Binder 40

bUQksZesfVDl iszfDVlsl&2
d{kk XII
la;kstd %
MkW- uhjt HkkxZo
,lksfl;sV~ izkQ
s slj o foHkkxk/;{k] dEI;wVj foKku foHkkx
egf"kZ n;kuUn ljLorh foofo|ky;] vtesj
ys [ kdx.k %
vt; flag xksM+
,lksfl;sV~ izkQ
Vh-ts-,l- dkWyst vkWQ vkbZ-Vh-] dksVk
usgk kekZ
izoDrk
lksfQ;k dkWyst] vtesj
MkW- fjrq HkkxZo

izoDrk
efgyk bathfu;fjax dkWyst] vtesj
iwj.k flag
izoDrk
dqpkeu dkWyst] dqpkeu
izQqYy u:dk
izoDrk
vxzoky dkWyst] esM+rk
2013
ek/;fed fk{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj
jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%kqYd forj.k gsrq
bUQksZesfVDl iszfDVlsl&2
d{kk XII
la;kstd %
MkW- uhjt HkkxZo
,lksfl;sV~ izkQ
egf"kZ n;kuUn ljLorh foofo|ky;] vtesj
ys [ kdx.k %
vt; flag xksM+
,lksfl;sV~ izkQ
Vh-ts-,l- dkWyst vkWQ vkbZ-Vh-] dksVk
usgk kekZ
izoDrk
lksfQ;k dkWyst] vtesj
MkW- fjrq HkkxZo

izoDrk
efgyk bathfu;fjax dkWyst] vtesj
iwj.k flag
izoDrk
dqpkeu dkWyst] dqpkeu
izQqYy u:dk
izoDrk
vxzoky dkWyst] esM+rk
2013
ek/;fed fk{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj
iz Lrkouk
ek/;fed fk{kk cksMZ ls lECk) fo|ky;ksa esa fk{kktZu dj jgs fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fodkl
ds vf/kdkf/kd lqvolj iznku djus ds ms; ls jkT; ljdkj us fo|ky;ksa essa jk"Vh;
kSf{kd vuql/a kku vkSj izfk{k.k ifj"kn~] N.C.E.R.T. ubZ fnYyh ds rRokOk/kku esa fufeZr
jk"Vh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk 2005 NCF ij vk/kkfjr ikB~;e ykxw djus dk fu.kZ;
fd;kA blh e esa cksMZ }kjk ,dy izu&i= iz.kkyh dks ykxw djus dk lkFkZd iz;kl Hkh
fd;k x;kA ,rnFkZ lk/kqoknA
dEI;wVj foKku]] bUQksZefs VDl izsfDVlst] eYVhehfM;k vkSj osc VsDuksyksth esa fo"k;
p;u ds fy;s vkUrfjd fodYi iznku fd;k x;k gSA fo|kFkhZ viuh vis{kkvksa] vkdka{kkvksa
vkSj fo|ky; esa miyC/k lalk/kuksa ds vuqlkj bu rhuksa esa ls dksbZ fo"k; pqu ldrk gSA fo"k;
lfefr us fo"k; dh ikB~;OkLrq dks Lrjkuqdwy ,oa ec) dj lhfer fd;kA iqLrd dk
dysoj] vko;d rF; ,oa v/;k;ksa dk lekosk] ldYiukvksa dh le> ,oa mudk lq:fpiw.kZ
izLrqfrdj.k ;s lHkh dk;Z fup; gh pqukSfriw.kZ jgs gSAa fo|kFkhZ dks dsUnz esa j[k ^^de&de
nks ij e ls nks** ds lw= us bl egoiw.kZ nkf;Ro dks fuoZgu djus esa lgk;rk nh gSA
fdruk dqN gks ldk gS] ;g lq/kh ikBd fu/kkZfjr djsxaAs lq/kkj ds lEHkkouk lnSo cuh jgrh
gS] lh[kus dh izf;k Hkh ;gh gSA
iqLrd rS;kj djus esa vusd vfHkdj.kksa ,oa fo}kuksa dk ;ksxnku jgrk gSA vr% lHkh
dk vkHkkj O;Dr djuk pkgwaxkA
la ; ks t d
fo"k; lwph
INDEX
bdkbZ 1 % Business Computing
v/;k; 1 vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j
Open Source Software(OSS)
v/;k; 2 MkVkcsl vo/kkj.kk
Database Concept
bdkbZ 2 % Programming with Visual Basic
v/;k; 3 ekbZkslkWV fotqvy csfld
MICROSOFT VISUAL BASIC
v/;k; 4 fotqvy csfld dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk
Advance Concept of Visual Basic
bdkbZ 3 % Relational Database Management System
v/;k; 5 ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,yPL/SQL
v/;k; 6 ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y- dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk
Advance Concept of PL/SQL
1 - 23
24 - 45
46 - 69
70 - 123
124 - 159
160 - 180
vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j
v/;k;&1

Open Source Software(OSS)
le; ds lkFk bUQksjesku VsDuksyksth ds {ks= esa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu vk jgs gSaA VsDuksyksth ds u,
fl)kUr] tSls osc lsok, vkSj fxzM daI;wfVax] mUufr ds vfro`gr lqvolj izznku dj jgs gSAa bu uohu
izkS|ksxhdh dk lkeF;Z] bysDVksfud O;olk; ds :ikarj.k esa] vf}rh; gSA blh izzdkj vkus okys le;
esa] vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j Hkh u, foo esa izk.kk/kj vfr egRowi.kZZ Hkqfedk fuHkk,xsAa
ekuo thou ds lexz bfrgkl esa foKku vkSj dyk dk fodkl] dYiuk] fl)kUrksa] vuqla/kku]
fparu vkSj fopkjksa ds lgHkktu dk gh ifj.kke gSA dYiuk dhft,] vxj egku oSKkfud tSls vYcVZ
vkbUlVhu] Fkksel ,Mhlu] eSMe eSjh D;wjh vkfn vxj vius vkfo"dkjksa ij ekfydkuk izkis zkbVjh
gd j[krs] vius vkfo"dkjksa dks VM
s ekdZ ;qDr djrs rks D;k vkt ekuo bruh mUufr dj ikus esa l{ke
gks ikrkA
iqjkru dky ls Kku dk vknku&iznku djus dh] Kku dks lkoZtfud djus dh ijEijk jgh gS
vkSj ;gh otg gS fd ekuo us Kku&foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa vn~Hkqr izxfr dh gS ijUrq vkt
dEI;wVj lkWVos;j ds {ks= esa ykblsl
a lkWVos;j dk mi;ksx] Kku dh LoNanrk Nhu jgk gSA vksiu
lkslZ lkWVos;j dEI;wVj Kku dks ijk/khurk ls LoPNanrk dh vksj ys tkus okyk ,d vfr fof'k"V
vkUnksyu gSA
mnkgj.k % ykbuDl vksijsfVax flLVe] fxEi] VDl isUV] MySQL, vksiuvksfQl-org, vkfnA
lk/kkj.kr% vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j og dEI;wVj izksxzke gS ftldk lkslZ lzksr dksM mi;ksxdkkZ
;wtlZ vkSj MoyilZ }kjk iz;ksx vkSj :ikUrj.k ds fy, miyC/k gSA lkekU;r% vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j
dk fuekZ.k yksd lgdk;Z ls gksrk gS vkSj vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j Lora=rkiwoZd miyC/k Hkh gksrk gSA
vU; 'kCnksa esa] vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j dks fuEufyf[kr rhu vis{kkvksa dk vuqlj.k djuk pkfg,A
1- forfjr fd, x, lkWVos;j dk iqufoZrj.k fcuk fdlh izfrcU/k ds fd;k tk,A
2- lkWVos;j dk lkslZ dksM miyC/k gksuk pkfg, ftlls fd lkWVos;j izkIr djus okyk
O;fDr@ny mlesa bPNkuqlkj cnyko dj lkWVos;j dks :ikarfjr dj vius mi;qDr cuk ldsA
3- ewyHkwr lkWVos;j ds :ikarfjr izk:i (version) dks ewyHkwr lkWVos;j ls vyx uke fn;k
tk,A
bUQkZsesfVDl iszfDVlsl
vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j ds ykHk %

1- :ikarj.k dh lqfo/kk % dbZ O;kikfjd laxBu ;k ljdkjh egdeksa dks lkWVos;j esa
fo'ks"khd`r la'kks/kuksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftlls fd lkWVos;j fof'k"V vis{kkvksa dks iwfjr djus
esa l{ke gks ik,A vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j ;g lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, NSA
(National Security Agency) us Lo;a dk lqjf{kr ykbZuDl izk:i rS;kj fd;k gSA
2- Cost effectiveness : OSS ds mi;ksx ls ykblsal Qhl lxBuksa dks eqfDr fey tkrh gSA
bl cpr dks laxBu viuk ewyHkwr lqfo/kkvksa dks lqn<` + djus esa yxk ldrk gSA
3 - iksVZsfcfyVh
cfyVh% OSS IysVQkeZ bUMisaMsUV gksrs gSA ;s dbZ rjg ds gkMZos;j vkSj lkWVos;j ij
dke dj ldrs gaSA fdlh fofk"V lkWQ~Vos;j dk iz;ksx djus ds fy, fdlh fofk"V gkMZos;j ;k
lkWVos;j IysVQkeZ dh vko;drk ls ge eqDr gksrs gaAS
4- ykblsUl % OSS GNU tujy ifCyd ykblsl
a (GPL) ds varxZr iathd`r gksrs gSaA bls
dkWihsjkbV dk foykse dkWihysQ~V Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bruh vktknh iznku djus ds dkj.k] bu
lkWVos;j dks Lora= lkWVos;j Hkh dgrs gSA
vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j dh Hkwfedk %
vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j dh lwpuk izk|
S ksfxdh vkSj m|ksx&O;kikj ds {ks= esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
gSA OSS fdlh ,d dEiuh }kjk fufeZr ugha gksrkA ;g rks ,d leLr leqnk; ds ;ksxnku ls fufeZr
gksrk gS vkSj ;g dbZ ysolZ esa miyC/k gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] fyuDl vkUnksyu ,d O;fDr ls 'kq: gqvk] ftlesa tYn gh dbZ izkx
s kz ej tqMr+ s
pys x,A bu izksxzkej us] tks fo'o ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls Fks] baVjusV dk mi;ksx dj] ,d lkFk feydj
dk;Z fd;k vkSj fyuDl & ,d Js"B vksiu lkslZ IysVQkeZ dh jpuk dhA
blh izdkj vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j dh fofHkUu ifj;kstukvksa ij dk;Z gks pqdk gS vksj vU; dbZ
dk;kZfUor gks jgh gaSA ;g ifj;kstuk, fodklijd gaS vkSj budk dksbZ ifjHkkf"kr vUr ugha gksrkA dbZ
'kSf{kd ifj;kstukvksa esa tSls fo'ofo|ky; vuqla/kku lqfo/kk,] dbZ cqfu;knh ifj;kstukvksa esa tSls
vksijsfVax flLVe] ,sfIyds'ku lkWVos;j] database dk fuekZ.k vkSj gtkjkas fof'k"V :i ls dke vkus
okyh ifj;kstukvksa esa vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j dk iz;ksx gks jgk gSA
FLOSS/FOSS (Free / Libre Open Source Software / Free & Open Source Software) :
FOSS og dEI;wVj lkWVos;j gS tks fd izksxzkelZ ds vukSipkfjd lewg ds lgdk;Z ls fufeZr
gksrk gSA bu lkWVos;j dk lkslZ dksM ykblsal fu%'kqYd gksrk gS vr% ;g :ikUrj.k vkSj lq/kkj dks
izsfjr djrs gSaA
;gk ij h lkWVos;j dk vFkZ izfrca/k&jfgr vkSj fu%'kqYd lkWVos;j ls gSA tcfd vksiu lkslZ
lkWVos;j dk vFkZ lgdk;Z ls fufeZr lkWVos;j ls gSA FOSS tks fd nksuksa gh ifjizs{; ds xq.kksa
Qk;nksa dks lekfo"V djrk gS] O;kid Lohd`fr vftZr dj jgk gSA
FOSS ds dqN mnkgj.k % ykbuDl Operating Sysem, OpenOffice.org tks fd Microsoft
Office ds leku gS] MySQL tks fd Open Source MkVkcsl eSut
s esUV flLVe gS] buds vfrfjDr Hkh
dbZ FOSS fufeZr gks pqds gSa vkSj lQyrkiwoZd O;kikfjd vkSj ljdkjh laxBuksa esa mi;ksx fy, tk
jgs gSAa
GNU :
GNU, GNUs Not Unix dk iqujkorhZ vkfnof.kZd 'kCn gSA
,d ,slk vkfnof.kZd 'kCn ftlesa ,d v{kj mlh vkfnof.kZd 'kCn dks n'kkZrk gSsa
GNU ifj;kstuk ,d h lkWVos;j] lewg lgdk;Z ifj;kstuk gS] tks fd 27 flrEcj] 1983
dks fjpMZ LVkWyeSu }kjk MIT esa ?kksf"kr dh xbZ FkhA bl ifj;kstuk dk y{; Fkk] i;kZIr h lkWVos;j
cukuk ftlls fdlh izksikbVsjh lkWVos;j ds fcuk bLrseky fd;k tk ldsA tuojh] 1984 esa GNU
vksijsfVax flLVe ds fuekZ.k dh igy gqbAZ 1992 esa bl y{; dh iwfrZ gqbZ tc fyuDl duZy dks GNU
dk vk/kkj cuk;k x;kA blfy, dbZ oSKkfud ekurs gSa fd bl OS dks GNU / Linux ;k GNU
Linux OS dgk tkuk pkfg,A
GNU Project dk orZZeku dk;Z gS u, lkWVos;j cukuk] tu&tkx`fr vkSj u, rF;ksa dk
vknku&iznku djukA
FSF - Free Software Foundation
h lkWVos;j QkmUMs'ku ,d ykHk&fujis{k laLFkk gS tks 4 vDVwcj] 1985 dks fjpMZ LVkWyeSu }kjk
laLFkkfir dh xbZ FkhA bl laLFkk dk y{; gS] h lkWVos;j vkanksyu tks ,d dkWfiysV&vk/kkfjr
vkanksyu gS] dks izksRlkfgr djukA
fjpMZ LVkWyeSu
dEI;wVj lkWVos;j dks cukus] forj.k djus vksj :ikUrj.k djus dh loZHkkSe vktknh dk izpkj
djuk gh bl vkanksyu dk y{; gSA FSF, eklkpqlsV~l] USA esa fuxfer gSA
OSI - Open Source Initiative
OSI ,d ykHk&fujis{k laLFkk gS tks vksiu lkslZ O;k[;k dh ns[k&js[k vkSj izpkj esa lefiZr gSA
;g laLFkk Qjojh] 1998 esa czwl isjUl vksj ,fjd jse.M }kjk xfBr dh xbZ FkhA
vksiu lkslZ dk ewy fl)kUr cM+k gh ljy gSA tc dbZ izksxkz e fo'o ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls] baVjusV
}kjk] feytqydj lkslZ dksM dks i<+dj] mlesa lq/kkj djrs gSa rks lkWVos;j fodflr gksrk gSA izksxkz ej
mlesa nks"k fudkyrs gSa] mudk fuokj.k djrs gSa vkSj ;g lc bruh 'kh?kzrk ls gksrk gS ftldh ge
ijEijkxr] :f<+xr lkWVos;j fuekZ.k i)fr ls dYiuk Hkh ugha dj ldrsA bl Rofjr mUeqDr
fodklewyd izf;k ls] ikjEifjd lhfer izf;k dh rqyuk esa dgha mUur lkWVos;j curs gSaA OSI
;gh rF; O;kolkf;d fo'o dks le>kuk pkgrk gSA
W3C - (World Wide Consortium)
fVe&cuZlZ yh
W3C ,d vUrjk"Vh; laLFkk gS tgk laLFkk ds lnL;] iw.kZdkfyd deZpkjh vkSj tu leqnk;
,d lkFk osc ekun.M ds fuekZ.k ds fy, dke djrs gSaA fVe&cuZlZ yh tks fd osc baVjusV ds
vkfo"dkjd gSa vkSj QSjh tSQs tks fd eq[; fu"iknu vf/kdkjh (CEO) gSa] fd vxokuh esa W3C dk
y{; oYMZ okbM osc dks mlds iw.kZ lkeF;Z rd igqpkuk gSA W3C izksVksdksy fuekZ.k vkSj funsZ'kd
fl)kUrksa dk fodkl dj osc ds nh?kZdkfyd fodkl dks lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
fuEufyf[kr vkn'kZ W3C ds dk;Z dks fn'kk nsrs gSa]

1- osc lHkh ds fy, %
osc dh lkekftd mi;ksfxrk gS fd og ekuo lapkj vkSj okf.kT; dks l{ke cukrk gS vkSj Kku
ds vknku&iznku ds lqvolj nsrk gSA W3C dk eq[; mn~n's ; bu lqfo/kkvksa dks tulk/kkj.k rd
igqpkuk gS] pkgs os dksbZ Hkh gkMZos;j] lkWVos;j] ;k usVodZ lajpuk mi;ksx esa yk jgsa gksa] pkgs os fdlh
Hkh lH;rk] fdlh Hkh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr] dksbZ Hkh Hkk"kk cksyus okys] ;k fHkUu 'kkfjjhd ,oa ekufld {kerk
ds gksaA
2- osc lHkh ij gk
gks %
osc dks ,sDlsl igqp djus okys ;=ksa dh x.kuk vc dkQh c<+ xbZ gSA eksckby Qksu] LekVZ Qksu]
ilZuy fMftVy vflLVsUl (PDA) ;gk rd fd dqN ?kjsyw midj.k Hkh osc dks ,sDlsl dj ldrs
gSaA bu ;=ksa esa o`f)] W3C dk ,d mn~ns'; gSA
3- osc xgu ikjLifjd vknku&iznku ds fy, %
osc dh 'kq:vkr ,d lapkj lk/ku ds :i esa gqbZ FkhA dbZ o"kksaZ rd osc ,d jhM vksUyh
lk/ku FkkA ijUrq vc Cyksx] fofd vksj lks'ky usVofdZax ls osc esa lwpuk vkSj Kku ds vknku&iznku
dks ,d ubZ fn'kk feyh gSA ;g lc W3C ds lqn`<+ ljapuk vkSj :ijs[kk fl)kUrksa dh otg ls gh gks
ik;k gSA
4- osc fo'okl ls iw.kZ %
tSls&tSls lks'ky usVodhZax vkSj bysDVkWfud okf.kT; (e-commerce) esa o`f) gks jgh gS]
oSls&oSls osc ij lqj{kk vkSj cpko dk eqn~nk mB jgk gSA W3C osc dks ,d lqj{kk vkSj fo'okl ls iw.kZ
lk/ku cukus ds fy, vxzlj gSA
vc ge vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j ds ewyHkwr fl)kUrksa] mldh Hkwfedk vkSj mldh egkk ls voxr
gks pqds gSaA vkb, vc dqN vU; 'kCnksa ij fopkj djsaA
hoSj % hoSj h $ lkWVos;j og dEI;wVj lkWVos;j gS tks fu%'kqYd mi;ksx ds fy,
miyC/k gSA ;g mu izkis kbVjh lkWVos;j ds fy, mi;qDr gksrk gSS tks fcuk fdlh 'kqYd ds
miyC/k gksrs gSAa bUgsa baVjusV ls fcuk fdlh 'kqYd ds MkmuyksM fd;k tk ldrk gSA hoSj dk ykblsl
a
mi;ksx ds izdkj tSls futh] O;fDrxr] 'kSf{kd O;kolkf;d mi;ksx ds vk/kkj ij izfrca/k yxkrk gSA
;g ykblsl
a lkWVos;j dh izfrfyfi vkSj forj.k ij Hkh izfrca/k yxkrk gSA
hoSj vkSj h lkWVos;j vyx&vyx 'kCn gSa vkSj os fHkUu lkWVos;j dks bafxr djrs gSAa h
lkWVos;j esa mi;ksx] forj.k vkSj :ikUrj.k dh LoPNanrk gksrh gS tcfd hoSj dsoy 'kqYd eqDr gksrk
gSA
hoSj ds dqN mnkgj.k gSa % ekbkslksV dk bVajusV ,Dlizksyjj hoSj dk lokZf/kd izpfyr
mnkgj.k gSA vU; mnkgj.k gS fou,Ei fefM;k Iys;j vkSj ekbkslksV dk QksVks LVksjhA
'kSjoSj % 'kSjoSj] tks Vkby oSj vkSj MseksoSj ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] og izksikbVjh lkWVos;j
gS tks fcuk fdlh 'kqYd ds ,d lhfer vof/k ds fy, mi;ksxdkkZvksa dks miyC/k gksrk gSA ;g ewy
lkWVos;j ls dk;kZRedrk] miyC/krk ;k mi;qDrrk esa lhfer gksrk gSA ewy :i ls 'kSjoSj dk vkSfpR;
[kjhnnkj dks iw.kZ lkWVos;j ds ykblsal dh [kjhnnkjh ls igys ml lkWVos;j dk mi;ksx dj mldh
mi;ksfxrk ij[kus dk volj nsuk gSA ;g îgys VkbZ djsa fQj [kjhns*a ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gSA tc
'kSjoSj dh vof/k lekIr gks tkrh gS rks og izksxzke Lor% gh pyuk can gks tkrk gS tc rd fd mldk
ykblsal [kjhnk tk,A ^h Vkby* ;k ^Vkby ojtu* 'kSjoSj ds gh |ksrd gSA
'kSjoSj ds dqN mnkgj.k % dSLijLdkbZ ,UVhokbjl fDod ghy ,UVhokbjl] ,Ydksgksy & CD
& DVD ;a=kuqdj.k (emulator) lkWVos;j ds h Vkby ojt+u baVjusV ij vklkuh ls miyC/k gaSA
dbZ ckj hoSj] 'kSjoSj vkSj h vkSj vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j esa Hksn Li"V ugha gks ikrkA hoSj
vkSj 'kSjoSj esa lkslZ dksM dks ,Dlsl ugha dj ldrsA vr% bu lkWVos;j dk tuleqnk; }kjk :ikUrj.k
lEHko ugha gSA ;gh Hksn ewy :i ls bu rhuksa dks ,d&nwljs ls Li"V djrk gSA
izksizkbVjh lkWVoSj %
izksikz bVjh 'kCn ySfVu ds izkis kz bVl proprietas 'kCn ls mRiUu gqvk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS] lEifkA
os dEI;wVj izksxkz e tks muds MsoyilZ ;k izdk'kd dh lEifk gS] ftUgsa muds ykblsl
a vuqca/k ds rgr
u rks mldh izfrfyfi cukbZ tk ldrh gS vkSj uk gh forfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkekU;r% lHkh
O;kolkf;d lkWVos;j izksikz bVjh lkWVos;j gh gSA izksizkbVjh lkWVos;j fosrk lk/kkj.kr% lkslZ dksM
dks viuk O;kikfjd jgL; ekurs gSaA
dqN izfl) izksikz bVjh lkWVoSj ds mnkgj.k gSa % ekbkslkWV foUMksl] foUMkst yS'k Iys;j]
vMksc QksVks'kkWi] xwxy vFkZ vkfnA
LFkkuh;dj.k :
vkt cktkj esa dbZ vUrjk"Vh; lkWVos;j miyC/k gSa tks gj izdkj ds dk;ksZa dks djus esa l{ke
gaSA lkekU;r% os lHkh vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa fufeZr gSAa tSlk fd gesa Kkr gS fd vaxzsth Hkk"kk fo'o ds dqN
gh ns'kksa esa cksyh vkSj le>h tkrh gSA lkWVos;j esa Hkk"kk ds cU/ku ds dkj.ko'k dEI;wVj foKku vkSj
lkWVos;j dk mi;ksx lhfer gks x;k gSA bl Hkk"kk dh lhek dks rksM+ dj gh dEI;wVj dks tu lkekU;
ds fy, mi;ksxh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
Localisation ;k LFkkuh;dj.k vUrjk"Vh; lkWVos;j dks LFkku ;k Hkk"kk fof'k"V ds vuqdy
w cukus
dh izf;k gSA ;g Hkk"kk ds vuqokn vkSj LFkkuh; ?kVdksa ds lkWVos;j esa lekos'k ls laHko gSA
UNICODE (Universal / Uniform / Unique Character Encoding) :
lkWVos;j ds LFkkuh;dj.k ds fy, lkWVos;j dk LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa izLrqrhdj.k vfuok;Z gSA gj
Hkk"kk dk ,d laizrhd leqPp; (character set) gksrk gS ftlesa ml Hkk"kk dk gj la[;k] gj v{kj
lfEefyr gksrk gSA
UNICODE ,d ,dy v{kj ladr
s u i)fr (character oncoding scheme) gS tks gj Hkk"kk ds
gj v{kj dks gj IysVQkeZ ds fy, lfEefyr djrh gSA
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) character set 256
character dk ladr
s u dj ldrk gSA tcfd UNICODE set dgha vf/kd la[;k esa v{kjksa dk ladrs u
dj ldrk gSA UNICODE orZeku dh eq[;r% lkjh thfor Hkk"kkvksa vkSj oSKkfud fpUgksa dks
lfEefyr djrk gS tSls vjsfcd] caxyk] fgUnh] sap] bVSfy;u] tkikuht] rfey] rsyxq vkfnA dbZ
vkSj yxkrkj tqM+ jgh gSAa
OSS dh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds i'pkr~ vc dqN OSS dk v/;;u djrs gSAa
1- Linux : fyuDl ,d h ;qfuDl dh rjg dk Operating System gS tks ewy:i lss Linus
Torvalds }kjk fufeZr gS ftlesa nqfu;k&Hkj ds MoyilZ us lg;ksx fd;kA ;g lkWVos;j GNU
General Public License (GPL) ds vUrxZr fufeZr gS vkSj bldk lkslZ dksM lHkh dks Lora=rk ls
miyC/k gSA
orZeku esa lSd
a M+ks dEifu;k vkSj laxBu vkSj brus gh ,dy MoyilZ us fyuDl esa vius
vuw:i la'kks/ku dj blds dbZ izk:i (versions) foeksfpr fd, gSAa
Linus Torvalds
fyuDl Lora=rk ls forfjr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk] fyuDl dh dk;kZRedrk] vuqdwyuh;rk vkSj

et+cwrh us fyuDl dks izksizkbVjh ;qfuDl vkSj ekbkslksV Operating System ds fodYi ds rkSj ij
LFkkfir fd;k gSA fyuDl dk mi;ksx ?kj vkSj vkWfQl MsLdVksi Operating System o loZj
Operating System esa dkQh gks jgk gSA fyuDl Operating System dks ekbksfpi esa lfUufgr fd;k
tk ldrk gS vksj blh :i esa ;g Operating System dbZ midj.kksa vkSj ;a=ksa esa Hkh bLrseky gks jgk
gSA vksiuvkWQhl.org, eksft+yk osc czkmt+j vksj dbZ mi;ksxh ,fIyds'ku lkWVos;j fyuDl ds lkFk
mi;ksx yk, tkrs gSaA fyuDl dk baLVksy's ku Hkh vklku gS vkSj mldk j[k&j[kko HkhA
VDl
fyuDl dk 'kqHkadj izrhd] ,d fyuDl isUxfou] VDl gSA fyuDl us vxLr] 1991 ls tc Linus
Torvalds us bls fufeZr fd;k Fkk lss vc rd cgqr izxfr dh gSA ,dy MsoyilZ] fo'ofo|ky; ds
Nk=ks]a laxBuksa us viuh t:jrksa ds eqrkfcd fyuDl dks la'kksf/kr fd;k vkSj ;gha ls fyuDl ds
^fMLVhC;w'kUl* dk tUe gqvkA
fyuDl ds lSdM+ks distributions miyC/k gS vkSj dbZ vU; yxkrkj cu jgsa gSaA fyuDl
fMLVhC;w'kUl ds dqN mnkgj.k] Red Hat Linux, Ubuntu Linux Boss (Bharat Operating System
Solutions) tks fd Hkkjr esa CDA }kjk fufeZr gqvk gS] PC quest linux vkSj dbZ vU;A
ljdkj vkSj O;olk; uhao ifj;kstukvksa esa fyuDl dks fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls mi;ksxh
ekurs gaS %
1- eYVhIysVQkeZ leFkZu % O;olk; vkSj ljdkjsa le; ds lkFk ,dkf/kd gkMZos;j architecture ij lkWVos;j ds mi;ksx dh Hkwfedk le> jgs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, linux lsy Qksu ls lqij
dEI;wVj rd lHkh hardware platforms ij pyk;k tk ldrk gSA bl rjg dk yphykiu] dkWiksjsV
;k foHkkxh; foy; gsrq] lqj{kk vko';drkvksa gsrq ;k vU; fdlh fo'ks"k dkj.kksa ls] vfuok;Z gSA
2- lqj{kk % dqN O;olk;ksa vkSj ljdkjksa dk ekuuk gS fd] OSS dksM dh varfuZfgr ;kaf=dh ns[kus
ds fy, l{ke dj jgs gSa ftlls dksM dh fo'oluh;rk vkSj lqj{kk esa mudk fo'okl c<+rk gSA fyuDl
viuh ifjiDork vkSj eq[; lkWVos;j fosrkvksa ds 'kkfey gksus dh otg ls vf/kd lqjf{kr gS D;ksafd
lqj{kk esa pwd vkSj =qfV;ksa dks <w<+us vkSj gy djus ds fy, cM+h la[;k esa fo'oHkj esa MsoyilZ baVjusV
ds tfj, feytqy dj dke dj jgs gSaA
3- fyuDl ,d vkfFkZd fodkl ds lk/ku ds :i esa % fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa OSS dk mi;ksx
dj ?kjsyw lkWVos;j mn~;ksx dks izksRlkgu fey jgk gSA LFkkuh; dkjksckfjd xfrfof/k;ksa esa OSS
lkWVos;j ds bLrseky ls rsth vkrh gSA fo'o j dh ljdkjsa fyuDl ;ksX;rk dsUnzksa dh LFkkiuk]
dkS'ky fodkl vkSj fuos'k ds fy, dsUnz fcUnw ds :i esa dk;Z dj jgh gSaA
vkb,] vc ge dqN fyuDl dh dek.Ml dh dk;Z iz.kkyh ns[ksa &
fyuDl dk Qkby lajpuk LVDpj fuEu izdkj dk gksrk gSA
lsEiy fyuDl dk Qkby LVDpj
fyuDl ds funsZkksa dks Terminal esa $ prompt ds ckn fy[kk tkrk gSA
dqN Mk;jsDVh dek.M~~l %
1- djUV orZeku MkbjsDVjh dks igpkuuk] pwd dek.M ( print working directory )
$ pwd < Enter >
/ usr / bin
$
;gka] / user / bin og MkbjsDVjh gS ftlesa ;wlj orZeku eas dke dj jgk gSA
2- djUV MkbjsDVjh dks cnyuk] cd dek.M (change directory )
$ cd / user / games < Enter>
$ pwd < Enter>
/ user / Games
$
cd dek.M ls ;wlj dh working directory cny xbZA vc ;wlj / user / Games es dk;Z
djsxkA
3- ubZ MkbjsDVjh cukuk] mkdir dek.M ( make directory)
$ mkdir Alladdin < Enter >
$
bl dek.M ls Alladdin uke dh MkbjsDVjh] djUV MkbjsDVjh esa cu tk,xhA ijUrq ;g ubZ
MkbjsDVjh] djUV MkbjsDVjh ugha curhA bls djUV MkbjsDVjh cukus ds fy, cd dek.M dk mi;ksx
djsAa
4- MkbjsDVjh dks gVkuk ] rmdir dek.M ( remove directory )
$ rmdir Alladdin < Enter >
$
bl dek.M ls Alladdin MkbjsDVjh fMyhV (Delete) gks tk,xhA
,d MkbjsDVjh dks rHkh fMyhV dj ldrs gSa tc]

