12 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 2 (67).

2008
SUY NGH VE VIEC BAO TON VA PHAT TRIEN
THAM THC VAT TREN CAC HAI AO
KHU VC MIEN TRUNG
Xun Cm*
Khu vuc bIon ong fhuoc haI phan mIon Trung VIof Nam hIon co nhIou
quan dao va dao nho von bo. Trong so do, nhIou dao co fham fhuc vaf kha phong
phu va da dang, nhung cung co nhIou dao co bo maf fhuc vaf nghoo nan, fro froI.
AI cung bIof, fham fhuc vaf nhu mof Iop ao da chuc nang, vua co fac dung
cho chan, phong ho chong nhung fac dong baf IoI cua fhIon nhIon Ion daf dao,
vua dIou hoa kh hau va cung cap nang Iuong song cho con nguoI va ho dong vaf
o do. NgoaI ra, no con co fac dung raf ro nof vo an nInh quoc phong, gop phan
bao vo cac fIon don fhom vung chac.
o bIof ro fac dung fo Ion cua fham fhuc vaf voI moI fruong song noI chung
va cac haI dao noI rIong, non vIoc bao fon, phaf frIon fham fhuc vaf fron cac haI
dao chac so duoc nhIou nguoI dong fnh ung ho. Tuy fho, bao fon va phaf frIon
fho nao IaI Ia van do khong don gIan chuf nao, doI hoI phaI co nhung Iuan cu
khoa hoc va co so fhuc fIon.
1. C s cua viec bao ton, phat trien tham thc vat tren cac hai ao
1.1. C s khoa hoc
Thom Iuc dja bo bIon mIon Trung chay fhoaI fhoaI fu day Trung Truong
Son ra foI Hoang Sa va Truong Sa, bang qua cac dao nho von bo nhu Con Co,
Son Cha, Cu Iao Cham, Iy Son Trong quan fho haI dao do, vo maf kIon fao co
ba nguon goc chnh: do hoaf dong cua nuI Iua ngam, do su phaf frIon cua san ho
va cung co fho do su fach roI mof phan daf IIon boI hIon fuong uon nop cua vo
fraI daf khIon nuoc bIon xam fhuc doc roI fao ra. Nguon goc kIon fao da hnh
fhanh nhung kIou dja hnh, fho nhuong va nong hoa khac nhau. Taf ca nhung
you fo dja chaf do cong voI vIoc duoc bao boc boI bIon ca, fhuong xuyon chju fac
dong cua fhuy frIou va anh huong cua fIou kh hau bIon ong, khIon dIou kIon
kh hau nhIof doI o cac dao co phan khac bIof voI kh hau nhIof doI o daI daf
IIon mIon Trung, Iam cho bo maf fhuc vaf o cac dao vua mang fnh chaf khu ho
fhuc vaf daf IIon von bIon, vua mang fnh chaf fhuc vaf dao dac fhu. Mof frong
nhung nof dac fhu fho hIon ro nof Ia nhIou IoaI co kIou fhch nghI fhoo huong
chju gIo va chju man. NhIou noI, IoaI fhuc vaf nay fao fhanh nhung quan hop
gan nhu fhuan IoaI va phaf frIon kha bon vung nou khong bj fac dong cua con
nguoI. Ion ong noI chung va vung bIon khu vuc mIon Trung VIof Nam noI
rIong Ia noI chju nhIou con bao Ion hang nam, su fan pha cua bao da gay anh
huong xau cho khu ho fhuc vaf dao va cung Ia fac nhan gay ra kIou dIon fho chon
* Trng ai hoc Nong lam Hue.
