A Presentation on

BSNL

OPTIC FIBRE CABLE BY

Rajiv Gandhi Memorial

Telecom Training Centre

(ISO 9001:2000 Certified)

Chennai-600027
Email rgm_cttc@sancharnet.in
G. Shankar, Faculty, RGM TTC
RGM TTC

BSNL

OPTIC FIBRE CABLE

RGM TTC

Objectives
BSNL

What is OFC? OFC Advantages

OFC Types & Applications

Specifications Future Trends

OFC Installation Pulling Method with Nylon rope Blowing Method

RGM TTC

BSNL

Limitations of copper network

Copper is costlier and scarce material.

Fault prone.

Maintenance difficult
Vulnerable for EMI.

Installation time consuming.

RGM TTC

BSNL

Limitations of copper based network

Expansions make congestions in MDF B/W LIMITED. Loop Resistance restricts the length of operation.

RGM TTC

BSNL

What is OFC ?
Fibre Optic cable functions as a
LIGHT GUIDE, guiding the light introduced at one end of the cable through to the other end.

RGM TTC

BSNL

Advantages of Optic Fibre

More Bandwidth - Thousands of Channels
Low Loss - 0.5db per km
Less number of Repeaters Electro Magnetic Immunity Small size & Light Weight - Easy to handle Greater Safety - No Electric Hazards

Higher Security
RGM TTC

BSNL

OFC Applications
Telecommunication Network Junction Network & Long Distance Network Submarine cable High EMI areas

Explosive environment
Computer links & Local Area Network Cable television Medical Field , Automobile Field
RGM TTC

OFC Construction
BSNL

Construction of Fibre
Centre Core Glass More RI 8-10 micrometer
Light is transmitted through the core

Cladding Glass Less RI 125 micro meter

--Outside optical layer that traps the light into the core by Total Internal Reflection and guides the light along the core

Primary Coating Protection & Identification of Fibre

RGM TTC

Principle of Working
BSNL

Total Internal reflection

TIR is achieved since Core and Cladding having different Refractive Indices. Core RI 1.48 Cladding RI 1.47

RGM TTC

BSNL

Construction of Cable
Fibres are placed inside the Buffers along with Jelly to prevent moisture entry.

Centre Strengthening Member GRP, FRP Loose Tube Buffers 2.4 mm Dia

Primary Strength Member Aramid Yarn -Kevlar

Inner Sheath Black Outer Nylon Sheath - Orange

RGM TTC

Construction of Cable
BSNL

Centre Strengthening Member GRP, FRP Loose Tube Buffers 2.4 mm Dia, Fibres are placed inside along with jelly. Primary Strength Member Aramid Yarn Inner Sheath Black Outer Nylon Sheath Orange
RGM TTC

BSNL

Loose Tube Buffers

The Fibres are loosely drawn inside the Buffer Tubes to take care of Temp. Variations The OFC which is used outside is known as Loose Tube Buffers The Correction Factor is 0.985 985 metres of OFC will contain 1000 metres Fibre inside
RGM TTC

Construction Of Cable
BSNL

RGM TTC

Pig Tail Cable

BSNL

These are tight Buffered cable Has only one fibre per cable Connector ended

Used in the indoor applications

Connecting equipment to outside OFC cable
micro meter

Connecting meters to the equipment

RGM TTC

BSNL

Parameters of Cabling
Tensile Strength ( Pull)

Crushing Resistance
Protection from Excess Bending

Abrasion Protection
Anti-Twist Chemical protection

RGM TTC

Specification Of OFC
BSNL

Fibre Core 8-10 Microns (Single Mode) 50 - 100Microns (Multimode) Cladding - 125 Microns (overall Dia) Attenuation - better than 0.5 db /KM Primary Coating 250 Microns UV cured Acrylate Secondary Coating 2.4 mm nylon PE Jelly filled tube Central Strength Member Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Moisture Barrier- non metallic polythylene sheet free from pinholes and other defects Polythene sheath Polythene free from pin holes
RGM TTC

Specification Of OFC
BSNL

Nylon Outer Sheath (0.7mm thickness)- Protective sheath against termite & partially against rodent Strength to withstand a load - 3X9.8 W Newtons, where W is weight of O/F cable per KM in Kg MAX Strain allowed in fibre - 0.25%

MAX attenuation variation - Permissible + 0.02 dB normal 20 degree centigrade to 60 degree centigrade

from

Flexibility Maximum bending radius allowed 24d, d is the diameter of OF cable Cable drum lengths - 2 KM +10% Cable ends - one end fitted with grip Other end sealed with cap
RGM TTC