(a) og MkbjsDVjh [kkyh gks mlesa dksbZ QkbYl ;k lc&MkbjsDVjhl u gks
(b) og djUV MkbjsDVjh u gksA
5- MkbjsDVjh dh fo"k;&oLrq ns[kuk] ls dek.M (list)
$ ls < Enter>
10
bl dek.M ls djUV MkbjsDVjh esa ftrus Hkh QkbYl vkSj lc&QksYMlZ gS]a mudh lwph izLrqr
gks tk,xhA
dqN Qkby dek.Ml %&
1- Qkby dh fo"k;&oLrq ns[kuk] cat dek.M ( concatenation)
$ cat data 1 < Enter>
A sample file
$
2- Qkby dks dkWih djuk ] cp dek.M (copy)

$ cp data1 data3 < Enter>
$
bl mnkgj.k esa data1 dh fo"k;&oLrqq ,d ubZ Qkby data3 eas dkWih gks tkrh gSA
3- Qkby dks gVkuk] rm dek.M (remove)
$ rm data1 < Enter>
$
bl dek.M ls data1 uke dh Qkby fMyhV gks tkrh gSA
4- Qkby dks ewo djuk] mv dek.M (move)
$ mv /user/data/data2
/ user/Games/ < Enter>
$
bl mnkgj.k esa data2 Qkby Data QksYMj ls gV dj Games QksYMj esa ewo dj xbZA
bu mnkgj.kksa ls ;g Li"V gS fd fyuDl dks manage djuk dkQh ljy vkSj lqfo/kkiw.kZ gSA
Open Source OS ds v/;;u ds i'pkr~~ vkb, dqN Open Source Application lkWVos;j
ds ckjs esa Kkuo/kZu djsaA

eksft+yk QkbjQksDl osc czkmt+j %
2.
Mozilla Firefox ,d h vksiu lkslZ web browser gS tks fd fo'oHkj esa izpfyr gSA Firefox,
Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Free BSD vkSj dbZ vU; IysVQkeksZa lfgr fofHkUu
Operating System ij pyrk gSA uohure QkbjQksDl esa VSCM czkmftax] orZuh tkp live bookmarking,
futh browsing, MkmuyksM manager dh lqfo/kk, miyC/k gSaA QkbjQksDl esa Hkh vU; OSS dh Hkkafr
:ikUrj.k lEHko gSA ,slh dbZ fo'ks"krk, baVjusV ij miyC/k gSaA ;g O;kid p;u QkbjQksDl
mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks vkdf"kZr djrk gSA
11
3. My SQL :
My SQL fo'o dk lokZf/kd izpfyr Open Source Database Software gSA vc rd My

SQL dh 100 yk[k ls Hkh vf/kd izfr;k MkmuyksM vkSj forfjr dh tk pqdh gSA bldh csgrj xfr]
fo'oluh;rk vkSj mi;ksx esa vklkuh ds lkFk My SQL, Web, nwjlapkj dEifu;ksa vkSj IT eSustl
+ Z ds
fy, ilanhnk fodYi cu x;k gSA My SQL izeq[k vM+puksa] tSls j[k&j[kko] vk/kqfud Online
applications, dk iz'kklu vkfn] dks nwj djrk gSA
nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h vkSj rsth ls izxfr djrh lxBusa My SQL dk mi;ksx dj le; vkSj
/ku dh cpr djrh gSa vkSj viuh mPp ek=k Websites, O;kikj iz.kkfy;ksa vkSj software dks 'kfDr
iznku djrh gaSA m|ksx esa vxz.kh Yahoo, YouTube, Google, Nokia, Wikipedia vkfn My SQL dk
mi;ksx dj jgs gSaA

MySQL esa MkVkcsl cukuk] Vscy cukuk vkSj Dosjh cukuk ,d vklku izfd;k gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] ge ,d SCHOOL uke ls MkVkcsl cuk,axs] mlesa ,d Vscy STUDENT cuk,ax]s mlesa
dqN fjdkMZl insert dj queries cuk,asxsA
12
PostgreSQL :
PostgreSQL dks nqfu;k dk lcls mUur MkVkcsl ekuk tkrk gSA PostgreSQL ,d kfDrkkyh
vksiu lkslZ vksCtsDV&fjysuy MkVkcsl iz.kkyh gSA bldk 15 o"kksZa ls vf/kd le; ls lf; fodkl
gks jgk gSA bldh lajpuk us fooluh;rk MsVk v[kaMrk vkSj kq)rk ds fy, ,d etcwr izfr"Bk vftZr
dh gSA ;g fyuDl] ;qfuDl vkSj foUMkst lfgr lHkh izeq[k vksijsfVax flLVe ij pyrk gSA blesa
13
QkWju dh] joins, views, triggers vkSj stored procedures ds fy, iw.kZ leFkZu gSA ;g dbZ Hkk"kkvksa
esa miyC/k gS vkSj SQL : 2008 ds vf/kdkak MkVkVkbi tSls INTEGER, NUMERIC, BOOLEAN,
CHAR, VARCHAR, DATE vkSj TIMESTAMP blesa lfEefyr gSaA ;g fp=] /ofu ;k ohfM;ks
dks Hkh lap;u djus esa l{ke gSA blesa C / C++, JAVA, NET, PERL, PYTHON, RUBY, ODBC
ds fy, izksxzkfeax baVjQsl Hkh miyC/k gSA bldk MksD;weUs Vsku Hkh vlk/kkj.k gSA
PostgreSQL ikbUV&bu&Vkbe fjdojh] VscyLisl usLVsM VkUtSDku] vkWuykbu vR;k/kqfud
cSd&vi] ifj"d`r query Iykuj vkfn lqfo/kkvksa dk nkok djrk gSA ;g MkVk dh ek=k vkSj ;wtlZ dh
la[;k] nksuksa gh {ks=ksa esa vR;f/kd Scalable gSA
PostgreSQL esa eSfDlee Vscy 32 TB rd ,d fjdkMZ 1.6 TB rd] ,d QhYM 1GB rd gks
ldrk gSA Postgre SQL us vius mi;ksxdrkZvksa ls cgqr izkalk izkIr dh gSA blus loZJsB MkVkcsl
ds dbZ iqjLdkj Hkh vftZr fd, gSAa
5. Pango:- Pango
iSaxks kCn xzhd kCn pan] ftldk eryc gS lHkh vkSj tkikuhkCn go ftldk vFkZ gS Hkk"kk
ls feydj cuk gSA
iSaxksa ,d vksiu lkslZ dEI;wfVax iqLrdky; gS tks lkWQ~Vos;j MsoyilZ }kjk fo"k;&oLrq dks mPp
xq.koRrk ls izLrqr djus es mi;qDr gksrk gSA ;g lkWVos;j cgqHkk"kh fo"k;&oLrq dks leFkZu nsrk gSA
bldks fofHkUu UV&,.M&cSd ,s.M~l ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlls iSaxks dks zksl
IysV@QkeZ mi;ksfxrk dk leFkZu feyrk gSA iSaxks ls izLrqr fo"k;&oLrq fHkUu vkWijsfVax flLVe tSls
fyuDl] ,Iiy] ekbkslksQ~V foUMksl vkfn ij leku izLrqr gksrh gSA
iSaxks UNICODE dk lajpukRed <kapk gS tks vUrjk"Vh; fo"k;&oLrq dk izfriknu djrk gSA
,d ckj ,d Hkk"kk dk bysDVksfud vuqokn gks tk, rks mlls osc dh lkexzh rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSA
fQj mlls lkWVos;j Hkh fodflr fd, tk ldrs gS vkSj muds fy, lkWVos;j Hkh fodflr fd, tk
ldrs gSa vkSj muds fy, leFkZu Hkh miyC/k djk;k tk ldrk gSA
bl izdkj ,d Hkk"kk dks ;qfudksM ds ek/;e ls vuqokfnr djus ls vUrjk"Vh;dj.k vkSj
LFkkuh;dj.k dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA
nqfu;k esa 150 ls vf/kd Hkk"kk,a] 25 fofHkUu ys[ku iz.kkfy;ksa ds ek/;e ls O;Dr dh tk ldrh
gSaA gj Hkk"kk ds fofk"V xq.k gksrs gSaA iSaxsk orZeku esa thfor fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dks fMftVy :i esa izLrqr
dj ldrk gSAA iSaxks 2004 esa open source initiative ds fy, iqjLd`r fd;k x;k FkkA
6- vksiu vksfQl . org
14
vksiuvksfQl.org] lkekU;r% OOo ;k OpenOffice ds uke ls izpfyr ,d vksiu lkslZ ,fIydsku

lkbaV gS ftlds eq[; ?kVd oMZ izkl
s fs lax] LizsMkhV] izslsUVsku] xzkfQDl vkSj MkVkcsl ds fy, iz;qDr
gksrs gSaA ;g lkS ls vf/kd Hkk"kkvksa esa miyC/k gS vkSj fHkUu vkWijsfVax flLVe esa mi;qDr gks ldrk gSA
;g vklkuh ls baVjusV ls MkmuyksM fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj Lora=rk ls fdlh Hkh dk;Z ds fy, iz;Dq r
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ,d varjk"Vh; [kqys ekud izk:i esa vkids lHkh MkVk (Data) dks i<+ ldrk
gS vkSj LVksj Hkh dj ldrk gSA ;g vU; vkfQl lkQ~Vos;j dh Qkbyksa dks Hkh [kksy vkSj fy[k
ldrk gSA
;g lkQ~Vos;j 20 lky ls vf/kd le; ls fufeZr gks jgk gSA bldh fooluh;rk dk dksbZ
eqdkcyk ugha gSA ;g lkWVos;j oks lc djrk gS tks vki ml lkWVos;j ls djkuk pkgrs gaS vkSj og
Hkh ftl rjg ls vki pkgrs gSA
s bLrseky dj jgs
vksiuvksfQj.org dks lh[kuk vklku gSA vxj vki dksbZ vU; vkWfQl iSdt
gSa rks vki lh/ks gh vksiu vksfQl esa dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA ;g lkWVos;j zh gS] vklkuh ls miyC/k g]S
vki ftrus pkgs mrus dEI;wVjksa ij bls pyk ldrs gSAa ?kjsy]w O;kolkf;d] kSf{kd] kklu izcU/k fdlh
Hkh dk;Z ds fy, bldk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bldk fcuk fdlh izfrcU/k ds forj.k fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
7. Apache Server : vWikps loZj
vikph HTTP loZj ifj;kstuk lg;ksxkRed lkWVos;j ds fodkl ds fy, ,d iz;kl gSA bl
ifj;kstuk dk mn~ns ; ,d et+cwr] okf.kfT;d vkSj vktknh ls miyC/k lzksr dksM dk;kZUo;u ds fy,
,d HTTP osc loZj cukuk gSA ;g ifj;kstuk la;qDr :i ls nqfu;kHkj esa fLFkr Lo;a lsodksa ds ,d
lewg }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ifj;kstuk vWikph] lkQ~Vos;j QkmaMsku dk fgLlk gSA
vWikph loZj ,d eap gS ftl ij O;fDr vkSj laLFkk,a fooluh; iz.kkfy;ksa dk fuekZ.k dj ldrs
gS] tks iz;ksxkRed iz;kstuksa vkSj feku egRoiw.kZ iz;kstuksa esa mi;qDr gks ldsaA vkWuykbu izdkku ds
midj.k gj fdlh ds gkFk esa gksus pkfg,A blh ls osc esa mUufr gksxhA
vWikph dk izFke izk:i 1995 esa fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA 2009 esa vWikps loZj 10 djksM+ osc
lkbV ds ehy ds iRFkj dks ikj djus okyk igyk osc loZj cukA ;g lkQ~Vos;j dbZ vksijsfVax flLVe
ds fy, miyC/k gS tSls GNU ] fyuDl] ;qfuDl] lksykfjl] zh BSD, Mac OSX, ekbkslksQ~V
vkfnA vizsy 1996 ls vWikps mi;ksx esa fy;k tkus okyk lokZf/kd yksdfiz; loZj lkWVos;j gSaA
uoEcj 2010 rd vWikps us foo dh 59-36 izfrkr osc lkbVksa dks lsok, iznku dh gaSA ;g foo
dh 10 yk[k O;Lrre osc lkbVksa esa ls 66-56 izfrkr osc lkbVksa ds fy, iz;qDr gksrk gSA
15
8- VkWedSV %
vWikps VkWedSV ,d vksiu lzksr loZyVs dUVsuj gS tks vikWph lkWQV~ os;j Qkm.Msku (ASF) }kjk
fufeZr fd;k x;k gSA loZyVs ,d NksVk lk izkx
s kz e gS tks loZj ij py ldsA VkWedSV lu ekbksflLVe
ds tkok loZysV vkSj tkok loZj istl
+ (ISP) ds funskksZa dks ykxw djrk gSA ;g ,d kq) tkok HTTP
osc loZj okrkoj.k iznku djrk gS ftl ij tkok dksM dk f;kUo;u gks ldsA
VkWedSV vkSj vikWph osc loZj esa varj gSA vikWph osc loZj HTTP osc loZj dks C esa ykxw fd;k
x;k gSA VkWedSV ,d ,fIydsku loZj gS tks tkok loZyVs ~l dks dk;kZfUor djrk gS vkSj JSP dksfMax
okys osc ist izLrqr djrk gSA VkWedSV dk ckbujh vkSj L=ksr dksM izk:i] nksuksa gh vikWph osc lkbV
ij miyC/k gSaA VkWedSV dks LVSM
a vyksu] vkarfjd osc loZj ds lkFk iz;ksx yk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj
bls vU; osc loZj tSls vikWph] ekbkslksQ~V dk baVjusV bUQksjesku lZoj (IIS) usVLdsi ,UVjizkbt+
lZoj vkSj ekbkslksQ~V ilZuy loZj ds lkFk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
9. PHP :
PHP ,d fLzfIVax Hkk"kk gS tks ewyr% Mk;ukfed osc istksa dks cukus ds fy, fMt+kbu dh xbZ
FkhA ;g dek.M ykbu baVjQsl {kerk dks kkfey djrh gS vkSj LVSM
a vyksu xzkfQdy ,fIydskUl esa
bldk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA PHP ,d O;kid :i ls iz;qDr lkekU; mn~ns; okyh fLfIVax
Hkk"kk gS] tks foks"k :i ls osc MoyiesaV ds vuqdwy gS ftls HTML ds lkFk iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA vke rkSj ij ;g osc loZj ij pyrh gS] ftldh lajpuk PHP dksM dks vkxe dh rjg ysus vkSj
osc ist dVsaV dks fuxZe dh rjg nsus ds fy, dh xbZ gSA ;g vf/kdkak osc loZjksa vkSj yxHkx gj
vkWijsfVax flLVe ,oa IysVQkeZ ij eqr esa foLr`r dh tk ldrh gSA PHP 20 yk[k ls vf/kd
osclkbVksa vkSj 1 yk[k osc loZjksa ij laLFkkfir gSA
PHP lewg] mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds vius Lo;a ds mi;ksxkFkZ] fuekZ.k] euialn rjhds ls cukus vkSj
foLr`r djus ds fy, iwjk L=ksr dksM iznku djrk gS egRoiw.kZ osc lkbV PHP esa fy[ks vkSj tksM+ x,
gSa tSls Qslcqd] fofdihfM;k] ;kgw] oMZizsl] ;wV;
~ wc vkfnA
PHP okD;&foU;kl flUVS D l
PHP dsoy vius ifjlhedksa MhfyfeVlZ ds Hkhrj dksM dh in&O;k[;k djrk gSA blds
ifjlhedksa ds ckgj tks Hkh gksrk gS og lh/ks fuxZe ds fy, Hkstk tkrk gS vkSj PHP }kjk in&foU;kl
16
,fDlD;wV ugha gksrk gSA lcls vke ifjlhed gS < ? PHP vkSj ? > tks ek% [kqys vkSj can
ifjlhed gSAa
mnkgj.k ds fy, ]
< html >
< head >
< title > PHP Trial , </ title >
< /head >
< ? php
echo Hello, welcome to PHP ;?>
</body >
</html >
blh rjg ls]

< html >
< head >
< ? php
echo < title> My First PHP Script </title> ?;
?>
</head >
</body >
<?php
echo This is generated by PHP ;
?>
 This is static HTML/p>
</body>
</html>
bl PHP fLdzIV dks first.php ds uke ls lso dj osc loZj ij viyksM dj nsaA tc bl ist
dks osc czkmtj esa ns[ksaxs rks og dqN fuEu izdkj ls fn[kkbZ nsxkA
10- ikbFku %
17
ikbFku ,d lkekU; mn~ns ; mPp Lrjh; izkx

s kz feax Hkk"kk gS ftldh lajpuk dksM dh fooluh;rk
ij tksj nsrh gSA ikbFku dk mn~ns; mYys[kuh; kfDr ds lkFk cgqr Li"V flUVsDl gSA
ikbFku ,dkf/kd izksxzkfeax ifjizs{;ksa dks leFkZu nsrk gSA ;g ,d iw.kZr% xfrkhy (Dynamic)
izdkj dh iz.kkyh vkSj Lor% Le`fr izcU/ku ;kstuk dk vuqlj.k djrh gSA vU; Mkbukfed Hkk"kkvksa dh
Hkkafr ikbFku dk mi;ksx ,d fLfIVax Hkk"kk ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA ijUrq ikbFku xSj fLfIVax
lUnHkksZa esa Hkh iz;qDr dh tkrh gSA
ikbFku dk f;kUo;u Lora= vkSj [kqyk L=kssr lkWVos;j gSA ;g ,d leqnk; vk/kkfjr fodkl
ds ekWMy ij fufeZr gSA ikbFku dk fodkl vkSj laj{k.k ikbFku lkWVos;j Qkm.Msku uke dh ,d
ykHk fujis{k laLFkku djrh gSA
ikbFku bUVjfizVlZ dbZ vkWijsfVax flLVe ds fy, miyC/k gSA ikbFku dh ,d egRoiw.kZ foks"krk
gS Mkbukfed use jstY;wku tks esFkM (Method) vkSj osfj,scy (Variable) ds ukeksa dks izksxzke
,fDlD;wku ds le; cka/krk gSA
ge lHkh dks Kkr gS fd baVjusV Kku dk HkaMkj gSA FOSS dh mUufr esa baVjusV dk cgqr
egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA vkb,] ge dqN vksiu lkslZ ls lEcfU/kr osc&lkbVl dk v/;;u djsaA
www. sourceforge.net
;g usVodZ osclkbV vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j dk dks"k gSA ;gka ij vksiu lkslZ lkWQ~Vos;j dks
MkmuyksM Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj uohu vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j ds ckjs esa tkudkjh gSA bl
osclkbV esa 27 yk[k MsoyilZ] 260000 vksiu lkslZ lkWQ~Vos;j ifj;kstukvksa ij dke dj jgs gSAa
izfrfnu bl osclkbV ls 2]000]000 MkmuyksM~l gksrs gSaA ;g la[;k,a fnu izfrfnu c<+ jgh gSAa bl
osclkbV ij vkidks gj izdkj ds] fofHkUu mi;ksxksa esa vkus okys lkQ~Vos;j miyC/k gaSA
18
www. opensource.org
;g osclkbV OSI organization dh osclkbV gSA ;gka ij vksiu lkslZ bfufk,fVo (OSI) ds /
;s; ds ckjs esa tkudkjh miyC/k gSA vksiu lkslZ dh ykblsUl izf;k] vksiu lkslZ dh fk{kk] esfyax
fyLV~l vkSj dbZ rjg dh tkudkjh vkidks bl osc lkbV esa feysxhA
vxj vki vksiu lkslZ lkWQ~Vos;j eas dke dj jgs gSa vkSj vki dksbZ iFk&iznkZd rykk dj jgs
gSa rks bl osc lkbV ij vkidks dbZ jkg fn[kkus okys yksx feyasxsA vki bl lewg dk fgLlk cudj
vius lokyksa ds tokc [kkst ik,axsA
19
www. linux.com
;g ,d defkZ;y (commercial) osclkbV gS ftlesa vkidks fyuDl dh uohure [kcjsa feysx

a hA
fyuDl dk MkWD;weUs Vsku] V;wVksfj;y] fofM;ksl vkfn vkidks bl osclkbV esa miyC/k gksxAas ykbusDl
esa dSfj;j] fyuDl ds Vsfuax izksxzkEl vkSj Dykll] fyuDl dk O;olk; esa iz;ksx] fyuDl esa ukSdjh
dh miyC/krk,a vkSj dbZ vU; mi;ksxh tkudkjh bl osclkbV ij miyC/k gSA fyuDl ds fofHkUu
fMLVhC;wkUl dh tkudkjh ] fyuDl dh fdrkcsa] fyuDl dE;wfuVh] CyksXl vkSj Qksje~l Hkh ;gka ij
izkIr gSaA vki bl osc&lkbV esa jftLVj dj blds esEcj cu ldrs gSaA fyuDl dk Hkfo";] orZeku]
mldh mUufr dk ekxZ] lHkh dqN bl osclkbV ij miyC/k gSA
www.linuxindia.org
;g osclkbV ykbusDl&bf.M;k laxBu dh osclkbV gS tks Hkkjr ds fyuDl ;wtlZ dh ,d

laxBuk gSA bl osclkbV ij vkidks dbZ izdkj dh esfyax fyLV~l miyC/k gksxhaA tSls fd tujy]
gsYi] izksxzkEklZ] fMLdkUl vkfnA izR;sd esfyax fyLV esa vkidks fyuDl ds Hkkjr esa mi;ksx ls
lacf/kr tkudkjh izkIr gksxhA vki pkgsa rks vki mu esfyax fyLV~l esa lcLkbc Hkh dj ldrs gaAS
20
,slk djus ls vki ml lewg dk ,d lnL; cu tk,axsA bl izdkj vkidks Hkkjr ds vU; fyuDl
mi;ksxdrkZvksa ls lEidZ esa jgus dk volj izkIr gksxkA vkidh fyuDl lEcfU/kr leL;kvksa dk gy
Hkh vkidks izkIr gksxkA ;gka ij vksiu ppkZvksa esa lfEefyr gksdj fyuDl ds fo"k; esa viuk Kku&
o/kZu dj ldrs gaAS
www.gnu.org
;g GNU ifj;kstuk laxBu dh osclkbV gSA ;gka ij vkidks GNU dh fopkj/kkjk] ykblsUl
iz.kkyh] MkD;weUs Vsku miyC/k gksxkA GNU/LINUX fMfLVC;wkUl dh lwph esa ls vk;sA viuk eupkgk
lkWQV~ os;j MkmuyksM dj ldrs gSa ;gka ij FSF ds ckjs esa Hkh lwpuk izkI; gSAa vki FSF esa kkfey gksdj
h lkWVos;j dh izxfr esa viuk ;ksxnku ns ldrs gSaA vki dksbZ lkWQ~Vos;j fufeZr dj jgs gSa rks
vkidks ;gka dbZ MoyilZ dk lg;ksx izkIr gksxkA blds vykok GNU vksijsfVax flLVe dk
MkmuyksM Hkh ;gka ij lEHko gSA ;g osc lkbV dbZ Hkk"kkvksa tSls ikWfyk] LiSfuk] Mp vkfn esa
miyC/k gSA
www.openrdf.org
21
rdf ( Resource Description Framework ) W3C ifjokj dk ,d lnL; gSA bldk mi;ksx
lwpuk dk izfr:i rS;kj djus esa gksrk gS tks fd osc ij dk;kZfUor dh tkrh gSA
;g osclkbV ,d dE;wfuVh osclkbV gS tks Sesame dh izxfr dks lg;ksx djrh gSA Sesame
MkVk (data) dks LVksj] fu"df"kZr o Dosjh djus ds fy, ,d vksiu lkslZ :ijs[kk gSA ;gka ij ;wltZ
vkSj MsoyilZ fey ldrs gSa] ppkZ dj ldrs gSa] izu iwN ldrs gSa vkSj Sesame ls lEcfU/kr fdlh
Hkh leL;k dk fuokj.k ik ldrs gSaA
bl osc lkbV ij sesame ls lEcfU/kr lkWVos;j dks MkmuyksM Hkh dj ldrs gaSA bl ij
MkD;weUs Vsku] esfyax fyLV~l T;knkrj iwNs x, lokyksa ds tokc] lkWVos;j IyxbUl vkSj ,DlVsakUl
Hkh miyC/k gSA
vH;kl iz'u %
cgq p ;ukRed iz ' u
1,d vksiu lkslZ dEI;wfVax iqLrdky; dk uke gS &
(v) Openoffice org
(c) My SQL
(l) Unicoal
(n) Pango

2.
vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j ds D;k ykHk gSa\
(v) :ikUrj.k dh lqfo/kk
(c) Portability
(n) mijksDr lHkh