13 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 2 (67). 2008
Cay Vong nem (trai) va cay Hep tren ao Con Co
Ioc dac fhu. Tuy fho, noI nao cac quan hop fhuc vaf f chju su fac dong fIou cuc
cua con nguoI fh fhuong daf frang fhaI quan bnh sInh fhaI fu nhIon voI fhanh
phan chung IoaI da dang, cac fhuc vaf dac frung so cho chan fao moI fruong cho
nhIou IoaI dong hanh kom fhch nghI hon, frong do co ca nhung IoaI ngoaI IaI
xam nhap qua nhIou con duong khac nhau nhu Iuong nuoc, con nguoI, dong vaf
1.2. C s thc tien
Qua fIop can vaI dao can bo nhu Con Co |Quang Trj), Son Cha |Thua ThIon
Huo), Iy Son |Quang NgaI), nhn chung chung foI nhan fhay fhanh phan fhuc
vaf o do phan Ion hao hao gIong fhuc vaf vung nuI fhap va cac ru von bo bIon
mIon Trung. Trong so dao do, Con Co Ia dao co fnh da dang sInh hoc fhuc vaf
cao nhaf. O do gan nhu co du cac dang song cua mof phan Iuc dja von bIon,
gom cay go, cay buI, cay fhao va day Ioo, va cung co cac dang fham sInh fhaI
dac frung cho kIou Iap dja vung dao, bao gom nhung frang fhaI fham fhuc vaf
chju gIo, chju man, chju kho han, chju kIom VoI su hIon huu cua fron 240 IoaI
fhuoc 188 chI va 83 ho fhuc vaf fao fhanh cac frang fhaI rung kn fhuong xanh
phuc hoI, chIom fron 50% dIon fch dao cung voI hon 10ha rung frong va cac
dIon fch frong cay nong Iam nghIop phan fan, dao Con Co da fho hIon duoc
kha nang dung nap nhIou nguon gon fhuc vaf do phaf frIon fhanh mof dao xanh
co gIa frj nhIou maf, ko ca phaf frIon du Ijch sInh fhaI.
Qua nghIon cuu va danh gIa nhung ho qua cua cac fac dong nhan fao Ion
fham fhuc vaf o dao Con Co, chung foI fhay rang, vIoc gIu gn nhung nguon gon
hIon co, phuc hoI nhung nguon gon da maf va phaf frIon nhung g vua fao duoc
fh mof fuong IaI khong xa, chI frong vong muoI, muoI Iam nam, bo maf cac
dao so khac han, so duoc phu mof chIoc ao mau xanh fuoI maf, fao ra mof moI
fruong fhuan IoI cho vIoc phaf frIon cuoc song cua nhan dan va nhung chIon sI
dong chof bao vo fo quoc o fron dao. Iuc do, kh hau on hoa hon, mua nang f
nong, mua dong f rof, foc do gIo khI vao daf dao so gIam dI dang ko, con nguoI
song fron dao cam fhay do chju hon, co nhIou fhuc an, nuoc uong hon Cung
qua nghIon cuu fron huyon dao Con Co, chung foI nhan djnh rang, ngoaI nhung
nguon gon dac frung vung dao nhu Phong ba, ang bIon, Mu u, ang vuong,
14 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 2 (67). 2008
ua daI con nhIou nguon gon co pho fhch nghI rong fhuong fhay phan bo o
daf IIon cung co maf o dao nhu CoI fa, Cu Iau, cac IoaI Tram, Iong mang, Sau,
au da xoan cho don nhung IoaI o vung nuI cao duoc dan gIong ra frong van
van phaf frIon fof nhu Muong don, Sua va ca cac IoaI cay nhap noI nhu Koo
Ia fram, Koo faI fuong HIon frang do cho chung fa suy doan duoc rang co fho
phuc hoI fham fhuc vaf va frong bo sung fhoo kIou vua fap frung vua phan fan
nhIou IoaI cay go rung khac nhau do vua bao fon nguon gon ban dja o cac dao
vua phaf frIon ngay mof da dang fhoo huong bon vung fham fhuc vaf nham
fang fIom nang phaf frIon kInh fo, xa hoI va an nInh quoc phong cho cac dao.
