TODAY BECAUSE I HAVE A BAD FEVER .= Hm nay ti khng lm vic v ti b st cao (Bnh thng ti lm vic, tm thi hm nay khng lm vic v b st) - Khi din t mt hnh ng s xy ra trong tng lai rt gn, c k hoch sn, phi nu r trng ng ch thi gian trong cu. + I AM SEEING MY DENTIST TOMORROW = Ngy mai ti i gp nha s ca ti. ( c hn sn vi nha s) + ARE YOU DOING ANYTHING TONIGHT? = Ti nay em c lm g khng? (hi xem ngi ta c ln k hoch g cho ti nay hay cha)

* Cu hi WH vi th hin ti tip din:

- Cng thc cu hi: thm t WH trc cng thc th nghi vn ca th hin ti tip din. - Th d: + WHAT ARE YOU DOING ? Anh ang lm g vy? + WHEN ARE YOU COMING HOME ? Khi no anh v nh? * Cn bit thm: - V tnh cht ca th hin ti tip din l din t hnh ng ang xy ra nn ta thng dng cc trng t sau vi th ny: NOW = by gi RIGHT NOW = ngay by gi AT THE MOMENT = hin thi FOR THE TIME BEING = trong thi im hin ti - Mt s ng t vi bn cht ng ngha ca chng khng th dng vi th tip din c, nh: KNOW = bit BELIEVE = tin UNDERSTAND = hiu HATE = ght LOVE = yu LIKE = thch SOUND = nghe c v NEED = cn (ting Vit c th ni "Ti ang cn" nhng ting Anh khng th dng th hin ti tip din vi ng t ny, nu mun ni "Ti ang cn..." bn phi ni "I AM IN NEED OF..." hoc ch l " I NEED...") APPEAR = trng c v SEEM = c v OWN = s hu (ting Vit c th ni " Ti ang c..." nhng ting Anh khng dng tip din vi OWN m ch cn ni " I OWN..." = Ti s hu.. ---------------------------------------------------------TH HIN TI HON THNH

13

Nhu cu din t ca chng ta rt ln v nu ch vi nhng bi hc trc, chng ta s khng th din t mt s nh: ni ai va mi lm g, k li tri nghim ca ta, thng bo ta bt u lm v vn cn ang lm mt vic g ,vv...Nhng khng sao, hc xong bi ny, bn s t c nhng cu nh vy.

* Cng thc th khng nh: Ch ng + HAVE hoc HAS + ng t dng qu kh phn t.

- Gii thch: + Nu ch ng l I, WE, YOU, THEY hoc l danh t, ng danh t s nhiu ta dng HAVE + Nu ch ng l HE, SHE, IT hoc l danh t, ng danh t s t, ta dng HAS + Dng qu kh hon thnh ca mt ng t a s c to ra bng cch thm ED ng sau dng nguyn mu ca ng t . WANTED --> WANTED NEEDED --> NEEDED Tuy nhin, thm ED sau ng t cng c nhng quy tc cn bit: 1. ng t tn cng bng E v c 1 ph m ng trc E, ta ch cn thm D ( DATE --> DATED, LIVE --> LIVED...) 2. ng t tn cng bng Y phi i Y thnh I ri mi thm ED (TRY --> TRIED, CRY --> CRIED...) 3. ng t tn cng bng 1 nguyn m + 1 ph m ngoi W v Y, ta vit ph m cui thm 1 ln na ri mi thm ED (STOP --> STOPPED, TAP -->TAPPED, COMMIT --> COMMITTED...) 4. Tt c nhng ng t khc khng ri vo trng hp trn ch cn thm ED bnh thng. + CH : C mt s ng t c dng qu kh hon thnh BT QUY TC, tc l chng ta phi hc thuc lng danh sch nhng ng t v cch chuyn chng t dng nguyn mu sang dng qu kh hon thnh khng theo quy tc no c. Nu bn tham kho Bng ng T Bt Quy Tc, dng qu kh hon thnh ca mt ng t nm ct th 3 (ct th 1 l dng nguyn mu, ct th 2 l dng qu kh - ta s hc th qu kh bi sau- v ct th 3 l dng qu kh hon thnh). Th d vi ng t bt quy tc: DO --> DID GO --> GONE SPEAK --> SPOKEN WRITE --> WRITTEN Cui bi ny, ta s c danh sch cc ng t bt quy tc. - Th d: + I HAVE FINISHED DINNER. = Ti mi n ti xong. + SHE HAS JUST COME BACK. = C y va mi quay li.

* Cng thc th ph nh:

Ch ng + HAVE hoc HAS + NOT + ng t dng qu kh phn t . - Cch vit tt: + HAVE NOT vit tt = HAVEN'T + HAS NOT vit tt = HASN'T - Lu : + Nu ta thay NOT trong cng thc trn bng NEVER, ngha ph nh s mnh hn (t CHA thnh CHA BAO GI) - Th d: YOU HAVEN'T ANSWERED MY QUESTION. = Anh vn cha tr li cu hi ca ti. HE HASN'T BEEN HERE BEFORE. = Trc gi anh ta cha n y.

* Cng thc th nghi vn:

HAVE hoc HAS + Ch ng + ng t dng qu kh phn t ? - Th d: + HAVE YOU EVER FELT LONELY IN A CROWD? = Bn c bao gi cm thy c n trong m ng? + HAS SHE REPLIED TO YOUR EMAIL? = C y tr li email bn cha?

* Khi no ta dng th hin ti hon thnh:

- Ni v s tri nghim tri qua ri hay cha. + HAVE YOU EVER EATEN SUSHI? = Trc gi bn n mn sushi cha? + I HAVE NEVER BEEN TO SINGAPORE. = Ti cha bao gi i Singapore. - Din t mt hnh ng bt u trong qua kh v vn cn tip tc n hin ti + I HAVE BEEN A TEACHER FOR FIVE YEARS. = Ti lm gio vin c 5 nm ( bt u lm gio vin v vn cn lm gio vin) + SHE HASN'T COME HERE FOR A LONG TIME - Lu ri c y cha n y. ( bt u ngng n y v vn cha n y) - Din t mt hnh ng xy ra trong hin ti v c li kt qu hay hu qu trong hin ti. + I HAVE HAD DINNER = Ti n ti xong (gi ti cn no). + HE HAS LOST HIS WALLET = Anh y b mt bp tin (gi anh y khng c bp tin) - Ch phn bit 2 cu sau: + HE HAS GONE TO SINGAPORE = Anh y i Singapore ri ( ni anh ta khng c y u, anh ta i Singapore cha v). + HE HAS BEEN TO SINGAPORE = Anh y i Singapore ri ( ni anh ta c dp i Singapre trc y, hin ti anh ta khng nht thit phi ang Singapre)

* Danh sch mt s ng t bt quy tc thng dng: Dng nguyn mu

awake = nh thc

Dng qu kh
awoke

Dng qu kh phn t
awoken

14

be (xem bi ng TO BE) beat =nh, thng become = tr thnh begin = bt u bend = b cong bet = c, nh cuc bid =u gi bite = cn blow = thi break = lm v bring =em li broadcast = truyn hnh, truyn thanh build = xy dng burn = lm bng, t chy buy = mua catch = bt ly choose = chn come =n cost = tn cut = ct dig =o (o l) do = lm draw = rt ra dream = m, m c drive = li xe 4 bnh tr ln drink = ung eat = n fall = ri feel = cm thy fight = chin u find = tm thy, thy ci g nh th no fly = bay

was, were beat became began bent bet bid bit blew broke brought broadcast built burned/burnt bought caught chose came cost cut dug did drew dreamed/dreamt drove drank ate fell felt fought found flew

been beaten become begun bent bet bid bitten blown broken brought broadcast built burned/burnt bought caught chosen come cost cut dug done drawn dreamed/dreamt driven drunk eaten fallen felt fought found flown

15

forget = qun forgive = tha th freeze =ng lnh, ng thnh get = ly (tra t in thm) give = cho go =i grow = trng thnh, trng hang = treo have = c hear = nghe hide = giu, trn hit =nh hold = nm, cm, gi hurt = lm tn thng keep = gi know = bit lay =t, , sp t (tra t in thm) lead = dn u, lnh o learn = hc, hc c leave = ri khi lend = cho mn let = ( cho ai lm g ) lie = ni di lose = mt, nh mt, thua cuc make = lm ra mean = mun ni, c ngha l meet = gp mt pay = tr gi, tr tin put = t, (tra t in thm) read =c ride = ci, chy xe 2 bnh ring = reo, gi in thoi

forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led learned/learnt left lent let lay lost made meant met paid put read rode rang

forgotten forgiven frozen gotten given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led learned/learnt left lent let lain lost made meant met paid put read ridden rung

16

rise = mc, ln cao run = chy say = ni see = thy sell = bn send = gi show = cho xem shut =ng sing = ht sit = ngi sleep = ng speak = ni spend = xi, tri qua (k ngh, qung thi gian) stand =ng swim = bi, li take = ly, nhn (tra t in thm) teach= dy tear = x tell = cho ai bit think = ngh, suy ngh throw = qung, vt understand = hiu wake = thc dy wear = mc(qun o),i(nn), xc (nc hoa) win = chin thng write = vit

rose ran said saw sold sent showed shut sang sat slept spoke spent stood swam took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote

risen run said seen sold sent showed/shown shut sung sat slept spoken spent stood swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written

---------------------------------------------------------TH QU KH N Th ny li l mt th rt c bn v rt d hiu. Trong bi ny, ta s hc th qu kh n vi ng t TO BE v th qu kh n vi ng t thng. QU KH N VI TO BE

* Cng thc th khng nh:

Ch ng + WAS hoc WERE + B ng nu c. * Lu : + Nu ch ng l I, HE, SHE. IT hoc l ngi th 3 s t ni chung, ta dng WAS. - I WAS DISAPPOINTED TO KNOW MY SCORE. - SHE WAS HAPPY TO SEE ME. + Nu ch ng l YOU, WE, THEY hoc l s nhiu ni chung, ta dng WERE.