BSNL

Propagation of Light inside the Fibre

RGM TTC

BSNL

OFC types
Single Mode Fibre
Multi Mode Fibre

Plastic Optic Fibre

RGM TTC

Single Mode Fibre

BSNL

A much smaller core Diameter

The Core dia is 8 to 10 Micrometer Cladding Dia is 125 Micrometer

Very large bandwidth

Light can go for very long distances
RGM TTC

Multimode
BSNL

Has a large Core Diameter Core Diameter - 50, 62.5, 100 Micro meter Cladding dia - 125 Micro meter

Light waves are dispersed into number of paths

Multiple path of light cause signal distortion

Suitable for shorter length like LAN
RGM TTC

Multi Mode Fibre

BSNL

Step Index Fibre

Graded Index Fibre

RGM TTC

BSNL

Plastic Optic Fibre

Large Core - 1 MM Dia Multimode Fibre Used in Automobile Industry instead of Copper MOST (Media Orientated System of transport )
RGM TTC

OFC Sizes
BSNL

6 Fibre
12 Fibre 24 Fibre 48 Fibre 96 Fibre

Standard drum length is 2000M +10% 0r 4000 m

RGM TTC

BSNL

OFC LAYING

1. 1Pulling Method
HDPE pipe laying ( High density Poly ethylene ) OFC Pulling

2. Blowing Method

PLB Permanently lubricated Pipe laying

Laying the OFC through blowing method

RGM TTC

BSNL

Specification of Trench
Depth 165CM
Top Width 45CM

Bottom Width 30CM

After laying HDPE pipes, the depth should be 150CM from the top barrel of the pipe.
RGM TTC

BSNL

RGM TTC

HDPE Pipe Laying

BSNL

Standard length of the pipe 5 M Diameter of the pipe - 50mm, 75mm, 110mm The work is taken up in sections of 200M and pipes are buried . Between two sections a gap of 2M is left known as intermediate manhole

RGM TTC

BSNL

Stores required for 200M pipe laying

HDPE pipes 50mm - 40 Numbers Couplers - 39 Numbers

End Caps
4mm Nylon Rope

- 2 Numbers
- one coil of 205 to 210M

RGM TTC

BSNL

OFC pulling method

10 Sections of 200M each HDPE pipes are buried

Open all the 9 intermediate Manholes

Before laying the cable, ensure no blockage

Bring the cable drum to the center at 1000M Center laying method is adopted

RGM TTC

BSNL

At Road Crossings
RCC pipes should be used The RCC pipe should extend 3M on either side from the edge of the road.

The HDPE Duct will be pulled inside the RCC pipe

The road cutting work will be done during night times with proper warning boards.
RGM TTC

BSNL

At Culverts / Bridges
Galvanised iron pipes are used on the wheel guard / footpath Gradual sloping to be given on either side of the bridge by reducing the depth of the trench to achieve the zero depth at bridges. For depths less than one meter, GI pipe should be provided and cement concreted.

Inside GI pipes , HDPE Ducts are pulled

The GI pipes should be cement concreted
RGM TTC

BSNL

At Railway Crossing

Permission should be applied well in advance

Cast Iron pipes are used below the tracks With in this CI pipe, HDPE should be drawn Angle of crossing should be 90 degrees The work is carried out by railway authorities Thrust boring method is used
RGM TTC

BSNL

Handling of Cable Drum

Drum should never be given any shock by dropping

Drum should not be rotated on flanges Cable should not be bent while uncoiling

The radius of curvature should not be less than 60CM

Cable should not be twisted

Use cable grip along with anti twist device while pulling the cable
RGM TTC

BSNL

OFC Pulling in the

HDPE Duct for 2KM

RGM TTC

BSNL

RGM TTC

BSNL

CABLE LAYING OFC

1. Survey of Cable Route (Route PLG & SELECTION) 2. Testing of OFC in drums before laying

3. Permission from Highways, Municipality & Rly Authorities

4. Procurement of HDPE pipes 50mm, 75 mm, 110 mm
RGM TTC

BSNL

CABLE LAYING OFC contd.

5. Procuring RCC Pipes, GI Pipes, CI Pipes 6. Procuring Nylon rope 4mm, 12mm 7. Procuring HDPE Couplings, End Caps 8. Taking Cable trench 1.65m depth (earth digging)

RGM TTC

BSNL

Pipe Laying

HDPE pipes laid with couplings inserting 4mm Nylon rope inside the pipe. 9.Distance between the Intermediate Man Holes 200m

40 Nos. of HDPE Pipe 5m each

39 number of coupling + 2 End Cap Split RCC Pipes if required (in city limits) 10.Closing of Cable trench
RGM TTC

BSNL

11.Placing Route Indicators 12.Placing Joint Indicators

13.OFC Cable Pulling or Drawing

OFC Cable is pulled in the already buried HDPE pipe. First open all Intermediate Man Holes. After cable is pulled the portion of exposed OFC is covered with Split Pipe of Higher dia at the Intermediate Man Hole.