2. Phng thc bao ton, phat trien
2.1. Phng thc bao ton
- ao fon in situ |ao fon nguyon vj)
HIon frang vo fham fhuc vaf mof so dao bIon khu vuc Trung o cho fhay co
nhIou IoaI fhuc vaf quy hIom can bao fon co fon frong Sach o Viet Nam 1996
va Nghj djnh 32/2006/N-CP vo vIoc bao vo cac fhuc vaf rung va dong vaf rung
nguy cap, quy, hIom nhu ang vuong |Barringtonia asiatica |I.) Kurz.) duoc xop
o cap R, Phong ba |Argusia argentea |I.f.) HoIno) cap R, Tho phuc IInh |Smilax
glabra Roxb.) cap V, Cu Iau |Sindora tonkinensis A.Chov. ox K.S.S. Iars.) cap V
frong Sach o Viet Nam va nhom IIA frong N 32 Mof so IoaI mac du khong
co fon frong Sach o Viet Nam nhung co gIa frj bao vo moI fruong nhu Tra
bIon |Hibiscus tiliaceus I.), ang bIon |Terminalia catappa I.), Ngoc nu bIon
|Clerodendron inerme |I.) Kunfzo ), Mu u |Calophyllum inophyllum I.), CuI
bIon |Heritiera littoralis ryand.), Hop |Scaevola taccada |Caorfn.) Roxb.), Chay
Trung o |Palaquium annamense I.), Son cuc |Wedelia montana |I.) oorI.)
Mof vaI IoaI fhch nghI dac frung vung dao, kho gap o daf IIon nhu IIon dIop
dang |Hernandia nymphaefolia |ProsI.) KubIfskI), ang nuoc |Fagraea crenata
Irah) hay cac IoaI co gIa frj duoc IIou quy nhu CIao co Iam |Gynostemma
pentaphyllum |Thunb.) Mak.), ach bo |Stemona tuberosa Iour.)
NgoaI ra, can bao fon in situ nguon gon ngoaI IaI hIon co fron cac dao ma
Iau nay chung da dong gIu vaI fro ho fro cac nguon gon fhuc vaf nguyon ban hay
dac frung cua dao do fao non cac sInh canh co IoI cho moI fruong dao. VIoc gIu
gn, nhan rong so Iuong ca fho cac IoaI ngoaI IaI mof cach hop Iy, khong Iam
suy fhoaI fnh da dang sInh hoc cua cac nguon gon nguyon ban Ia huong fch cuc
cua bao fon fham fhuc vaf hIon co. o Ia nhung IoaI fhuc vaf can co chIon Iuoc
bao fon in situ do vua gop phan gn gIu nguon gon quy, vua gop phan fon fao
canh quan va bao vo moI fruong dao fhom bon vung, dong fhoI cung dong gop
vao vIoc bao vo suc khoo cong dong cu dan va cac chIon sI fron cac dao. Thoo
chung foI, can som co du an fIop can va hanh dong bao fon, fhong qua do phuc
fra, fham djnh va fIon hanh cac bIon phap ky fhuaf can fhIof do fao dIou kIon
cho cac IoaI nhan so Iuong ca fho frong moI fruong fhuan hop cua no. Khoanh
nuoI xuc fIon faI sInh Ia mof frong nhung bIon phap Iam sInh huu hIou can nghI
foI dau fIon. VIoc frong dam do vua Iam gIau fham fhuc vaf vua bao fon vung
chac nguon gon cung Ia bIon phap khong fho bo qua. Va nhu vay faf nhIon phaI
fhIof Iap vuon uom faI cho. Vuon uom nay so fhuc hIon mof cong doI vIoc, nhan
gIong cac IoaI cay can bao fon in situ va nhan gIong cac IoaI cay khac do co vaf
15 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 2 (67). 2008
IIou phuc vu cho vIoc frong cay phan fan va fap frung nham fon fao canh quan,
caI fhIon moI fruong, phuc vu du Ijch sInh fhaI va an nInh quoc phong.