17

* Cng thc th ph nh: thm NOT sau WAS hoc WERE

* Lu : + WAS NOT vit tt = WASN'T + WERE NOT vit tt = WEREN'T + Cng thc th nghi vn: em WAS hoc WERE ra trc ch ng - WERE YOU DRUNK LAST NIGHT? = Ti qua anh say ru phi khng? QU KH N VI NG T THNG

* Cng thc th khng nh:

Ch ng + ng t dng qu kh + B ng (nu c). - Gii thch: + Xt theo a s, dng qu kh ca mt ng t c to ra bng cch thm ED ng sau dng nguyn mu ca ng t . WANTED --> WANTED NEEDED --> NEEDED Tuy nhin, thm ED sau ng t cng c nhng quy tc cn bit: 1. ng t tn cng bng E v c 1 ph m ng trc E, ta ch cn thm D ( DATE --> DATED, LIVE --> LIVED...) 2. ng t tn cng bng Y phi i Y thnh I ri mi thm ED (TRY --> TRIED, CRY --> CRIED...) 3. ng t tn cng bng 1 nguyn m + 1 ph m ngoi W v Y, ta vit ph m cui thm 1 ln na ri mi thm ED (STOP --> STOPPED, TAP -->TAPPED, COMMIT --> COMMITTED...) 4. Tt c nhng ng t khc khng ri vo trng hp trn ch cn thm ED bnh thng. + CH : C mt s ng t c dng qu kh BT QUY TC, tc l chng ta phi hc thuc lng danh sch nhng ng t v cch chuyn chng t dng nguyn mu sang dng qu kh khng theo quy tc no c. Nu bn tham kho Bng ng T Bt Quy Tc, dng qu kh ca mt ng t nm ct th 2 (ct th 1 l dng nguyn mu, ct th 2 l dng qu kh v ct th 3 l dng qu kh hon thnh). Th d vi ng t bt quy tc: DO -->DID GO -->WENT SPEAK --> SPOKE WRITE --> WROTE Cui bi ny, ta s c danh sch cc ng t bt quy tc. - Th d: + I SAW PETER LAST WEEK. = Tun trc ti c nhn thy Peter. + SHE LEFT WITHOUT SAYING A WORD. = C y b i khng ni mt li no.

* Cng thc th ph nh:

Ch ng + DID + NOT + ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c) - Lu : + Ch ng c th l bt k ch ng no, s t hay s nhiu khng cn quan tm. - Vit tt: + DID NOT vit tt l DIDN'T (ch trong vn vit trang trng hoc khi nhn mnh mi dng dng y , bnh thng khi ni ta dng dng ngn gn) + Ta c th thay DID NOT trong cng thc trn bng NEVER nhn mnh ph nh (mnh hn c khi ni dng y ) - Th d: + HE DIDN'T UNDERSTAND WHAT YOU SAID = Anh y khng hiu nhng g bn ni. + I NEVER PROMISED YOU ANYTHING. = Anh cha bao gi ha vi em iu g c.

* Cng thc th nghi vn:

DID + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c) ? - Lu : + Cch tr li cu hi YES - NO th qu kh n: Tr li YES: YES, Ch ng + DID Tr li NO: NO, Ch ng + DIDN'T + C th thm t WH trc cng thc trn c cu hi WH vi th qu kh n. - Th d: + DID YOU DO THAT ? C phi bn lm iu ? (Tr li: YES, I DID hoc NO, I DIDN'T) + WHAT DID YOU DO ? = Bn lm g?

* Khi no chng ta s dng Th Qu Kh n?

- Khi mun din t hnh ng xy ra xong trong qu kh. + I LAST SAW HER AT HER HOUSE TWO MONTHS AGO = Ln cui cng ti nhn thy c ta nh c ta l cch y 2 thng) - Khi mun din t hnh ng xy ra xong trong mt giai on no trong qu kh. + I LIVED IN CHINA FOR 6 MONTHS = Ti sng Trung Quc 6 thng ( l chuyn qu kh, gi ti khng sng TQ)

* Trng t thng dng cho Th Qu Kh n:

YESTERDAY = hm qua LAST NIGHT = ti hm qua LAST WEEK = tun trc (c th thay WEEK bng MONTH (thng), YEAR(nm), DECADE(thp nin), CENTURY...) TWO DAYS AGO = cch y 2 ngy (c th thay TWO DAYS bng mt ng danh t v thi gian no khc : AN HOUR AGO = Cch y 1 tingng h, 300 YEARS AGO = cch y 300 nm...)

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* Cc ng t bt quy tc thng dng: Dng nguyn mu

awake = nh thc be (xem bi ng TO BE) beat =nh, thng become = tr thnh begin = bt u bend = b cong bet = c, nh cuc bid =u gi bite = cn blow = thi break = lm v bring =em li broadcast = truyn hnh, truyn thanh build = xy dng burn = lm bng, t chy buy = mua catch = bt ly choose = chn come =n cost = tn cut = ct dig =o (o l) do = lm draw = rt ra dream = m, m c drive = li xe 4 bnh tr ln drink = ung eat = n fall = ri feel = cm thy

Dng qu kh Dng qu kh hon thnh

awoke was, were beat became began bent bet bid bit blew broke brought broadcast built burned/burnt bought caught chose came cost cut dug did drew dreamed/dreamt drove drank ate fell felt awoken been beaten become begun bent bet bid bitten blown broken brought broadcast built burned/burnt bought caught chosen come cost cut dug done drawn dreamed/dreamt driven drunk eaten fallen felt

19

fight = chin u find = tm thy, thy ci g nh th no fly = bay forget = qun forgive = tha th freeze =ng lnh, ng thnh get = ly (tra t in thm) give = cho go =i grow = trng thnh, trng hang = treo have = c hear = nghe hide = giu, trn hit =nh hold = nm, cm, gi hurt = lm tn thng keep = gi know = bit lay =t, , sp t (tra t in thm) lead = dn u, lnh o learn = hc, hc c leave = ri khi lend = cho mn let = ( cho ai lm g ) lie = ni di lose = mt, nh mt, thua cuc make = lm ra mean = mun ni, c ngha l meet = gp mt pay = tr gi, tr tin put = t, (tra t in thm)

fought found flew forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led learned/learnt left lent let lay lost made meant met paid put

fought found flown forgotten forgiven frozen gotten given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led learned/learnt left lent let lain lost made meant met paid put

20

read =c ride = ci, chy xe 2 bnh ring = reo, gi in thoi rise = mc, ln cao run = chy say = ni see = thy sell = bn send = gi show = cho xem shut =ng sing = ht sit = ngi sleep = ng speak = ni spend = xi, tri qua (k ngh, qung thi gian) stand =ng swim = bi, li take = ly, nhn (tra t in thm) teach= dy tear = x tell = cho ai bit think = ngh, suy ngh throw = qung, vt understand = hiu wake = thc dy wear = mc(qun o),i(nn), xc (nc hoa) win = chin thng write = vit

read rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent showed shut sang sat slept spoke spent stood swam took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote

read ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent showed/shown shut sung sat slept spoken spent stood swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written

---------------------------------------------------------TH TNG LAI N Th tng lai n c l l th n gin v d hiu nht trong ting Anh.

* Cng thc th khng nh: Ch ng + WILL + ng t nguyn mu + B ng.

- Vit tt "Ch ng + WILL":

21

+ I WILL = I'LL + WE WILL = WE'LL + YOU WILL = YOU'LL + THEY WILL = THEY'LL + HE WILL = HE'LL + SHE WILL = SHE'LL + IT WILL = IT'LL - Th d: + I WILL HELP YOU. = Ti s gip bn. + SHE WILL CALL YOU WHEN SHE ARRIVES. (C y s gi in cho bn khi c y n ni).

* Cng thc th ph nh: Ch ng + WILL + NOT + ng t nguyn mu + B ng.

- Vit tt + WILL NOT = WON'T - Nhn mnh ph nh: + Ta c th thay NOT bng NEVER nhn mnh ph nh. - Th d: + I WILL NOT HELP HIM AGAIN.= Ti s khng gip n na. + I WILL NEVER HELP HIM AGAIN. = Ti s khng bao gi gip n na.

* Cng thc th nghi vn: WILL + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu + B ng ?

- Th d: + WILL YOU BE AT THE PARTY TONIGHT? = Ti nay bn s c mt bui tic hay khng? - Cu hi WH: + Ta ch cn thm WH trc cng thc trn t cu hi WH. WHEN WILL YOU GO BACK TO YOUR COUNTRY? = Khi no bn s tr v nc?

* Khi no dng th tng lai n ?

- Khi mun din t mt hnh ng m ngi ni quyt nh thc hin ngay khi ni. + I AM SO HUNGRY. I WILL MAKE MYSELF A SANDWICH. = Ti i bng qu. Ti s t i lm cho mnh ci bnh m sandwich. - Khi mun din t mt li ha + (I PROMISE) I WILL NOT TELL ANYONE ELSE ABOUT YOUR SECRET. = (Ti ha) ti s khng ni cho ai bit v b mt ca bn. - Khi mun din t mt d on v tng lai. + IT WILL RAIN TOMORROW. = Ngy mai tri s ma.

* Lu :
- Trong mt cu, nu c mnh ph ch thi gian tng lai, mnh ph KHNG dng th tng lai n, ch dng th hin ti n; trong mnh chnh ta mi c th dng th tng lai n. + WHEN YOU COME HERE TOMORROW, WE WILL DISCUSS IT FURTHER. = Ngy mai khi bn n y, chng ta s bn thm. ("Ngy mai khi bn n y" l mnh ph ch thi gian, ta dng th hin ti n, "chng ta s bn thm" l mnh chnh, ta dng th tng lai n) - Ngy xa, khi hc th tng lai n, gio vin s dy bn v t SHALL, rng SHALL c dng thay cho WILL khi ch ng l I hoc WE. Tuy nhin, ngy nay, tt c ch ng u dng WILL. SHALL ch cn c dng trong vn bn trang trng nh vn bn lut v cc hp ng. Thm ch, ngi ta cn ang mun thay th SHALL bng WILL trong nhng vn bn trang trng . Bn ch cn nh mt trng hp duy nht m SHALL cn c dng trong thc t l: + SHALL WE GO NOW? = By gi chng ta i ch? ---------------------------------------------------------Cc cch din t quan h s hu din t quan h s hu, ta hc tnh t s hu v i t s hu. Tuy nhin, nhiu khi quan h s hu khng n gin ch l gia cc i t nhn xng v danh t m n cn c th l gia ng danh t v danh t. Bi ny s ch cho bn thm cc cch cn li din t quan h s hu. Ngoi cch dng tnh t s hu din t quan h s hu, ta cn c cc cch sau:

* Cch th nht: DNG OF

- OF c ngha l CA khi c dng din t quan h s hu. (trong ting Vit, c th khng cn vit CA cng c th hiu c, nhng trong ting Anh phi c OF) - Khi dng OF th danh t "b" s hu ng u ri n OF ri mi n danh t ch s hu - Ta thng dng OF din t quan h s hu khi danh t "b" s hu l danh t tru tng - Th d: + THE BEGINNING OF THE MOVIE = phn u ca b phim (phn u b phim) + THE SIZE OF THE PORTRAIT = Kch thc ca tm chn dung.

* Cch th hai: khng cn dng g c, ch cn sp xp hai danh t cnh nhau

- Ta dng cch sp xp hai danh t cnh nhau din t quan h s hu khi c hai danh t ny u l danh t c th. - din t quan h s hu theo cch ny th th t sp xp danh t rt quan trng: DANH T CH S HU NG TRC DANH T "B" S HU.

