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H TNH - MT KHC TM TNH > Gc hc sinh - Sinh vin boy/catv_hs 09:51 PM, 24-09-2008 Phn I: GII THIU V TRUYN HNH CP 1. Khi nim nh ngha: Truyn hnh l h thng cho php truyn hnh nh v m thanh tng ng t trm pht n ngi xem mt khong cch nht nh. Phng thc truyn dn l s dng kh nng truyn lan ca sng in t trong mi trng xc nh. Mi trng y c th l khng gian, b mt kim loi..... Khi truyn ra khng gian th ngi ta gi l sng v tuyn. Khi c truyn trn b mt ca dy dn bng kim loi th gi l hu tuyn. nh dng tn hiu c 2 loi: tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s. Tn hiu tng t l tn hiu bin i lin tc theo thi gian. Tn hiu s l tn hiu khng lin tc theo thi gian. Ngi ta ch ly nhng tn hiu theo mt chu k nht nh theo thi gian, nhng thi im khc b loi b. Hnh nh m mt ngi cm nhn c c bn cht l tn hiu in t nhng tn s rt cao, trong di sng nh sng, khng th thu trc tip li ri truyn i c. Do vy, ngi ta phi chuyn i t nh sng sang tn hiu in t tn s thp hn, c th lu tr v truyn i c. Trong qu trnh truyn dn, ta phi iu ch tn hiu c ln di tn s phc v cho vic truyn dn tn hiu hnh nh. Quy nh quc t cho di tn ny l t 45 - 860 MHz. Qua nghin cu thc t, di tn ny ph hp vi vic truyn dn tn hiu trn mt t v trong mng cp. Tn hiu c th truyn c i kh xa, t b can nhiu. i vi tn hiu tng t, ngi ta iu ch tn hiu hnh nh vo mt tn s ring, gi l sng mang hnh v tn hiu m thanh vo mt tn s ring gi l sng mang ting. Phng thc iu ch ca sng mang hnh l iu bin. Phng thc iu ch ca sng mang ting l iu tn. Khong cch gia hai sng mang hnh gi l 1 knh. i vi truyn hnh s, ngi ta dng phng php iu ch PSK hoc QAM. Tn hiu pht i l nhng xung tn s sng mang. Nhng xung ny s c mt s gi tr c nh v bin v gc pha. Nh vy, tn hiu thu c s ch xut hin mt s gi tr nht nh, to ra kh nng khi phc tn hiu khi ng truyn b can nhiu. Xut pht t gii hn v hnh nh trong khun hnh v thit b hin th, ngi ta a ra tiu chun v khung tn hiu, cch thc chuyn i t hnh nh sang tn hiu in t, ..... i vi truyn hnh tng t v tiu chun hnh nh, trn th gii hin nay c 3 tiu chun chnh l: PAL, SECAM, NTSC. Tt c cc h thng ca truyn hnh ca Vit Nam u s dng h mu l PAL. V tiu chun ting, tt c cc h thng truyn hnh trn th gii u dng phng php iu ch FM, nhng khi phi hp vi sng mang hnh th phn ra thnh 4 tiu chun: I, M, D/K, B/G. Cc tiu chun ny khc nhau v tn s gia sng mang ting v sng mang hnh. H thng qung b ca i THVN dng h ting D/K(sng mang ting cch sng mang hnh 6,5 MHz). cn h thng truyn hnh cp dng h ting B/G(sng mang ting cch sng mang hnh 5,5 MHz) 2. H truyn hnh mu PAL: H PAL l h truyn hnh mu c CHLB c nghin cu v c xem l h tiu chun t nm 1966. Trong h PAL cc tn hiu thnh phn c truyn bao gm: tn hiu chi Y, hai tn hiu hiu mu U v V. Trong : U = 0,493( B-Y )=-0,147R-0,2939G+0,437B V = 0,877( R-Y )=0,615R-0,515G-0,100B Hai tn hiu mu U,V c rng di tn bng nhau v bng 1,3 MHz. khc phc hin tng sai pha trong h NTSC, h PAL tn hiu V c i pha theo tng dng. Thay v sai pha dn n sai sc mu nh h NTSC, h PAL sai pha ch dn n sai bo ho mu. Tn s sng mang ph trong h PAL bng:

- Tn s sng mang ph phi min tn s cao ca ph tn tn hiu chi. - Thun tin cho vic bin i tn hiu ca h PAL thnh tn hiu ca h NTSC, v ngc li - D thc hin chia tn to ra cc tn s fH, 2fH, fV nhm lm cho chng c mi lin h mt thit vi nhau Vi nhng yu cu trn, h PAL 625 dng, chn n=284, fH=15625Hz, fV=50Hz, tn s sng mang ph fSC c chn: fSC=4,43MHz boy/catv_hs 09:52 PM, 24-09-2008 Phn II: CC PHNG THC TRUYN DN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. Sng in t: Khi nim: Tn hiu in t l tn hiu bin i lin tc t dng in sang dng t v ngc li. Qu trnh bin i lin tc ny cho php tn hiu in t c truyn lan trong khng gian ging nh dng sng trn mt nc, do vy ngi ta gi l sng in t. Khi truyn lan trong khng gian, sng in t th hin bn cht sng. C ngha l n c cc hin tng nh phn x, giao thoa, khc x, hp th v suy hao khi gp vt cn. Tt c cc vt th c kh nng dn in u c th l anten thu hoc pht sng v tuyn. Ty vo tn s tn hiu, hnh dng v in tr sut ca vt th m cng sng l ln hay nh. Cc anten pht sng mt t hoc v tinh ca i THVN l dng ti u cng sut pht ra l ln nht so vi cng sut tn hiu sau tng khuch i cui. Cc loi anten thu mt t, v tinh bn trn th trng l nhng thit b ti u tn hiu thu c l ln nht so vi tn hiu truyn trong khng gian. Bn cnh i vi cc h thng hu tuyn, khi cp dn tn hiu b h mch, mt phn bc kim chng can nhiu s ging nh mt anten va thu va pht. N s tn x tn hiu ang truyn trong h thng v thu tn hiu v tuyn, gy ra can nhiu. 2. Truyn hnh qung b tng t mt t: (truyn hnh v tuyn)

Phng thc truyn dn v tuyn tng t tuy khng pht l phng thc dn u tin i vi truyn hnh nhng do u im l gi thnh r, phm vi ph sng tng i ln nn phng thc truyn dn ny pht trin mnh m trong th k trc, khi truyn hnh mi ra i. Trong phng thc ny, tn hiu hnh nh di tn tn hiu Video (0-6,5 MHz) c iu ch ln di tn tn hiu truyn hnh (45 - 860 MHz). i vi truyn hnh qung b mt t, tn hiu c khuch i ln cng sut rt ln t hng trm n hng trc nghn watt, ri a ln antten pht x ra khng gian. Phm vi ph sng ca anten ph thuc vo chiu cao ct anten, cng sut my pht, kh nng nh hng ca anten. VD i vi knh VTV 1, ct anten cao

125m, cng sut my pht 20.000 w, im xa nht c th thu c tn hiu cch ct anten khong 60 km vi anten thng thng. u im ca loi hnh truyn dn ny l: - Trin khai xy dng nhanh chng - Gi thnh khng ln Nhc im: - Phm vi ph sng nh, bn knh vi trc km - Thi gian s dng ca my pht hn ch do cng sut pht sng ln. - Pht c t knh, khng c kh nng cung cp cc dch v gia tng. - Hin ti trn TG khng pht trin cng ngh ny na. - Trong thnh ph c nhiu to nh cao tng, tn hiu thu xu do cc hin tng phn x, hp th, ngn cn sng in t 3. Truyn hnh qung b s mt t: (truyn hnh v tuyn)

Vi s pht trin ca k thut in t, ngi ta ng dng k thut s vo cc h thng truyn dn v tuyn. Truyn hnh s mt t l mt phn ca s pht trin ny. Ngi ta vn s dng cc thit b khuch i cng sut, anten v ct pht sng ging nh tng t, ch khc l tn hiu pht i l tn hiu s, c iu ch theo phng thc iu ch s (PSK, QAM). u im: - Tn hiu s cho php sa cc li ng truyn nh phn x, giao thoa sng. Cho php h tr thu tn hiu di ng. - Gim bt cng sut pht sng m vn m bo phm vi ph sng. - Cho php cung cp nhiu knh truyn hnh trn cng mt tn s sng mang. S lng knh t l nghch vi cht lng hnh nh. Cung cp mt s dch v gia tng khc nh tin nhn,... - C kh nng kho m tn hiu qun l s lng ngi xem. Nhc im: - Cng ngh mi nn cc nh sn xut tivi cha thch ng c, cn thit b h tr. - Cha gii quyt trit vn truyn dn i vi thnh th, trong cc nh cao tng, tng hm vn l nhng im khut, khng xem c. - Vn l h thng 1 chiu, kh nng pht trin cc dch v gia tng km. 4. Truyn hnh v tinh tng t v s:

i vi truyn hnh v tinh, tn hiu ny c iu ch mt ln na a ln tn s pht ln v tinh ri mi c khuch i cng sut v a ra antten pht ln v tinh. Ti v tinh, tn hiu c ny c i v tn s pht xung pht xung mt t. H thng thu tn hiu v tinh, bao gm antten parabol, LNB, u thu v tinh s chuyn tn hiu v dng Video c th hin th trn mn hnh TV. Truyn hnh v tinh cng c 2 hnh thc l truyn hnh tng t v truyn hnh s. Tuy nhin do c qua nhiu nhc im nn truyn hnh tng t hin khng cn pht trin na. Mt trong nhng nhc im ln nht ca truyn hnh v tinh tng t l cht lng hnh nh ph thuc rt nhiu vo v tr v kch thc ca anten. Ch cn anten thu chnh sai mt gc rt nh l cht lng hnh nh suy hao r rt. Thm na, khi anten thu khng kch thc, cng sut tn hiu thu c km cng lm gim cht lng tn hiu video. Hin ti, truyn hnh v tinh ch yu l truyn hnh s. Gm 2 di tn l bng C v bng Ku. Bng C c tn s pht ln t 5 - 6,5 GHz, tn s pht xung t 2-3,5 GHz. Bng Ku c di tn pht ln t 13 - 15 GHz, pht xung t 10 - 12 GHz. u im ca truyn hnh s v tinh: - Phm vi ph sng rng, mt anten v tinh c th ph sng ti a 1/3 tri t. - Cho php truyn c nhiu knh truyn hnh trn cng 1 tn s. Nhc im: - Gi thnh u t ban u ln - Ngi xem cn phi u t thit b thu tn hiu - K thut lp t i hi phi c trnh nht nh. - Ph thuc nhiu vo thi tit, bc x mt tri - V tinh c tui th gii hn, khong 20 nm. Mi ln thay th i hi gi thnh cao. - Khng gian pht trin hn ch. Khong cch gia cc v tinh ti thiu l 3 , bn knh t v tinh gn nh b ph kn. Cc quc gia nh rt kh khn trong vic xy dng v tinh ca ring mnh So snh gia hai bng tn: Bng C: - t chu nh hng ca thi tit (ma...), ng truyn n nh - Anten c kch thc i hi cao, ng knh ti thiu 2,4 m, gi thnh h thng thu tn hiu ln.

- Ph hp cho cc h thng truyn hnh chuyn nghip, trm pht li - S lng knh truyn khng ln Bng Ku: - Chu nhiu nh hng ca thi tit (ma...), ng truyn khng n nh - Truyn c nhiu knh trn cng mt bng tn. - Kch thc anten nh, ng knh t 60 n 90 cm, gi thnh h thng thu tn hiu khng cao, d dng trin khai ti cc h gia nh. 5. Truyn hnh viba:

Tn hiu truyn hnh sau khi c iu ch ln di sng truyn hnh c iu ch mt ln na ln di tn s viba (2,5 - 2,7 GHz). V pha thu, ngi thu phi s dng anten chuyn dng di tn s viba, thit b chuyn i t tn s viba v tn s trong di truyn hnh c th xem c trn tivi. u im: - Cng sut pht sng nh, cho php truyn c nhiu knh truyn hnh. Di viba quy nh cho truyn hnh cho php truyn ti a 16 knh vi bng thng 8MHz/knh. - Can nhiu trn ng truyn nh, cht lng tn hiu thu tt. - C kh nng qun l tn hiu thu thu bao. - Phm vi ph sng kh rng, c th thu xa bng cc anten chuyn dng. Nhc im: - L sng truyn thng, 2 anten phi nhn thy nhau. Do vy trong th c nhiu nh cao tng, kh nng thu tn hiu km. - Hin ti, trn th gii khng pht trin cng ngh ny do di tn s ny b chuyn mc ch s dng, khng cn nh sn xut cc thit b phc v. 6. Truyn hnh cp tng t v s:

y l hnh thc u tin ca truyn hnh, do vic truyn dn bng cp lun l nn tng ca vic truyn dn sng in t. Tn hiu truyn hnh trong di tn s truyn hnh c a n tng thu bao qua h thng cp quang, cp ng trc. Chnh v vy h thng ny cn c gi l h thng hu tuyn. u im: - Cht lng ng truyn n nh, truyn c nhiu knh. c bit i vi truyn hnh s. Trung bnh h thng truyn hnh cp tng t truyn c khong 40 knh. S khong 200 knh. - C kh nng tng tc hai chiu, c th cung cp hu ht cc dch v gia tng v vin thng (in thoi, internet, truyn s liu.....) - Gi thnh lp t i vi thu bao r, thun tin khi s dng. - Khng ph thuc vo thi tit, iu kin v a l. Nhc im: - C s h tng u t ln, lu di. - Qun l c s h tng kh khn, thit b phn b trn mt a bn rng, hay xy ra s c. - Phm vi phc v gii hn. Khong cch t node quang n thu bao ti a 1 km. Ch ph hp vi cc th c mt dn c ln. y la phin ban "rt gn" cua ni dung trang chinh. xem phin ban y u vi nhiu thng tin hn , xin hay nhy vo y.