- ao fon ex situ |ao fon chuyon vj)
ay cung Ia phuong fhuc can fIon hanh song song voI phuong fhuc bao
fon in situ. o co fho co duoc nguon gIong dap ung vIoc phu xanh cac dao bIon
o khu vuc hIon co fham fhuc vaf nghoo nan hay fro froI fh vIoc bao fon ex
situ nguon gon nhung fhuc vaf dac frung cua dao da ghI o muc bao fon in situ
noI fron Ia can fhIof. Co nghIa Ia can co ko hoach dan gIong cac IoaI nay ra
khoI dao, chon dIom o bo bIon noI dja fhch hop do Iap vuon fhuc vaf dao, qua
do nhan gIong, frong, cham soc, bao vo do bIon vuon fhuc vaf nay fhanh mof
ngan hang gon song cac fhuc vaf dac frung, dac huu cua dao bIon. Iam fho do
ho fro cho vIoc bao fon in situ, v frong fhuc fo co nhIou Iuc, nhIou fruong hop
chung fa bj chI phoI boI nhIou dIou kIon ngoaI y muon khIon cong vIoc bao fon
in situ bj han cho. uoc nhu fho, chung fa vua co noI gIu gn nguon gon, san
sang cung cap vaf IIou cho vIoc frong va phaf frIon fham fhuc vaf dao, vua Iam
dIom fham quan khoa hoc co y nghIa.
2.2. Hng phat trien
Thoo chung foI, dao bIon Ia noI nhay cam voI nhung bIon doI kh hau, moI
fruong. VIoc phaf frIon mof fham fhuc vaf hoan chInh Ia dIou can fhIof. Taf
nhIon, do co duoc fham fhuc vaf bon vung phaI nghI foI huong phaf frIon no.
o fnh chaf dja Iy, dja hnh, dja chaf va dja mao dac fhu, vIoc phaf frIon fham
fhuc vaf o maf dao co Io phuc fap hon han baf ky mof vung sInh fhaI nao o daf
IIon. KhI nghI foI phaf frIon ma IaI phaf frIon nhan fao fh chung fa cung phaI
nghI foI muc dch cua su phaf frIon. O day co ba muc dch ro nof, mof Ia bao vo
moI fruong - ngoaI dIou hoa nhIof do, do am, con gIu cac chuc nang vo cung quan
frong doI voI dao Ia dIou fIof nuoc ngof, chong xoI mon, chong saf Io, chan gIo;
haI Ia fang cuong kha nang bao vo an nInh quoc phong; ba Ia fao moI fruong
song va sInh hoaf cho cu dan va chIon sI fron dao. o Ia chua noI fuy dao ma
vIoc phaf frIon con nham muc dch phuc vu du Ijch sInh fhaI. Chang han nhu:
- o bao vo chan song chong saf Io bo bIon cac dao chung fa khong fho
khong bao fon cac daI rung Phong ba, cac rang cay Tra bIon; do chan gIo khong
fho khong bao fon cac daI ang bIon, Mu u; do chong xoI mon khong fho khong
bao fon cac fham cay go hon IoaI, frong do co cac IoaI dac frung mIon dao nhu
IIon dIop dang, ang vuong, CuI bIon, Chay Trung o, ang nuoc, Mu u dan
xon voI cac cay ngoaI IaI co pho fhch nghI rong nhu Truong, CoI, au da xoan,
cac IoaI Tram
- o caI fhIon moI fruong, fon fao canh quan khong fho khong phaf frIon cac
nguon gon dac frung dao nhu ang vuong, IIon dIop dang, Mu u va cac nguon
gon co pho fhch nghI rong nhu Cu Iau, au da xoan, Sau, CoI fa, Iong mang
Nhu vay do phaf frIon fham fhuc vaf dung muc dch cho cac dao bIon khu
vuc mIon Trung, co Io non co mof chIon Iuoc cu fho. Truoc maf, chung foI nghI
rang non fhuc hIon mof so cong vIoc co ban nhu sau:
- Iou fra hIon frang foan bo cac dao frong khu vuc;
- Iap co so du IIou bang cach xac djnh, vo ban do fham fhuc vaf va xay
dung danh Iuc fhuc vaf cho fung dao;
- Xac djnh fhanh phan IoaI can bao fon va phaf frIon;
16 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 2 (67). 2008
- Xac djnh phuong fhuc bao fon va phaf frIon cho fung dao;
- Quy hoach fong fho, quy hoach chI fIof, Iap ban fhIof ko phaf frIon fham
fhuc vaf cho fung dao.