22

- Th d: + THE CAR RADIO = My radio ca xe hi + THE TREE TRUNK = Thn ca cy (thn cy)

* Cch th ba: dng S Hu Cch vi 'S

- Ta bit 'S c th l vit tt ca IS hoc HAS. Gi y ta cn bit thm 'S ngay sau mt danh t c khi khng phi l dng vit tt ca ai m n l mt phng cch din t quan h s hu gia hai (ng) danh t. - Cch dng 'S din t quan h s hu: + Thng thng, ta chn cch dng 'S din t quan h s hu khi hai (ng) danh t ni v ngi hoc con vt. Tuy nhin, 'S c th dng cho s vt khi n c nhn cch ha (ta coi n nh con ngi) hoc cho cc n v thi gian hoc trong nhng cu th nh ng. + Th d: THE BOY'S HAT = ci nn ca thng nh PETER'S CAR = Xe hi ca Peter THE EARTH'S SURFACE = B mt ca tri t A DAY'S WORK = Cng vic ca mt ngy - Vi iu cn lu : + Khi dng 'S, ta phi theo th t sau: Danh t lm ch s hu'S + Danh t b s hu + Nu danh t lm ch s hu l mt ng danh t di cng khng sao, c thm 'S ngay sau ch cui cng trong ng danh t , v d: MY SISTER-IN-LAW'S CHILDREN = Nhng ngi con ca ch du ti (hoc em du ti v sister c th l ch gi hoc em gi, brother c th l anh trai hoc em trai) + Nu bn thn danh t lm ch s hu tn cng bng S ri th ta ch cn thm ' ng sau n thi, khi thm S. THE STUDENTS' BOOKS = nhng cun sch ca cc sinh vin/hc sinh THE SMITHS' HOUSE = Cn nh ca gia nh h SMITH. DICKENS' NOVELS = Nhng cun tiu thuyt ca ng DICKENS (tn ng ta c S ng sau) ---------------------------------------------------------Tng lai vi GOING TO din t hnh ng trong tng lai, ta hc th tng lai n. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, ta cn dng cu trc TO BE + GOING TO. Trong bi ny, ta s hc cng thc v cch dng cu trc rt ph bin ny.

* Cng thc th khng nh:

Ch ng + TO BE + GOING TO + ng t nguyn mu + B ng. - Lu : + TO BE phi c chia tng ng vi ch ng (AM hay IS hay ARE) + GOING TO trong vn ni c rt gn thnh GONNA - Th d: + I AM GOING TO SEE HER TONIGHT. = Ti nay ti s gp c y. + SHE IS GOING TO MAD AT ME. = C ta s rt gin ti. + IT IS GOING TO RAIN. = Tri s ma y. + Cn phn bit TO + GOING TO + ng t nguyn mu vi th hin ti tip din TO BE + ng t nguyn mu thm ING. I AM GOING TO GO TO SCHOOL = Ti s i hc.( Tng lai vi GOING TO) I AM GOING TO SCHOOL = Ti ang i hc (Th hin ti tip din)

* Cng thc th ph nh:

Ch ng + TO BE + NOT + GOING TO + ng t nguyn mu + B ng . - Lu : + TO BE phi chia ng theo ch ng. + TO BE + NOT c th vit tt (xem li bi v ng t TO BE nu cn) + GOING TO c th rt gn thnh GONNA trong vn ni. - Th d: + I AM NOT GOING TO HELP HIM = Ti s khng gip n. + THEY ARE NOT GOING TO LISTEN TO ME. = H s khng nghe ti ni u.

* Cng thc th nghi vn:

TO BE + Ch ng + GOING TO + ng t nguyn mu + B ng ? - Lu : + TO BE chia tng ng vi ch ng. + GOING TO c th rt gn thnh GONNA trong vn ni. + C th thm t WH trc TO BE trong cng thc trn to ra cu hi WH. - Th d: + ARE YOU GOING TO BE BACK BEFORE 10pm? = Bn c v trc 10 gi ti khng? + WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO TONIGHT? = Ti nay bn s lm g?

* Khi no ta dng cu trc GOING TO:

- Khi mun din t k hoch, d nh cho tng lai m ta c sn ri. ( th tng lai n vi WILL, ngi ni ra quyt nh s lm ngay khi ni) + WE ARE GOING TO CELEBRATE HIS BIRTHDAY THIS WEEKEND. = Chng ta s t chc n mng sinh nht ca cu y vo cui tun ny.

23

- Khi mun tin on mt hnh ng s xy ra da trn bng chng trong hin ti (Th tng lai n d on mang tnh ch quan hn, khng da vo bng chng c th, chc chn nh Tng lai vi GO ING TO) + LOOK AT THOSE CLOUDS! IT IS GOING TO RAIN. = Nhn nhng m my ka. Tri s ma y. ---------------------------------------------------------SO SNH HN Trong bi ny, chng ta s hc cch so snh hn (A...hn B).

* Th no l so snh hn?
- So snh hn l cu trc so snh gia hai ch th. - Khi trong mt cu ni c hm so snh, min c ch "HN' th l so snh hn, d ngha so snh c th l thua, km. + HE HAS LESS MONEY THAN I. = Anh y c t tin hn ti. + SHE IS LESS ATTRACTIVE THAN MY WIFE. = C y km quyn r hn so vi v ti.

* Cng thc cu trc so snh hn: khi so snh, ta thng em tnh t hoc trng t ra lm i tng xem xt. ** Cng thc vi tnh t/trng t ngn: tnh t/trng t ngn l tnh t/trng t c mt m. Tnh t/trng t c hai m tit
nhng tn cng bng Y cng c xem l tnh t /trng t ngn. TNH T/TRNG T NGN THM ER + THAN - Th d: + VIETNAM IS RICHER THAN CAMBODIA. = Vit Nam giu hn Campuchia. + I AM TALLER THAN HE. = Ti cao hn anh ta. + I RUN FASTER THAN HE.

- Lu :
+ Nu tnh t ngn tn cng bng Y, i Y thnh I ri mi thm ER: HAPPY --> HAPPIER + Nu tnh t ngn tn cng bng E, ta ch cn thm R thi. LATE -> LATER + Nu tnh t ngn tn cng bng 1 PH M + 1 NGUYN M + 1 PH M, ta vit PH M CUI thm 1 ln ri mi thm ER. BIG --> BIGGER, ** Cng thc vi tnh t/trng t di: tnh t/trng t di l tnh t c ba m tit tr ln hoc tnh t /trng t c hai m tit khng tn cng bng Y. MORE + TNH T/TRNG T DI + THAN - Th d: + SHE IS MORE ATTRACTIVE THAN HIS WIFE. = C y c sc cun ht hn v anh ta. + I AM NOT MORE INTELLIGENT THAN YOU ARE. I JUST WORK HARDER THAN YOU. = Ti khng c thng minh hn bn. Ti ch sing nng hn bn thi.

** Ngoi l:
- GOOD --> BETTER - WELL --> BETTER - BAD --> WORSE - MANY --> MORE - MUCH --> MORE - LITTLE --> LESS - FAR --> FARTHER/FURTHER (FARTHER dng khi ni v khong cch c th, FURTHER dng ni v khong cch tru tng) - QUIET --> QUIETER hoc MORE QUIETu c - CLEVER --> CLEVERER hoc MORE CLEVER u c - NARROW --> NARROWER hoc MORE NARROW u c - SIMPLE --> SIMPLER hoc MORE SIMPLE u c ** Khi i tng em ra so snh l danh t, ta c cng thc : MORE hoc LESS + DANH T + THAN - Dng MORE khi mun ni nhiu...hn - Dng LESS khi mun ni t...hn - Nu danh t l danh t m c, n phi dng s nhiu. - Th d: + I HAVE MORE MONEY THAN YOU. = Ti c nhiu tin hn anh. + YOU HAVE LESS MONEY THAN I. + SHE HAS MORE CHILDREN THAN I. = C ta c nhiu con hn ti.

** Khi ngha so snh l "A km... hn B, ta ch vic thay MORE bng LESS, ta c:
LESS + TNH T/TRNG T + THAN - Th d: + I EAT LESS THAN HE DOES. = Ti n t hn n. + SILVER IS LESS EXPENSIVE THAN GOLD. = Bc th t t tin hn vng.

** Lu :
- tt c mi trng hp, i t nhn xng lin sau THAN phi l i t ch ng. Trong vn ni, ta c th dng i t tn ng ngay sau THAN nhng tt hn vn nn dng i t ch ng. + HE IS RICHER THAN I. (c th ni HE IS RICHER THAN ME trong vn ni)

24

- v lin sau THAN, ta khng bao gi lp li v ng c v trc THAN, Nu mun r ngha, ta ch cn dng TR NG T tng ng. Vi ng t TO BE, v sau THAN c th lp li TO BE tng ng, nhng iu ny cng khng bt buc. - Th d: + HE IS RICHER THAN I. (ta c th lp li TO BE sao cho tng ng: HE IS RICHER THAN I AM) + I WORK HARDER THAN YOU. (ta c th dng tr ng t tng ng v sau THAN: I WORK HARDER THAN YOU DO.) + SHE RUNS FASTER THAN HE (ta c th dng tr ng t tng ng v sau THAN: SHE RUNS FASTER THAN HE DOES). + HE MADE MORE MONEY THAN I. = Anh y kim c nhiu tin hn ti (ta c th dng tr ng t tng ng v sau THAN: HE MADE MORE MONEY THAN I DID, tuyt i khng bao gi ni HE MADE MORE MONEY THAN I MADE MONEY) ---------------------------------------------------------SO SNH BNG Cu trc so snh bng c dng th hin s ging nhau hoc khng ging nhau v mt no khi em hai ch th ra so snh.

* Cu trc so snh bng vi tnh t hoc trng t:

AS + TNH T/TRNG T + AS - Th d: + YOUR HANDS ARE AS COLD AS ICE. = Hai tay ca bn lnh nh nc vy! + HE IS AS TALL AS HIS FATHER. = Anh ta cao bng b anh ta. + HE DOESN'T RUN AS FAST AS I DO. = N chy khng nhanh bng ti. - Lu : + din t thm cc mc khc nhau ca s so snh, ta c th thm mt trng t trc t AS u tin, th d: JUST = va (bng), chnh xc NEARLY = gn nh HALF = phn na TWICE = gpi THREE TIMES = ba ln ...

