Professional Documents
Culture Documents
//
) 2(1
.
.
.
.1 .
.
.
3.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.2
.
.
:
.
.
) (
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
... .
5.
.
.
7.
8 9
. 10
.
11 12.
13
.15
.
.
.
.
.
16
.
...
.
... 17.
.
.
.
.
...
.
:
.
18
19
.
20
. .
21.
22.
:
... .
...
...
.
23
.3
.
.
24
) (
.
.4 .
25
.
26
. :
27
28
29
30
.
:
31
32
.
.
. 33 34
35
.
.
36 .
37
38
.
.
.
:
. 1
. .
. 2 http://soroushdabagh.com/home/pdf/183.pdf :
. :
1390 :
.
. 4 : 1388
.1388
5 . semantic essentialism
.6 : .1383
7 . semantic nominalism
8 . natural kinds
9 . socially-constructed concepts
10 . open-ended
11 . family resemblance
12 . Wittgenstein, Ludwig; Philosophical Investigations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1953), 65-80.
13 . arbitrary
14 . seeing the similarities
. :
Luntley, Michael (2002); Patterns, Particularsim and Seeing the Similarity, Philosophical Papers, 31(3), pp. 271-291.
: : :
1387 .47-62
. : :
1389 .39-64
. :
: 1384 :
. :
- : 13 :
. : : 1390 .61-72
. : :
1386 5 . 8
1381 .
. 57 /2 . 60
. . 2142 /4
. 29. 1717 /2
. 1362 .260
. 4 / 243 1369 . 5
. . 4724 /3
33 . individuality
34 . agency
M. Luntley, (2005) The Role of Judgment, in Branson & Luntley (eds.) Philosophical Explorations, Special Issue,
Competence, Educational Philosophy of Minded agency, 8(3), pp. 289-301.
35 . autonomous
36 . communitarian
37 . heteronomy
. : .1389 :
.1387