- ThI cong cac cong doan phaf frIon.
3. Giai phap thc hien
Co kha nhIo u gIa I pha p do ba o fo n, pha f frIo n fha m fhu c va f cho ca c da o bIo n
khu vu c mIo n Trung, nhung fhoo fo I mo f so gIa I pha p fo I fhIo u ca n nghI fo I Ia :
- Iap ko hoach du an cap Nha nuoc, v vIoc bao fon va phaf frIon fham
fhuc vaf cho cac dao cua ca khu vuc mIon Trung non can kInh ph Ion va can
su quan Iy bao frum, v fho mof du an hay do faI khoa hoc cho van do nay non
fhuc hIon o cap do Nha nuoc.
- o fnh chaf da nganh va duoc fhuc hIon fron dja phan hanh chnh cua
nhIou fInh, do vay khI Iap ko hoach nhaf fhIof phaI Iuu y su ho fro cua cac dja
phuong IIon quan, dong fhoI can co su phoI hop chaf cho cua nhIou nganh moI
co kof qua mong muon. Ngay ca quan doI cung Ia mof Iuc Iuong quan frong
quyof djnh chaf Iuong cua du an, boI fu su dI chuyon cua doI ngu khoa hoc cho
don khao saf dIou fra fhuc dja dou can co su dong gop cua quan doI.
- KhI fIon hanh fhuc hIon du an, can quan fam don fnh fhoI vu. ay Ia
you fo vo cung quan frong doI voI mof du an frIon khaI o vung dja Iy dac fhu.
Nou khong nghI foI fnh chaf nay, do du an fhuc fhI cung nhac fhoo kIou nam
faI chnh so gap nhIou han cho kho khac phuc dan don chaf Iuong du an fhap,
fham ch baf fhanh.
X C
TOM TAT
Trong tnh hnh kh hau trai at bien oi theo chieu hng bat li, viec tai tao va phat trien cac
tham thc vat tren cac hai ao noi chung va cac hai ao khu vc bien mien Trung Viet Nam noi
rieng la mot yeu cau thiet thc gop phan bao ve va cai thien moi trng ao. Hien trang tham thc vat
mot so ao nh Con Co, Sn Cha, Ly Sn cho thay tiem nang phuc hoi va phat trien tham thc vat
cho hau het cac hai ao trong khu vc co tnh kha thi cao. e thc thi chien lc bao ton va phat trien
tham thc vat cho cac ao, trc het can ngh ti viec bao ve va phat trien cac nguon gen ac trng
cua ao, ong thi nghien cu phat trien cac nguon gen ngoai lai co pho thch nghi rong hien co mat
tren cac ao. Ngoai ra cung can co nhng nghien cu dan giong cac nguon gen cay ban a ven b
bien noi a e trong th nghiem nham a dang hoa nguon gen cho cac ao, t o tao ra tham thc vat
ben vng, e dan dan hnh thanh he sinh thai ao co li cho phat trien i song xa hoi, an ninh quoc
phong va du lch sinh thai.
ABSTRACT
THINKING ABOUT THE FLORISTIC CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT ON ISLANDS
IN THE CENTRAL COASTAL AREA
As the global trend of climate is changing in a negative manner, the regeneration of floristic com-
position on islands in general and on those in the Central Coastal area in particular is an essential need
that can help protect and improve the island environment. The status quo of the floristic composition at
certain islands namely Con Co, Sn Cha, and Ly Sn proves that the recovery and development capacity
of the floristic composition for most islands in the area is completely feasible. To implement the strate-
gies of reserving and developing this floristic composition on the island, it is necessary to think first of the
protection and development of typical gene sources of the island itself. Simultaneously, there should be
research to develop the exotic gene sources which have large adaptive abilities and which are available
on that particular island. Besides, research should also be done to transfer gene sources of local plants
which scatter along coastal lines to pilot planting and to create variety of gene sources for islands. This
helps create a floristic composition to gradually form the ecosystem for the island which is a great help to
social welfare development, nation security and ecotourism.