* Khi mun so snh bng vi danh t, ta dng AS MANY...AS hoc AS MUCH...AS

- ...AS MANY + DANH T M C + AS... - Th d: + I WORK AS MANY HOURS AS HE DOES. = Ti lm vic s gi bng vi anh ta. - ... AS MUCH + DANH T KHNG M C + AS... - Th d: + I DON'T MAKE AS MUCH MONEY AS HE DOES. = Ti khng kim c nhiu tin bng anh ta. ---------------------------------------------------------SO SNH NHT So snh nht l cu trc ta dng khi cn so snh mt ch th vi ton b nhm, tp th m ch th c trong . * Cu trc so snh nht vi tnh t/trng t ngn: Tnh t hoc trng t ngn l tnh t/trng t c mt m tit. Tnh t/trng t hai m tit tn cng bng Y cng c xem l tnh t/trng t ngn trong cu trc ny. THE + TNH T/TRNG T NGN THM EST. - Th d: + HE IS THE SMARTEST IN HIS CLASS. = Anh y thng minh nht lp. + THIS BOOK IS THE CHEAPEST I CAN FIND. = Cun sch ny l cun r nht m ti c th tm thy. + HE RUNS THE FASTEST. = Anh ta chy nhanh nht. - Lu : + Khi tnh t ngn tn cng bng Y, ta i Y thnh I ri mi thm EST

25

HAPPY -->THE HAPPIEST CRAZY --> THE CRAZIEST FUNNY --> THE FUNNIEST + Khi tnh t ngn tn cng bng 1 PH M + 1 NGUYN M + 1 PH M: ta vit ph m cui cng thm 1 ln ri mi thm EST BIG --> THE BIGGEST HOT --> THE HOTTEST SMALL --> THE SMALLEST * Cu trc so snh nht vi tnh t/trng t di: Tnh t/trng t di l tnh t/trng t c hai m tit tr ln. THE + MOST + TNH T/TRNG T DI + YOU ARE THE MOST BEAUTIFUL LADY I HAVE EVER MET. = Em l ngi ph n p nht m anh tng gp t trc n nay. + LONDON IS THE MOST EXPENSIVE CITY IN ENGLAND. = Lun n l thnh ph t nht nc Anh. * Ngoi l: mt s tnh t/trng t khi s dng trong cu trc so snh nht c dng c bit, khng theo cng thc trn y, bt buc ta phi nh nm lng: TNH T/TRNG T DNG SO SNH NHT BAD THE WORST GOOD THE BEST WELL THE BEST MANY THE MOST MUCH THE MOST - Th d: + IT WAS THE WORST DAY IN MY LIFE. = Ngy l ci ngy ti t nht trong i ti. + HE IS THE BEST TEACHER I HAVE EVER HAD. = ng y l ngi thy tt nht m ti tng c. + THESE PANTS FIT ME THE BEST. = Qun ny va vn vi ti nht. + WHO HAS THE MOST MONEY IN THE WORLD? = Ai c nhiu tin nht trn th gii? ---------------------------------------------------------CU IU KIN LOI 0 Cu trc cu iu kin loi 0 dng din t nhng s tht tng quan, nhng d kin khoa hc lun lun xy ra vi mt iu kin nht nh. Ta cn c th gi cu iu kin loi 0 l cu iu kin hin ti lun c tht. Trong mt cu iu kin lun c hai mnh : mnh NU v mnh chnh.

* Cng thc cu iu kin loi 0:

IF + Ch ng 1 + ng t chia th hin ti n +B ng, Ch ng 2 + ng t chia th hin ti n + B ng (nu c). - Ni cch khc, cu iu kin loi 0, c hai mnh IF (NU) v mnh chnh u s dng th hin ti n. - Ch ng 1 v ch ng 2 c th trng nhau. - B ng c th khng c, ty ngha ca cu. - Mnh IF v mnh chnh c th ng trc hay sau u c. - Th d: + IF YOU EXPOSE PHOSPORUS TO AIR, IT BURNS. = Nu bn pht -pho ra ngoi khng kh, n s chy. + PHOSPHORUS BURNS IF YOU EXPOSE IT TO AIR. = Pht-pho s chy nu bn n ra ngoi khng kh. + IF YOU HEAT ICE, IT MELTS. = Nu bn lm nng nc , n s tan ra. ---------------------------------------------------------CU IU KIN LOI 1 Cu iu kin loi 1 cn c th c gi l cu iu kin hin ti c th c tht. Ta s dng cu iu kin loi 1 t ra mt iu kin c th thc hin c trong hin ti v nu kt qu c th xy ra.

* Cng thc cu iu kin loi 1:

IF + Ch ng 1 + ng t chia th hin ti n + B ng, Ch ng 2 + WILL + ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c). - Ni cch khc, cu iu kin loi 1, mnh IF dng th hin ti n, mnh chnh dng th tng lai n. - Ch ng 1 v ch ng 2 c th trng nhau. - B ng c th khng c, ty ngha ca cu. - Mnh IF v mnh chnh c th ng trc hay sau u c. - Th d: + IF I HAVE THE MONEY, I WILL BUY THAT LCD MONITOR. = Nu ti c tin, ti s mua ci mn hnh LCD . + I WILL BE SAD IF YOU LEAVE. = Anh s bun nu em b i. CU IU KIN LOI 2 Cu iu kin loi 2 l cu trc dng t ra mt iu kin khng c tht trong hin ti v nu kt qu ca n. ng nhin, kt qu xy ra theo mt iu kin khng c tht cng ch l mt kt qu tng tng. Ta cn c th gi cu iu kin loi 2 l cu iu kin hin ti khng tht.

* Cng thc cu iu kin loi 2:

IF + Ch ng 1 + ng t chia th qu kh n + B ng, Ch ng 2 + WOULD/ COULD + ng t nguyn mu + B ng - Ni cch khc, cu iu kin loi 2, mnh IF dng th qu kh n, mnh chnh dng ng t khim khuyt WOULD hoc COULD.

* Lu :
+ mnh IF, nu ng t l TO BE th ta dng WERE cho tt c cc ch ng. + WOULD = s (dng qu kh ca WILL)

26

+ COULD = c th (dng qu kh ca CAN) - Th d: + IF I WERE YOU, I WOULD GET A DIVORCE. = Nu ti l bn, ti s np n ly d. + IF DOGS HAD WINGS, THEY WOULD BE ABLE TO FLY. = Nu ch c cnh, chng s bit bay. ---------------------------------------------------------CU IU KIN LOI 3 Cu iu kin loi 3 cn c th c gi l cu iu kin qu kh khng tht. Cu trc ny c dng khi ta mun t mt gi thit ngc li vi iu g xy ra trong qu kh.

* Cng thc cu iu kin loi 3:

IF + Ch ng 1 + ng t chia th qu kh hon thnh + B ng, Ch ng 2 + WOULD/COULD HAVE + PP. - Ni cch khc, cu iu kin loi 3, mnh IF dng th qu kh hon thnh, mnh chnh dng cng thc WOULD hoc COULD + HAVE + PP.

* Lu :
- PP l dng qu kh hon thnh ca ng t. ng t bt quy tc, chnh l ct th 3 trong bng ng t bt quy tc. ng t c quy tc, chnh l ng t nguyn mu thm ED. - B ng c th khng c, ty ngha ca cu. - Ch ng 1 v ch ng 2 c th trng nhau. - Mnh IF c th ng trc hoc sau mnh chnh. ---------------------------------------------------------TH QU KH HON THNH y l th tng i kh v i hi bn bn hc thuc lng cng nhiu t cng tt trong bng ng t bt quy tc. Ni th ny kh v khi nim ca n xa l vi ngi Vit Nam chng ta. Tht ra ta c th hiu th qu kh hon thnh mt cch rt n gin nh sau: * Th qu kh hon thnh dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc v c hai hnh ng ny u xy ra trong qu kh. Hnh ng no xy ra trc th dng th qu kh hon thnh. Hnh ng xy ra sau th dng th qu kh n. * Cng thc th qu kh hon thnh: ** Cng thc th khng nh: Ch ng + HAD + Dng qu kh hon thnh ca ng t + B ng (nu c). - Lu : + Dng qu kh hon thnh ca ng t thng thng l ng t nguyn mu thm ED. i vi ng t bt quy tc th ta phi dng ct 3 ca bng ng t bt quy tc. - Th d: + I HAD EATEN BEFORE I CAME HERE. = Ti n trc khi n y. ** Cng thc th ph nh: Ch ng + HAD + NOT + Dng qu kh hon thnh ca ng t + B ng (nu c). - Lu : + HAD NOT c th vit tt l HADN'T - Th d: + SHE HADN'T PREPARED FOR THE EXAM BUT SHE STILL PASSED. = C ta khng c chun b cho k thi nhng c ta vn u. ** Cng thc th nghi vn: HAD + Ch ng + Dng qu kh hon thnh ca ng t + B ng (nu c) ? - Th d: + HAD YOU LOCKED THE DOOR BEFORE YOU LEFT THE HOUSE? = Bn kha ca trc khi ri khi nh ch? ---------------------------------------------------------TH QU KH TIP DIN Tn gi ca th ny c l cng gi cho bn cch dng ca n. Th ny c dng din t mt hnh ng ang din ra ti mt thi im nht nh trong qu kh.

* Cng thc th khng nh:

Ch ng + TO BE DNG QU KH + ng t nguyn mu thm ING + B ng (nu c). - Lu : + TO BE dng qu kh ch c 2 bin th WAS v WERE, ty theo ch ng m dng WAS hay WERE. + WAS c dng cho ch ng l I, HE, SHE, IT hoc bt c ch ng s t no + WERE c dng cho ch ng l WE, YOU, THEY hoc bt c ch ng s nhiu no. - Th d: + I WAS WATCHING TV WHEN YOU CALLED. = Lc bn gi in thoi n, ti ang xem Tivi. + WHEN THEY WERE PLAYING SOCCER, IT STARTED TO RAIN. = H ang bng th tri bt u ma.

* Cng thc th ph nh: THM NOT sau TO BE cng thc th khng nh.
- Vit tt: + WAS NOT = WASN'T + WERE NOT = WEREN'T - Th d: + I WAS NOT SLEEPING. I WAS HAVING MY EYES CLOSE TO RELAX. = Lc ti u c ng, ti nhm mt th gin.

* Cng thc th nghi vn: em TO BE ra trc ch ng.

- C th thm t WH trc TO BE to ra cu hi WH. - Th d:

27

+ WHAT WERE YOU DOING AT 10 O'CLOCK LAST NIGHT? = Ti qua lc 10 gi anh ang lm g?

* Khi no ta dng th qu kh tip din?

- din t hnh ng ang xy ra ti mt thi im c th trong qu kh. + SHE WAS TAKING A SHOWER WHEN THE BUGLAR BROKE IN. = Lc tn trm t nhp vo nh, b ta ang tm. - Khi din t hai hoc nhiu hn hai hnh ng ang xy ra cng lc trong qu kh. + THE BOY WAS DOING HIS HOMEWORK WHILE HIS PARENTS WERE WATCHING TV. = Cu b ang lm bi tp trong khi b m cu ta ang xem Tivi. - Khi mun din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra th c hnh ng khc xy n. hnh ng ang xy ra dng th qu kh tip din, hnh ng xy n c th ct ngang hnh ng ang xy ra c chia th qu kh n. + HE STOOD UP AND LEFT THE ROOM WHEN THE PROFESSOR WAS GIVING A LECTURE. = Lc gio s ang ging bi th anh ta ng dy v ri khi phng. ---------------------------------------------------------Cu trc HAVE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING y l mt cu trc n gin, hu dng v rt thng dng din t "Ai nh ai lm vic g". Bn cn lu l trong ting Vit, c rt nhiu vic ta nh ngi khc lm nhng ta khng ni chnh xc nh vy, th d: Ngy mai ti i ht tc. (Bn khng t ht tc m bn nh th ht tc cho mnh, ng khng?) Xe anh d ri, anh i ra xe i! (Ngi ni tht s c bo bn i ra tim ra xe, nh th ra xe ra gim, khng phi bo bn t ra). Tm li, vi nhng trng hp ging nh trn, ta cn dng cu trc c gii thiu bi ny.