(l) Clot effectivencs
3.
fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk lkWVos;j] vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j dk mnkgj.k ugha gS\
(v) My SQL
(c) Pestyre SQL
(n) Photoshop

(l) Mozilla ...................
4.
fjpMZ LVkWyeSu us fuEu esa ls dkSulh laxBu dh ljpuk dh\
(v) OSI
(c) FSF
(n) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

(l) W3C
5.
vWikps VkWedSV ,d vksiu lkslZ &
(v) osc czkmtj gS
(c) ljZysV daVsuj gS
(l) fLfIVax Hkk"kk gS
(n) mijksDr esa ls dqN Hkh ugha

6.
ykbusDl dk fuekZ.k ewy :i ls fdUgksaus fd;k gS\
(v) fyul VksjokYM~l
(c) fjpMZ LVkWyeSu
(l) fVe DuZlZ yh
(n) mijksDr lHkh us

7.
vksiu vksfQl .org dk mi;ksx dj ge D;k dj ldrs gSa\
(v) MkWD;weUs V cuk ldrs gSa
(c) izsts+UVs'ku cuk ldrs gSa
(l) LizsM'khV cuk ldrs gSa
(n) mijksDr lHkh dj ldrs gSa

8.
GPL D;k gS\
(v) ,d lkWVos;j
(c) ,d ykblsUl
(l) ,d vkWijsfVax flLVe
(n) ,d dEI;wVj lkbfUVLV

9.
vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j dk ykbusDl ds lkFk&lkFk foUMksl vkWijsfVax flLVe ij Hkh mi;ksx
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
22
10.
(v) gk
( l)
Unicode D;k gS\
(v) ,d lkWVos;j
(l) loZj
(c) ugha
(n)
(c) v{kj ladr

s u i)fk
(n) mijksDr esa ls dqN ugha
vfryq RjkRed iz ' u

1.
vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A
2.
vkisu lkslZ lkWVos;j ds pkj mnkgj.k nhft,A
3.
fuEufyf[kr dh ifjHkk"kk] nks mnkgj.kksa lfgr nhft, &
(1) hjSV
(2) 'kSjosj
(3) izksizkbVjh lkWVos;j
(4) LFkkuhdj.k (5) iquhdksM
4.
fuEufyf[kr dks foLrkfjr dj fyf[k, &
(1) FOSS
(4) W3C
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
(2) GNU
(5) FSF
(3) OSI
vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j dh fdUgha nks osclkbV~l ds uke fyf[k,A

OSI dh laxBuk fdlus dh Fkh\
FSF dk y{; D;k gS\
baVjusV dk vkfo"dkj fdUgksaus fd;k\

ykbusDl dh Com dek.M dSls dk;Z djrh gS\
ls dek.M ls D;k gksrk gS\
vkt ds ;qx esa vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\
vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j IySVQkeZ&bUMisUmsUV gksrs gSaA bl okD; dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\
vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j dks ^Lora= lkWVos;j* Hkh dgrs gSaA D;ksa\
OSS vkSj FOSS esa D;k varj gS\
GNU ifj;kstuk ds fo"k; esa laf{kIr esa fy[ksa\
FSF vkSj OSI tSlh la[;k, fdl fn'kk esa dk;Zjr gSa\
hoSj vkSj h lkWVos;j esa varj Li"V dhft,A
lkWVos;j dks izksikz bVjh djus ls D;k uqdlku gS\
lkWVos;j dks LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa cukus ls D;k ykHk gksxsa\
ASCII vkSj UNICODE esa D;k varj gS\
yq R jkRed iz 'u
1.
fyuDl ds vusd fMfLVC;w'kUl ds miyC/k gksus dk dkj.k mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A
2.
vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j ds ykHk foLrkj ls le>kb,A
3.
W3C la[;k ds vkn'kksZ dks Li"V dhft,A
4.
ljdkjh] O;kolkf;d vkSj fuft ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, ykbusDl dks mi;ksxh ekuk tkuk gSA
D;ksa\
5.
HySQL D;k gS\ MySQL ds izpfyr gksus ds dkj.kksa dks le>k,A
6.
Pootgre SQL ds ckjs esa 50&60 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
23
PHP D;k gksrh gS\ fdl {ks= esa PHP dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA PHP dh mi;qDrrk ds dqN
mnkgj.k nhft,A
8.
VkWedSV vksj vWikps osc loZj ds ckjs esa fyf[k,A
9.
vksiu vkfQl] org fdl izdkj dk lkWVos;j gS vkSj bldk mi;ksx dgk fd;k tkrk gS\
fucU/kkRed iz ' u
1.
vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j ds ykblsal ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls crk,A
2.
fyuDl dh 4 Mk;jsDVh dek.M~l mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A
3.
www.fourceforge.net osclkbV vkius ns[kh gksxhA bl osclkbV dh mi;ksfxrk ij izdk'k
MkysaA
4.
MySQL esa fuEufyf[kr ds fy, funsZ'k nhft, &
(i) ,d 'company' uke dk MkVkcsl cukb,A
(ii) bl MkVkcsl esa ,d 'employees' uke dh Vscy cukb,A
7.
Emp.no Name Age Designation

(iii) bl Vscy esa 6 fjdkMZ Insert dhft,A
Emp.no Name
Age
Designation
E001
Ankita Varma
30
SE
E002
Naman Dixit
23
SE
E003
Surbhi Verma
25
SE
E004
Tarun Kumar
42
TM
E005
Vinayak Sharma
38
TL
E006
Vivek Mathur
34
TL
(iv) ftu employees dh age 30 ls vf/kd gS] muds uke fn[kkb,A
(v) TL designation okys employees dh lkjh details fn[kkb,A
(vi) 35 lky ls de mez okys TL designation ds employees ds uke fn[kkb,A
vksiu lkslZ vkanksyu ds fo"k; ij ,d ys[k fyf[k,A

vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j esa :ikarj.k dh lqfo/kk gksrh gSA bl lqfo/kk ds Qk;ns vkSj uqdlku ij
izdk'k MkysAa
7.
vkids fopkj ls izksizkbVjh vkSj vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j esa ls dkSu lk csgrj gS vkSj D;ksa\
8.
h lkWVos;j] vkisu lkslZ lkWVos;j vkSj hoSj ds e/; vUrj dks Li"V djsaA mnkgj.k lfgr
le>k,A
9.
irk dhft, fd Hkkjr dh dkSulh O;kolkf;d vkSj ljdkjh laLFkk, vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j dk
iz;ksx dj jgh gSaA mudh ,d lwph rS;kj djsaA
10. dbZ yksxksa dk ekuuk gS vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j ds fy, i;kZIr rduhdh lg;ksx miyC/k ugha
gSA bl fo"k; ij vki vius fopkj izdV dhft,A
11. bl ikB esa mYysf[kr vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j ds vykok chl 20 vU; vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j
ds ckjs esa irk yxkb, vkSj mudh lwph rS;kj dhft,A
5.
6.
**********
24
v/;k;&2
MkVkcs l vo/kkj.kk
Database Concept
User interface : gkykafd cgqr ls ;wtj MkVkcsl dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA ysfdu dqN ;wtj MkVkcsl
dks mi;ksx esa ysus ds fy;s DoSjh ySaXost dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA T;knkrj ;wtj MkVkcsl dk mi;ksx
djus ds fy;s fuEu Vwy dke esa ysrs gSaA ftUgsa aUV ,sUM Vwy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;s Vwy fuEu
izdkj gSa %&
1. Forms and Graphical user Inteface: ;g Vwy ;wtj dks oSY;w ,sUVj djus dh vuqefr iznku
djrs gSa] ftuds }kjk igys ls crk;s x;s dk;Z dks iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA blds ckn flLVe DoSjh dks
,sfXtD;wV djrk gS vkSj ;wtj ds crk;s x;s QkWjesV esa fjtYV dks vkmViqV ds :i esa nsrk gSA xzkfQDy
;wtj bUVjQsl ;wtj dks vklkuh ls mi;ksx esa ykus okys Vwy miyC/k djkrs gSAa
izksxkz ej xzkfQDy ;wtj bUVjQsl dks osc czkmtj dk UV,s.M ds :i esa iz;ksx djds rS;kj dj ldrk
gSA ;g blds fy;s og vU; izksxzkfeax Hkk"kkvksa ds }kjk miyC/k djk;s tkus okys QWkeZ vkSj nwljh
lqfo/kkvksa dk mi;ksx dj ldrk gSA bu lqfo/kkvksa dks ,Iyhdsku izksxzkfeax bUVjQsl (API) dgk
tkrk gSA ftuesa java Swing fotqvy csfld ;k fotqvy lh $ $ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA osc
czkmtj esa HTML ls fMtkbZu fd;s x;s QkWeZ dk mi;ksx cgqrk;r ls fd;k tkrk gSA
2. Report Genrator : ;g Vwy ;wtj ds fy;s igys ls fMtkbZu dh xbZ fjiksVZ esa orZeku MkVk dk
mi;ksx djus dh btktr nsrk gS ;gka fjiksVZ dk QWkjesaV igys ls fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA bl QkWjesV esa
oSY;wt ml le; mi;ksx fd;s tkus okys MkVkcsl ds vuqlkj mi;ksx gksrh gSA vkSj fokys"kd rFkk
eSustj fdlh fjiksVZ Hkfo"; dh :i js[kk rS;kj djus ds fy;s dke esa ysrs gSaA bl fjiksVZ ds vk/kkj
ij vxys fu.kZ; fy;s tkrs gSaA fjiksVZ tujsVj Vwy ,sls Vwy gSaA ftuds }kjk ;wtj ds ]}kjk i<s tk
ldus okyh lkjkak fjiksVZ rS;kj djrs gSaA blds }kjk bUVsDV djds QkWjesVsM VSDLV o pkVZ cuk;s tk
ldrs gSAa fjiksVZ ds QkWjesV dks iznfkZr djus ds fy;s ;wtj fjiksVZ tujsVj dh lqfo/kk dk mi;ksx
djrk gSA
fjiksVZ tujsVj VwYl tSls fLVy fjiksVZ rFkk ,l-D;w-,y- loZj fjiksfVZax lfoZl miyC/k gSA blds
vykok ,e-,l-vkWfQl] pkVZ tujsVj] ,e-,l- ,Dlsy esa Hkh MkVkcsl dk mi;ksx djds QkWjesVsM
fjiksVZ rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSA
3. Data Analysis Tool : ;g Vwy ;wtj dks bUVDs Vhoyh MkVk dk mi;ksx djus o mudk fokys"k.k
djus dh vuqefr iznku djrs gSaA mijksDr Hkh bUVjQsl flQZ fdlh DoSjh Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx djrs
gSaA ftlds }kjk MkVkcsl flLVe rd ;wtj dh fMek.M Hksth tk lds] vkSj MkVkcsl fMek.M ds
vuq:i MkVk miyC/k djk ldsA
Web Inteface to Database : vktdy osc }kjk UV,s.M ds :i esa foks"k dk;Z fd;s tk jgs
gSa ftlds cgqr ls dkj.k gSa] oso czkmtj ,d lkoZHkkSfed .V,s.M dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA ftles
nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx ls Hksth xbZ lwpuk,sa (BackEnd) ds :i esa fn[kkbZ tkrh gSAa ;g .V,s.M
fdlh Hkh dEI;wVj ij fcuk fdlh foks"k izkx
s zke dks dke es fy;s mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkSj
MkVkcsl vo/kkj.kk
25
blls fofHkUu izdkj ds MkVkcsl dks tksMk tk ldrk gSA oso czkmtj ,d LVsVhd VkbZi dk .V,s.M
miyC/k djkrk gSA
Undrelaying database (BackEnd): bUVjfjysVsM MkVk dk lewg MkVkcsl dgykrk gSA ;g
MkVkcsl fdlh ,sUVjizkbt ls lEcfU/kr lwpuk dk lap; djrs gSAa MkVkcsl flLVe dk izkFkfed dk;Z
,d mi;qDr rjhdk miYc/k djkrk gSA ftlds }kjk MkVkcsl esa lwpukvksa dks lap; fd;k tk lds
o vko;drk iM+us ij mi;qDr lwpukvks d
a ks izkIr fd;k tk lds A MkVkcsl flLVe cMh ek=k esa
lwpukvksa dks O;ofLFkr djus dk rjhdk gSA blds vUrxZr lwpukvksa dks fdl izdkj laxzg fd;k tk
ldsA mudk <kapk D;k gks fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk blds vyko MkVkcsl laxzfgr lwpukvksa dh
fcuk vkKk dke djus okyksa rFkk flLVe ds [kjkc gksus ij lqj{kk Hkh djrk gSA ;fn lwpuk,sa dbZ ;wtj
ds fy;s ks;j dh xbZ gks rks vokafNr ifj.kkeksa ls Hkh MkVkcsl dh lqj{kk djrk gSA MkVk fooluh;
cus jgrs gSaA D;ksafd fdlh ,Iyhdsku ds fy; lwpuk vfregoiw.kZ gksrh gSA blfy;s dEI;wVj
oSKkfudksa us MkVk dh O;oLFkk ds fy;s fofHkUu rjhds o vo/kkj.kk;sa miyC/k djk;hgSA ftUgsa cSd,.M
ds :i esa dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA ;g cSd,.M izkslsflax osc loZj dks dke esa ysdj Hkh f;kfUor dh
tkrh gSA ftlds fy;s Java Servlets, Java Server page (JSP) ;k Active Server page (ASP)
dks dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA
cSd,.M esa MkVk dh lqj{kk ds fy;s rFkk mldh fooluh;rk dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s daLVUs V yxk;s
tkrs gSaA ;g daLVsUV MkVk dh mi;qDrrk rFkk mlds vko;d foLrkj dks pSdd djrs gSa vkSj mUgha
MkVk dks lap; gksus dh vuqefr iznku djrs gSaA tks bu daLVUs V dks Iyku djrs gSAa
Integration of user Interfac and database : tSlk fd geus ns[kk fd ,Iyhdsku dh
vko;drkuqlkj ge ;wtj bUVjQsl UV,.M rFkk MkVk lap;u cSd,.M djus gsrq MkVkcsl dke esa
ysrs gSaA ;s Front End and Back End ;wtj o izksxzkej viuh vko;rkvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,
fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa buds fy;s dkSulh izksxzkfeax ySaXost ;k ,Iyhdsku izksxzke mi;qDr gksxkA lk/kkj.kr%
fdlh Hkh DBMS izksxzke esa Front End and Back End vyx&vyx okrkoj.k esa cuk;s tkrs gSAa
vkSj mUgsa vyx&vyx VsLV djds ,d lkFk dk;Z djus gsrq tksM+k tkrk gSA blh f;kfof/k dks
Intrageted user interfaca and Database dgk tkrk gSA
;wtj bUVjQsl RkFkk MkVkcsl dks ,d lkFk dk;Z djus ds fy;s nksuksa dk bUVhxsku fd;k tkuk
vko;d gSA osc loZj ij .V,s.M izkslsflax djus ds fy;s osc loZj dks dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA
ftlesa jave Servlets, java Server page (JPS) or Active Server Page dk mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
Application of Database:
1. Inventory control : bl rjg ds ,Iyhdsku esa Database esa Products ds ckjs esa tkudkjh
lap; dh tkrh gSA ftlds }kjk cktkj esa izkstDs V csps o [kjhns tkrs gSAa bl rjg ds MkVkcsl izksMsDV
ID uke] [kjhn] ewY;] [kjhn fnukad ] fcdk mRikn] mudk fjvkWMjZ ysoy LVksj djrs gSaA bl rjg ds
MkVkcsl dk v/;;u djus ij mRiknd o fjVsyj Hkfo; ds ckjs esa vuqeku yxk ldrs gSa fd mUgsa
dkSulk mRikn dc o fdruk cukuk gS] eaxkuk gS vkSj mUgsa cspus ds volj dgka o dc fey
ldrs gSaA
2. Financial accounting : QkbusfUk;y vdkm.fVax ds {ks= esa MkVkcsl dk mi;ksx mi;qDr
26
miHkksDrk dks pquus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk mudk iwjk fooj.k j[kk tkrk gSA iqjkus MkVk dk
mi;ksx djds vuqeku yxk;s tkrs gSa fd fdlh miHkksDrk dks fdruk Fincance fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vkSj mlds Finance dks pqdkus dh D;k&D;k laHkkouk,a gks ldrh gSaA D;k oks miHkksDrk fooluh;
gksxk vFkok ugha ;s lHkh fu.kZ; ysus ds ckn fokyskd mfpr miHkksDrk dk pquko djrs gaSA blesa
miHkksDrk dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr] ekfld vk;] O;;] iwoZ yksu] fk{kk Lrj] bR;kfn dh tkudkjh MkVkcsl
esa lapl djrs gSaA
3. Pay-Accounting System : blesa MkVkcsl dk eq[; mi;ksx fofHkUu deZpkfj;ksa dh csfld
is] dVkSfr;ka] osru o`f)] Hkks rFkk o`f) fnukad] fy;s x;s yksu bR;kfn ds ckjs esa tkudkjh j[k mudh
osru Lyhi fudkyuk gksrk gSA ftlls fdlh izdkj dh xyfr;ka gksus dh lEHkkouk de gks tkrh gSaA
blds vykok fdlh deZpkjh dh vyx&vyx le; ij fdlh osru o`f) gqbZ D;k dVkSfr;ka gqbZ dh
tkudkjh izkIr dh tkrh gSA
4. Invoicing Managment System : bl izdkj ds flLVe esa MkVkcsl dks fofHkUu izdkj ds
ysu&nsu] fcfyax] dskcqd] esUVsuUs l o fofHkUu izdkj ds LVsVesUV izkIr djus ds fy;s dke esa fy;k tkrk
gSA vyx&vyx [kkrksa o enksa ds [kpZs] izkfIr;kas ls lEcfU/kr lwpukvksa dks lap; djds mudh
vyx&vyx djksa o C;kt bR;kfn dh x.kuk,aa dh tkrh gSaA vkSj lEiw.kZ ys[k cuk;s tkrs gSaA
5. Personal Mangment System/HRD System : bl izdkj ds flLVe esa fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa
ds vk/kkj ij vyx&vyx ;kstukvksa ls lEcfU/kr MkVkvksa dks ladfyr djds mlds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu
tu mi;ksxh ;kstukvksa dks ykxw fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mu ;kstukvksa ds izHkkoksa ds vk/kkj ij u;h
;kstukvksa ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; fy;s tkrs gSaA
6. Fees managment System : bl rjg ds flLVe fofHkUu fk{kk laLFkkuksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh
Qhl dk ys[kk tks[kk j[kus ds fy;s dke esa fy;s tkrs gSaA ftlls fofHkUu M~;t
w ] fofHkUu enksa dh Qhl
rFkk M~;w fnukad dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA Qhl dh jlhn fizUV djus rFkk vyx&vyx dkslZ
ds vuqlkj Qhl Lor% x.kuk dh tkrh gSA vkSj mlds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu dkslst
Z ls vk; o O;; dks
tkuk tk ldrk gSA
7. Result Analysis System : bl izdkj ds flLVe esa fofHkUu ijh{kkvksa ds ifj.kke fudkyus
muds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu Js.kh Kkr djus esa MkVkcsl dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh ijh{kk ifj.kke
dks Kkr djus ds fy;s fofHkUu le; ij gq, VsLV muds iw.kkZd
sa o izkIrkadksa ds vk/kkj ij izfrkr fudkys
tkrs gSaA vkSj mlds vuqlkj Jsf.k;ka] vf/kdre vad gj fo"k; esa] vf/kdre o U;wure vad VksVy o
gj fo"k; esa izfrkr ikl o Qy fo+|kfFkZ;ksa dh x.kuk;as dh tkrh gSAa
8. Addmission Managment System : bl flLVe esa MkVkcsl esa izosk ds fy;s vk;s QkeZ
dh lwpuk;sa lap; dh tkrh gSaA mlds ipkr fofHkUu fu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij izosk gsrq ik=rk dks tkapk
tkrk gSA vkSj mlds ckn izosk gsrq ik= lHkh izos kkfFkZ;ksa dks NkaVk tkrk gSA blds ipkr vkj{k.k
ds vk/kkj ij izos k lwfp;ka cuk;h tkrh gSaA vkSj izosk uk ysus dh fLFkfr esa gksus okys vU; izosk ds
fy; dqy lhVksa ds vk/kkj ij osfVax fyLV rS;kj dh tkrh gSA
9-Insurence Management System : bl flLVe esa fofHkUu esSut
s j^];wfuV eSut
s j]],Qlh rFkk fQYM esa dk;Z djus okys vius }kjk fd;s x;s fctul dk fglkc j[krs gSa vkSj mlds vuqlkj
vius VkjxsV dks izkIr djus ds iz;kl djrs gSaA fofHkUu dkWy ij tkus dh rkfj[k rFkk fofHkUu dkWy
27
MkVkcsl vo/kkj.kk
ij D;k izksxzsl gwbZ budk fglkc j[krs gsSa A buds vk/kkj ij fu"dkZ fudkys tkrs gSa fd fdl O;fDr
dks dkSu lh ikWfylh vkWQj dh tk;s o fdl ,fj;k ;k Lrj ds yksx dkSulh ikWfylh dks ysus ds mRlqd
gksxasA
MkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVe
MkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVe ,d ,slk flLVe gS tks MkVkcsl dks eSut
s djrk gS vFkkZr fdlh
MkVkcsl dk lqfu;ksftr fof/k }kjk cU/ku djuk MkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVe dgykrk gSA de ls de
;Ru esa mi;ksxh lwpuk, MkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVe }kjk gh kIr dh tk ldrh gSA bl .kkyh
System esa MkVk dks tksM+uk] gVkuk ;k mls cnyuk fdlh vU; .kkyh ls vklku gS A Mh-ch-,e,l- dk kFkfed y{; ,slk okrkoj.k nku djuk gS] tks fd lqfo/kktud ,oa MkVkcsl lwpuk dks
LVksj djus ,oa fjVho djus ds ;ksX; gksA
MkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVe ds Qk;ns %
1- MkVkcsl ls dkQh gn rd MkVk jhM~;wMsUlh MkVk MqIyhdsku ?kVkukA
2- MkVkcsl ls cM+h gn rd MkVk laca/kh vfu;ferrk dks fu;U=.k djukA
3- MkVkcsl ls vklkuh ls MkVk dks Access djuk A
4- MkVk ds fc[kjko dks jksdukA
5- MkVk dks lqjf{kr j[kukA
Data Models MkVk ekW M Yl
MkVk ekWMy ,sls fHkUu ekWMy gksrs gSa] ftudk mi;ksx MkVkcsl dks fMtkbu djus esa gksrk gSA
MkVk fMtkbu esa MkVk dk o.kZu] MkVk fjyskukhi] MkVk dh Hkk"kk fo"k; tkudkjh vkSj daflLVVsalh
daULkVsDVl tSlh ckrsa kkfey gksrh gSA fofHkUu LVDpj vkSj vewrZrkvksa ,DLVDs kUl ds lkFk fofHkUu
MkVk ekWMy Lrkfor fd, x, gS A
DATA MODELS
Object based Data

Models
Entity Relationship Data

Model
Record based Data

Models
Relational Data Model
Object Oriented Data

Model
Network Data Model
Semantic Data Model
Hierarchical Data
Model
fp= 1 Data Models

vkWCtsDV vk/kkfjr MkVk ekWMYl %
ykWftdy o O;w ysoy ij vkWCtsDV vk/kkfjr ykWftdy ekWMYl dk mi;ksx MkVk dks fMLkbo
28
djus ds fy, ;qDr gksrk gS A mudh fofk"Vrk bl rF; esa gS fd os dkQh yphyh <kapkxr {kerk
miyC/k djkrs gS vkSj MkVk dULVsUV~l dks Li"V :i ls O;Dr djus dh lqfo/kk nsrs gS A
1- ,aVhVh fjyskukhi ekWMy
2- vkWCtsDV vksfj;saVsM ekWMy
3- flesafVd MkVk ekWMy
4- QaDkuy MkVk ekWMy
1 ,aVhVh fjyskukhi MkVk ekWMy %&
,aVhVh fjyskukhi MkVk ekWMy ml fj;y oYMZ dh le> ij vk/kkfjr gS] tks ewyHkwr
vkWCtsDV ftUgsa ,aVhVht dgk x;k gSS ds laxgz ls cuk gqvk gS A bl le> esa bu vkWCtsDVl ds vkilh
lac/a k Hkh vkrs gS A ,d ,aVhVh fj;y oYMZ dh ,slh oLrq ;k y{; gS] tks vU; oLrqvksa ls fHkUu gS A
fdlh vkWCtsDV esa ,aVhVht dks ,VhC;wV~l ds lsV ls of.kZr fd;k tkrk gS A dbZ ,aVhVht dk vkilh
la?k gh fjyskukhi dgykrk gS A ,d gh dkj dh lHkh ,aVhVht ds lsV vkSj ,d gh dkj dh
fjyskukhi ds lsV dks ek% ,aVhVh lsV vkSj fjyskukhi lsV dgrs gS A
,aVhVht vkSj fjyskukhi ds vykok E-R ekWMy dqN daLVUs V~l dks Hkh nfkZr djrk gS A
MkVkcsl dks ftuds vuq:i gksuk pkfg, A ,d egRoiw.kZ daLVsUV gS A eSfiax dkMZufyVht] ,aVhVht
dh og la[;k crkrh gS] ftuls fjyskukhi lsV ds tfj;s vU; ,aVhVh tksM+h tk ldrh gS A
MkVkcsl dks vkWojvkWy ykftdy <kapk xzkfQDl rjhds ls E-R fp= ds lkFk vfHkO;Dr fd;k
tk ldrk gS] tks fuEu dEiksusUV~l ls cuk gksrk gS A
1- vk;r
&
tks ,aVhVh lsV dks nkkZrk gS A
2- nh?kZ o`r
&
tks ,aVhC;wV~l dks nkkZrk gS A
3- leprqHkqZt
&
;g ,aVhVh lsVl
~ ds chp lac/a kksa dks nfkZr djrk gS A
4- ykbZUl
&
;g ,VhC;wVl dks ,aVhVh lsV~l vkSj ,aVhVh lsVl
~ dh fjyskukhi
ls tksM+rk gS A
fp= 2 E-R Models