14.Route Index Diagram to be prepared.

RGM TTC

BSNL

OFC Installation into PLB Ducts

RGM TTC

BSNL

BLOWING METHOD

Blowing is the process of pushing the cable

through pre prepared, pressurized, integral OFC ducts with the help of heavy air blowing pressure at 10 bar plus. The main driving force in the technology is blowing of air at high penetrating pressure.

RGM TTC

BSNL

Advantages Of PLB Ducts

Pipes are permanently lubricated
Lubricants are built into Polymer base

Mechanical protection to OFC

Empty Ducts can be placed for future use. Eliminates Redigging Saving in Reinstatment charges
RGM TTC

BSNL

ADVANTAGES

Protection to OFC cable against destructing

tensile forces.

Work execution at a great speed with minimum risk to OFC.

Replacement of existing faulty cable or Replacement within no time at a later stage.

RGM TTC

BSNL

PLB-HDPE Ducts
Standard length - 200M, 1000M
Diameter - 32/26mm, 40/33mm, 50/42mm Couplers will be placed for jointing two lengths Nylon rope approximately 4mm dia is placed inside the ducts.

RGM TTC

BSNL

Duct Laying

Place the jack along the side of the trench

Duct should be uncoiled from the bottom Drive the reel slowly to avoid over spinning

Avoid twist and kinks

When multiple ducts are placed in a single trench, Duct spacer to be used so that the pipes do not cross each other.

RGM TTC

PREREQUISITE
BSNL

Duct integrity

Duct uniformity

RGM TTC

BSNL

OFC Installation into Ducts

Cable Blowing
Cable jet blowing machine with compressor is used Air is blown into the Duct at high pressure & distributed along the entire cable through Duct
The cable should be pushed from the blowing end to achieve more blowable length.
RGM TTC

CABLE JET MACHINE

BSNL

Make: SWITZERLAND

Cable jet machine comes with appropriate spacers. These spacers range from 11 mm to 18.5 mm to suit different makes of OFC. The spacer suitable for sterlite 2001 make is 11 to12.5, 14-15.5 and 15-18.5.
RGM TTC

PROCEDURE
BSNL

Complete duct integrity test for the entire modem

section. Prepare stringent drum planning for entire route with ear marked below Points(B1, B2..etc,) Transport the ear marked drums to the specified below points and uncoil the drums into figure 8 formation.
RGM TTC

BSNL

Prepare the cable end suitable for blowing by adding a spacer heading bullet.

Place cable jet machine inside the blow pit and fix the top cover of the jet machine.
RGM TTC

PROCEDURE CONTD
BSNL

Insert sponge into the duct and fix the top cover

of the jet machine. Fix the air blowing hose pipe to the cable jet machine.

Start the compressor and blow air at 10 bar pressure.

RGM TTC

BSNL

Confirm the receipt of sponge at the other end of the duct.

Remove the top cover of the cable jet machine, insert the spear headed Cable end into the duct and restore the top cover
RGM TTC

PROCEDURE CONTD
BSNL

Remove the jet machine and carefully normal the loop by lowering the duct. Tighten the coupler

Continue the same for other modem section.

RGM TTC

PRECAUTIONS
BSNL

Provisioning for extra cable length for bends and shrinkage of duct during drum planning.

Care to be taken while lowering the duct at the end of blowing operation. Personnel must be beware of high operating air pressures

RGM TTC

BSNL

RGM TTC

Factors Influencing
BSNL

Blowable length

Inside diameter of the duct

Outside Diameter of the cable Weight of the cable Number of slopes cable stiffness

Straightness of the route

Ambient temperature
RGM TTC

BSNL

Blowing Chamber
Chambers are placed at a distance of one KM Size of the blowing chamber is 3M X 1MX 1.5M(LXWXD )

These are temporary chambers and refilled after accomplishing blowing operation
Average blowable length is 700M to 2000M depending upon the factors

RGM TTC

Submarine Cable Laying

BSNL

Cable Laying

RGM TTC

BSNL

Submarine Cable Repairing

Cable Repairing

RGM TTC

BSNL

THANK YOU
RGM TTC