* Cng thc cu trc:

Ch ng + HAVE + i t tn ng hoc danh t + ng t nguyn mu + B ng . - Lu : + Ty hon cnh ni, HAVE phi c chia theo ng th. Nu cn, bn xem li bi hc v tt c cc th trong ting Anh. + i t tn ng: bn xem li bi i t tn ng nu cn. + Danh t: nu khng dng i t tn ng, bn c th thay danh t ring ch tn ngi vo ch ny (Peter, Tom, John...) hoc ng danh t ch ngh nghip (my lawyer, my doctor.. .) + ng t nguyn mu: l ng t ch hnh ng c nh lm trong cu ni ny.

* Ta dng cng thc ny khi ta cn ni r ngi c nh lm l ai.

- Th d: + I HAD MY ASSISTANT TYPE THE REPORT. = Ti nh tr l ring nh my bn bo co. + I'LL HAVE MY LAWYER LOOK INTO IT. = Ti s nh lut s ca ti xem xt vn ny. + MY COMPUTER BROKE DOWN. MY BROTHER IS A COMPUTER TECHNICIAN. I'LL HAVE HIM FIX IT. = My vi tnh ti b h. Em trai ti l k thut vin my tnh. Ti s nh n sa gim.

* Cng thc cu trc th b ng:

Ch ng + HAVE + B ng + ng t dng qu kh hon thnh. - Lu : + HAVE phi c chia ng th + B ng l ci c lm, ci c x l + ng t dng qu kh hon thnh l ng t nguyn mu thm ED i vi ng t c quy tc, i vi ng t bt quy tc, dng qu kh hon thnh chnh l dng ct th ba trong bng ng t bt quy tc.

* Ta thng dng cu trc th b ng ny hn v thng th ngi c nh lm khng cn c nhc ti ngi nghe cng hiu ( th d: i ht tc th d nhin ngi c bn nh ht tc phi l ngi th ht tc)
- Th d: + I HAD MY HAIR CUT YESTERDAY. = Hm qua ti i ht tc. (ng t CUT ba dng - nguyn mu, qu kh, qu kh hon thnh- u nh nhau CUT - CUT - CUT) + I'M GOING TO HAVE MY CAR FIXED TOMORROW. = Ngy mai ti s em xe hi i sa. ---------------------------------------------------------NG T KHIM KHUYT ng t khim khuyt l nhng ng t c bit. Chng c gi l "khim khuyt" v chng khng c y tt c cc bin th tt c cc th v bn thn chng cng vi ch ng khng th to ra mt cu hon chnh m cn phi c mt ng t chnh (tr mt s trng hp ngoi l). ng t khim khuyt tt c gm c: SHALL, WILL, WOULD, CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, MUST, OUGHT TO. Tt c cc ng t khim khuyt phi i vi ng t NGUYN MU. Sau y, chng ta s hc tng ng t mt v cch dng cng nh nhng iu cn lu ca chng. SHALL v WILL c gii thch trong bi v TH TNG LAI N .

CAN
- Th khng

nh:

Ch ng + CAN + ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c) + HE CAN SPEAK ENGLISH AND CHINESE. = Anh ta c th ni ting Anh v ting Trung Quc. - Th ph nh: Ch ng + CANNOT + ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c) ++ Lu l CANNOT ta phi vit dnh lin nhau. ++ CANNOT vit tt l CAN'T - Th nghi vn: CAN + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c)?

28

+ CAN YOU SPEAK RUSSIAN? = Bn c th ni ting Nga khng? - Cu hi WH vi CAN: T WH + CAN + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c)? + WHAT CAN YOU DO? Bn c th lm g? - Dng din t kh nng ca ch ng + I CAN SWIM. = Ti c th bi. = Ti bit bi - Dng din t kh nng mt hnh ng, s vic c th xy ra hay khng + I THINK SO, BUT I CAN BE WRONG. = Ti ngh nh vy, nhng m ti c th sai. - Dng xin php, yu cu gia hai ngi quen thn, khng khch so, trang trng bng COULD hoc MAY + CAN I BORROW YOUR CAR TONIGHT? = Ti nay ti c th mn xe hi ca anh c khng?

COULD
* V cng thc, ta c thay CAN bng COULD trong cc cng thc bi v CAN * V cch dng: - COULD l dng qu kh ca CAN, do ta c th dng COULD din t kh nng ca ch ng trong qu kh + I COULD SPEAK CHINESE WHEN I WAS YOUNG. = Khi ti cn tr, ti ni c ting Trung Quc. (c l gi ri, khng dng na nn qun) - COULD cng c th c dng trong hin ti nh CAN din t kh nng mt hnh ng hay s vic c th xy ra hay khng + HE COULD BE THE ONE WHO STOLE MY MONEY. = N c th l ngi trm tin ca ti. - COULD dng yu cu, xin php; mt cch lch s, trang trng hn CAN + COULD I BORROW YOUR PEN PLEASE? C th cho ti mn cy vit ca anh c khng ? - COULD dng a ra 1 gi , dng trong hin ti + YOU COULD SPEND YOUR VACATION IN LT. = Bn c th i ngh mt Lt. * Lu : - CANNOT ngoi ngha khng c kh nng (lm iu g) cn c ngha l khng c (lm g) + YOU CANNOT GO OUT AT THIS HOUR. = Gi ny con khng c i chi. - COULD NOT dng vi ngha hin ti c ngha l khng th no (c chuyn xy ra) + HE COULD NOT BE THE ONE WHO STOLE YOUR MONEY. I KNOW HIM VERY WELL. = Anh y khng th no l ngi trm tin ca anh. Ti bit anh y rt r.

MUST * V cng thc:

- Ta c thay CAN bng MUST trong cc cng thc bi v CAN

* V cch dng:
- MUST c ngha l PHI, dng din t mt yu cu bt buc + FOREIGNERS MUST HAVE A WORK PERMIT IN ORDER TO GET A JOB IN VIETNAM. = Ngi nc ngoi phi c giy php lao ng mi c th xin vic lm ti Vit Nam. - MUST din t s chc chn ca mt nhn nh + YOU MUST BE HUNGRY. = Chc hn l bn i ri.

* Lu :
- MUST NOT vit tt l MUSTN'T - MUST NOT din t s cm on, khng c php lm, nghim trng hn CANNOT nhiu + YOU MUST NOT SWIM IN THAT RIVER. IT'S FULL OF CROCODILES. = Anh khng c bi di con sng . Di ton l c su. - MUST ng ngha vi HAVE TO. MUST l ng t khim khuyt, khng c dng qu kh, tng lai. HAVE TO l ng t thng, c cc dng. V vy khi cn din t nhng ngha thng dng vi MUST trn y trong qu kh hay tng lai, ta d ng HAVE TO. - Trong hin ti, MUST v HAVE TO khc nhau nh th no? + MUST trang trng hn HAVE TO + MUST din t s bt buc ni ti, ngi ni t cho l mnh phi lm iu g + HAVE TO din t s bt buc ngoi ti, ngi ni cho l mnh phi lm g do hon cnh bn ngoi p buc. + MUST v HAVE TO thng c thay th ln nhau, tuy nhin, MUST c phn trang trng hn HAVE TO + MUST NOT = KHNG C (cm on) + NOT HAVE TO = khng nht thit phi (ty chn) YOU MUST NOT WEAR SHORTS TO GO TO SCHOOL. = Bn khng c mc qun short i hc. YOU DON'T HAVE TO WEAR LONG PANTS IF YOU DON'T WANT TO. = Nu bn khng mun, bn khng nht thit phi mc qun di.

MAY
* V cng thc, ta c thay CAN bng MAY trong cc cng thc bi v CAN * V cch dng: - MAY c ngha l "c th", c dng xin php mt cch rt lch s, trang trng + MAY I USE YOUR TELEPHONE TO MAKE A PHONE CALL? = Ti c th dng in thoi ca anh gi in thoi c khng ? - MAY c dng din t kh nng mt hnh ng, s vic c th hoc khng c th xy ra, kh nng ny khng chc chn lm + YOU CAN TRY CALLING HIM. HE MAY NOT BE AT HOME. = Bn c th th gi in thoi cho anh ta. Anh ta c th khng c nh u.

29

* Ch :
- MAYBE = c l, l trng t ch mc chc chn + MAYBE I WILL GO OUT TONIGHT. = C l ti nay ti s i chi. - MAY BE l ng t khuyt khuyt MAY dng vi ng t TO BE + HE LOOKS UNHAPPY. I DON'T THINK HE IS UNHAPPY. HE MAY BE TIRED. = Anh ta trng khng c vui. Ti khng ngh l anh ta ang bun. Anh ta c th ang mt.

MIGHT
* V cng thc, ta c thay CAN bng MIGHT trong cc cng thc bi v CAN * V cch dng: - MIGHT l qu kh ca MAY, khi no cn dng MAY qu kh, ta dng MIGHT. (c nhng ng t khim khuyt khng c dng qu kh, trong bi khc bn s bit khi no cn dng dng qu kh ca cc ng t khim khuyt) - Trong hin ti, MIGHT c dng din t kh nng mt hnh ng s vic c th xy ra hay khng, mc chc chn yu hn MAY + SHE MIGHT BE ON THE BUS. I THINK HER CAR IS HAVING PROBLEMS. = C y c th ang i ngi xe but. Ti ngh l xe hi ca c y ang b trc trc g . - Trong hin ti, MIGHT c th c dng a ra gi , nhng khng chc l ngi nghe s thch gi ny + YOU MIGHT TRY SOME MOONCAKE. = Bn c th th n bnh trung thu. - MIGHT c th c dng xin php lch s trong ting Anh ca ngi Anh (khc vi ting Anh ca ngi M), nhng khng thng dng lm. + MIGHT I OPEN THE WINDOW? = Ti c th c m ca s ra khng ?