2 vkWCtsDV vksfj;aVsM MkVk ekWMy %&
E-R MkVk ekWMy dh rjg] vkWCtsDV vksfj;sV
a sM ekWMy vkWCtsDV ds laxzg ij vk/kkfjr gS A
vkWCtsDV esa blds baLVsUl osfj;scYl esa laxfz gr osY;wt gksrh gS A vkWCtsDV esa dksM laca/kh ckWMht gksrh
gS] tks vkWCtsDV ij vkWijsV gksrh gS A dksM dh bu ckWMht dks esFkM dgrs gS A
vkWCtsDV ftlesa leku dkj dh osY;wt vkSj leku dkj dh esFkM gksrh gS] dks vkil esas
29
MkVkcsl vo/kkj.kk
Dyklst Jsf.k;ksa esa xzqi fd;k tkrk gS A Dykl vkWCtsDV ds fy, ,d dkj dh MsfQusku gS A VkbZi
MsfQusku ls cuk MkVk o esFkM dk ;g dkWEchusku ksxzkfeax ysaXost ,CLVDs V MkVk VkbZi ds
leku gS A
,d ek= rjhdk ftlls ,d vkWCtsDV nwljs vkWCtsDV ds MkVk dks ,Dlsl dj ldrk gS A og ml
vU; vkWCtsDV dh esFkM dks cqykuk invoke djuk gh gSA ;g f;k vkWCtsDV dks eSlt
s Hkstuk
dgykrh gSA bl izdkj fdlh vkWCtsDV dh esFkM dk dkWy baVj Qsl ml vkWCtsDV ds ckg; :i ls
nkZuh; fgLls dks fMQkbZu djrk gSA vkWCtsDV dk vakrfjd fgLlk] bLVsUl osfj;scYl vkSj esFkM dksM
ckgjh rkSj ij utj ugha vkrs gSA bldk ifj.kke f}Lrjh; MkVk ,CLVsDku esa fudyrk gSA E-R ekWMy
dh ,aVhVht ds foijhr izR;sd vkWCtsDV dh viuh loZ/kk fHkUu igpku gksrh gSA tks bles fufgr osY;wt
ls Lora= gksrh gSA bl dkj ,d gh osY;w okys nks vkWCtsDV fcYkdqy fHkUu gksrs gSA fMfLVDVj vkWCtsDV
vkbMsUVhQk;j ds vlkbZuesaV ds }kjk HkkSfrd Lrj ij vkWOtsDVl ds chp fHkUurk cuk,a j[kh tkrh gSA
jsdkMZ vk/kkfjr MkVk ekWMYl %
jsdkMZ vk/kkfjr ykWftdy ekWMy dk mi;ksx ykWftdy o O;w ysoy ij MkVk fMLkbo djus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vkWCtsDV vk/kkfjr MkVk ekWMy ds foifjr mudk mi;ksx MkVkcsl ds vksojvkWy
ykWftdy LVDpj dks LislhQkbZ djus vkSj bEiyhesaVsku dk mPp Lrjh; fMLIku miyC/k djkus
nksuksa ds fy, gksrk gS A
jsdkMZ vk/kkfjr ekWMyksa dks ,slk uke blfy, fn;k x;k gS] D;ksfa d MkVkcsl dks dbZ dkj ds
fQDl QkWjesV fjdkWM~Zl esa <+kyk tkrk gS A R;sd jsdkMZ Vkbi r; laLFkk esa QhYM ;k ,VhC;wV dks
fMQkbu djrk gS vkSj R;sd QhYM vkerkSj ij fQDl yEckbZ dk gksrk gS A r; yEckbZ okys fjdkWMZ
dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl ds HkkSfrd Lrjh; f;kUo;u dks ljy cuk nsrk gS A
fjysku] usVodZ vkSj gk;jvkdhZ ekWMy ;s rhu :i O;kid :i ls Lohdk;Z fjdkWMZ vk/kkfjr ekWMy gSA
fjyskuy MkVk ekWMYl %
;g ekWMy MkVk vkSj mu MkVk ds chp lac/a kksa dks nkkZus ds fy, Vscy ds laxgz dk mi;ksx djrk
gS A R;sd Vscy esa dbZ dkWye gksrs gS vkSj R;sd dkWye dk fofk"V uke gksrk gS A bl fp= esa rhu
Vscy ls cus fjyskuy MkVkcsl dk uewuk fn;k x;k gS A
Customer Table
Customer ID
Customer Name
Customer Adress
Customer City
101
Raj Kumar
C-12, Shyam Nagar
Jaipur
102
Pooran Singh
142, Chopasani
Jodhpur
103
Parfull Naruka
Aasha Ganj
Ajmer
104
Bharat Kumar
Ram Nagar
Udaipur
105
Vijay Kumar
166, Shiv Nagar
Kota
106
Ram Singh
200/ USD Colony
Delhi
107
Vikas Kumar
North Street
Ajmer
30
Account Table
Account No.
Balance
A-10001
50,000
A-20001
25,000
A-20016
35,000
A-40007
1,45,000
A-40013
1,35,000
A-50000
70,000
A-50020
85,000
Depositer Table
Customer ID
Account No.
101
A-10001
102
A-20001
103
A-20016
104
A-40007
105
A-40013
106
A-50000
107
A-50020
;gk Fke Vscy Customer, Customer ds ID, uke] irk] kgj ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrh gS] tcfd
nwljh Vscy vdkmUV] vdkmUV ua- o cSyl
as dh tkudkjh nsrh gS A fdUrq nksuksa Vscy ds e/; Depositer
Table ds ek/;e ls fjysku LFkkfir fd;k x;k A Fke Vscy esa ls Customer ID o f}rh; Vscy
esa Account No. ,d Unique dkWye gks budh lgk;rk ls ge nksuksa VscYl esa fjysku dk irk dj
ldrs gSaA
fjyskuy MkVkcsl cgqr kfDrkkyh gksrh gS] D;ksafd MkVk dSls lacfa /kr gks ;k bls MkVkcsl ls
dSls fudkyk tk;sxk A
fjyskuy ekWMy ds xq.k
1- lai.w kZ MkVk Vscy ds :i esa nfkZr fd;k tkrk gS A
2- MkVk ds e/; fjyskukhi dks dkWye osY;w ls nkkZ;k tkrk gS \
3- ;g MkVkcsl es Qsjcny dh fLFkfr esa ,Iyhdsku izksxzke cnyko ykus dh vko;drk dks
[kRe dj nsrk gSA
4- ;wtj dks MkVkcsl dk mik;ksx djus ds fy, HkkSfrd jpuk Lo:i dh Bhd&Bhd tkudkjh
31
MkVkcsl vo/kkj.kk
gksus dh vko;drk ugha gksrh gSA

5- HkkSfrd jpuk Lo:i es fd, x, fdlh Hkh Qsjcny ds f[kykQ ;wtlZ dks laj{k.k feyrk gSA
6- fjyskUl dh iafDr;ksa dks Tuples o dkWye dks ,VhC;wV Attributes ds :i es mYysf[kr fd;k
tkrk gSA
7- fjysku dk R;sd xq.k dk viuk fofk"V eku gksrk gSA
8- ,VhC;wV ;k dkWye ds fy, osY;w ]osY;wt ds lsV esa ls fudkyh tkrh gSA bl lsV dh Mksesu
dgrs gSA
fjyskuy ekWMy ds ykHk
1- <kapkxr ;k jpukRed LorU=rk %& fjyskuy MkVkcsl ekWMy esa <kapkxr LoraU=rk gSA
%&fjyskuy MkVk ekWMy fMtkbZuj dks HkkSfrd MkVk ds C;kSjksa ls eqDr
2- vo/kkj.kkRed ljyrk %&
j[krk gSA fMtkbulZ MkVkcsl ds ykWftdy O;w ij viuk /;ku dsfUr j[k ldrs gSA
3- fMtkbZu ] fz;kUo;u ]j[kj[kko o mi;ksx esa vklkuh %& fjyskuy MkVkcsl ekWMy MkVk o
<kapkxr LorU=rk nksuksa gkfly djrk gSA ftlds dkj.k MkVkcsl fMtkbZu j[kj[kko kklu vkSj
mi;ksx] vU; ekWMyksa dh rqyuk esa dgha vf/kd vklku gks tkrk gS A
fjyskuy ekWMy dh [kkfe;k %
1 - gkMZos;j esa vfrfjDr [kpZ % fjyskuy MkVkcsl flLVe] f;kUo;u laca/kh tfVyrkvksa
vkSj fQftdy MkVk LVksjst C;kSjks dks ;wtlZ ls fNikdj j[krk gS A bls djus ds fy, vFkkZr ;wtlZ
ds fy, phtsa vklku cukus ds fy, fjyskuy MkVkcsl flLVe dks vf/kd kfDrkkyh gkMZos;j
dEI;wVlZ vkSj MkVk LVksjst lsokvksa dh vko;drk gksrh gS A
2 - fMtkbu dh vklkuh [kjkc fMtkbu dks tUe ns ldrh gS % fjyskuy MkVk ekWMy
esa ;wtlZ dks fQthdy MkVk LVksjt
s ds tfVy C;kSjs tkuus dh vko;drk ugha gS A mUgsa ;g Hkh tkuus
dh vko;drk ugha gS fd MkVk okLro esa dSls LVksj gS o bls dSls ,sDlsl djuk gS A
NETWORK DATA BASE MODEL
usVodZ MkVk ekWMy eas MkVk esa jsdkWMZ o fjyskukhi ds laxzg dks fyad ls nkkZ;k tkrk gS vkSj
bUgsa iksbUZ VlZ ds :i eas ns[kk tk ldrk gS A MkVkcsl dks euekus xzkQ ds laxgz ds :i eas vkWxZus kbZt
fd;k tkrk gS A
School
English
Yogita
Hindi
Pushpendra
Maths
Science
Pawan
fp= 3 Network Models
Gopal
Vinod
usVodZ
123-
32
ekWMy ds xq.k %
usVodZ ekWMy eas MkVk dks jsdkWMZ ,oa fyad }kjk nkkZ;k tkrk gS A
MkVk ds chp fjyskukhi dks fyad vkSj iksbZaVlZ ls nfkZr fd;k tkrk gS A
nks fjdkWMZ ds chp funsZfkr lac/a kksa dks nkkZus ds fy, lsV dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;s
vkuj
fjdkWM~lZ rFkk esEcj fjdkWMZ ds :i esa tkus tkrs gS A
4- lsV esa vkWuj vkSj esEcj fjdkWMZ ds chp ,d o dbZ i : n fjyskukhi gS A
5- lsV esa esEcj fjdkWMZ rks ,d ls T;knk gks ldrs gS] ysfdu vkWuj fjdkWMZ ,d gh gksxk A
usVodZ MkVk ekWMy ds ykHk %
1 - vo/kkj.kkRed ljyrk % usVodZ ekWMy Hkh vo/kkj.kk ds Lrj ij cgqr ljy vkSj fMtkbu
djus esa cgqr vklku gS A
2 - vf/kd fjyskukhi VkbZi dks gsaMy djus esa l{ke % usVodZ ekWMy ,d ls dbZ (i
: m) vkSj dbZ ls dbZ m : m fjyskukhi dks laHkky ldrk gSA okLrfod thou dh fLFkfr;ksa dks
ekWMy djus esa ;g okLrfod enn gS A
3 - MkVk ,Dlsl esa vklkuh % usVodZ ekWMy esa MkVk ,Dlsl vklku vkSj yphyk gS A
4 - MkVk kq)rk % usVodZ ekWMy fdlh Hkh esEcj dks fcuk vkWuj ds ugha jgus nsrk gS A bl
dkj ;wtj dks igys vkuj fjdkWMZ ifjHkkf"kr djuk pkfg, vkSj mlds ckn esEcj fjdkWMZ A blls MkVk
dh kq)rk cuh jgrh gS A
5 - MkVk dh LorU=rk % usVodZ ekWMy esa tfVy fQftdy LVksjst C;kSjksa ls ksxzke dks vyx
djus iwjh rjg ls ugha oks vkafkd :i ls gh lgh ds fy, vPNk gS A ;g dqN gn rd ;g lqfufpr
djrk gS fd MkVk dSjsDVj fLVdl esa ifjorZu ds dkj.k ,Iyhdsku ksxkz e esa Qsjcny dh vko;drk
u gks A
usVodZ ekWMy dh [kkfe;k %
1 - flLVe dkEIysfDlVh % usVodZ ekWMy MkVk dks usohxskuy ,Clsl dh lqfo/kk nsrk gS]
ftlesa MkVk ,d le; ,d gh fjdkWMZ dks ,Dlsl djrk gS A ;g usohxskuy MkVk ,Dlsl esdfs uTe]
flLVe bEiyhesVa sku dks cgqr tfVy cukrk gS rFkk MkVkcsl ,MfeuhLVsVj] MkVk fMtkbZuj] ksxkz elZ
rFkk ,aM ;wtlZ dks MkVk dks ,Dlsl djus ds fy, baVjuy MkVk LVsDpj ls Qsefs y;j gksuk pkfg, A
2 - LVDpjy LorU=rk dh vuqifLFkfr % pwafd MkVkcsl usVodZ ekWMy es MkVk ,Dlsl djus
dh fof/k usohxskuy flLVe gS rks vf/kdrj fLFkfr;ksa esa MkVkcsl ij dksbZ Hkh lajpukRed ifjorZu
dfBu gksrk gS rFkk dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa ;g vlEHko gksrk gS A
gs j kfdZ d yMkVk ekW M y
gsjkfdZdyekWMy] usVodZ ekWMy dh rjg gh bu vFkksaZ esa leku gS fd MkVk rFkk fjyskukhi
dks ek% jsdkWMl
~ Z }kjk nfkZr fd;k tkrk gS A gsjkfdZdyekWMy jsdkWMZ dks Vh esa vksxZsukbZt fd;k
tkrk gSA
MkVkcsl vo/kkj.kk
33
fp= 4 Heirarchical Models

gsjkfdZdy ekWMy ds xq.k %
1- gsjkfdZdy ekWMy esa fjdkWM~l Vh QkeZ esa vkWxsZukbt fd, tkrs gS A
2- gk;dhZ ,d lqO;ofLFkr Vh gS tks le>us esa vklku gS A
3- MkVk ds chp fjyskukhi fjdkWMZ vFkok fyad ls nkkZ;k tkrk gS A
4- Vh dks uksM~l ds lsV ds :i esa fMQkbu fd;k tk ldrk gS] oSls blesa ,d foks"k rkSj ij
funsZk uksM gksrk gS ftls :V dgrs gS A
5- Vh ds lsV esa ,dek= isjaVs gksrk gS isjsaV ds dksbZ Hkh ugha] ,d ;k vf/kd pkbZYM cPps uksMl
~
gks ldrs gSA
6- gsjkfdZdy ekWMy esa isjVas fjdkWMZ vkdjsl
a ds fcuk dksbZ Hkh fMisM
a Vas fjdkWMZ ugha gks ldrk A
gsjkfdZdy MkVk ekWMy ds ykHk %
1 - ljyrk % pwafd MkVkcsl gsjkfdZdyLVDpj ij vk/kkfjr gS fofHkUu ys;lZ ds chp laca/k
ykWftdyh vo/kkj.kkRed :i ls ljy gS A bl rjg gsjkfdZdyMkVkcsl dk fMtkbu ljy gS A
2 - MkVk lwj{kk % gsjkfdZdyekWMy eas MkVk lqjf{kr jgrk gS A
3 - MkVk kq)rk % pwafd gsjkfdZdyekWMy isjsaV@pkbZYM lac/a k ij vk/kkfjr gS blesa geskk isjsaV
vkSj pkbZYM lsxesVa esa fyad cuh jgrh gS A pkbZYM lsxesVa geskk Lopkfyr rjhds ls vius isjVas jsQjsl
a
djrs gSA bl rjg ;g ekWMy MkVk bafVfxzVh dks c<+krk gS A
4 - dk;Z{kerk % gsjkfdZdyMkVkcsl ekWMy cgqr gh dk;Z l{ke lkfcr gksrk gS A tc MkVkcsl
esa cM+h la[;k esa 1 : n fjyskukhi ,d ls dbZ gks vkSj ;wtj dh fQDl fjyskukhi okys MkVk dk
mi;ksx djds cgqr lkjs VkatsDku dh vko;drk gks A
gsjkfdZdy MkVk ekWMy dh [kkfe;k
1 - f;kUo;u dh tfVyrk % gsjkfdZdyMkVkcsl ekWMy vo/kkj.kkRed :i ls ljy gS vkSj
fMtkbu esa Hkh vklku gS] ysfdu vey esa ykus esa dkQh tfVy gS A MkVkcsl fMtkbZulZ dks fQftdy
MkVk LVksjst dk cgqr vPNk Kku gksuk pkfg, A
2 - MkVkcsl eSustesaV dh leL;k, % gsjkfdZdyMkVk ekWMy eas MkVkcsl vkSj ,Iyhdsku dk
j[kj[kko cgqr dfBu gks tkrk gS A
MkVkcsl ysa Xost
1 - MkVk MsfQusku ysaXost DDL % MkVkcsl Ldhek dks fMQkbu djus esa mi;ksx esa ykbZ
34
tkus okyh ysaXost dks MkVk MsfQusku ysaXost DDL dgrs gS A MkVkcsl dks fMQkbu djus ds fy,
mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkus okyh dek.M~l DDL dek.M~l gS A MkVk MsfQusku dek.M~l MkVkcsl LVDpj
ij dk;Z djrh gS A DDL dek.M~l }kjk Vscy dks cukus] Vscy ds LVDpj Ldhek cnyko djus] o
Vscy fMfyV djus ds ;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS A
2 - MkVk esfuI;wysku ysaXost DML % og ysaXost tks ;wtlZ dks MkVk ,Dlsl ;k esfuI;wysV
djus esa ;ksx yh tkrh gS mls MkVk esfuI;wys ku ysaXost dgrs gS A MkVk ,Dlsl ;k esfuI;wysV djus
~ Z
ds fy, mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkus okyh dek.M~l DML dek.M~l dgykrh gS A DML dek.M~l fjdkWMl
ij dk;Z djrh gS A blesa lwpukvksa] balVZ] fMfyku vkSj viMsku dek.M~l kkfey gksxh A DML
ewyr% nks dkj dh gksrh gS &
(i)
kslhtjy MkVk esfuI;wysku ysaXost % blesa ;wtj dks ;g LisflQkbZ djuk
vko;d gS fd fdl MkVk dh vko;drk gS] mls dSls kIr fd;k tk ldrk gS A
ukWu&kslhtjy MkVk esfuI;wysku ysaXost % blesa ;wtj dks dsoy ;g crkuk
(ii)
gksrk gS fd fdl MkVk dh vko;drk gS ukWu&kslhtjy DML esa ;wtj ;g LislhQk; ugha djrk
gS fd MkVk dSls kIr gksxk A
3 - MkVk daVksy ysaXost DCL % MkVkcsl daVksy djus ds fy, mi;ksx dh tkus okyh ysaXost
s djus okyh dek.M~l DCL dek.M~l
dks MkVk daVky
s ysaXost DCL dgrs gS A MkVkcsl dks daVky
dgykrh gS A DCL dk ;ksx foks"kkf/kdkj ds mi;ksx vkSj MkVk dfefVax MkVkcsl daVky
s djrk gSA
4 - Vk atsDku daVksy ysaXost TCL % MkVkcsl ij vkWijsku fu"iknu dh f;k dks
VkatsDku dgrs gS A tc Hkh MkVkcsl ij ,d fufpr VkatsDku fu"ikfnr gksrk gS] rks ;g fu"iknu
daVksy ds vUrxZr gksuk pkfg, A bl vkWijsku dks fu"ikfnr djus ds fy, tks ysaXost ;ksx esa ykbZ
tkrh gS mls VkatDs ku daVky
s ysaXost TCL ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS A
,aVhVh fjys kukhi ekWMy
,aVhVh fjyskukhi ekWMy dk mi;ksx vo/kkj.kkRed MkVk ekWMy cukus esa fd;k tkrk gS A
;g lkWVos;j ls LorU= MkVkcsl ds LVDpj o dULVDs V~l MkVkcsl dks vey esa ykus ds fy, mi;ksxh
gS A blls ,lksfl,V MkVk ekWMy fj;y oYMZ MkVk ds fu;eksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS A
,aVhVh fjyskukhi ekWMy ds ?kVd rRo %
,aVhVh % ,aVhVh fj;y oYMZ esa dksbZ O;fDr] LFkku] oLrq] ?kVuk ;k vo/kkj.kk gksrh gS] tks vU;
lkjs vkWCtsDV ls fHkUu gksrh gS A ,aVhVh es kWiVhZt dk lsV gksrk gS vkSj kWiVhZt ds dqN lsV dh osY;w
fofk"V rjhds ls ,aVhVh dh igpku dj ldrh gS A ,aVhVh ,VhC;wV~l ds lsV ls nkkZbZ tkrh gS A
,aVhVh nks dkj dh gksrh gS &
1
LVksax ,aVhVh % LVkax ,aVhVh og gksrh gS] ftldk vfLrRo vU; ,aVhVh ls LorU= gksrk gSA
1LV
nwljs kCnkssa eas ftl ,aVhVh lsV dh kbejh dh gksrh gS] mls LVkx
a ,aVhVh lsV dgrs gSa A
2ohd
2
ohd ,aVhVh % ohd ,aVhVh og gksrh gS] ftldk vfLrRo fdlh vU; ,aVhVh lsV ij fuHkZj
gksrk gS A nwljs kCnksa esa ,slk ,aVhVh lsV ftlds ikl kbejh dh cukus ds fy, i;kZIr ,VhC;wV ugha
gks mls ohd ,aVhVh lsV dgrs gSA
,aVhVh lsV % ,aVhVh lsV] leku dkj dh ,aVhVh dk lsV gksrk gS] bu ,aVhVh dh kWiVhZ ;k
,VhC;wV leku gksrs gS A ,aVhVh lsV dks vk;rkdkj ckWDl }kjk nfkZr fd;k tkrk gS A
MkVkcsl vo/kkj.kk
35
tSls %& fdlh cSad ds xzkgdksa dk lsV

Customer
& fdlh cSad foks"k }kjk fn, x, lHkh dkj ds _.k

Loan
,VhC;wV~l % ,VhC;wV~l dks ,aVhVh dh kWiVhZ ;k djsDVj LVhDl ds :i esa fMQkbu fd;k tk
ldrk gS A R;sd ,aVhVh lsV esa blds lkFk tqM+s ,VhC;wV dk lsV gksrk gS A ,VhC;wVl
~ dks v.Mkdkj
vkfr (Oval Shape) }kjk nfkZr fd;k tkrk gS A
fp= 5 Attribute of Customer

1 - flaiy vkSj daiksftV ,VhC;wV~l % flaiy ;k ,VkWCustomer_Street
fed ,VhC;wV~l os gksrs gS tks Customer_City
NksVs
lcikVZ mifgLlksa esa ugha ckaVs tk ldrs gS A mnkgj.k ds fy, ,VhC;wV LVwMsaV jksy uEcj dks
mifgLlksa eas ugha foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS A daiksftV ,VhC;wV~l os gksrs gS] ftUgsa vkSj NksVs fgLlksa
Customer_Name
eas ckaVk tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,VhC;wV LVwMsaVCustomer_Id
use dh rhu miHkkxks esa foHkkftr fd;k tk
ldrk gS A Fke uke] e/; uke] vafre uke A
2 - flaxy osY;w vkSj efYV osY;w ,VhC;wV~l % flaxy osY;w ,VhC;wV~l ogCustomer
gksrs gS] ftlesa
dsoy ,d gh osY;w gksrh gS A mnkgj.k & ,d vdkmaV cSyal
s esa dbZ ckj esa ,d gh osY;w gks ldrh
gS A ;g flaxy osY;w ,VhC;wV dk gh mnkgj.k gS A
efYVosY;w ,VhC;wV] og ,VhC;wV gS] ftlesa ,d ls vf/kd osY;w laHko gS A tSls ,d O;fDr ds
,d ls T;knk Qksu uEcj lEHko gS A
3 - fMjkbZo ,VhC;wV~l % ,slk ,VhC;wV tks fdlh vU; lacaf/kr ,VhC;wV ls fy;k x;k gS] mls
fMjkbZo ,VhC;wV~l dgrs gS A tSls fdlh deZpkjh dh mez Age dh x.kuk MsV vkWQ cFkZ ls dh
tkrh gS A
4 - uy ,VhC;wV % ,slk ,VhC;wV ftlesa uy osY;w gks ldrh gSA uy ,VhC;wV dgykrk gS A uy
osY;w dk mi;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc ,aVhVh ds ikl ,VhC;wV ds fy, osY;w ugha gksrh gS A mnkgj.k
ds fy, fdlh ,aVhVh ,EIyksbZ ds ,VhC;wV Qksu uEcj esa osY;w gks Hkh ldrh gS vkSj ugha Hkh gks ldrh
gS A lHkh deZpkfj;ksa ds ikl Qksu gks] ;g t:jh ugha A ;gk Qksu uEcj uy ,VhC;wV gS A
esfiax dULVsaV~l
E-R baVjkbtst Ldhek dqN dULVsaV~l dks ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrk gS A MkVkcsl ds daVsV dks
36
ftuds vuq:i gksuk pkfg, A bl f;k dks esfiax dULVsV~l dgrs gS A

fjys kukhi %
1 - ,d ls ,d fjyskukhi (One to One Relationship) % A esa ,d ,aVhVh B dh
vf/kd ls vf/kd ,d ,aVhVh vkSj B esa ,d ,aVhVh A dh vf/kd ls vf/kd ,d ,aVhVh ls tqM+h gksuh
pkfg,A
a1
b1
a2
b2
a3
b3
a4
b4
fp= 5 One to One Relationship

2 - ,d ls vusd fjyskukhi (One to Many Relationship) % A esa ,d ,aVhVh B esa
fdruh Hkh la[;k esa ,aVhVh ls tqM+h gks ldrh gS A gkykafd B esa ,d ,aVhVh A esa vf/kd ls vf/kd
,d ,aVhVh ls tqM+ ldrh gS A
a5
b3
a4
b2
a3
b1
a2
a1
fp= 6 One to Many Relationship

3 - vusd ls ,d fjyskukhi (Many to One Relationship) %
blesa A esa ,d ,aVhVh vf/kd ls vf/kd B dh ,d ,aVhVh ls tqM+ ldrh gS A gkykafd B
esa ,d ,aVhVh A esa fdruh Hkh la[;k ,aVhVht ls tqM+ ldrh gS A
a1
a2
b1
a3
b2
a4
b3
a5
fp= 7 Many to One Relationship
37
MkVkcsl vo/kkj.kk
4 - vusd ls vusd fjyskukhi (Many to Many Relationship) % A esa ,d ,aVhVh B esa

fdruh Hkh la[;k esa ,aVhVht ls tqM+ ldrh gS vkSj B esa Hkh ,d ,aVhVh A esa fdruh Hkh la[;k esa
,aVhVht ls tqM+ ldrh gS A
a1
b1
a2
b2
a3
b3
a4
b4
fp= 8 Many to Many Relationship

E-R Mk;xz ke
MkVkcsl ds vksojvkWy ykWftdy LVDpj dks xzkfQd :i eas E-R Mk;xzke ls O;Dr fd;k tk
ldrk gS A bl Mk;xzke okyh rduhd dh rqyukRed ljyrk rFkk fp=kRed Li"Vrk E-R ekWMy ds
O;kid mi;ksx eas dkQh fgLlk j[krh gS A
E-R Mk;xzke ijEijk, % E-R Mk;xzke esa ,aVhVht vkSj ,VhC;wVl
~ dks nkkZus dh dqN
Fkk, gS &
1- ,aVhVht dks pkSdksj ckWDl ls nkkZ;k tkrk gS vkSj ,aVhVh dk uke vk;rkdkj ckDl eas
gksrk gSA
2- ,VhC;wV dks lacfa /kr ,aVhVh ls ykbZu ds tfj;s tqMh+ vaMkdkj vkfr ls fn[kk;k tkrk gS vkSj
bls ,VhC;wV use ls ysoy fd;k tkrk gS A
3- ,aVhVh use dks dsfiVy vijdsl vkSj ,VhC;wV use dks Leky ykWojdsl ysVj esa fy[kk
tkrk gS A
4- kbejh dh dks vaMjykbZu fd;k tkrk gS A
5- ,VhC;wV~l dks ,aVhVht ls ykbZu ds tfj;s tksM+k tkrk gS A
E-R Model esa ;ksx fd;s tkus okys flacy %
dh Key
dh og ,VhC;wV ;k ,VhC;wV~l ds lsV gS ftudk mi;ksx ,aVhVh lsV esa ,d ,aVhVh dks nwljh
ls vyx djus esa fd;k tkrk gS A
kbZejh dh % kbejh dh R;sd fjdkWMZ eas ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd QhYM dk lewg gksrk gS] tks
fd R;sd fjdkWMZ dks vyx ls nfkZr djrk gS A ;g MkVk ds eku dh ,d ls vf/kd fof"V dks
jksdrh gS A fdlh Vscy esa fjdkWMZ dks ;wfud rjhds ls vk;MsafVQkbZ djus ds fy, dkWye esa ,aVj dh
xbZ lkjh osY;wt ;wfud gksuh pkfg, vkSj mlesa dksbZ uy osY;wt ugha gksuh pkfg,A
Qksjsu dh % Qksjsu dh dk ;ksx nks VscYl ds e/; laca/k LFkkfir djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gS] nksuksa Vscy ds e/; de ls de ,d QhYM dkWeu gksuk pkfg, A Fke Vscy esa ;g dh
kbZejh dh dgykrh gS ,oa nwljh Vscy esa ;g dh Qksjus dh dgykrh gS A Qksjus dh dk eku ckj&
38
ckj vk ldrk gSA
Strong Entity
Associative
Entity
Weak Entity
Attribute
Relationship
Multi-valued
Attribute
Primary Key
Derived
Attribute
Many To
Many
Relationship
Many To One
Relationship
One To One
Relationship
One To Many
Relationship
fp= 9 E-R Model esa ;ksx fd;s tkus okys flacy %

lwij dh % ;g ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd ,VhC;wV dk lsV gksrk gS] tks fofk"V rjhds ls fdlh
,aVhVh lsV esa ,aVhVh dks igpku ldrk gS A lwij dh ds fdlh lwij lsV dks Hkh lwij dh ds :i esa
fy;k tk ldrk gS A tSls fd ,d ,aVhVh ds pkj ,VhC;wV A, B, C vkSj D gS] ;fn ,VhC;wV A fdlh
,aVhVh dh fofk"V igpku dj ldrk gS rks A ml ,aVhVh ds fy, lwij dh gS A blh rjg fdlh
,VhC;wV ;k ,VhC;wV dk ,VhC;wV ds lkFk dkWfEcusku lwij dh dgyk ldrk gS A {AB}, {AC},
{AD}, {ABC}, {ABD}, {ACD} vkSj {A, B, C, D} dks lwij dh dgk tk ldrk gS A
MkVkcsl vo/kkj.kk
39
Concept of RDBMS using SQL : sql dk okLrfod laLdj.k IBM dEiuh }kjk San Jose
Research Lab esa cuk;k x;kA IBM ds }kjk cuk;h Hkk"kk dk uke Sequal FkkA Sequal Hkk"kk esa dqN
cnyko djds bls sql uke fn;k x;k ftld iwjk uke LVsDpj DoSjh ySaXost gSA sql us vkt [kqn dks
lkQ :i ls Relational database Language ds :i esa LFkkfir dj fy;k gSA
1986 esa American National Institute rFkk International Organization for Standardization
us sql ds ekud cuk;s ftls sql-86 dgk x;kA vkt t:jr ds vuqlkj sql dks vkSj vf/kd foLr`r fd;k
x;k gSA bldk vk/kqfud laLdj.k sql 1999 gSA
SQL esa fjyskuy MkVkcsl dks mfpr izdkj ls O;ofLFkr djus ds fy;s cgqr ls Hkkx gSa tks
fuEu gSa %&