SHOULD
* V cng thc, ta c thay CAN bng SHOULD trong cc cng thc bi v CAN * V cch dng: - SHOULD c ngha l NN. - SHOULD dng a ra mt li khuyn + YOU SHOULD START EATING BETTER. = Bn nn bt u n ung cht hn. - SHOULD c dng din t iu g theo nh lch trnh, k hoch, d on ca ngi ni phi c xy ra (nhng c khi li khng xy ra nh ) + HE SHOULD BE HERE BY NOW. = Gi ny anh ta phi c mt y ri ch. (vy m cha thy anh ta u)

WOULD
* V cng thc: ta c thay CAN bng WOULD trong cc cng thc bi v CAN * V cch dng: - WOULD l dng qu kh ca WILL - Trong hin ti, WOULD c dng yu cu (lch s hay khng ty thi , ni dung cu ni) + WOULD YOU PLEASE PUT OUT THAT CIGARETTE? = Anh c th vui lng dp iu thuc anh ang ht? - WOULD YOU LIKE... lun lun l mt li mi rt lch s. + WOULD YOU LIKE SOME COFFEE? Anh ung c ph ch? + WOULD YOU LIKE TO TRY THEM ON? Anh c mun th khng? (th qun o trong tim). - K li hnh ng thng lp i lp li trong qu kh + WHEN I WAS A CHILD, I WOULD ALWAYS SPEND MY SAVINGS ON BOOKS. = Khi ti cn nh, ti lun ly tin dnh c i mua sch.

OUGHT TO
* V cng thc, ta c thay CAN bng OUGHT TO trong cc cng thc bi v CAN. Tuy nhin, cn ch : - ph nh, OUGHT TO thm NOT s tr thnh OUGHT NOT TO, hoc c khi l OUGHT NOT + ng t nguyn mu thi m khng c TO na. Tuy nhin ng ph nh ca OUGHT TO rt him khi c dng.

* V cch dng:
- OUGHT TO din t mt li khuyn + YOU OUGHT TO EXERCISE MORE. = Bn nn tp th dc nhiu hn. + HE OUGHT TO STOP SMOKING. = Anh ta nn b ht thuc l. - DIn t mt kh nng hnh ng s vic c th xy ra vi mc chc chn cao + HE OUGHT TO GET THE PROMOTION. HE WORKS REALLY HARD. = Anh ta chc phi c thng chc. Anh ta lm vic tht s sing nng.

* OUGHT TO phn bit vi SHOULD nh th no khi c hai u dng a ra 1 li khuyn?

- OUGHT TO l li khuyn "nng k" hn SHOULD - OUGHT TO c hm l khng th cn cch no khc hn l phi (lm g ) ,mang tnh gii php; trong khi SHOULD mang tnh gi - Trong ting Anh ca ngi M, OUGHT TO t c dng. Nh vy l bn hc xong c bn v tt c cc ng t khim khuyt. ---------------------------------------------------------ng t WISH, mt dng cu iu kin Khi t cu WISH vi ngha ao c mt iu g , ta cn nh 2 loi nh sau: WISH loi 1: c v iu g tri ngc vi s tht trong hin ti.

* Cng thc: 30

Mnh WISH chia th hin ti n + Mnh chnh chia th qu kh n * Lu : - Vi ng t TO BE, trong vn ni c th dng WAS cho ngi th ba s t v cho I, nhng trong vn vit, phi dng WERE cho tt c ch ng, khng phn bit ngi, khng phn bit s t hay s nhiu.

* Th d:
I WISH I HAD A NICE HOUSE. = Ti c g ti c mt cn nh p, SHE WISHES SHE WERE THE MOST BEAUTIFUL LADY IN VIETNAM. = C y c g c y l ngi ph n p nht Vit Nam. I WISH I WERE THE PRIME MINISTER. = Ti c g ti l th tng.

WISH loi 2: c v iu g tri ngc vi s tht trong qu kh * Cng thc:

Mnh WISH chia th hin ti n + Mnh chnh chia th qu kh han thnh

* Th d:
I WISH I HAD PASSED THAT EXAM. = Ti c g ti u trong k thi . SHE WISHES SHE HAD SOLD ALL HER STOCKS BEFORE THE MARKET WENT DOWN.= C ta c g mnh bn tt c cc c phiu trc khi th trng xung gi. ---------------------------------------------------------TH HIN TI HON THNH TIP DIN Ging nh th hin ti hon thnh , th hin ti hon thnh tip din cng din t mt hnh ng bt u qu kh, tip tc n hin ti v c th tip tc n tng lai. Tuy nhin, th hin ti hon thnh tip din c khc ch n nhn mnh tnh lin tc ca hnh ng. Sau y l cng thc ca th hin ti hon thnh tip din:

* Cng thc:
Ch ng + HAVE hoc HAS + BEEN + ng t nguyn mu thm ING.

* Th d:
- I HAVE BEEN WAITING FOR YOU SINCE EARLY MORNING. = Anh i em t sng sm n gi. - THE TELEPHONE HAS BEEN RINGING FOR TWO MINUTES. = in thoi reo hai pht ri. (v cn reo na)

* Lu :
- Khi ch ng l HE, SHE, IT hoc l ngi th 3 s t ni chung, ta dng HAS. - Khi ch ng l I, WE, YOU, THEY hoc l ngi th 3 s nhiu ni chu ng, ta dng HAVE. ---------------------------------------------------------TH QU KH HON THNH TIP DIN Ging nh th qu kh hon thnh , th qu kh hon thnh tip din dng din t hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc trong qu kh. im khc bit l th qu kh hon thnh tip din nhn mnh tnh lin tc ca hnh ng hoc nhn mnh rng h nh ng xy ra trc hnh ng khc trong qu kh vn tip tc xy ra sau khi hnh ng sau xy ra. Sau y l cng thc ca th qu kh hon thnh tip din:

* Cng thc:
- Th khng nh: Ch ng + HAD + BEEN + ng t nguyn mu thm ING.

- Th d:
+ THIS MORNING, WHEN I GOT UP, IT HAD BEEN RAINING. = Sng nay, khi ti thc dy, tri ma. (dy ri m tri vn cn ang ma) - Th ph nh: Thm NOT sau HAD Ch ng + HAD NOT + BEEN + ng t nguyn mu thm ING. + HAD NOT vit gn l HADN'T - Th nghi vn:em HAD ra trc ch ng HAD + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu thm ING? ---------------------------------------------------------CU HI UI (TAG -QUESTIONS) Cu hi ui l mt dng cu hi rt thng dng trong ting Anh. Mc d cu tr li cho cu hi ui cng ging nh cu tr li cho cu hi YES-NO, nhng cu hi ui c sc thi ngha ring bit. Cu hi ui c thnh lp sau mt cu ni khng nh hoc ph nh, c ngn cch bng du phy (,) v vy ngi t cu hi c thng tin v cu tr li. Tuy nhin, thng th ngi hi khng chc chn lm v thng tin ny. Nu ngi hi chc chn, t tin rng mnh c thng tin v cu tr li nhng vn hi th khi chm dt cu hi ui, ngi hi s ln ging. Sau y l cch thnh lp cu hi ui cho cc tt c cc th ta hc:

* Nguyn tc chung khi lp cu hi ui:

- Nu cu ni trc du phy l cu khng nh, cu hi ui phi th ph nh. - Nu cu ni trc du phy l cu ph nh, cu hi ui phi th khng nh

* Cu to ca cu hi ui:
- Cu hi ui gm mt tr ng t tng ng vi th c dng trong cu ni trc du phy, c NOT hoc khng c NOT v mt i t nhn xng tng ng vi ch ng ca cu ni trc du phy. * Th d:

31

- YOU ARE AFRAID, AREN'T YOU? (Anh ang s, ng khng?) - YOU DIDN'T DO YOUR HOMEWORK, DID YOU? (Bn khng lm bi tp nh, ng khng?)

* Cch thnh lp cu hi ui cho cc tt c cc th ta hc:

1. Hin ti n vi TO BE: - HE IS HANDSOME, ISN'T HE? = Anh y p trai, ng khng? - YOU ARE WORRIED, AREN'T YOU? = Bn ang lo lng, phi khng? - c bit vi I AM..., cu hi ui phi l AREN'T I: + I AM RIGHT, AREN'T I? - Vi I AM NOT, cu hi ui s l AM I nh quy tc. + I AM NOT GUILTY, AM I? 2. Hin ti n ng t thng: mn tr ng t DO hoc DOES ty theo ch ng (xem li bi Th hin ti n vi ng t thng nu cn) - THEY LIKE ME, DON'T THEY? - SHE LOVES YOU, DOESN'T SHE? 3. Th qu kh n vi ng t thng: mn tr ng t DID, qu khn vi TO BE: WAS hoc WERE: - YOU LIED TO ME, DIDN'T YOU? - HE DIDN'T COME HERE, DID HE? - HE WAS FRIENDLY, WASN'T HE? 4. Th hin ti hon thnh hoc hin ti hon thnh tip din: mn tr ng t HAVE hoc HAS - THEY HAVE LEFT, HAVEN'T THEY? - THE RAIN HAS STOPPED, HASN'T IT? 5. Th qu kh hon thnh hoc qu kh hon thnh tip din: mn tr ng t HAD: - HE HADN'T MET YOU BEFORE, HAD HE? 6. Th tng lai n: - IT WILL RAIN, WON'T IT? - YOUR GIRLFRIEND WILL COME TO THE PARTY, WON'T SHE?

* Nhng trng hp c bit cn lu : ** USED TO: tng (din t thi quen, hnh ng thng lp i lp li trong qu kh)
- Trng hp ny, ta c vic xem USED TO l mt ng t chia th qu kh. Do , cu hi ui tng ng ch cn mn tr ng t DID - Th d: + SHE USED TO LIVE HERE, DIDN'T SHE?

** HAD BETTER:
- HAD BETTER thng c vit ngn gn thnh 'D BETTER, nn d khin ta lng tng khi phi lp cu hi ui tng ng. Khi thy 'D BETTER, ch cn mn tr ng t HAD lp cu hi ui. - Th d: + HE'D BETTER STAY, HADN'T HE?

** WOULD RATHER:
- WOULD RATHER thng c vit gn l 'D RATHER nn cng d gy lng tng cho bn. Ch cn mn tr ng t WOULD cho trng hp ny lp cu hi ui. - Th d: + YOU'D RATHER GO, WOULDN'T YOU? ---------------------------------------------------------TNH T - NHNG TRNG HP C BIT Tnh t l t ch tnh cht, dng miu t hoc b ngha cho mt danh t hoc mt i t. Khi kt hp vi mt danh t t o thnh mt ng danh t, tnh t ng trc danh t. Khi tnh t lm v ng trong cu th tnh t phi ng sau ng t TO BE c chia ng theo ch ng cng nh theo thi gian (th) Example: - A BEAUTIFUL WOMAN (mt ngi n b p) - THAT WOMAN IS BEAUTIFUL. (Ngi n b p) Trong mt s trng hp c bit, tnh t c th i sau mt ng t. Tuy nhin, ngay c trong nhng trng hp ny, tnh t vn khng lm nhim v ca trng t, tc lm nhim v b ngha cho ng t, m tnh t ch b ngha cho ch ng hoc l mt b phn ca mt nh ng (idiom). Sau y l danh sch nhng ng t i trc tnh t: - LOOK: trng c v SHE LOOKS YOUNGER THAN HER AGE (C y trng tr hn tui ca mnh). - FEEL: s c v THIS FABRIC FEELS SOFT. (Loi vi ny mm -s vo c v mm-) - SOUND: nghe c v THAT SOUNDS LIKE A GOOD PLAN. (K hoch nghe hay y.) - TASTE: nm c v THIS MILK TASTES SOUR. (Ch sa ny nm c mi chua) - SMELL: ngi c v THE FOOD SHE COOKS ALWAYS SMELLS GOOD. ( n c y nu lc no cng thm) - BECOME: tr nn I WANTED TO BECOME INDEPENDENT BEFORE I WAS 18. (Trc tui 18, ti mun c t lp - mun tr nn t lp)

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- GET: tr nn MY BROTHER GOT RICH EARLY BECAUSE HE STARTED HIS OWN BUSINESS. (Anh ti tr nn giu c sm bi v anh y ra kinh doanh ring.) - SEEM: dng nh, c v nh AT FIRST, LEARNING HOW TO SWIM SEEMED IMPOSSIBLE TO ME. (Mi u, vic hc bi c i vi ti c v nh mt iu khng th thc hin c). - TURN: tr nn, chuyn sang HE CROSSED THE STREET BEFORE THE LIGHT TURNED G REEN. (ng y bng qua ng trc khi n giao thng chuyn sang xanh). - APPEAR: c v (din mo b ngoi c v) SHE APPEARS TO BE CONFIDENT, BUT I THINK SHE IS NERVOUS. (C ta c v b ngoi t tin nhng ti ngh c ta ang hi hp) - GROW: tr nn, chuyn sang I GREW ANGRY AS I LISTENED TO THE STORY. (Ti thy gin ln khi nghe qua cu chuyn) - PROVE: ha ra HIS EFFORTS PROVED FRUITLESS. (Nhng n lc ca anh y ha ra v ch) - REMAIN: gi, duy tr HE TRIED TO REMAIN CALM. (Anh y c gng gi bnh tnh) - STAY: gi, duy tr WOMEN DO ALL KINDS OF THINGS TO TRY TO STAY YOUNG. (Ph n lm mi th c duy tr v tr trung). * Mt s TRNG HP C BIT: - SHE LOOKS AT ME FUNNY.(C y nhn ti vi ci nhn k l). - HE TALKS FUNNY (anh y ni ging k k). - HE WALKS FUNNY (anh y i tng i sao sao y) - I LIKE MY EGGS RAW (h n trng th ti thch n sng) - YOUR DREAMS CAN COME TRUE IF YOU HAVE THE COURAGE TO PURSUE THEM. (Nhng gic m ca bn c th thnh hin thc nu bn c dng kh theo ui chng) ---------------------------------------------------------TRNG T NI CHUNG V TRNG T C BIT VERY Trng t l t dng b ngha cho mt ng t, mt tnh t hay mt trng t khc. Example: - HE RUNS FAST. anh y chy nhanh (FAST l trng t b ngha cho ng t RUN) - MISS RUSSIA THIS YEAR IS EXTREMELY SEXY. (hoa hu Nga nm nay cc k gi cm) (trng t EXTREMELY b ngha cho tnh t ATTRACTIVE) - HE SPEAKS ENGLISH VERY WELL. (Anh y ni ting Anh rt gii - trng t VERY b ngha cho trng t WELL) *TRNG T C BIT VERY: - Ngi Vit Nam khi hc ting Anh rt hay mc mt li chung khi dng trng t VERY (rt). - Li 01: Khi ni "Cha m ti rt thng ti", rt nhiu hc vin ngi Vit s ni " MY PARENTS VERY LOVE ME". y l mt trong nhng li ng php c bn thng gp nht. Cu ng nn ni l: MY PARENTS LOVE ME VERY MUCH. - Li 02: HE WAS VERY PRAISED BY HIS BOSS. Cu ng nn ni l HE WAS VERY MUCH PRAISED BY HIS BOSS (Anh y c sp khen ngi rt nhiu). - Ni chung, VERY ch nn c dng b ngha nhng trng t khc hoc nhng tnh t khng phi l past participle (dng qu kh phn t) . i vi tnh t l qu kh phn t, cng c vi ngoi l (chng hn nh ta c th ni I AM VERY PLEASED TO SEE HER.) Tuy nhin, nn hn ch dng VERY v n lm cu vn b yu i. MNH QUAN H Mnh quan h c khi c gi l mnh tnh t, c l v n b ngha cho danh t. Tuy nhin, mnh quan h khng n gin nh mt tnh t v v tr ca n cng khng nh v tr ca tnh t. C tt c 3 loi mnh quan h: hn nh, phi hn nh v lin kt.

* Mnh quan h hn nh:

- Khng c du phy(,) ng trc - Ni dung ca mnh quan h b ngha cho danh t v c vai tr quan trng trong vic lm r ngha cho danh t ng trc n. The cup which is on the table is full of sugar. (Ci tch trn bn c y ng trong )

* Mnh quan h phi hn nh:

- C du phy(,) ng trc - Ni dung ca mnh quan h b ngha cho danh t v c vai tr KHNG quan trng trong vic lm r ngha cho danh t ng trc n. John, WHO is going to marry Jill soon, is an engineer. (John, ngi sa son ci Jill, l mt k s)

* Mnh quan h lin kt:

- C du phy(,) ng trc - ng cui cu ni tip thm cho c cu hoc b ngha cho c cu. They asked me to go away, WHICH was very rude. (H bo ti i ch khc, iu ny tht th l!) * CC I T QUAN H: mnh quan h thng ng sau mt trong nhng i t quan h sau: WHICH, WHOM, WHO, WHOSE, WHEN, WHERE, WHY, THAT. WHICH dng cho danh t l vt, s vt, hoc con vt The novel which you talked ABOUT is very good.

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WHOM dng cho ngi nhng ngi ny khng phi l ch ng trong mnh quan h. This is Dr. Perkins, whom we met at a conference in Canada last year. WHO dng cho ngi v ngi ny l ch ng trong mnh quan h. WHO hon ton c th c dng thay cho WHOM, nht l trong vn ni. A clown is someone who makes you laugh WHOSE dng cho ngi hoc con vt ni v vt s hu ca danh t ng trc WHOSE. The film is about a man whose children are kidnapped. (Phim ny ni v mt ngi n ng c con b bt cc) WHEN dng cho thi gian, c th thay th cho ON WHICH ch thi gian ngy hoc IN WHICH ch thi gian thng/nm 1982 was the year when he graduated from college. WHERE dng cho ni chn, c th thay th cho AT WHICH (m ti ) hoc IN WHICH ch ni chn (m trong) Let's go to a country where the sun always shines. WHY dng cho l do That's the reason why I don't like this house. THAT c th thay cho WHOM, WHO, WHEN, WHERE v WHY nhng CH trong mnh quan h HN NH. An elephant is an animal that lives in hot countries. The plums that were in the fridge were delicious. THAT rt thng c dng thay cho WHICH sau nhng t sau: all, any(thing), every (thing), few, little, many, much, no(thing) , none, some(thing), and sau SO SNH NHT. It was everything that he had ever wanted. There were only a few that really interested him.

* CCH RT GN I T QUAN H:
- Cch rt gn i t quan h u ging nhau cho c 3 loi i t quan h. Ch c th rt gn mnh quan h khi mnh quan h khng c ch ng no khc ngoi ch ng ng trc i t quan h. Th d: The man who reported the crime has been given a reward. (RT GN C: ch ng ca reported the crime chnh l THE MAN) The man who was killed in the accident was a foreigner. (RT GN C: ch ng ca WAS KILLED IN THE ACCIDENT cng l THE MAN) The man who I saw at the party is Janet's father. (KHNG RT GN C: ch ng ca SAW AT THE PARTY l I, khng phi l THE MAN) The film is about a man whose children are kidnapped. (KHNG RT GN C: ch ng ca ARE KIDNAPPED l CHILDREN, khng phi A MAN) The cup which I bought in Venice is on the table.(KHNG RT GN C: ch ng ca BOUGHT IN VENICE l I, khng phi THE CUP). - Nu mnh quan h c ch ng, TA B I T QUAN H (NU C), LY NG T CHNH A V NGUYN MU RI THM ING. Th d: The man who reported the crime has been given a reward. = THE MAN REPORTING THE CRIME HAS BEEN GIVEN A REWARD. - Nu mnh quan h c b ng, TA B I T QUAN H (NU C), B BIN TH CA TO BE, CH GI LI PHN T QU KH PHN T (PP)TR I. Th d: The man who was killed in the accident was a foreigner. = THE MAN KILLED IN THE ACCIDENT WAS A FOREIGNER. - Nu mnh quan h l TO BE (c chia theo th) + mt danh t hoc 1 gii t, TA B I T QUAN H V PHN TO BE, CH GI LI PHN SAU TO BE: Th d: The cup which is on the table is full of sugar. = THE CUP ON THE TABLE IS FULL OF SUGAR. Bill Clinton, who is a former American president, is still politically active. = BILL CLINTON, A FORMER AMERICAN PRESIDENT, IS STILL POLITICALLY ACTIVE. B NG CCH (PASSIVE VOICE) T trc gi ta ch mi hc cch ni ch ng. iu ny cng d hiu bi cch ni ch ng l cch ni c dng nhiu hn. T uy nhin i lc ta khng th khng dng cu b ng. Trong bi ny ta s hc cch ni b ng.