1. DDL Datadefination language : blds }kjk dek.M dke esa ysdj Relation scheme dks
fMQkbZu esa fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk fjyskUl dks fMfyV o eksfMQkbZ fd;k tkrk gSA
2. Interactive data manipalation_language (DML): ;s fjyskuy ,sytczk o V;wiy
fjyskuy dSYdwyl ij vk/kkfjr LVsVesUV gksrs gSAa blds }kjk u;s fjdkWMZ tksMs tkrs gSAa iqjkus esa cnyko
fd;k tk ldrk gSA rFkk gVk;k Hkh tk ldrk gSA
3. View defination : blesa SQL DDL LVsVesUV gksrs gSa ftuls Viewdks cuk;k tkrk gSA
4. Transaction : blds }kjk Trnasaction dh kq:vkr o vUr dks crk;k tkrk gSA
5. Embedded SQL and dynamic SQL : blds }kjk crk;k tkrk gS fd SQL
LVsVesUV fdl rjQ vU; izksxzkfeax Hkk"kkvksa ds lkFk dk;Z dj ldsaxsA
6. Integrity : SQL ds DDL LVsVesUV ds }kjk Constraints yxk;s tkrs gSa ftudk ikyu djds
gh MkVk Vscy esa LVksj gks ldrk gSA budk ikyu uk djus okys MkVk [kkfjt dj fn;s tkrs gSAa
7. Authorization : SQL ds DDL LVsVesUV ds }kjk MkVk dks Access djus ds vf/kdkj fn;s
tkrs gSaA fjysku MkVkcsl esa MkVkcsl dk lewg gksrk gSA ftudk ,d vyx uke gksrk gSA fdlh SQL
lehdj.k dk ,d csfld LVDpj gksrk gSA ftlds rhu Hkkx Select, from o Where gksrs gSAa
Select : ;g Projection Operatin ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA ;g mu vVhC;wV ds uke nsus ds fy;s
mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA ftUgsa ge vkmViqV esa ns[kuk pkgrs gSAa
From : ;g Cortesion_product ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA blds }kjk ml fjysku dks crk;k tkrk
gS ftlls ,Dlizsku dks izkIr gksrk gSA
Where : ;g Selection operation ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA ;gka vVhC;wV ls lEcfU/kr d.Mhku
dks crk;k tkrk gSA tks From clause dh Vscy ij ykxw fd;s tkrs gSaA
Data Mining :- MkVk ekbZfuax dks lk/kkj.k rkSj ij cM+s MkVk csl ls pkgs x;s mi;ksxh MkVk
fudkyus dh rduhd dgk tk ldrk gSA vkfVZfQfk;y bUVsyhtsUlh o lkaf[;dh ds {ks= esa mi;ksxh
gSA MkVk ekbZfuax ekhu yfuZax ls vUrj j[krh gSA tks LFkk;h :i ls LVksj fd;s x;s gksrs gSa ls pkgs
x;s vkadMksa dks pquus dk dk;Z djrh gSA vr% MkVk ekbfuaax MkVkcsl ls ukWyt
s yssus dk dk;Z
djrh gSA
bl izdkj dh ukWyt
s fMLdojh gsrq dqN fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk gksrk gSA tSls ,d ;qod ftudh
ekfld vk; 50]000 ls vf/kd gS NksVh dkj ysuk ilUn djrs gSaA ;g fu;e geskk lR; ugha gksrk
gSA rFkk blds lgh gksus dk vuqikr vyx&vyx gks ldrk gSA nwljh rjg dh ukWyst lehdj.kksa ds
40
}kjk vyx&vyx ,d nwljs ls lEcfU/kr pjksa ds }kjk iznfkZr dh tkrh gSA ftuesa dqN pj dk eku
gesa Kkr gksrk gSA LVksj fd;s x;s MkVk vyx&vyx rjg gks ldrs gSsa ftUgsa izkIr djus ds fy;s
vyx&vyx rjhdk dke esa ysuk gksrk gSA
lk/kkjr;k MkVk ekbZfuax esa ,d oS;fDrd Hkkx gksrk gS tks izkslfs lax ls iwoZ Lohdk;Z iSVuZ tkapus
dk dk;Z djrk gSA rFkk nwljk Hkkx MkVk ds ipkr fudkys x;s MkVk ls mi;qDZr }kjk pquus dk dk;Z
djrk gSA ,slk lEHko gS fd fdlh MkVk esa cgqr ls mi;ksxh iSVuZ gksaA vr% muesa ls mi;qDZr dk pquko
djus ds fy;s oS;fDrd rkSj ij pquko djuk gksrk gSA blh dkj.k MkVk ekbZfuax dks v()ZLopkfyr
fof/k ekuk x;k gSA
Data Warehousing :- cM+h dEifu;kasa ds dbZ txg ij dk;kZy; gksrs gSaA gj dk;kZy; esa cgqr
cMs MkVk ,d= fd;s tkrs gSaA tSls & bUkksusUl dEiuh rFkk dkWyt
s cgqr cM+h la[;k esa gksrs gSa vkSj
gj yksdy dEiuh o dkWyst esa vkadM+ksa dh la[;k gtkjksa yk[kksa esa gks ldrh gSA blds vykok bu
dEiuh o dkWyt
s ksa esa vyx&vyx Js.kh esa iz.kkyh esa Hkh vUrj gks ldrk gSA tSls ,d mRiknd dEiuh
vius }kjk mRikfnr izkM
s sDV dh tkudkjh j[kus ds fy;s vyx&vyx MkVkcsl dk mi;ksx djrh gSA
ysfdu fokys"kd bu lHkh vkadMksa dk mi;ksx djrh gSA ftlls fd lgh fu.kZ; fy;s tk ldsa mlds
}kjk dke esa ykbZ xbZ rduhd vyx gks ldrh gSA blds vykok MkVkcsl esa T;knkrj orZeku MkVk
gh lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldrk gSA tcfd fokys"kd iwoZ MkVk Hkh mi;ksx esa ysrs gSaA MkVkos;j gkml bUgh
leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djrk gSA
MkVkos;j gkml fofHkUu lk/kuksa ds ek/;eksa ls izkIr lwpuk,sa lap; djus dk rjhdk gSA MkVkos;j
gkml dks ,d ckj fufeZr djus ds ckn yEcs le; rd iqjkuk MkVk LVksj fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr%
MkVkos;j gkml mi;ksxdrkZ dks ,d ,fdr rjhdk miyC/k djkrk gSA vkSj fokys"kd MkVkos;j
gkml ls MkVk izkIr djrs oDr lqfufpr dj yssrs gSa fd bl izf;k ds nkSjku vkWuykbZu flLVe dh
dk;Ziz.kkyh izHkkfor uk gksA
Data Dictionary :- dqN le; igys rd ge izLrqfrdj.k ds lac/a k dks gh ekurs FksA ,d
fjyskuy MkVks csl flLVe dks laca/k ds vuqlkj MsVk dks O;ofLFkr djus dh vko;drk gksrh gSA
tSls lEcU/kkas dk vkUrfjd Lo:i (Schema) bl izdkj dh lwpukvksa dks MsVk fMDkujh ;k dsVykWx
dgrs gSaA
fuEufyf[kr esa ls lwpukvksa dks fdlh Hkh izdkj ls lap; fd;k tk ldrk gS %&
1- lEcU/kksa dk uke
2- lEcU/kh ds xq.kksa dk uke
3- xq.kksa dh yEckbZ o Mksesu
4- MsVkcsl esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;s x;s O;w dk uke] O;w dh ifjHkk"kk
5- la;qDr ikcfUn;k (Integrity constraints)
blh ds lkFk] fofHkUu flLVe blh izdkj dk MkVk ;wtj ds flLVe ij j[krs gSa %&
1- ekU; mi;ksxdrkZ dk uke
2- mi;ksxdrkZ dh okf.kfT;d lwpuk
3- vU; lwpuk tSls ikloMZ tks fd ;wtj&dh ekU;rk dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA
MsVkcsl esa lEcU/kksa dk lkaf[;dh o foLr`r MsVk fd;k tkrk gS tSls %
MkVkcsl vo/kkj.kk
41
1- lEcU/kksa esa vkus okys fjdkWMZ dh la[;k

2- lEcU/kksa dks lap; djus dk rjhdk
MsVk fMDkujh esa lapf;r laxBu dks Hkh eq[; :i fn;k x;k gSA tSls ghi] gSk vkfn
1- ;fn lEcU/k vkiWjsfVax flLVe QkbZy esa lap; fd;k x;k gS rks fMDlujh ml QkbZy dk uke lqjf{kr
djsxhA
2- ;fn MsVk csl ds lHkh lEcU/k ,d gh QkbZy esa gS rks fMDlujh mu lHkh fjdkW M Z dk
CykWd lqjf{kr djsxhA tSls fyad fyLV ds lekuA
gesa izR;sd bUMsDl ds ckjs esa lwpuk vkSj izR;sd fjysku dh vko;drk gksrh gS tks fuEu izdkj gS %&
1- bUMsDl dk uke
2- lEcU/k dk uke ftlls bUMsDl fd;k x;k gSA
3- og xq.k ftl ij bUMsDl ifjHkkfkr fd;k x;k gSA
4- bUMsDl cukus ds izdkj
bl izdkj dh lHkh lwpukvksa o izHkko fefups;j MsVkcsl dgykrs gSaA dqN MsVkcsl bl izdkj dh
lwpukvksa dks foks"k izdkj ds MsVk LVDpj o dksM esa lap; djrs gSaA eq[; :i ;s ;g izpfyr gS fd
MsVkcsl ds fy;s MsVk lap; MsVkcsl esa gh lap; gksuk pkfg,A flLVe dk izdkj MsVk dSls iznfkZr gks
bldk fu.kZ; flLVe fMtkbZuj djrk gSA ,d lEHkkfor izLrqfrdj.k fuEu izdkj gSA ftlesa izkbejh
dh dks js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA
MetaData :- fdlh MsVk os;j gkml ds fy;s esVkMkVk cukuk ,d vR;kf/kd dfBu dk;Z gSA
esVk kCn ,d xzhd kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gS lkFk essa] ckn esa vkSj dksbZ ,d
esVk MkVk ,d lwpuk gS tks fd vU; tkudkjh iznku djrh gSA MsVkos;j gkml esa esVkMkVk
fofHkUu izdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fy;s mi;ksx esa yh tkrh gSA esVk MkVk ds lEcU/k esa lwpuk dks dgk
tkrk gSA esVk MkVk dks fuEu ds fy;s mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS %&
1- MsVk dks cnyuk vkSj yksM djus gsrq
2- MsVk dh O;oLFkk ds fy;s
3- DoSjh dks cukus gsrq
Relation-Metadata (relation-name, no_of-Attribute, Storage-org, locaility)
Attribute_Metadata (Athivute-naem, relation-name, domain_type, position, length)
Index-Metadata(Index-name, relation-name, index-type, ind-attribute)
View-Metadata(view-name, defination)
Object Oriented modeling using UML : fdlh lkWVos;j flLVe esa ER Diagram MkVk
dks fjiztsUV djus okys dEiksusUV ds :i esa enn djrk gSA gkykafd MkVk fjiztUs Vsku fdlh flLVe
dk ,d ikVZ gh cukrk gS] flLVe ds nwljs Hkkx ;wtj bUVjsdku] ekWMy dk LislhfQdsku rFkk bu
Hkkxksa dk vkil esa lEcU/k gSaA
;wfuQkbZM ekWMfyax ySaXost ,d LVs.MMZ gS tks fd vkWCtsDV eSustesUV xzqi ds }kjk cuk;h x;h
gSA ;g ySaXost flLVe ds fofHkUu dEiksusUV dk LislhfQdsku rS;kj djus esa lgk;d gSA
UML ds fuEu Hkkx gSa&
* Class diagram: ;g E-R Mk;xzke tSlk gksrk gSA
* Use-case-diagram : ;g Mk;xzke flLVe o ;wtj esa bUVjsDku dks crkus dk dk;Z djrk
42
gSA eq[; :i ls mu LVsi dks crkrk gS tks ;wtj fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy; mi;ksx esa ykrk gSA
* Activity Diagram : bl Hkkx }kjk fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s flLVe ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa
esa fdl izdkj lkeatL; yks gksrk gS] crk;k tkrk gSA
Inplementation diagram : ;g flLVe dEiksusUV o muds bUVjdusDku dks crkrk gSA blesa
gkMZos;j dEiksusUV o lkWVos;j dEiksuUs V kkfey gksrs gSAa
UML entity sets dks box ds :i esa iznfkZr djrk gSA UML okLro esa vkWCtsDV dks cukrh gSA
vkWCtsDV ,sUVhVh dh rjg gksrs gSa vkSj muds vVhC;wV Hkh gksrs gSa ij ;s lkFk gh QaXku esFkM ds cukrs
gSa tks vVhC;wV fn;s tkus ij vkWCtsDV }kjk fd;k tk;sxk rFkk lkFk gh ;s vkWCtsDV dks viVwMsV djrs
gSaA
ge UML ds }kjk ckbusjh lEcU/kksa dks Hkh crk ldrs gSaA blds fy;s flQZ nks ,sUVhVh dks tksM+us
okyh ykbu cuk;h tkrh gSA vkSj bl ykbu ij fjyskufki dk uke fy[k fn;k tkrk gSA bl ykbu
ij ge jksy uEcj fy[k dj ;g Hkh crk ldrs gSa fd ,d ,sUVhVh fdlh fjyskufki esa D;k jksy vnk
dj jgh gSA
UML 1.3 ukWu ckbusjh fjyskufki dks liksVZ djrk gSA bls fjiztUs V djus ds fy;s igys ckbujh
fjysku esa cnyk tkrk gSA
UML esa dULVsUV Hkh mlh izdkj crk;s tkrs gSa tSls fd ER ekWMy esAa budh QkeZ l...h ls fn[kkbZ
tkrh gSA tgka l ls de ls de o h T;knk ls T;knk fjyskufki dks nkkZrk gS tks fd dksbZ ,sUVhVh
fuHkkrh gSA ;gka dUlVsUV dks Lrj E-R Mk;xzke esa dULVsUV ds Lrj dk foifjr gksrk gSA tSls fp=
esa crk;k x;k gSA
dUlVsUV 0...* E2 lkbM esa rFkk 0---1 E, lkbZM esa ;g crkrk gS fd E2 ,sUVhVh flQZ ,d
fjyskufki esa rFkk E1 ,sUVhVh cgqr lh fjyskufki esa Hkkx ys ldrh gSA nwljs kCnksa esa dg ldrs
gSa fd E1 ls E2 esa fjyskufki esuh Vw esuh gSA ,d eku tSls 1 o * fdlh ,d lkbZM fy[kk tkrk
gSA vkSj ,d eku 1 fdlh lkbZM 1...1, k rFkk * 0...* cjkcj ekuk tkrk gSA
UML ds }kjk tujyykbZts ku o LislhykbZts ku dks cukus ds fy;s ykbZu ds ,d fljs ij
f=Hkqt ds }kjk tksM+k tkrk gS ;g f=Hkqt tujy ,sUVhVh lsV dh vksj gksrk gSA tSlk fd ,sUVhVh lsV
- Person costumer vkSj Employee dk tujykbZts ku gSA
UML fp= disjoint constreints o tujykbZts ku ij Overlaping dks Hkh vyx ls crkrk gSA
;g fp= esa Costmer ;k Employee dk Person ls crk;k x;k gSA ;fn Costmer ;k Employee dk
Person ls fMltksbV tujykbZts ku gS rks bldk eryc gS fd dkssbZ Hkh Costmer o Employee nksuksa
ugha gks ldrkA ,d Overlapping Gevieralization ;g btktr nsrk gS fd ,d Person ,d
Costmer rFkk Employee nksuksa gks ldrk gSA
Client-Server System :- tSls O;fDrxr dEI;wVj QkLV] vf/kd o l{ke o lLrs gksrs tk
jgs gaSA os lsUVykbt flLVe ls nwjh cuk jgs gSaA ;s dEI;wVj lsUVjykbt flLVe ls tqM+s VfeZuy dh
txg ysrs tk jgs gSaA blds vljLo:i vkt lsUVj flLVe loZj dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa tks Client
flLVe dh Request dks Satisfy djrs gSaA fuEu fp= esa Client server dk LVDpj crk;k x;k gSA
MkVkcsl vo/kkj.kk
fp= 10 UML
43
44
Client 1
Client 2
Client 4
Client 3
Server
Network
fp= 11 Client-Server System
MkVkcsl ds dk;Z nks Hkkxksa esa CkaVs gksrs gSaA Front end rFkk Back End
SQL User
Interface
Form
Interface
Report
Writer
Graphical
Interface
Front End
Interface (SQL+API)
SQL Engine
Back End
fp= 12 Front end rFkk Back End

Back end MkVk dks dke esa ysus dk rjhds dk fu;af=r Optimize, Concurrency control o
recovery dk dk;Z djrk gSA ogha Front End dqN [kkl VwYl forms, report vkSj GUI ls lEcfU/kr
gksrk gSA bu nksuksa End ds e/; lkeatL; cSBkus dk dke SQL ;k ,sIyhdsku izksxzke ds }kjk fd;k
tkrk gSA
OBBC o JDBC ekud Client o Server ds e/; Interface dk dk;Z djus ds fy;s fufeZr fd;s
x;s gSAa igys Client o Server lkWVos;j ,d gh dEiuh }kjk miYc/k djk;s tkrs FksA ysfdu rduhd
esa o`f) gksus ds dkj.k Front-End user interface o back End Server vyx&vyx dEiuh }kjk
miyC/k djk;s tkrs gSaA Application development Tools dks ;wtj bUVjQsl ds fy;s dke esa fy;k
tkrk gSA
vk/kqfud ;qx esa fdlh usVodZ esa ;fn vyx&vyx dk;Z ds fy;s vyx&vyx foks"kK dEI;wVj
yxk fn;s tkrs gSaA rFkk ;s dEI;wVj vius dk;Z ds vykok nwljk dk;Z ugha djrs loZj dgykrs gSaA
rFkk vU; dEI;wVj tks flQZ yksdy izkslsflax dk dk;Z djrs gSaA rFkk nwljs dk;kZsa ds fy;s foks{kK
dEI;wVj ij vk/kkfjr jgrs gSa DykabVZ dEI;wVj dgykrs gSAa bl rjg dk usVodZ DykbaV&loZj usVodZ
45
MkVkcsl vo/kkj.kk
dgykrk gSA bl flLVe esa yksdy o Xykscy nksuksa izdkj dh izkl

s fs lax djk;h tkrh gSA vkSj ;s izkl
s fs lax
iwoZ fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA fd DykabV D;k dk;Z djsaxs o loZj D;k dk;Z djsaxsA
vvvvvvvvvcvcvcvvvv
vH;kl iz'u H;kl iz'u %
vvvvvvvvvcvcvcvvvvvH;kl
cgq p ;ukRed iz ' u
1-
fjysku MkVkcsl esa MkVkcsl dk vFkZ gSA

v rdZ
c Vsfcy
l fjrk
n laca/k
2MkVkcsl ,Iyhdsku ds eq[; Hkkx gSA
v .V,s.M] csd ,.M
c ;wtj] MkVk
l Vsfcy] MkVk
n MkVk] fQYM
3fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa dEI;wVj ds mi;ksx ls laHko gSA
v le; dh cpr
c esu ikoj dh cpr
l x.kuk;sa de djuk
n mijksDr lHkh
4,sUVhVh ls vFkZ gSA
v Vsfcy
c fQYM
l fjdkWMZ
n buesa ls dksbZ ugha
5,l-D;w-,y-dk iwjk uke gSA
v flDosal DoSjh ySaXost
c lsUVsDl DoSjh ySXost
l LVDpj DoSjh ySaXost
n mijksDr lHkh
6vVhC;wV dk izdkj ugha gSA
v flaxy
c eYVhoSY;wM
l dEiksftV
n Mcy
vfry?kqjkRed izu
1 - ;wtj bUVjQsl dk vFkZ gSA
2- MkVkcsl dks ifjHkkf"kr djksA
3- ,sUVhVh D;k gSA
4- vaVhC;wV D;k gksrs gSaA
5- loZj dk eq[; dke D;k gSA
y?kq j kRed iz u
1- ER Mk;xzke dks le>kvksa
2- ER Mk;xzke esa dke vkus okys fofHkUu fp= dkSuls gSAa
3- fofHkUu izdkj dh fjyskufki dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kvksa
4- fk{kk ds {ks= esa MkVkcsl eSustesUV flLVe dk D;k dk;Z gSA
5- MkVk fefuax D;k gSA
6- esVk MkVk dk D;k mi;ksx gksrk gSA
7- flLVe MoyiesUV ykbZi lkbfdy ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[kksA
fucU/kkRed iz u
1- DBMS dh mi;ksfxrk ij ys[k fyf[k,A
2- fjysku MkVkcsl flLVe D;k gSA bldk ego crkbZ;sA
3- .V,s.M o cSd,.M D;k gSA ;g D;kas vko;d gSA
4- MkVkos;j gkl ij ys[k fy[ksaA
5- UML dk fdl izdkj mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
**********
46
v/;k;&3
ekbZkslkWV fotqvy csfld

MICROSOFT VISUAL BASIC
Visual Basic 6 esa izkx
s zkej Form o Control ds vk/kkj ij Application cukrs gSaSA tks Application ds eq[; ro gSAa blds vfrfjDr VB6 vusd VwYl dks voyEc iznku djrh gSA tks Application
cukus esa enn djrs gSaA

VB6 dks foks"kr% bUVjusV dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s cuk;k tkrk gSA blesa vusd ,sls Control
gSaA tks Web Based Application cukus esa enn djrs gSaA bUgsa Active X Executable dgk tkrk gSA
;s Stand Alone Application dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSaA bUgsa Internet Explorer ds }kjk Access fd;k
tk ldrk gSA blds u;s xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij Distributed Application Hkh cuk ldrs gSaA
otqvy csfld 6 dh foks"krk,sa %&
fotq
blds yphysiu ds dkj.k ge VB esa jgrs gq, ekbZkslkWV fotqvy LVwfM;ks ds vU; lkWVos;lZ
ds VwYl dks Hkh iz;ksx esa yk ldrs gSaA blesa cgqy MkWD;weaVs l bUVjQsl MDI ,dy MkWD;weaVs l
bUVjQsl SDI rFkk foUMkst ,DlIyksjj dks dke esa ysdj NksVs&cMs ,Iyhdsku dk fuekZ.k ljyrk ls
dj ldrs gSA
VB ds u;s laLdj.k esa vkWuykbZu gsYi Hkh miyC/k gSA
INTRODUCTION :
dEI;wVj dks funZsk nsus ds fy;s dbZ izdkj dh dksfMax dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk gSA vk/kqfud ;qx
Visual izkx
s kfeax dk gSA D;ksafd dEI;wVj izksxzkEl dks Visual okrkoj.k esa cukuk cgqr gh vklku
gksrk gSA
bl Visual Environment dks GUI ;k xzkfQdy ;wtj bUVjQsl dk uke fn;k x;k gS vkSj
ekbkslkWV dEiuh us iwoZ esa py jgh Basic izkx
s kfeax Hkk"kk dks Visualize djds Visual Basic 4 ds
uke ls izLrqr fd;k bl Hkk"kk dh lQyrk ds ckn bls vkSj vf/kd csgrj cukus ds fy;s le;≤
ij blesa u;h foks"krk,sa lEefyr djds u;s laLdj.k ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;kA ifj.kkeLo:i vc
bUVjusV ds bl vk/kqfud ;qx esa izksxkfeax Hkk"kk fiNM+h ugha gS vkSj u;k laLdj.k Visual Basic 6 esa
bUVjusV lEcfU/kr foks"krkvksa dk lekosk fd;k x;k gSA
Visual Basic 6 esa IDE ds bUVhxzsVsM MoyiesUV ,suok;jesUV dks vkSj vf/kd vkd"kZd cukdj
blesa vusd u;s Tool kkfey fd;s x;s gSa tks Visual Programming dks vkSj vf/kd ljy cukrs gSaA
izksxzke ,fMVj % VB esa tc dksM fy[ks tkrs gS] rks dksM foUMks esa LVsVesUV vkSj QaDku fy[kus
ds lkFk gh gesa mldk flUVsDl D;k gksxk irk py tkrk gS rFkk vU; isjkehVj ds ckjs esa MkiMkmu
lwph iznfkZr gksrh gSA ftlls okafNr iSjkehVj pqus tk ldrs gSa tks Error dh lEHkkouk dks de
djrs gSaA
VB ds u, laLdj.k esa fdlh izzksxzke esa ;fn dksbZ xyrh gS] rks mls NksVs&NksVs CykWDl esa ckaVdj
47
<w<a ldrs gSa vkSj mls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d CykWd esa fdruh Hkh ykbZUl dks j[kk tk ldrk gSA
s MoyiesUV ,sUok;jesUV] fdlh ,sIyhdsku dks fodflr djus ds fy,
IDE foUMks % bUVhxzsVM
,dhr fodkl dk okrkoj.k miyC/k djkrk gSA
VB6 esas vkWCtsDV czkmtj ds }kjk lh/ks dksM ij igqp
a dj mlls lEcfU/kr tkudkjh yh tk ldrh
gSA blesa fMcx foUMks dks tksMk x;k gSA tks yksdy osjh;soy ds ekuksa dks nkkZrh gSA
Vwyckj % blesa dek.Ml vkbdkWu ds :i esa kkfey gSa ftUgs ekml ds fDyd }kjk pyk;k tk
ldrk gSA blesa ,d QkeZ ,fMVj Vwyckj gS] ftlls QkeZ dk ,ykbesUV] vkdkj rFkk ykWd lqfo/kk
dks fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fotkMZl %& VB-6 esa yxHkx lHkh izdkj ds dk;kZas dks ljyrk ls djus ds fy, fotkMZ
miyC/k gSA ftudh lgk;rk ls izksxzkej kh?kzrk ls dk;Z dj ldrk gSA
VsEiysV %& VsEiysV igys ls cus gq, ,sls QaDku gksrs gSa] ftUgsa izkstsDV ds vUrxZr fdlh dk;Z
dks lEiUu djus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA VB-6 esa bu VsEiysV dh la[;k Hkh i;kZIr gSA
ftUgas dke esa ysdj izksxzkej Rofjr xfr ls dk;Z dj ldrk gSA
IDE :- (Integrated Develpment Enviornment) fotqvy csfld esa dk;Z djus okys okrkoj.k
dks IDE dgk tkrk gSA D;ksafd ;g vusd NksVs&NksVs VwYl ,oa foUMkst dk cuk gksrk gSA blesa
vyx&vyx dk;Z djus ds fy;s vyx&vyx VwYl miyC/k gSaA bu VwYl dks vko;drk iM+us ij
gkbM Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
VB-6 dh IDE foUMks ds eq[; Hkkx fuEu izdkj gSa %&
A. esU;w ckj
B kkWVd
Z V esU;w
C Vwy ckj
D Vwy ckWDl
E izkstsDV ,Dliyksjj foUMks
F izkWiVhZt foUMks
G QkWeZ foUMks
H dksM foUMks
I QkeZ ysvkmV foUMks
J. dyj IysV
K. yksdy foUMks
L. bfefM,V IysV
s zkfeax djuk vR;Ur ljy gksrk gS] D;ksafd lHkh dksfMax QkeZ ds
Dykl ekM~;wYl % VB esa izkx
fy;s bosUV izkl
s htlZ ds }kjk dh tkrh gSA ;s bosUV izkslhtlZ VB esa igys ls cus gksrs gSaA vr% buds
flUVsDl dks ;kn j[kuk Hkh vko;d ugha gksrkA bu bosUV izkl
s htlZ ds lkFk gh vko;drk gksus ij
u;s izkl
s htlZ Hkh cuk;s tk ldrs gSAas VB esa izkx
s kz ej viuh Loa; dh dksM ykbczjs h cukdj vius ,Iyhdsku
dks viuh vko;drk ds vuqlkj fMtkbu dj ldrk gSA
dksM ekM~;Yw l ,oa Dyklst % ,sIyhdsku cukus ds fy;s nks ewyHkwr egoiw.kZ CykWDl QkeZ rFkk
dUVksYl dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAS ,sIyhdsku esa iz;ksx gksus okyk rhljk egoiw.kZ CykWd dksM ekM~;y
w
gksrk gSA dksM ekM~;wy ASCII VSDLV QkbZy gksrh gS] ftlds vUnj mi&izkslhtlZ Sub-Procedurs)
QaDku] osfj;scy] rFkk dkWUlVsUV gksrs gSaA izkstDs V cukus ds fy;s dksM~l dks vyx&vyx CykWDl eas
foHkkftr djus ds fy;s ,d ls vf/kd ekWM;
~ wYl dh vko;drk gksrh gSA bl izdkj izR;sd CykWd ds
fy;s vko;drkuqlkj vyx&vyx dk;Z fu/kkZfjr fd;s tkrs gSaA ekWM~;Yw l cukdj izzkx
s zkej vius
izkt
s Ds V ds fy;s dh xbZ dksfMax dks ljy cukrs gSAa ftlls izksxkz e dks fMcx djuk o dksM dks le>uk
48
vklku gksrk gSA

fotqvy csfld esa ;g leLr dk;Z djus ds fy;s Dykl ekWM;~ Yw l dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA ftUgsa
lkekU;r% Dyklst ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA Dykl vkWCtsDV vksfj,.VsM izksxzkfeax ds fy;s ewyHkwr
egoiw.kZ CykWd gksrh gSA blds vfrfjDr bl izksxkz feax ds fy;s ,d vU; egoiw.kZ ro vkWCtsDV gksrk
gSA ,d Dykl dh viuh fufpr izkWiVhZt] bosUV~l ,oa esFkM~l gksrs gSaA tks fd muds }kjk fd;s tkus
okys dk;Z ls lEcfU/kr gksrs gSAa ,d vPNh rjg fMtkbZu dh xbZ Dykl dksM dk ,d Lo&i;kZIr [k.M
gksrk gSA vr% ge Dykl dks ,d izkstsDV ls fdlh vU; izkstDs V esa ;wt dj ldrs gSaA D;ksafd dksM
,oa Dykl ekM~;Yw l nksuksa gh vyx&vyx QkbZy ds :i esa lqjf{kr jgrs gSaA vr% bUgssa ,d ls vf/kd
izkstsDV esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkekU;r% ekWM;
~ wYl dk iz;ksx Shared izkstsDV cukus ;k
Multimedia Device dks vusd LFkku ls Access djuk ljy cukus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ,d leku
QaDku dks ,d dksM ;k Dykl ekWM~;wYl esa lso djds izksxzkej viuh dksM ykbczsjh cuk ldrk gSA
bu ekWM;
~ wYl dks ,d fofk"B QksYMj ;k mi QksYMlZ esa lso djds j[kk tk;s rks budk iz;ksx fdlh
vU; izkt
s Ds V esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj dksbZ ykbczjs h cuk dj dksM~l ;k ekWM~;y
w dks ckj&ckj
iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlls nksckjk dksfMax dh ijskkuh ds lkFk gh VkbZe dh Hkh cpr gksrh gSA
dksM ykbZczsjh cukuk % ekWM;
~ wYl dh dksM ykbczzsjh cukus ds fy;s fMLd ij ,d QksYMj cukuk
gksrk gSA bl QksYMj esa izksxzkej ckj&ckj iz;ksx esa vkus okys ekWM~;Yw l dks lso dj ldrk gSA bl
QksYMj dk uke Codelib j[kk tk ldrk gSA
dksM ekWM~;wy cukuk % fdlh izkt
s Ds V esa bl dksM ekWM~;wy dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s foT;wvy
csfld esa izkt
s Ds V ,DlIyksjj ij ekml ikbaVj ykdj ekml dk nk;ka cVu nckus ij fuEukafdr fp=
1 dh Hkkafr iznfkZr gksus okys kkWVZdV esU;w esa ls Add dek.M ij ekml ikbUVj ykus ij iznfkZr gksus
okys lc&esU;w esa ls Add ekWM~;wy dek.M gks pqu ysrs gSAa
fp= 1 dksM ekWM~;wy
49
fp= 2 Add module Mk;ykWx ckWDl

bls p;u djus ij Add module Mk;ykWx ckWDl mijksDr fp= 2 dh Hkkafr iznfkZr gksrk gSA blesa
nks Vsc New o Existing gksrs gSaA vc New dks Select djds Module dks pquk tkrk gSA rFkk Open
Command cVu ij fDyd djus ij ,d u;k dksM ekWM~;wy izkstDs V esa tqM+ tkrk gSA vc izksiVhZt
fo.Mksa esa bl dksM ekWM~;wYl dh Name izksiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSaA blds ckn VB ds QkbZy esU;w
ls Save Module As dek.M }kjk Save as Mk;ykWx ckWDl vksiu djds ekWM;
~ wy dks Codelib QksYMj
esa dksbZ mi;qDr uke nsdj lso dj fn;k tkrk gSA ekWM;
~ wy dk foLrkfjr uke (Extnsion BAS)
gksrk gSA
dksM ykbczsjh ls ekWM~;wYl dks izkstsDV esa tksMuk
blds fy;s Add Module Mk;ykWx ckWDl ls nwljs Vsc Existing dks pquk tkrk gSA ;s fuEu
fp= 3 dh rjg [kqyrk gSA vc blls Codelib QksYMj dks pqu dj okafNr dksM ekWM~;wy QkbZy dks
izkt
s Ds V esa tksMk tk ldrk gSA
fp= 3 Add Module Mk;ykWx ckWDl ls nwljk Vsc

lc&izkslhtj cukuk %& fotqvy csfld esa lHkh bosUVl dh dksfMaax izkl
s htj ds }kjk dh
tkrh gSA ;s izkslhtj VB esa igys ls fMtkbu fd;s gksrs gSaA bu izkslhtlZ dks bosUV izkslhtlZ dgk
tkrk gSA buds vykok izksxzkej [kqn ds u;s izkfs ltlZ Hkh cuk ldrk gSA u;s lc izksfltlZ dk fuekZ.k
nks rjhdksa ls fd;k tkrk gSA igyh fof/k esa izkstsDV esa dksM O;w esa tkdj VB ds Tool esU;w ls Add
50
Procedure dek.M dks pqurs gSsaA blls ,d Add Procedure Mk;ykWx ckWDl [kqyrk gSA
fp= 4 Add Procedure Mk;ykWx ckWDl

bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa izksfltlZ dk uke rFkk Type se ls Sub o Scope ls Public Option dks
pquk tkrk gSA OK dek.M cVu ij fDyd djus ij ;g izksfltlZ fuEu izdkj fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
fp= 5 Form Coding Box

nwljh fof/k ds }kjk dksM O;w esa gh LVsVesUV VkbZi djds izksfltlZ dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk
gSA blds fy;s igys izksfltlZ dk Ldksi Public ;k Private rFkk izdkj esa Sub vkSj vUr esa izkfs ltlZ
dk uke VkbZi fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn izksfltlZ dk Ldksi VkbZi ugha djsa rks ;g ckbZ fMQkYV Private
gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k %& ;gka ;wtj ds }kjk tc dek.M cVu ij fDyd fd;k tk;sxk rks ,d eSlst ckWDl
iznfkZr gksxkA bl eSlt
s ckWDl dks izkfs ltlZ }kjk cuk;k x;k gSA ;gk lcls igys New Project
esa ls Standard Exe pqu dj OPEN ij fDyd djrs gSAa rFkk QWkeZ dh fuEu izkis VhZt dk p;u djrs gSAa
Name
Caption
Message from
Procedure Example
dek.M cVu dh fuEu izksiVhZt lso djrs gSAa

Name Message Caption & Run sub Procedure
51
dksM fo.Mks esa fuEu dksM fy[krs gSaA

Public sub messc ( )
Msgbox (Hi! I have called by procudur)
End sub
Caption
Procedure Example
blds ckn dek.M cVu Message ds fy;s blds Click bosUV ij fuEu dksM fn;k tkrk gSA
Private sub message_Click ( )
Mess
End sub
bl izkx
s kz e dks ju djus ij fuEu Output izkIr gksrk gSSA
fp= 6 Output Form

tgka dek.M cVu ij fDyd djus ij fuEu eSlst ckWDl iznfkZr gksrk gSA
fp= 7 Output Form

QaDku %& ;s Hkh lkekU; izkfs ltlZ ds leku gh gSAa nksuksa esa vUrj ;g gS fd QaDku ju gksus ij
,d eku ykSVkrs gSa ij izkfs ltlZ dksbZ eku ugha ykSVkrsA QaDku esa x.kuk djus ds fy;s vusd izdkj dh
oSY;wt dks mlesa ikl djuk gksrk gSA bUgsa vkX;Zew sUV dgk tkrk gSA x.kuk ds ckn izkIr eku dks fjVZu
oSY;w dgk tkrk gSA QaDku cukus ds fy;s VB ds TOOL esU;w ls Add Procudure dek.M dk p;u
52
fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls fp= 4 dh rjg Lhu iznfkZr gksrh gSA ;gka Name eas QaDku dk uke fn;k tkrk
gSA blds ckn Type ls Function rFkk Scope ls Public option dks pquk tkrk gSA OK ij fDyd djus
ij QaDku dksM fo.Mks esa tqM+ tkrk gSA rFkk End function ds End dks iznfkZr djrk gSA bu nksuksa ds
chp QaDku dh dksfMax dh tkrh gSA bl QaDku dks dkWy djus ds fy;s blds uke dk mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA rFkk vkX;wZeUs V nks NksVs dks"Bdksa ds e/; dksek ls lsijsV djds fn;s tkrs gSaA
QaDku esa vkX;wZesUV ikl djuk %& ;g dk;Z fofHkUu rjhdksa ls djk;k tkrk gSA QaDku esa dqN
vkX;wZesUV t:jh gksrs gSa vkSj dqN tks x.kuk esa Hkkx ugha ysrs t:jh ugha gksrs tks vkX;weZ Us V x.kuk
esa Hkkx ugha ysrs mUgsa ikl djkus ds fy;s Optional Keyword dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA oukZ QaDku
bUgsa Hkh x.kuk esa mi;ksx djrk gSA
mnkgj.k Lo:i % ;wtj dk ID o ikloMZ vkX;wZesUV ds :i esa ikl djus ds fy;s blds ckn
dek.M cVu Message ds fy;s blds Click ( ) bosUV ij fuEu dksM fn;k tkrk gSA
Public Function Create_user (U-ID as String, Password As string, optional Description
As String)-As Boolean
End Function
;gka Description ,d Optional vkX;wZeUs V gSA ftldk eku nsuk ;wtj ds foosd ij fuHkZj
djrk gSA
VB esa vkX;wZeUs V dks ikl djkus ds fy;s Byref dh&oMZ Hkh dke esa fy;k tkrk gS ftls ;wt
ugha djus ij vkX;wZesUV ckbZ fMQkYV Byref gh ikl gksrs gSAa bl dh&oMZ dk vFkZ By Reference
gksrk gSA Byref dh&oMZ ds }kjk ikl fd;s x;s vkX;weZ Us V ls mudk Address ikl fd;k tkrkgSA
ftlls mudk eku kh?kzrk ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA VB esa vkX;wZeUs V dks Byval dh&oMZ }kjk Hkh
ikl djk;k tk ldrk gSA bldk vFkZ Byvalue gksrk gSA ,slk djus ij VB ds }kjk osfj;scy dh
,d&,d izfr vkX;wZesUV dks ikl dh tkrh gSA vr% okLrfod osfj;scy o formal Agrument ds chp
dksbZ lEcU/k ugha jgrk gSA ;fn QaDku essa ,sjs dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA rc Param/Array dh&oMZ
dk iz;ksx vR;Ur egoiw.kZ gksrk gSA ;g QaDku esa vlhfer la[;k esa iSjkehVlZ ikl djus esa lgk;rk
djrk gSA ParamArray dk ;wt djus ij MkVk VkbZi Varient ?kksf"kr djuk vko;d gksrk gSA
Dykl% ;g vkWCtsDV vksfj,UVsM izksxzkfeax dk egoiw.kZ ro gSA
Class dks cuk dj mls izkstDs V esa vko;drk ds vuqlkj dgha Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Class ds mi;ksx ls cMs izksxkz e dks dbZ Hkkxksa esa ckaV dj ljyrk ls cuk;k tk ldrk gSA bu Dyklst
dk mi;ksx djds izkt
s Ds V esa Activex Control, Dynamic Link library rFkk Custom control cuk;s
tk ldrs gSaA Dykl LVsVesUV dk lewg gksrk gSA ftldh viuh izksiVhZt o esFkM~l gksrs gSaA fotqvy
csfld esa lHkh dUVksy fdlh Dykl ds lnL; gksrs gSa ftlds }kjk bUgsa cuk;k tkrk gSA bu dUVksy
dk iz;ksx fdlh Hkh QkeZ ij fcuk fdlh dksbZ lakks/ku ds fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% izkx
s zkej }kjk
cuk;h x;h Dykl Hkh bu dUVky
s dh rjg ;wt dh tk ldrh gSA ijUrq buds dUVksy izkx
s zkej dks
Lo;a cukus gksrs gSaA Dykl ,d QkeZ jfgr QkbZy gksrh gSA tks nks izksfltlZ Class Intialiaze ( ) o
Class-Terminate ( ) ds lkFk mifLFkr gksrh gSA
Class Intialiaze ( ) ds mi;ksx ls Class dks cuk;k tkrk gS rFkk Class Terminater ds }kjk
53
dk;Z lekIr gksus ds ckn mls gVk;k tkrk gSA

DykWl ds esFkM~l cukuk % ;g dk;Z dksM ekWM~;wy ds fy;s izksfltj dk fuekZ.k djus ds leku
gh gksrk gSA esFkM cukus ls igys blds uke ds iwoZ bldk Scope Private ;k Public tksMu+ k vko;d
gksrk gSA
Dykl dh izksiVhZt cukuk % izksiVhZt fdlh Hkh Dykl ds fy;s osfj;scy dh rjg dk;Z djrh
gSA fdlh Hkh vkCtsDV ds fy;s bu osfj;scy ds ekuksa dks lqjf{kr j[kk tkrk gSA rkfd eku dh
vko;drk gksus ij bldk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA budk Scope Hkh Public ;k Private gksrk gSA
lkekU;r% izksiVhZt dks Public Ldksi ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Dykl tc fdlh Dykl dks iw.kZ
:i ls blds ckgj ls gh fu;af=r djuk pkgrs gSa rks Get, let rFkk Set LVsVesUV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA Property Get LVsVesUV] ,d ifCYkd bUVjQsl dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA tks fd oxZ ds vUnj ?kksf"kr
fd;s x;s osfj;scy] ftls izksxzke lh/ks&lh/ks Access ugha dj ldrk ds eku dks izkIr djus ds fy;s
fd;k tkrk gSA Property Let, Property Get LVsVesUV ds Bhd foifjr dk;Z djrk gSA ;g Dykl ds
yksdy osfj;scy dk eku fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Property Set LVsVesUV gesa
Dykl ds jsQjsUl esa ,d vkWCtsDV ikl djkus dh vuqefr iznku djrk gSA
Dykl ds fy;s bosUV~l % bosUV Dykl dk egoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA bosUVl krkZsa ds lewg ds izkIr
gksus ij fdlh Hkh Dykl ds fy;s Application dks lwpuk okfil Hkstus dh vuqefr iznku djrk gSA buds
;wt ls izksxzke dks Oprate gksuk bosUV ds mRiUu gksus ds e ij fuHkZj djrk gSA fotqvy csfld ds
lHkh iwoZ ifjHkkf"kr Procedure tks fd dksM fo.Mks esa iznfkZr gksrs gSaA bosUV~l gksrs gSaA tSls Click
( ), Key press vkfn Dykl esa bosUV cukus ds fy;s Public event dh&oMZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
rFkk bu LVsVesUV dks Module ds General ,oa Declaration okys Hkkx esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
bldk flUVsDl fuEu gSA
Public Event Event-Name (Parameters)
bosUV izksfltlZ dh Hkkafr iz;ksx djus ds fy;s fuEu lw= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Private with Events X as Class Name
;gka With Events dh&oMZl dk iz;ksx ugha djus ij] ge dsoy Public izksiVhZt ,oa Dykl ds
esFkM~l dks gh Access dj ldrs gSaA bosUVl dks ugha] D;ksafd ,Iyhdsku dh Data ds fy;s Poll djus
dh vko;drk ugha gksrh gSA bosUV izkfs ltj vR;Ur kfDrkkyh gksrs gSaA Polling dk vFkZ ekuksa dh
tkap djus ls gSA ekuksa dh tkap rc rd ugha gksrh gSA tc rd nh xbZ krZa iwjh uk gks tk;sA
Decision Meaking :
lk/kkj.k r;k izksxzke ,XthD;qku Vksi&Mkmu vizksp esa ,d ds ckn ,d yxkrkj LVsVesUV
,sfDtd;wku ds }kjk gksrk gSA ijUrq gesa dbZ ckj izksxzke d.Mhku ds vuqlkj ,sfXtD;wV djkus gksrs
gSaA vf/kdrj izkx
s zke ds LVsVesUV dk yks fuEu esa ls ,d dsVsxjh ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA
1- daMhkuy ;k fMlhtu LVsVesaV] ;g LVsVesaV daMhku ds lR; ;k vlR; gksus ij fuHkZj
djrk gSA
2- ywfiax LVsVesUV esa VsLV daMhku ds lR; gksus rd LVsVesUV ,sfXtD;wV gksrs gSaA
3- czkfpax LVsVesUV esa VsLV daMhku ds vk/kkj ij izkx
s zke dk dksbZ ,d fgLlk gh
54
,fXtD;wV gksrk gSA

The if Statment :- If -then-else LVsVesUV ds mi;ksx ls ;fn daMhku lgh gS rks Then okys
LVsVesUV vU;Fkk else okys LVsVesUV ,sfXtD;wV gksrs gSAa
bl LVsVesUV dk mi;ksx nks rjhds ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA

1- **flaxy ykbZu LVsVesUV**
blds fy;s flUVsDl fuEu izdkj gksxkA
If expression Then Statement [else[statement]]
mnkgj.k%
Private Command_Click()
x=InputBox (Please Enter Percentage)
if x>=75 Then
Form1.Print HONOURS
End If
End Sub
2- efYViy ykbZu LVsVesUV

blds fy;s flUVsDl fuEu izdkj gksxkA
If expression then
{Statement}
[else]
[Statement]
End if
a s vkSj daMhku xyr
if daMhku ds True gksus ij if ds ckn vkus okys lHkh LVsVesUV ,fXtD;wV gksx
gksus ij else ds ckn vkus okys LVsVesUV ,fXtD;wV gksaxsA
If.........then ds vUnj tks ,Dlizsku mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA og cqfy;u ,sDlizsku gksrk gSA
blds nks laHko eku True (1) or False (0) gks ldrs gSaA
mDr nksuksa izdkj esa if ds lkFk else CykWd fy[kuk t:jh ugha gSA
tc ge flaxy ykbZu if LVsVesUV dk mi;ksx djrs gS rks End if fy[kuk vko;d ugha
gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
x=InputBox(Please Enter I No.)
y=InputBox(Please Enter II No.)
if x>=75 Then
Form1.Print I No. is Larger
Else
Form1.Print II No. is Larger
End if
End Sub
Example:
55
if-else(Ladder):Private Command_Click()
age=InputBox (Please Enter Age of a Person)
if Age>=75 Then
Form1.Print You are senior citizen
Elseif age>40 Then
Form1.Print You are middle age citizen
Elseif age>16 Then
Form1.Print You are Younger
Else
Form1.Print Enjoy childhood
End If
End Sub
Example :Nested If:Private Command_Click()
age=InputBox (Please Enter Age of a Person)
category=InputBox (Please Enter Category)
if x>=20 Then
If category=m OR category=M Then
Form1.PrintYour Fees is:500
Else
If category=f OR category=F Then
End If
End If
Else
If If category=m OR category=M Then
Else
If category=f OR category=F Then
End If
End If
End Sub
Select - case Statment: ;g if-then-else dk oSdfYid dekaM gSA ;g fn;s x;s vusd
CykWDl esa ls flQZ ml CykWd dks ,fXtD;wV djrk gS tks nh daMhku dks larq"V djrk gSA
Syntax :
Select case expression
case result
[Statement block]
56
case result
[Statement block]
=
=
case else
[Statement block]
END select
lysDV dsl LVDpj ,d ,sDlizsku dks gy djrk gSA ;g LVDpj ds VkWi ij fn;k gksrk gSA tc
fd If-then-else LVDpj izR;sd Elseif dFku ds fy;s ,d vyx ,Dlizsku dk mi;ksx djrk gSA
,Dlizs ku flQZ&U;wefs jd ;k fLVax gks ldrk gSA ;gka fjtYV ,d ;k vf/kd oSY;w dh fyLV gks ldrh
gS ftUgsa dksek yxkdj vyx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,Dlizsku fdlh ,d ifj.kke ds vk/kkj ij CykWd
dk pquko djrk gSA LVsVesUV rc rd ,sfXtD;wV gksrs gSa] tc rd vxyk Case level ugha vk tkrk
;k End select ij ugha igqap tkrkA ;fn ,Dlizsku ls ,d ls vf/kd vkWIku eSp djrs gSa] rc lcls
igyk eSp djus okyk CykWd ,sfXtD;wV gksrk gSA ;fn dksbZ Case vkWIku eSp ugha djrk rks Case
End ds ckn vkus okys LVsVesUV ,fXtD;wV gksrs gSaA ;fn Case End ugha fn;k x;k gks rks End select
ds ckn ds LVsVesUV ,fXtD;wV gksrs gSAa
Example :
Select case txt house value text
case Red
Msgbox Boy from Red house
Case Yellow , Blue
msgbox Boy from Yellow or Blue House
Case 1 to 9
msgbox Invalid Number
case else
msgbox Invalid Entry
End select
Example :
Dim char as String
char=InputBox(Enter a Character)
Select case char
case 0 to 9
Frorm1.Print You Pressed Digit
case a to z
Form1.Print You pressed a Lowercase Letter
case A to Z
Form1.Print You pressed a Uppercase Letter
case Else
Form1.Print You Pressed other Key
End Select
End Sub
57
rqyukRed vkWijsVlZ % ;s vkWijsVlZ nks oSY;w dh rqyuk djus ds fy;s iz;ksx fy;s tkrs gSaA rqyuk
djus ij ;s Boolean osY;w fjVuZ djrs gSa ftlesa 1, True ds fy;s rFkk 0, False ds fy;s gksrh gSA VB
esa fuEu rqyukRed vkWijsVlZ miyc/k gSaA
________________________________________________________________________
vkWijsVj
uke
________________________________________________________________________
=
Equality
<>
Inquality
<
Less then
>
Morethen
<=
Less then or equal to
>=
Greater then or equal to
________________________________________________________________________
VB Logical Operators dks liksVZ djrh gSA tks nks ;k nks ls vf/kd rqyukRed ,Dlizsku dks
tksM+us ds dke vkrs gSaA

__________________________________________________________________________
Operator
Description
_________________________________________________________________________
And
Both side must betrue
Or
one side or other must be true
Xor
one side or other must be true but not both
Not
Negates truth
__________________________________________________________________________
Constants : VB gesa Constants declare djus dh lqfo/kk nsrk gSA ;s ,d izdkj dh Values
gSa tks izksxzke ,fXtD;wku ds nkSjku cnyrh ugha gSA

tSls
If Action = 3 then code End if
Action 3 dks ge As dksalVUV ?kksf"kr dj ldrs gSAa
tSls
If Action = CANCELORDER Then
A Executive code
Endif
bl mnkgj.k esa mnkgj.k esa Cancelorder ,d Constant gSa] ftls geus igys okys Constant 3
ds LFkku ij fMtkbZu fd;k gS izkstsDV esa dgha ij Hkh dksalVUV fMDys;j fd;s tk ldrs gSaA fdUrq
lkekU;rk fMDysjsku] ekWM;
~ wy ds tujy fMDys;js sku lSDku esa djuk mi;qDr gksrk gSA ftls
fMDys;j djus ds fy;s Constant dh oMZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Variable Type : VB 6 esa osfj;scy VkbZi myiC/k gSaA
____________________________________________________________________________
58
Type
Rang
Note
________________________________________________________________________
Byte
0-255
Occupies i byte of meory
Boolean
True or false
Stored or an integer
Interger
-32, 767-32768
Occupies 2 byte of memory
Long
-2, 147, 483, 648-2 147,
483, 647
hold 4 byte
Single
See below
4 byte of memory
Double
See below
holds 8 bytes
Currencey
-922, 337, 203, 685, 477,
8 Bytes
5808, to 922, 337, 203, 685,
477, 5807
Dec
+/- 79, 228, 162, 574, 264,
hold 12
337, 593, 543, 950, 335, or
bytes of memory
+/-7, 92281625142643375935439
50335 with decimal places
String
Holds Alphanumaric vol.
Date
Holds date & time
Variant
it is generic data type
________________________________________________________________
Loops : ;fn gesa ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd LVsVesUV ckj&ckj ,sfXtD;wV djkus gksrs gSa rks ge ywi
dke esa ysrs gSaA VB esa fuEu izdkj ls ywi iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA
1. For_Next : ;g ywi fdlh LVsVesUV ;k LVsVesUV xzqi dks ,d fofk"B d.Mhku rd ,fXtD;wV
gksrk gSA bldk flUVsDl fuEu gSA

For Countervariable = Start to End
Statements
Next Countervariable
bl ywi esa tc VB izksxzke ,fXtD;wV gksrk gS] rks Countervariable LVkVZ oSY;w ls bfukykbZt
gksrk gSA blds ckn daMhku ds lgh jgus rd LVsVesUV ,fXtD;wV gksrs jgax
s As tc izkx
s kz e d.Vky
s Next
ij igqaprk gS rks ;g Contervariable dks 1 ls c<+k nsrk gS rc Variable dh Test condition ls pSfdax
gksrh gSA daMhku ds lgh gksus ij Statement fQj ls ,fXtD;wV gksrs gSa vkSj ;g e daMhku ds False
gksus rd tkjh jgrk gS vkSj ywi ckWMh ds ckn ds LVsVesUV uksey

Z h ,fXtD;wV gksrs gSAa
mnkgj.k %
,Mj izkx
s zke ds QkeZ yksM bosUV ij fuEu dksM dks VkbZi djus ij
Dim I as Integer
for I = 1 to 10
Debug print hello I= &I
Next I
Debug.print Out of loop I = &I Hello
59
;gk I dh Value 10 ckj 1 ls 10 rd fizUV gksxhA I dh osY;w 11 gksus ij Out of loop Print
gksxkA
mnkgj.k %
For-Next
For i=1 to 10
Form1.Print i
Next i
End Sub
flUVsDl O;k[;k %
for Contervariable = Start to End [Step]
[Statement] [Exit for]
[Statements]
Next [Counter]
2. Do ywi % VB 6 esa ,d cgqr gh lqfo/kktud tujy ijit ywi gS] ftls Do ywi dgrs gSaA
bldk flaVsDl fuEu izdkj gSA