* MT VI LU :
- Thng thng chng ta dng ch ng cch khi s dng ngn ng. i khi chng ta li c nhu cu dng b ng cch. * Th d: + Con ch cn ti (CH NG). + Ti b con ch cn. (B NG). + Cha n tng n mt chic xe hi nhn ngy sinh nht th 21 ca n. (CH NG) + N c cha n tng mt chic xe hi nhn ngy sinh nht th 21 ca n. (B NG) - Nh vy, trong ting Vit, cu b ng thng c du hiu nhn bit l c ch B hoc C trong . Vy, c phi h thy B, C trong cu ting Vit l ta phi dng cu b ng khi chuyn sang ting Anh? Cu tr li l KHNG HN. * Th d:

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+ Ti b nhc u. ==> I HAVE A HEADACHE. (VN L CU CH NG) + Ti c gp Bill Clinton Vit Nam. ===> I GOT TO MEET BILL CLINTON IN VIETNAM. (VN L CU CH NG) - Th th NH TH NO MI L CU B NG? Trong ting Anh hay ting Vit cng vy, CU B NG PHI L CU C TH CHUYN SANG CU NI CH NG M NGHA VN KHNG THAY I NGHIM TRNG. * Th d: - Con ch b chic xe hi cn ==> Chic xe hi cn con ch. (ngha cng gn ging nhau) - THE DOG WAS RUN OVER BY THE CAR. ===> THE CAR RAN OVER THE DOG. (ngha cng gn ging nhau) - Cng an bt n. ==> N b cng an bt (ngha cng ging nhau) - THE POLICE ARRESTED HIM. ==> HE WAS ARRESTED BY THE POLICE. (ngha cng ging nhau) - Nh vy, ta t mt cu b ng nh th no? Bn hy xem cng thc sau:

* CNG THC CHUNG CHO CU B NG TT C CC TH:

S + TO BE c chia theo th cn thit + P.P ca ng t b ng (c th thm BY...) - Gii thch: + S: Ch ng + NG T TO BE chia theo th cn thit l: AM hoc IS hoc ARE nu l th hin ti n, AM/IS/ARE BEING nu l th hin ti tip din, WILL BE nu l th tng lai n, AM/IS/ARE GOING TO BE nu l cu trc tng lai gn, chc chn hoc d nh; WAS hoc WERE nu l th qu kh n, WAS/WERE BEING nu l th qu kh tip din; HAVE BEEN hoc l HAS BEEN nu l th hin ti han thnh; HAD BEEN nu l th qu kh han thnh., ch by nhiu th trn l thng dng nht, nu bn cha vng cc th trn dng ch ng th cng nn n li. Khi no dngth no l ch yu da vo thi gian hnh ng xy ra, bn nn xem li cch dng cc th thng dng va ni trn. + P.P (vit tt ca PAST PARTICIPLE) : QU KH PHN T l ct 3 trong bng ng t bt quy tc hoc ng t nguyn mu thm ui ED i vi cc ng t c quy tc. + NG T B NG l ng t c th c dng i sang cu ch ng (th d: ti b ch cn th NG T B NG l cn, c th dng i sang ch ng l "con ch cn ti") + BY ...: BY c ngha l BI, ta c th thm BY... cho bit thm hnh ng thc hin bi ai . Thng th t khi cn BY nhng lu lu vn c nhu cu dng. - Th d: + CU B NG TH HIN TI N: WINE IS MADE FROM GRAPES. (ru vang c lm t nho) + CU B NG TH HIN TI TIP DIN: CAN THO BRIDGE IS BEING BUILT (cu Cn Th ang c xy). + CU B NG TH TNG LAI N: CAN THO BRIDGE WILL BE FINISHED IN 2010. (cu Cn Th s c lm xong trong nm 2010). + CU B NG TH TNG LAI GN, CHC CHN HN: CAN THO BRIDGE IS GOING TO BE FINISHED IN 2010 (Cu Cn Th s c lm xong trong nm 2010). + CU B NG TH QU KH N: HE WAS KILLED IN THE WAR (anh y b git cht trong chin tranh). + CU B NG TH QU KH TIP DIN: HE WAS BEING QUESTIONED BY THE POLICE AT THAT TIME (vo lc anh ta ang b cnh st tra hi). + CU B NG TH HIN TI HON THNH: THIS WEBSITE HAS BEEN UPDATED MANY TIMES IN THE PAST 2 YEARS. (Website ny c cp nht nhiu ln trong 2 nm qua) + CU B NG TH QU KH HON THNH: THE HOUSE HAD BEEN BURNT TO THE GROUND WHEN THE FIREFIGHTERS ARRIVED. (cn nh b thiu ri khi lnh cu ha n).

* CCH CHUYN CU CH NG SANG CU B NG:

- Chng ta hy ly 1 cu ch ng lm th d: + THAT DOG BIT ME. (con ch cn ti) ==> Nh vy chuyn sang b ng l TI B CN BI CON CH : I WAS BITTEN BY THAT DOG. - Nh vy, khi chuyn sang cu b ng: + Tn ng trong cu ch ng s thnh CH NG trong cu b ng (ME l tn ng, khi chuyn ME thnh ch ng ta phi dng dng i t ch ng tng ng l I) ====> I + ng t chnh trong cu ch ng s b bin thnh dng QU KH PHN T t sau TO BE c chia thch hp theo th ca cu ch ng.( th d trn, BIT l qu kh n, vy nn TO BE chia qu kh n l WAS hoc WERE m ch ng cu b ng l I, nn ta dng WAS) =====>> I WAS BITTEN + Ch Ng trong cu CH NG S l tc nhn nm ng sau ch BY ==============>>> I WAS BITTEN BY THAT DOG. - Trong mt s trng hp, ch ng cu ch ng c th khng c nhc ti trong cu b ng, tc l TA KHNG CN DNG BY... (th d nh khi ch ng l PEOPLE, THEY, THE POLICE, ...) * Th d: + CH NG: PEOPLE SAY THAT LOVE IS BLIND (ngi ta ni rng tnh yu l m qung) =====>>> B NG: IT IS SAID THAT LOVE IS BLIND. + CH NG: THE POLICE ARRESTED HIM. ====>> B NG: HE WAS ARRESTED (anh ta b bt th ai cng hiu l b bt bi cnh st nn ta khng cn phi ni). GII T TING ANH Trong ting Anh, gii t l mt dng t loi c rt t t nhng li l mt dng t loi phc tp. Trong bi ny ta s hc tt c nhng g nn bit v gii t trong phm vi ting Anh c bn.

35

* nh ngha gii t:
-Gii t l t gii thiu quan h khng gian, thi gian hoc quan h logic gia cc danh t trong cu.

* Danh sch cc gii t c bn:

- Gii t khng nhiu lm nhng khng nht thit phi bit ht tt c. Chng ti b bt mt s gii t t gp hn trong ting Anh c bn. Cc gii t c bn bao gm: TOO/SO v EITHER/NEITHER Hai cp t TOO/SO v EITHER/NEITHER rt thng c dng trong vn ni. Tuy nhin, nhiu ngi hc cm thy kh phn bit cch dng mi t sao cho ng. Bi ny chng ta s hc v 4 t c bit ny. TOO/SO, EITHER/NEITHER tt c u c chung ngha l "cng", nhng EITHER/NEITHER mang ngha ph nh, tc l "cng khng"

* TOO/SO: cp ny ch dng cho cu mang ngha khng nh.

- TOO: dng cui cu. + A: I LOVE YOU. (anh yu em) + B: I LOVE YOU, TOO. (em cng yu anh) - SO: lun ng u cu v n phi mn tr ng t ph hp i lin sau n v ng lin trc ch ng. -- VD 1: + A: I LOVE ENGLISH. (ti yu thch ting Anh) + B: SO DO I.(ti cng vy) (do cu A ni dng hin ti n phi ng t thng, do tr ng t l DO cho ch ng l I) --VD 2: + A: I AM A STUDENT. (ti l sinh vin) + B: SO IS MY YOUNGER BROTHER (em trai ti cng vy). (do cu ngi ni trc dng AM, nn phi mng IS ng sao SO cho hp vi MY YOUNGER BROTHER, l danh t s t) -- VD 3: + A: I WENT TO LE HONG PHONG HIGH SCHOOL. (ti hc trng L Hng Phong) + B: SO DID I. (ti cng vy) (v cu ngi ni trc dng th qu kh n, nn tr ng t tng ng t sau SO phi l DID) --VD 4: + A: I HAVE BEEN TO THAILAND. (ti c i Thi Lan) + B: SO HAVE I. (ti cng vy) (Do cu ngi ni trc dng th hin ti hon thnh nn tr ng t cn mn t sau SO phi l HAVE)

* EITHER/NEITHER: cp ny ch dng trong cu mang ngha ph nh

- EITHER: ng cui cu. A: I DON'T LIKE FISH. (ti khng thch c) B: I DON'T, EITHER. (ti cng khng) - NEITHER ng u cu, mn tr ng t, tr ng t ng lin sau NEITHER v ng lin trc Ch ng. A: I DON'T LIKE FISH. (ti khng thch c) B: NEITHER DO I. (ti cng khng) CU TRC SO...THAT Cu trc ny rt ph bin, cho php bn t cu phc gm 2 mnh , mnh trc THAT v mnh sau THAT. Cu trc ny c ngha l QU...N NI ...

* CNG THC:
...SO + TNH T hoc TRNG T + THAT + Ch ng + V Ng .

* V D: + Tnh t ng sau khng c danh t: khi dng tnh t th trc SO phi l TO BE (AM/IS/ARE hay
WAS/WERE hay HAS BEEN. HAVE BEEN hay HAD BEEN) - HE IS SO RICH THAT HE CAN AFFORD TO BUY HIS OWN AIRPLANE. (Anh y giu n ni anh y c th mua ni my bay ring). - THAT MAN IS SO FAT THAT HE CAN'T WALK. (ngi n ng y mp n ni khng th i li c) + Tnh t ng sau c danh t: khi ng sau tnh t c danh t th thng l trc SO l ng t HAVE (c) - HE HAS SO MUCH MONEY HE CAN AFFORD TO BUY HIS OWN AIRPLANE (anh y c nhiu tin n ni anh y c th mua my bay ring) - HE HAS SO MANY CHILDREN THAT HE CANNOT REMEMBER THEIR NAMES (anh y c nhiu con n mc anh y khng th nh ht tn ca chng) + Trng t: khi dng trng t sau SO tc l trc SO phi l ng t (trng t b ngha cho ng t) - HE SPEAKS ENGLISH SO WELL THAT I THOUGHT HE WAS A NATIVE SPEAKER.(anh y ni ting Anh hay n ni ti tng anh y l ngi bn x) - I LOVE YOU SO MUCH THAT I CAN DIE FOR YOU (anh yu em nhiu n mc anh c th cht v em) (MUCH c th va l tnh t va l trng t) CU TRC ...TOO ... TO ... Ta nh cu trc ...SO ...THAT ..., cu trc ny cng c ngha l "qu ...n ni" nhng m l "...qu khng th...c" hoc "...qu .......". Thng th cu trc ...TOO...TO mang ngha tiu cc, c ni dung khng c ngi ni tn thnh. Ct li ca cu trc ny l t TOO, nm trong cu trc ny c ngha l QU. ("qu" theo kiu "thi qu", m phm nhng g thi qu u khng tt).

* CNG THC:
...TOO + TNH T hoc TRNG T + TO + NG T NGUYN MU

* V D: 36

+ Tnh t:
- HE IS TOO YOUNG TO GET MARRIED. (anh y qu tr kt hn) - THIS COFFEE IS TOO HOT TO DRINK. (ly c ph ny qu nng khng th ung c) + Trng t: Khi sau TOO l trng t th ngi ta thng khng cn TO... cng ngha. - YOU WORK TOO HARD (anh lm vic qu vt v --m nh vy l khng tt...) * Lu : ngay c khi sau TOO l tnh t, ngi ta cng khng nht thit phi c TO... - THIS HOUSE IS TOO EXPENSIVE (cn nh ny qu t tin). - WHEN A QUESTION SEEMS TOO EASY, IT MAY BE A TRAP. (khi cu hi c v qu d th n c th l mt ci by).

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