Do [{While/until}exprssion]
[Statement][Exit Do]
Loop
or
Do
[Statement]
[Exit Do]
Loop [{While/until/}expression]
bl ywi dk tkjh jguk vkSj [kRe gksuk nks vyx rjhds ls gks ldrk gSA ;g ge While o until
dh oMZ ds }kjk dj ldrs gSAa ;s dh&oMZ ywi ds kq: ;k vUr nksuksa LFkku ij fn;s tk ldrs gSaA ;gka
;fn Expression ugha fn;k tk;s rks ywi vuar le; rd pyrk tk;sxkA bls jksdus ds fy, Ctrl +
Break dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
Do
Debug.Print Bharat
Loop
Do while : While daMhku dk mi;ksx djds ge ;g crk ldrs gSa fd ywi fdruh ckj
,fXtD;wV gksxkA mijksDr mnkgj.k dks tks fd vuUr ywi dk gS] mls fuEu izdkj fy[kk tk ldrk
gSA
Example :
Sum = 0
Do while sum < 50
60
Sum=Sum+1
loop
Debug.Print Sum
tc ;g ywi [kRe gksxk] ;g 50 fizUV djsxkA ;g uEcj ,M djsxk] fdUrq flQZ 50 gksus rdA
izR;sd le; esa ywi eas oSY;w 50 ls de gksxhA ;fn ,Dlizsku xyr gS rks bldk eryc gksxk] fd
;k rks ,Dlizsku esa Sum dh oSY;w 50 gks xbZ gS ;k blls vf/kdA
Do until : While ywi rc rd pyrk gS] tc rd dh daMhku xyr gksrh gS vkSj Until rc rd
pysxk] tc rd fd daMhku lgh gSA bls fuEu mnkgj.k ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Name = RajasthanBoard.
P=0
char =
Do until Char =
P=P+1
Char = mid (Name, p, 1)
Loop
Debug. print char & found at position & p
;g izkx
s zke Name osfj;scy ds vUnj izR;sd djsDVj dks vlkbu djsxkA tc djsDVj (Period)
gksxk rc izkx
s kz e VfeZuVs gks tk;sxkA ;fn mijksDr nksuksa ywi esa igyh ckj essa gh daMhku izkIr gks tkrh
gS rks ywi lh/kk Exit gksxk vkSj ywi Body ,sfXtD;wV ugha gksxkA
Example :
num=1
Do
Form1.Print num
num=num+1
Loop until num=11
Loop While : ;fn ge pkgsa fd ywi de ls de ,d ckj rks ,fXtD;wV gks rc gesa ywi LVsVesUV
ds lkFk Exit daMhku yxkuh pkfg, uk fd Do LVsVesUV ds lkFkA fuEu mnkgj.k esa ,slk Li"V fd;k
x;k gSA
I = 10
Do
Debuge.print Body of the loop
Debuge.print New I
I=I+1
Loop while I < 10
Debuge.print out at loop; Now I is & I
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa I dh Value 11 gksxh vkSj ywi flQZ ,d ckj pysxkA
Example :
num=1
Do
61
Form1.Print num
num=num+1
Loop while num=11
Loop until : tSls While daMhku dk mi;ksx Lohp ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gS] mlh izdkj Until
dks Hkh Lohp ds lkFk ;wt fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn fdlh LVhax esa fdlh djsDVj dks <wa+<+uk gks rks gesa
ywi de ls de ,d ckj rks pykuk gh gksxkA ywi ds vUr esa Until nsus ls fLVax ds djsDVj dh
kq:vkr esa D;k osY;w gS] ml dks dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+sxkA
Name = Raj.board of secondary educaion
P=0
Do
Pos = Pos + 1
Char = Mid (name,p,1)
Loop until char = .
Debug.print char & found at position & pos
Example :
num=1
Do until num=11
Form1.Print num
num=num+1
Loop
TheWhile---------Wend Loop : ;g ywi Do-while dh rjg gh gSA While-wend ds LFkku
ij Do-While dk mi;ksx djuk vf/kd lqfo/kktud gksrk gSA While-wend dk flUVsDl fuEukuqlkj
gSA
While [Expression]
[Statements]
Wend
fLVax %& bldk mi;ksx djsDVj MsVk LVksj djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA VB esa ge 2 fcfy;u
djsDVj LVksj dj ldrs gSaA fLVax ds nks izdkj gksrs gSAa
1- osfj;scy ysUFk fLVax
2- fQDLM ysUFk fLVax
a ,d ukeZy fLVx
a osfj;scy dh rjg gh fMDys;j
1- osfj;scy ysUFk fLVax % bl izdkj dh fLVx
dh tkrh gSA
tSls
Dim name As string
bl izdkj osfj;scy fMDys;j djus ij ;g 10 ckbV vfrfjDr LVksjst ysrk gSA

2-+ fQDl ysUFk fLVax % bl izdkj dh fLVx
a fMDys;j djrs le; mldh vf/kdre yEckbZ
Hkh crkuk vko;d gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k %
Dim name As string * 30
62
;gka geus 30 djsDVj dh ,d fLVax fMDys;j dh gS ;s fLVax vf/kdre 30 djsDVj dk eSeksjh

Lisl ysxh pkgs blesa de djsDVj gh LVksj fd;s tk;saA
String Function :- fLVx
a dks dbZ izdkj ls izkl
s l
s fd;k tkrk gSA ;s fLVax izkslfs lax vius vki
esa tfVy dk;Z gSA vr% LVhax izkl
s fs lax dks vklku cukus ds fy;s VB gesa dbZ bufcYV fLVx
a QaDku
miyC/k djkrh gSA tks fuEu izdkj gSaA
Len :
flUVsDl % Len(string)
;g QaDku bfUVtj esa LVhx
a dh yEckbZ crkrk gSA
Example :Dim name As string
Dim c As Integer
Name = Rajasthan
C = LAN (Name)
Debug.pring C
Instr :
flUVsDl % Instr ([Start postion], string, substring [compare])
fdlh nh xbZ LVhax esa fdlh Substring dks crkbZ xbZ Position ls <w+a<rk gSA
Left :
flUVsDl % Left (String, Length)
fdlh LVhax ls Left most character ls crk;h x;h l[;k esa character dks fjVuZ djrk gSA
Example :
Dim name As string Dim (as string)
Name = Rajasthan
C = Left (Name, 4 )
Debug.pring C
Right : ;g QaDku fdlh String ls crk;s x;s la[;k esa Right side ls character fjVuZ djrk gSA
Syntax :
Right (String, Length)
Example:
Dim Name As Integer
Dim c As String
Name = Dr. Neeraj Bhargava
C = Right (name, 8)
Debug.pring C
Mid : ;g QaDku crk;h x;h la[;k esa fdlh String ls Specified position ls djsDVj fjVuZ djrk
gSA
Syntax :
Mid (String, Start, Length)
Example :
Dim name As integer
63
Name = Computer
Debuge.print mid(String, 3, 4)
UCase & LCase : Ucase QaDku nh xbZ LVhax dks Upper Case esa rFkk Lcase lower case
esa cnyrk gSA

Syntax :
Ucase (string)
L case (string)
Dim val As string
Val = Computer
Debuge.print Ucase (val)
Debuge.pring Lcase (val)
Ltrim, Rtrim & Trim : ;s QaDku fdlh LVhax ls ek% Left, Right, o nksuksa vkSj ds
Leading o Trailing Lisl dks gVkrs gSaA
Syntax :
Ltrim (string)
Rtrim ( string)
Trim (string)
Example :
Dim val 1 As string
Dim val 2 As string
Dim val 3 As string
Val 1 = Rajasthan
val 2 =
Board of
Val 3 =
Secondary Education
Debug.print Rtrim (val1)
Debug.print Ltrim (val2)
Debug.print Trim (val3)
Asc : ;g fdlh djsDVj dh ASCII Value ykSVkrk gSA
Syntax :
ASC (stringchar)
Example :
Dim A as string
A = A
Debuge.pring ASC (A)
char: fdlh U;wesfjd dksM ds cjkcj djsDVj oSY;w ykSVkrk gSA
Syntax :
char (Number)
Example :
Dim A As Interger
A = 126
Debuge.print char (A)
64
Space : crk;h x;h la[;k esa Lisl dh LVhax ykSVkrk gSA

Syntax :
Space (Number)
String : ;g QaDku fdlh Specified flaxy djsDVj dks crk;h x;h ckj nksgjk dj fy[krk gSA
Syntax :
String (Number, Character)
Example :
Debuge.pring.string(5, P)
Lset & Rset : ;s QaDku ek% ,d LVhx
a ds vUnj nwljh LVhx
a Left tLVhQkbM o Right Justified
fy[krs gSAa
Syntax :
Lset string 1 = string 2
Strcomp : ;g ,d U;wesfjd osY;w LVhax dh rqyuk ds vk/kkj ij ykSVkrk gSA
Syntax :
Strcomp (String 1, string2, [compare])
buiqV ckWDl Qyu % blds }kjk fn;k x;k buiqV fdlh osfj;scy esa laxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Variable Name = Input Box (Prompt)
;gka Variable Name ml osfj;scy dk uke gS ftlesa eku laxzfgr gksxkA Prompt Mk;ykWx
ckWDl esa iznfkZr gksus okyk lans k gSA buiqV ckWDl Qyu esa ,d Mk;ykWx ckWDl curk gS ftlesa ;wtj
ds fy;s ,d lansk iznfkZr gksrk gSA blds lkFk ,d VSDlV ckWDl Hkh iznfkZr gksrk gSA ftlesa ;wtj
buiqV gksrk gS vkSj lkFk esa nks dek.M cVu OK ,oa Cancel Hkh gksrs gSaA
fotqvy csfld esa miyC/k dqN U;wesfjd Qyu fuEufyf[kr gSa %&
1. Abs(n) : ;g fdlh fn;s x;s uEcj dh ,sClwyV
s osY;w ykSVkrk gSA
2. Atn(n) : ;g n dh vklZVsUtsUV jsfM;Ul esa ykSVkrk gSA
3. Cos(n) : ;g n dh dks.k dk dkslkbZu ykSVkrk gSS tks jsfM;Ul esa gksrk gSA
4. Exp(n) : ;g Qyu dkalVsUV e dh ?kkr n rd c<+k dj osY;w ykSVkrk gSA
5. Int(n) : ;g Qyu n ls mldk bfUVtj Hkkx ykSVkrk gSA iw.kkZad
6. Rnd(n) : ;g Qyu ,d jsUMe uEcj mRiUu djrk gS ftldk eku 0 ls cM+k ;k cjkcj rFkk 1 ls
NksVk gksrk gSA
7. Sgn(n) : ;g Qyu 1 ykSVkrk gS ;fn n ,d ls NksVk gks] 0 ykSVkrk gS ;fn n Hkh 0 gks rFkk $1
ykSVk;sxk ;fn n dk eku 0 ls cM+k gksA
8. Sin(n) : ;g Qyu fdlh fn;s x;s dks.k dh Sine osY;w jsfM;Ul esa ykSVkrk gSA
9. Sqr(n) : ;g Qyu fn;s x;s uEcj dk Ldok;j :V ykSVkrk gSA
10. Str(n) : ;g fdlh U;wesfjd eku dks fLVax osY;w es cnyrk gSA
11. Tan(n) : ;g Qyu fdlh dks.k dk Tan eku jsfM;Ul esa ykSVkrk gSA
12. Val(n) :
U;wefs jd fLVax osY;w dks uEcj osY;w esa cnyrk gSA
Date & Time Qyu %& fotqvy csfld ds ikl i;kZIr la[;k esa flLVe DykWd dks ;wt djus o
65
MsV o VkbZe dks izkslsl djus ds fy;s Qyu gSaA ;s Qyu vklkuh ls dke esa fy;s tk ldrs gSa vkSj
budk fjtYV fooluh; gksrk gSA
;gka ge ikap MsV VkbZe Qyu dks crk jgs gSa tks flLVe DykWd dks jhM djds izkxs kz e dks osY;w ykSVkrs gSAa
1. Now : ;g Qyu orZeku flLVe MsV o VkbZe ykSVkrk gS bldk QkWeV
Zs DD/MM/YY, HH:MM:SS
gksrk gSA
2. Date : ;g MsV osY;w dks uEcj osY;w esa ykSVkrk gSA bldk QkWesV
Z DD/MM/YY gksrk gSA
3. Date$ : ;g orZeku flLVe MsV QksjesVM
s fLVx
a ds :i esa ykSVkrk gSA bldk QkWeVsZ MM-DD-YY
gksrk gSA
4. Time/Time$ : ;g Qyu pkSfcl ?k.Vs dh osY;w ds :i esa le; crkrk gSA bldk QkWeZsV HH
: MM : SS gksrk gSA
5. Date & Time formats : Format ( ) Qyu dks fdlh Hkh uEcj osY;w dks MsV o VkbZe ds :i
esa iznfkZr djus ds dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA bldk flUVsDl fuEu izdkj gSA
Format (Value, Format string)
QksjesV fLVax uhps nh xbZ fLVax dh rjg gks ldrh gSA

d
dd
ddd
dddd
M/MM
MMM
MMMM
YY
YYYY
h/hh
M/MM
S/SS
AM/PM
Example :
Day of the month number, with no leading zero

Day of the month number, with leading zero
Day of the week, abbreviated
Day of the week in full
Month number, with out/with leading zero
Month name, abbreviated
Month name in full
Year as two digit
Year in full
Hours
Minutes, when used with h
Seconds
Use 12-Hours clock with added AM or PM
dddd mmmm yyyy

Tues 29th mar 1999
dd - mm - yy
29-03-11
hh : mm AM/PM
04:25 PM
The message Box : eSlst ckWDl ,d lk/kkj.k Mk;ykWx ckWDl gksrk gSA tks lk/kkj.krk% ;wtj ls
Yes/No rFkk Cancel/Retry izu iwNus ds dke vkrk gS ;k ;wtj ls dqN tckc ysus ds dke vkrk
gSA ;g ,d NksVk lk eSlt
s vkSj ,d OK cVu ds lkFk ;wt eSlt
s fMLiys djkus ds dke esa fy;k tk ldrk
gSA eSlst ckWDl dk mi;ksx djuk cgqr vklku gS vkSj VB esa dk;Z djrs le; yxHkx geskk dke
esa vkrk gS bldk flUVsDl fuEu izdkj gksrk gS %&

Msg Box (Prompt [,buttons][,title][,helpfile, context])
eSlst ckWDl izkslhtj nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa igyk eSlst ckWDl LVsVesUV rFkk nwljk eSlst ckWDl
QaDku dgykrk gSA eSlst ckWDl LVsVesUV flQZ ,d Mk;ykWx nkkZrk gSA blesa ,d eSlst gksrk gS]
66
,d vksds cVu ,d vkbdkWu vkSj VkbZVy gksrk gSA eSlst ckWDl ;wtj }kjk nck;s x;s cVu dh osY;w
fjVuZ djrk gSA izkWEIV isjkehVj dk mi;ksx eSlt
s nsus esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn gesa eSlt
s ds :i esa cgqr
cM+h fLVx
a nsuh iMs rks ge ml fLVx
a dks ,d osfj;scy esa ikl djokdj ml osfj;scy dks eSlt
s ckWDl
QaDku ds lkFk ns ldrs gSAa VkbZVy isjkehVj dks flaiy VsDLV dgk tk ldrk gSA tks eSlt
s ckWDl
ij gksrk gSA ;g ck; fMQkYV ,sIyhdsku uke ds lkFk gksrk gSA Helpfile vkSj Context agrument
eSlt
s ckWDl esa Context sensitive help nsrs gSaA eSlt
s ckWDl ij ,d] nks ;k rhu cVu gks ldrs gSa]
ftl cVu dks ;wtj izsl djrk gS] QaDku mldh oSY;w fjVuZ djrk gSA
Message Contants :- eSlst ckWDl ds cVu iSjkehVj ij Vscy esa nkkZ;h xbZ oSY;w fn[kk ldrk
gSA ge budk lewg Hkh mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA tSls ;fn gesa ,d eSlst ckWDl Retry, abort, Ignore
cVu ds lkFk fMLiys djkuk gS rFkk blesa Ignore fMQkYV cVu cuk;k tkrk gSA rFkk cVu isjkehVj fuEu
izdkj fy;s tk;sx
a As
_________________________________________________________________________
Content
Description
_________________________________________________________________________
vb ok only
Ok button only (default)
vb ok cancel
Ok and cancel buttons
vb abort Retry Ignore
Abort, Retry and Ignore buttons
vb yes no cancel
Yes and No Cancel buttons
vb Yes No
Yes and No buttons
vb Retry Cancel
Retry and cancel buttons
vb Critical
Critical Message
vb question
warning query
vb exclamation
Information, Message
vb Default button 1
First button is default (default)vb Default button 2
Second button is default
vb Default button 3
Third button is default
vb Application model
Application model message box (default)
vb system mode;
system model message box
fotqvy csfld ds ikl Hkh msg box dkUlVsUV gkssrs gSaA ftldh enn ls ge QaDku }kjk fjVuZ
dh xbZ oSY;w dk foys"k.k dj ldrs gSaA bUgsa fuEu lkj.kh esa iznfkZr fd;k x;k gSA
Constants for the msgbox Return value
Constant
Button user clicked
vb ok
OK
vb Cancel
Cancel
vb Abort
Abort
vb Retry
Retry
vb Ignore
Ignore
vb Yes
Yes
vb No
No
_________________________________________________________________________
67
mijksDr dkUlVasV dk mi;ksx ;wtj }kjk izsl cVu <wa<us ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
The Input box: buiqV ckWDl ;wtj ls ,d ;k vf/kd ykbZu dk VsDLV Lohdkj djrk gSA fdUrq
bldh dqN lhek,a Hkh gSaA buiqV ckWDl VsDLV ckWDl ftruh lqfo/kk ugha nsrs] fQj Hkh dbZ txg buiqV
ckWDl mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA blds fy;s fuEu flUVsDl gksrk gSA
Input Box (Prompt[,title][,default][,xpos][,ypos][,helpfile, context])
bl izkstDs V ds fy;s gesa flQZ izkWEV iSjkehVj dh vko;drk gksxhA biuqV ckWDl ,d Mk;ykWx
ckWDl gksrk gS tks fd izkWEV isjkehVj esa fn;k eSlst] ,d VsDLV ckWDl vkSj OK o Cancel button ds
lkFk Lhu ij gksrk gSA VkbZVy isjkehVj og VsDLV gksrk gSA tks VkbZVy ckj esa fn[krk gSA vkSj ;fn
bls NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS] rc fotqvy csfld ,sIyhdsku ds uke dk mi;ksx djrk gSA X vkSj Y iSjhehVj
;g fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd ckWDl dk ijh fljk fdl v{k ij vk;sxkA ;fn ;g iSjkehVj Lhu ds
Bhd chp esa vk;sxkA mnkgj.k % ;gka buiqV ckWDl dk mi;ksx djds fyLV ckWDl esa dksbZ uke tksM+k
x;k gSA blds fy;s fyLV ckWDl esa Addition Method dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
Addition Method dk flUVsDl fuEu izdkj gS %&
Object, Addition [, Index]
;gka ge ,d fLVax tksM+ ldrs gSaA vkSj dbZ ckj fLVx

a ds LFkku ij osfj;scy Hkh fn;s tk ldrs
gSaA ;g esFkM fLVax dks fyLV ckWDl esa vUr esa tksM+rk gSA ;fn ge MsVkcsl ls dqN VsDLV fyLV ckWDl
esa tksM+rs gSa rc gesa fyLV ckWDl ds Addition esFkM dks ywi esa dkWy djuk gksrk gS ;g ywi izR;sd
ykbZu ds fy;s ,d ckj ,fXtD;wV gksrk gSA
CmdRent dks fuEu dksM }kjk tksM+k ;k fjIysl fd;k tk;sxkA
Private sub cmdRend_Click ( )
Dim Name As String
Name = Input box (What tape would we like)
If name < > Then
Ist titlesout.Addition Name
Endif
End sub
izksxzke dks ju djus ds ij tcfd Proof of ID pSDM gSA Rent a tap dk cVu vuscy gks tkrk
gS vkSj Proof of ID dks vupSDM djus ij fMl,cy gks tkrk gSA buiqV ckWDl esa ,d ckr dk /;ku
j[kuk t:jh gS fd dSafly cVu izsl gksus ij Zero-length string fjVuZ djrk gS] pkgs mlds VsDLV
ckWDl esa fdruk Hkh fy[kk gksA
68
vH;kl iz'u
cgq p ;ukRed iz ' u
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Dykl dks cukus ds fy;s fuEu eSFkMZ dke es fy;k tkrk gSaA
(v) Class close
(c) class start
(l) Class
(n) class constant
if esa iz;ksx gksus okys ,asDlizsku dk laEHko eku gksxkA
(v) 0 ;k 1
(c)< 0
(n)mijksDr lHkhA
(l ) >1
fuEu esa ls dkSulh case value select case esa gks ldrh gSaA
(v) Integer
(c) string
(l) character
(n) above all
( )
( )
( )
tsusfjd MkVk VkbZi dk mnkgj.k gSAa

(v) osfj;UV
(c)Integer
(l) String
(n)cwfy;u
Exit command dk mi;ksx gksrk gSaA
(a) ywi esa
(c)Select case esa
(c) flEiy if esa
(n) dgha Hkh
fuEu esa ls dkSulk String Function ugha gSaA
(v) Instr
(c) Left
(l) Right
(n) Center
( )
( )
( )
vfryq RjkRed iz ' u

1. For loop dks flUVsDl lfgr le>kvksA
2. If, if else LVsVesUV esa vUrj crkb;sA
3. Litrim o Rtrim ds vUrj dks Li"V fdft;sA
4. ykbZcsjz h QaDku o ;wtj fMQkbZUM QaXku esa D;k vUrj gSa A
5. Input Box QXku D;k gSaA
6. Message Box dks lekkb;sA
7. VB esa miyC/k fofHkUu String Function dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA
8. VB Ekas Data & Time ds fofHkUu QkesZV D;k gSaA
9. Meessage Box ds fofHkUu dkalVsUV dks le>kb;sA
10. String D;k gS\a bUags dSls fMDys;j fd;k tkrk gSaA
11. String QaDku dh vko;drk dks crkrs gq, fdUgh ikap QaDku dks mnkgj.k lfgr
le>kb;sA
12. VB Ekas miyC/k Qyuks dks le>kb;sA
13. fotqvy csfld ds Date-Time Qyuks dks le>kb;sA
14. Formet string D;k gSa\ blds fofHkUu Lo#i dks crkb;sA
69
15. eSlst ckWDl dUVsUVl D;k gSa \ fdUgh ikap dks le>kb;sA
yq R jkRed iz 'u
1. VB esa fofHkUu vkfr;ks dk {ks=Qy ;wtj PokbLk ds vk/kkj ij fudkyus dk izksxzke fyf[k;sA
2. VB esa 1]3]5]7]9] dks fizUV djus ds fy;s dksM fyf[k;sA
3. VB esa fuEufyf[kr fizUV djsA
*
**
***
4. Standard module,class module dks foLrkj ls le>kb;sA
5- QksjesV fLVx
a D;k gS\ blds fofHkUu Lo:i dks crkbZ;sA
6- eSlst ckWDl dk lfp= o.kZu djsaA
7- eSlst ckWDl dUVsUV~l D;k gSa\ fdUgha ikap dks le>kb;sA
8- LVhax D;k gS\ bUgsa dSls fMDys;j fd;k tkrk gSA
9- LVhx
a QaDku dh vko;drk dks crkrs gq, fdUgha ikap LVhx
a QaDku dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA
10- VB esa miyC/k U;wesfjd Qyuksa dks le>kb;sA
11- fotqvy csfld ds Date-time Qyuksa dks le>kb;sA
12- buiqV ckWDl dks mlds flUVsDl lfgr le>kb;sA
1313-+ GUI Application esa form D;k gS\ rFkk ;g fdrus izdkj dk gksrk gS\
14- QkWeZ dh ckWMZj izkWiVhZ dks foLrkj ls le>kb;sA
15- QkWeZ dh Backcolor o forecolor izkWiVhZ esa vUrj fyf[k,A
fucU/kkRed iz ' u
1- QkWeZ dks Lhu ds chpksa chp iznfkZr djus ds fy;s iz;ksx dh tkus okyh izkWiVhZt dk dksfMax lfgr
o.kZu dhft,A
2- VB esa Container control ls D;k vFkZ gksrk gS\
3- Event dks foLrkj ls le>kb;s rFkk bldk GUI izksxzkfeax esa D;k ego gSA
4- Form ds fdUgha ikap eq[; bosUV dks iz;ksx lfgr le>kb;sA
**********
70
v/;k;&4
fotqvy csfld dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk

Advance Concept of Visual Basic
SDI & MDI FORMS
,l- Mh- vkbZ- o ,e- Mh- vkbZ- Qke

fotqvy csfld esa fdlh Hkh ,fIydsku dks cukus esa QkeZ ,d eq[; ,oa vko;d Hkkx gksrk gSA
QkeZ dks lkekU;r% ,fIydsku izksxzkfeax esa foUMks dgk tkrk gSA bl QkeZ dk mi;ksx fofHkUu dUVky
s
dks vk/kkj nsus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
QkeZ ;wtj ds fy;s lcls igys o egoiw.kZ Interface dk dk;Z djrk gSA fotqvy csfld
dk ,d izkt
s Ds V vusd QkeZ ds lg;ksx ls cuk;k tkrk gSA tks vkil esa dksM+ ds }kjk tqM+s gksrs gSaA
rFkk izkstsDV ds vkjEHk ls var rd ,d lkFk dk;Z djrs gSaA ;wtj dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkh e esa budk
iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA
fotqvy csfld gesa nks izdkj ls ,fIydsku cukus esa lgk;rk djrk gS vFkkZr~ ge blesa nks
okrkoj.kksa esa ,fIydsku dk fuekZ.k dj ldrs gSaA ;s nks okrkoj.k SDI rFkk MDI dgykrs gSaA
SDI ;k Single Document Interface : ;s ,sls NksVs&NkssVs ,fIydsku gksrs gSa ftuesa gekjk
dk;Z ,d QkeZ ds mi;ksx rd lhfer jgrk gSA vr% bl rjg dh ,fIydsku dk fuekZ.k SDI okrkoj.k
esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
MDI ;k Multiple Document Interface : cM+s vkSj tfVy ,fIydsku] ftuesa gekjk dk;Z vusd
QkElZ ij foLrkfjr gksrk gS ,sls ,fIydsku izksxzke dk fuekZ.k MDI okrkoj.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
QkeZ foUMks %& tc fotqvy csfld dks ju fd;k tkrk gS rks loZizFke iznfkZr gksus okyh New
Project foUMks esa ls Standard Exe dks pqudj dek.M cVu OK ij fDyd djus ij VB esa ,d [kkyh
QkeZ ftldk Caption, form gksrk gS] izkIr gksrk gSA ;g QkeZ ,d lkekU; foUMks ds leku gh iznfkZr
gksrk gSA blds eq[; ro vxzkafdr fp= 1 esa nkkZ, x, gSaA
fp= 1 QkeZ foUMks
71
ckWMZj (Border) :- ;g QkeZ ds pkjksa vksj dh lhek js[kkvksa dh eksVkbZ ,oa izdkj dks nkkZrk
gSA ;g QkeZ ds izdkj ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA QkeZ dks fMtkbZu djrs le; bldh Border Style
Property dk Hkh fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA QkeZ dh bl izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx QkeZ dks vkd"kZd cukus
ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
VkbZVy ckj (Title bar) %& QkeZ esa lcls mij dh xgjs jax dh ih dks VkbZVy ckj dgk
tkrk gSA blds ck,a dksus ij ,d dUVksy ckWDl gksrk gSA ftlds ckn QkeZ dk Caption fy[kk gksrk
gSA nk,a fljs ij rhu cVUl iznfkZr gksrs gSaA ;s cVUl bl QkeZ ds izeq[k fu;U=d gksrs gSAa
dUVksy esU;w (Control Menu) :- ;g QkeZ ij VkbZVy ckj esa lcls ckabZ vksj fLFkr vkbdkWu
gksrk gSA bl esU;w esa QkeZ ds fu;U=.k ls lEcfU/kr dek.M gksrh gSaA tks bl izdkj gSa Restore, Move,
Resize, Minimize, Maximize ,oa Close esU;w mifLFkr gksuk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd QkeZ
dh izkWiVhZt foUMks esa Control box izkWiVhZ True gS ;k ughaA
fefuekbZt cVu (Minimize Button) : ;g VkbZVy ckj ds nkaabZ vksj ds rhu cVu esa igyk
cVu gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx QkeZ dks ,d vkbdu ds :i esa cnydj foUMkst dh VkLd ckj ij
iznfkZr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA bl cVu dh mifLFkfr ds fy; izkWiVhZt foUMks esa Minbutton
izkWiVhZ dk True gksuk vko;d gSA
esfDlekbt@fjLVksj cVu (Maximize/Restore button) : ;g VkbZVy ckj ij nkabZ vksj
dk nwljk cVu gS ;g nks izdkj ls dk;Z djrk gSA tc QkeZ dk vkdkj Maximiz ls NksVk gksrk gS
rks ;g QkeZ dks blds Maximize vkdkj esa iznfkZr djrk gSA ;fn QkeZ Maximize vkdkj esa gS rks
;s bls blds okLrfod vkdkj esa iznfkZr djrk gSA
MDI okrkoj.k esa ,d QkeZ dks Parent rFkk vU; lHkh QkeZ dks Child QkeZ cuk;k tkrk gSA
MDI ,fIydsku esa Child QkeZ Maximize gksus ij Hkh vius Parent QkeZ ds gh vUnj jgrs gSa ,oa
Child QkeZ dh VkbZVy ckj Parent QkeZ dh VkbZVy ckj esa lfEefyr gks tkrh gSA vc Parent QkeZ
dh VkbZVy ckj child QkeZ ij iznfkZr gksus okyh lwpuk,a ds vUnj iznfkZr gksrh gSaA Child QkeZ
dks Minimize djus ij ;g bl Parent QkeZ esa gh uhps ckabZ vksj NksVk gksdj iznfkZr gksrk gSA bl
le; dsoy bl QkeZ dh VkbZVy ckj gh iznfkZr gksrh gSA Child QkeZ dks Restore djus ij ;g vius
okLrfod vkdkj esa viuh vyx VkbZVy ckj ds lkFk Parent QkeZ ds vUnj gh iznfkZr gksrk gSA
bl cVu dh mifLFkfr ds fy;s Property foUMks esa Max Button izkWiVhZ True gksuk pkfg,A
Dykst cVu (Close button) : ;g VkbZVy ckj ds nkabZ vksj ds cVUl esa ls rhljk o vfUre
cVu gSA bldk mi;ksx QkeZ dks cUn djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g cVu rc gh dk;Z djrk gS
tc QkeZ dh izkWiVhZt foUMks esa Enable izkWiVhZ True gksuk pkfg,A
QkeZ dh izkWiVhZ % VB esa izksxzkfeax ds nkSjku iz;ksx fd;s x;s fdlh Hkh vkWCtsDV ds fy;s mldh
Characterstics gh mldh izkWiVhZ gksrh gSA bl izkWiVhZt dk iz;ksx vkWCtsDV dh igpku dks
Manipulate djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r% izkWiVhZt fu/kkZfjr djds ;k igys fu/kkZfjr
izkWiVhZt esa ifjorZu djds ge ml vkWCtsDV ds iznkZu (Appearance) o O;ogkj (Behaviour) dk
fu/kkZj.k djrs gSaA VB esa izR;sd vkWCtsDV dh U;wure ,d izkWiVhZ vo; gksrh gS vkSj vf/kdre fdruh
Hkh gks ldrh gSaA QkeZ dh fofHkUu izkWiVhZt fuEu izdkj gS %&
72
________________________________________________________________________
Active control
Drawwidth
Helpcontent Negomenu
________________________________________________________________________
Active form
Enable
Hwnd
Picture
Appearence
fillcolor
Icon
scalehight
Autoredraw
fill style
Image
Scale left
Buck color
Font
key preview
Scale mode
Border style
Font bold
Left
Scale top
Caption
Font Italic
Link mode
Scale width
Clip control
Font name
Link topic
Show in task
Control Box
Font size
Max button
Tag
Controls
Font strike out
MDI child
Top
Cerirt
Font transparent
Min button
Visible
Current x
Font underline
Mouse icon
whats this button
Current y
Fore color
mouse pointer whats this help
Draw mode
HDC
Moveable
Width
Draw style
Height
Name
Windostate
________________________________________________________________________
buesa Runtime Property izkWiVhZt fo.Mksa esa iznfkZr ugha gksrhA
buesa ls dqN eq[; izkWiVhZt dk fooj.k fuEu izdkj ls gS %&

(A) Backcolor : bldk iz;ksx QkeZ ds cSdxzkm.M dyj fu/kkZj.k gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
fu/kkZj.k Palette rFkk System ds :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa System ij fDyd djus ij fo.Mks
ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds jaxksa dh lwph iznfkZr gksrh gSA ftlesa cnyko djds okafNr jax pqus tk ldrs gSAa
Palette ij fDyd djus ij fofHkUu jaxksa ds ckWDlst fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa ftuls okafNr dyj fu/kkZj.k fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
(B) Body style: bldk mi;ksx QkeZ dh ckWMjZ ds iznkZu dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s fd;k
tkrk gSA iz;ksxdrkZ vko;drk vuqlkj fdlh foUMks dk vkdkj cny ldrk gS ;k ugha bldk
fu/kkZj.k Border style izkWiVhZ ls gh fd;k tkrk gSA ;gk fuEu izdkj Border style miyC/k gS %&
(i) None : blls QkeZ ds pkjksa vksj dk ckWMZj yqIr gks tkrk gS o QkeZ ds vkdkj esa dksbZ ifjorZu
ugha fd;k tk ldrk ;g eq[;r;k Screen sever cukrs le; dk;Z esa fy;k tkrk gSA
(ii) 1-fixed single : blls QkeZ ds vkdkj esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrk rFkk VkbZVy
ckj esa flQZ Close Button iznfkZr gksrk gSA
(iii) 2-Sizable : ;g Default ckWMjZ LVkby gSA ;g ,fIydsku dks ju djus ij ,d lkekU;
foUMks dh Hkkafr O;ogkj esa ykbZ tkrh gSA ;wtj ekml ls ;k dUVksy cVu ls blesa okafNr ifjorZu
dj ldrk gSA
(iv) 3-Fixed dialoge: bl ckWMZj LVkbZy dks pquus ds ckn ,fIydsku dks ju djus ij ;g QkWeZ
,d Mk;ykWx ckWDl ds :i esa vkrk gSA ;wtj blds vkdkj esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha dj ldrk flQZ bls
Move o Close fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(v) 4- fixed tool window : ;g Fixed dialoge ds leku gh gS blds vkdkj esa ifjorZu ugha
73
fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl LVkbZy esa QkeZ dk dUVksy esU;w dk iznfkZr ugha gksxkA ;g QkeZ VkLd ckj
ij iznfkZr ugha gksxkA
(vi) 5-Sizable Tool windows : ;g sizable LVkbZy ds leku gh O;ogkj djrh gSA blesa
dUVksy esU;w] fefuekbZt] esDlhekbZt cVu ugha gksrs rFkk ;g VkLd ckj ij Hkh iznfkZr ugha gksrk gSA
(C) Caption : bldk mi;ksx QkeZ ds kh"kZd dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA blesa
fn;k x;k VsDLV VkbZVy ckj ij iznfkZr gksrk gSA
(D) Control Box : bl izkWiVhZ dh nks osY;w True ;k False gh nh tk ldrh gSSA True osY;w
ij QkWeZ dh VkbZVy ckj ij dUVksy ckWDl] vkSj dUVksy cVu fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] vU;Fkk ugha fn[krsA
(E) Fore color : bl izkWiVhZ ds }kjk QkeZ ij fy[ks x;s VsDlV dk jax fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk
gSA bldk fu/kkZj.k Backcolor izkWiVhZ dh rjg gh fMtkbZu VkbZe ;k ju VkbZe ij fd;k tk ldrk
gSA Forecolor = Backcolor dksfMax dh tkrh gSA
(F) Height : bldk mi;ksx QkeZ pkbZ c<kus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g izkWiVhZ fMtkbZu
VkbZe ij gh dk;Z djrh gSA
QkeZ dh pkbZ dks ukius ds fy;s VB esa ubZ bZdkbZ Tips dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA QkeZ ds
vkdkj ls lEcfU/kr vU; izkWiVhZt tSls %& Left, top, width vkfn dk fu/kkZj.k Hkh blh bdkbZ esa fd;k
tkrk gSA
(G) Icon : bldk mi;ksx VkbZVy ckj ij QkeZ ds Caption VsDLV ls igys iznfkZr gksus okys
vkbZdkWu dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA tc ,fIydsku dks fefuekbZt djrs gSa rc VkLd
ckj ij ;g vkbdkWu rFkk QkeZ dk Caption gh iznfkZr gksrs gSaA bl izkWiVhZ dks pquus ds ckn okafNr
QksYMj esa ls pkgk x;k vkbdkWu dk pquko fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(H) Left : ;g Height izkWiVhZ dh rjg fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gSA bl izkWiVhZ esa Lhu ds cka,s fljs
ls QkeZ ds e/; nwjh dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA Lhu ds e/; QkWeZ dks iznfkZr djus ds fy;s
fuEukuqlkj dksfMax dh tk ldrh gS %&
Left = (Screen.width-width)/2
blh izdkj QkeZ dh Top Property ekWuhVj Lhu ds ijh fljs rFkk QkeZ ds chp nwjh
fu/kkZj.k esa dke esa yh tkrh gSA QkeZ dks /okZ/kj chp esa iznfkZr djus ds fy;s fuEu dksfMax djasxsA
Top = (Screen.Height-Height)/2
;fn QkeZ dks {kSfrt o /okZ/kj nksuksa vksj chpksa&chp lsV djuk gS rks fuEu dksfMax djasxs
Left = (Screen.width-width)/2
Top = (Screen.Height-Height)/2
s esU;w dh Maximize dek.M dks
(I) Max Button : bldk mi;ksx Maximize cVu o dUVky
iznfkZr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn bldk eku True gksrk gSA rks bldk iznkZu gksrk gSA
(J) Min Botton : bl izkWiVhZ ls Minimize cVu o dek.M dks iznfkZr o yqIr fd;k tkrk
gSA
(K) Name : VB esa vkWCtsDV dks blh izkWiVhZ ds }kjk igpkuk tkrk gSA bl izkWiVhZ dks fMtkbZu
ds le; gh fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% ;g fMtkbZu VkbZe izkWiVhZ Hkh dgykrh gSA fdlh
vkWCtsDV dh dksfaMax izkWiVhZ ds mi;ksx ds iwoZ vkWCtsDV ls lecfU/kr milxZ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
74
gSA ftlls vkWCtsDV dks vyx ls igpkuk tk ldrk gSA tSls QkeZ ds fy;s milxZ Frm gSA
(L) Sealemode : bl izkWiVhZ }kjk QkeZ ds top, left, height, o width vkfn dh ekiu dh
bZdkbZ dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ckbZ fMQkYV ;g Tulip gksrh gSA ftls point, pixel,
character, inch, milimeter rFkk Centimeter esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA
(M) Show Taskbar : ;g flQZ True o False eku xzg.k djrh gSA True gksus ij Application dks Minimize djus ij QkeZ dk iznkZu VkLd ckj ij gksrk gS vU;Fkk ugha gksrkA
(N) Width : bl izkWiVhZ ds }kjk QkWeZ dh pkSM+kbZ dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Height
izkWiVhZ dh rjg dke esa yh tk ldrh gSA
(O) Window State : ;g izkWiVhZ fu/kkZfjr djrh gS fd ,fIydsku ds ju gksus ij QkWeZ fdl
vkdkj esa iznfkZr gksA ;gka rhu vkdkj miyC/k gksrs gSaA
(i) 0-Normal : blls QkeZ dk iznkZu okLrfod vkdkj esa ftlesa mls fMtkbZu fd;k x;k gS esa
gksrk gSA
(ii) 1-Minized :
blls QkeZ dk iznkZu U;wure vkdkj esa gksrk gSA
(iii) 2-Maximized : blls ,fIydsku ju djus ij QkeZ dk iznkZu blds vf/kdre vkdkj esa
gksrk gSA
QkWeZ ds bosUV~l %& foUMkst dks bosUV~l }kjk pfyr vkWijsfVax flLVe dgk tkrk gSA foUMkst
esa gesa GUI Graphical User Interface okrkoj.k izkIr gksrk gSA blesa dk;Z djus ds fy, vusd
dUVksy tSls& dek.M cVu] VsDLV ckWDlst vkfn mifLFkr gksrs gSaA ftuls ;wtj dks Intract djuk
gksrk gSA bu dUVksYl ij bUVjsDV djus ij Events mRiUu gksrs gSaA GUI dUVksy bosUV~l dks LiksVZ
djrs gSaA
nwljs kCnksa esa tc dksbZ ;wtj fdlh GUI Component ls lEidZ djrk gS] rc foUMks ,d lUnsk
izsf"kr djrh gS] tks ;wtj ds bl dk;Z dks Describe djrk gSA bl izdkj ;g lUnsk ml fofk"B
dUVky
s ds fy;s og dk;Z djrk gS] tks ml GUI dEiksuUs V ds fy;s izkx
s kz ej us lqfufpr fd;k gSA izkx
s kz ej
dUVky
s ds dk;Z dks Procedure esa Code ds :i esa fy[krs gSAa vr% Event dks Procedure ds :i esa
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
Private sub CMDok_click ( )
Statements
End Sub
;s Procedure okafNr dUVksy ij ekml IokWbUVj ykdj Mcy fDyd djus ;k QaDku dh F7
dks nckus ;k VB ds View esU;w ls Code dek.M dk iz;ksx djus ij ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA
Event Procedure dk izkjEHk Private sub control name-event ( ) LVsVesUV ls gksrk gS rFkk
End sub LVsVesUV ls lekIr gksrk gSA bu LVsVesUV ds chp esa os lHkh dksM~l fy[ks tkrs gSa tks bosUV~l
ds mRiUu gksus ij dk;kZfUor gksrs gSaA QkeZ ds eq[; Event fuEu gSa %&
Active ( )
Key UP ( )
OLE complete Drg ( )
Click ( )
Link close ( )
OLE Drag drop ( )
Dbl click( )
Link erorr ( )
OLE GiveFeedback ()
Deactive ( )
Link Execute ( )
OLE SET Data ( )
Drag drop ( )
Link Open ( )
OLE Start Drag ( )
75

Drag over ( )
Got Focus ( )
Initilize ( )
Keydown ( )
Key Press
Load ( )
Lost focus ( )
MouseDown ( )
Mousemove( )
MouseUP( )
Paing ( )
Query unload ( )
Resize
Terminate ( )
Unload ( )
fotqvy csfld esa lkekU;r% iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys eq[; Event fuEukuqlkj gSa %&
(A) Activate : QkeZ dh fMtkbfuax djus ds ckn] tc ,fIydsku dks ju fd;k tkrk gS] rc
loZizFke dUVkYs l Intilize gksrs gSaA blds ckn QkeZ Load gksrk gSA vFkkZr QkeZ ds lkFk iz;ksx gksus
okys leLr dUVkYs l ds lkFk QkeZ dEI;wVj eSeksjh esa LFkku ysrk gS vkSj leLr dUVkYs l dh HkkSfrd
:i ls dh xbZ dksfMax dks yksM dj ysrk gSA blds ckn ;g QkeZ Active gksrk gSA vr% Active bosUV
ls iwoZ Initilize rFkk Load bosUV dk;Z djrs gSaA
izksxkz ej lkekU;r% QkeZ ds Load bosUV esa dksfMax djrs gSaA blds ckn QkeZ dk Got focus bosUV
mRiUu gksrk gSA vkSj QkeZ iwjh rjg ls ofdaZx esa vk tkrk gSA
(B) Deactivate : ;g Active bosUV ds foifjr dk;Z djrk gSA ;g QkeZ dks Close djus ij
dk;Zkhy gksrk gSA
(C) Drag drop : tc fdlh dUVky
s dks Mx djds QkeZ ij Mki fd;k tkrk gSA rc ;g bosUV
mRiUu gksrk gSA
(D) Load : QkeZ dk Load bosUV QkeZ ds Initilize bosUV ds ckn ij Activate bosUVl ds igys
mRiUu gksrk gSA bl bosUV esa izksxzkej Default setting djrs gSaA
(E) Resize : ;g bosUV QkeZ dk lkbZt cnyus ij mRiUu gksrk gSA bls nks izdkj ls fd;k tkrk
gSA igyk QkeZ dk vkdkj dksM }kjk cnyus ds fy;s rFkk nwljk QkeZ dks okil mlds ewy :i esa
ykus ds fy;s
(F) Unload : ;g Load bosUV ds foifjr dk;Z djrk gSA ;g bosUV QkeZ ds cUn gksus dh fLFkfr
dh tkap djrk gSA ;fn ;wtj xyrh ls fo.Mks dk can djrk gS rks Computer mls
lpsr djus ds fy;s Message nsrk gSA bldk fuEu flUVsDl gSA
Private sub form unload (cancel as integer)
Statement
End sub
QkeZ ds eSFkM~l % eSFkM ,d dek.M gS] tks fd vkWCtsDV dks ;g crkrh gS fd mls D;k djuk
gSA tSls QkeZ dks Lor% vuyksM djus ds fy;s Unload eSFkM dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA QkeZ ds fofHkUu
eSFkM fuEu izdkj gSa %&
Circle
Cls
Hide
Item
Line
Move
Paint Pricture
Point
Print
Printform
Pset
Refresh
Scale
Set focus
bl eSFkM esa ls show, Hide o Unload eSFkM~l eq[; :i ls iz;ksx fd;s
Scale
Set focus
Show
Text height
Text width
Unload
Z order
tkrs gSaA
76
(A) Show : bldss iz;ksx QkeZ dks Roundonly iznfkZr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn fdlh
dk;Z foks"k ds ckn QkeZ dks caUn djuk gks rc Hkh bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA eSFkM dks
Invoke djus ds fy;s] vkWCtsDV ds uke ds lkFk Dot ( . ) vkWijsVj dk mi;ksx djuk gksrk gSA tSls
Form _Name.show
(B) Hide : bldk mi;ksx QkeZ dh vko;drk uk gksus ij mls yqIr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk
gSA tSls
Form_name.hide
QkeZ dks Hide djus ds ckn Hkh QkeZ ij ds dUVksYl dh dksfMax o osfj;scy dks Access fd;k
tk ldrk gSA ij QkeZ dks Deactivate djus ds ckn ;g lEHko ugha gksrkA
(C) Unload : bl eSFkM }kjk QkeZ dks Memory ls gVk;k tkrk gSA QkeZ dks Deactivate djds
iqu% Active fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq QkeZ dks ,d ckj unload djus ds ckn iqu% iz;ksx ugha yk;k tk
ldrk gSA
(D) Print : bl eSFkM }kjk QkeZ ij VsDLV fy[kk tkrk gS ;k x.kuk ds ckn QkeZ ij gh osfj;scy
dk eku fizUV Print djk;k tkrk gSA
MDI Form : MDI dk vFkZ Multiple Document Interface gksrk gSA bl bUVjQsl esa ,d
QkeZ dks Parent QkWeZ cukrs gSa tcfd ks"k vU; QkeZ Child QkeZ dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSaA ekbZkslkWV
oMZ bldk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gSA MDI foUMks dh vo/kkj.kk ds vuqlkj] MDI QkeZ esa ,d Master
;k Parent QkeZ gksrk gS tcfd ks"k vU; QkeZ Child QkeZ ds :i esa dke esa yk;s tkrs gSaA
MDI QkWeZ cukuk %& VB esa ,d MDI ,fIydsku cukus ds fy;s gesa de ls de nks QkElZ
dh vko;drk gksrh gSA blesa ,d QkeZ Parent rFkk nwljk Child QkeZ gksrk gSA
VB Application dks pykus ij iznfkZr gksus okyh New Project foUMks esa Standard Exe
vkbdkWu ij Mcy fDyd djrs gS]a rks bldh foUMks esa ,d QkeZ] ftldk Caption form1 gksrk gS]
iznfkZr gksrk gSA ;g lkekU; QkeZ gksrk gSA bldk mi;ksx Child QkeZ ds :i esa , tcfd MDI QkeZ
ds fy;s Parent QkeZ dk gksuk vko;d gSA izkstsDV esa MDI form dks lfEefyr djus ds fy;s VB
dh esU;wckj ij fLFkr Project esU;w ij fDyd djus ij iznfkZr gksus okys iqy Mkmu esU;w esa ls add
MDI form ij fDyd djrs gSaA blls fuEu fp= 2 ds :i esa Mk;ykWx ckWDl [kqyrk gSA
fp= 2 add MDI form Mk;ykWx ckWDl
77
bl fo.Mks ds }kjk ge ,d u;s MDI QkeZ vFkok igys ls fLFkr MDI QkeZ dks izkstsDV esa
lfEefyr dj ldrs gSaA u;k MDI QkeZ lfEefyr djus ds fy;s New VSx dks pqudj MDI form
Icon ij fDyd djds dek.M cVu Open ij fDyd djrs gSa ,d u;k QkeZ gekjs izkt
s Ds V esa tqM+ tkrk
gSA tks Parent QkWeZ dk dk;Z djrk gSA igys okys QkWeZ dks Child cukus ds fy;s mldh izkWiVhZt foUMks
esa MDI child izkWiVhZ ds lkeus ckWDl esa False ds LFkku ij True dj nsrs gSaA ;g QkeZ MDI QkeZ ds
fy;s Child form dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA MDI QkeZ esa esU;w ckj tksM+us ds fy;s Menu edition dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Menu Bar esa vusd Menu Titles gksrs gSaA tSls & File, edit, format vkfn
bu lHkh esU;w VkbZYl ds vUnj esU;w vkbVe gksrs gSaA buds }kjk fofHkUu QkElZ dks tksM+k tkrk
gSA bldk ,dek= event click ( ) gksrk gS ftlesa dk;kZfUor gksus okys codes dks fy[kk tkrk gSA VB
esa MDI Application cukus dh lqfo/kk gesa Application Wizard Hkh iznku djrk gSA
Data Bound Control :- MkVk ckm.M dUVksy ,sls dUVky
s gSa ftudh lgk;rk ls ge
Database ls lwpuk,a izkIr dj ldrs gSaA tc ge fdlh QkeZ esa Data Control tksMrs gSa rks gesa bls
mi;ksxh cukus ds fy; ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd MkVk ckm.M dUVksy Hkh tksM+us gksrs gSaA rkfd MkVk
dUVksy lwpukvksa dks vklkuh ls <wa< ldsA
fotqvy csfld esa cgqr ls dUVky
s MkVk ckm.M dUVky
s ds lkFk dk;Z djrs gSAa vkSj bUgsa MkVkcsl
,Iyhdsku cukus esa dke esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA gj ckm.M dUVksy MkVk dUVksy ls tqMk gksrk gSA
tks fdlh ,d fQYM ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA ckm.M dUVksy lEcfU/kr fQYM dk orZeku fjdkWMZ vius
vki iznfkZr djrk gSA ;fn ge usfoxsku cVu dks dke esa ysa rks fjdkWMZ mlh vuqlkj vxys ;k fiNys
iznfkZr gkasxsA
ckm.M dUVksy uk flQZ fjdkWMZ iznkZu dk dk;Z djrs gSa cfYd buds }kjk MkVk dks eksfMQkbZ
Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g dke dUVksy ds dUVsUV esa cnyko djds fd;k tkrk gSA tc fjdkWMZ eas
cnyko djds QkbZy dks cUn fd;k tkrk gS rks MkVkcsl esa og cnyko vius vki lqjf{kr gks tkrk gSA
ftls fuEu mnkgj.k ls le> ldrs gSa fp=kuqlkj
fp= 3 ckm.M dUVksy

fdlh ckm.M dUVksy dks dke esa ysus ds fy;s gesa mldh dqN izkWiVhZ dks lSV djuk gksrk gSA
;s izkWiVhZ dUVksy ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA vf/kdrj ckm.M dUVky
s nks eq[; izkWiVhZ dks dke esa ysrs gSAa
Data Source rFkk Data Field, tc ge dUVksy dh Data Source izkWiVhZ dks lysDV djrs gSa rks ,d
78
fyLV iznfkZr gksrh gSA Data source dks lsV djus ds fy;s QkeZ esa fdlh dUVky
s dks bl fyLV ls
pquksA fn;s x;s mnkgj.k esa flQZ ,d dUVksy fyLV esa gS mls QkeZ eas fy;s x;s gj ckm.M dUVky
s ds
fy;s pquks gkykafd MkVklkslZ izkWiVhZ crkrh gS fd dkSulk ckm.M dUVksy fdl MkVk dUVky
s ds lkFk
dke esa vk;sxk ;gk ij ge [kqn Hkh bls fdlh MkVk dUVky
s ds fy;s fu/kkZfjr dj ldrs gSAa MkVk fQYM
izkWiVhZ ds }kjk ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd fjdkWMZ lSV fdl fQYM dks dke esa ysaA bls fu/kkZj.k
djus ds fy;s bls izkWiVhZ foUMks ls pqusaxs ftlls ,d fyLV lEcfU/kr MkVk fQYM dh [kqysxhA vc ge
lEcfU/kr fQYM dks ;gka ls pqu ldrs gSaA vc ,Iyhdsku dks ju djus ij fjdkWMZ fn[kkbZ nssx
a sA tSlk
fd fuEu fp= 4 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
fp= 4 ,Iyhdsku dks ju djuk

MkVk usfoxsku Vwy dks dke esa ysdj ge vxyk o fiNyk fjdkWMZ Hkh ns[k ldrs gSaA
MkVk dUVky
s ds }kjk ge fcuk dksM fy[ks flQZ MkVk ckm.M dUVky
s dks tksMd
+ j vkSj bldh izkWiVhZ
lSV djds MkVk esuqIysku dj ldrs gSaA dbZ ckj MkVk dUVky
s ds dke dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA blds
fy;s MkVk dUVky
s o fjdkWMZ lSV dks dke esa ;fn ge dksM fy[kdj fjdkWMZ lSV ds vUr esa igqp
a uk pkgrs
gSAa rks ge fjdkWMl
Z Vs dks ,d vkWCtsDV ds :i esa dke esa ysdj Movelast Method ij dke dj ldrs gSAa
Detail.Recordset.Move_Last
;fn ge fdlh fjdkWMZ ds fy;s fdlh fQYM osY;w dks pSd djuk pkgs rks ge fy[ksaxs
Mystring=Data.Recordset.Fields(Title).Value
Data Grid :- MkVk fxzM ,d vklku rjhdk gS ftlds }kjk ge ,d gh izdkj ds ;k fdlh ,d ls
lEcfU/kr dbZ fjdkWMZ dks ns[k ldrs gSAa MkVkfxzM cgqr ls fjdkWMZ dks ,d Vscy ds :i esa iznfkZr djrk
gSA bls dke esa yssus ij ;g dEikssusUV izkstDs V esa jftLVMZ gksuk vko;d gSA bls jftLVMZ djus ds
fy;s ogh LVsi gksx
a s tks jsQjsUl cukus esa dke vkrs gSaA
MkVk fxzM dks Vwyckj esa tksM+us ds fy;s izkstDs V esU;w ls dEiksusUV dks pqusaxsA ftlls [kqyus okys
Mk;ykWx ckWDl ls Microsoft Data Bound Grid dks pqu dj OK djsaxsA
fp= 5 Data Grid
79
fp= 6 Data Bound Grid

Project :- izksxzke dh fMtkbu ds vuqlkj mi;qDr izkstDs V dk pquko djuk ,d eq[; dke gSA ;fn
xyr izkt
s Ds V dk pquko dj fy;k tk;s rks ge dbZ pkgs x;s mi;ksxh vkWIku dks dke esa ugha ysa
ldsaxsA
uhps VB esa miyC/k izkstsDV dh fyLV nh xbZ gSA
________________________________________________________________________
Project Type
Description
________________________________________________________________________
Standard
;g lk/kkj.k dUVksy miyC/k djkrk gSA vkSj csfld Windows
application ds fuekZ.k esa dke vkrk gSA
Active X EXE
;g Active x ,sfXtD;wVscy dEiksusUV miyC/k djkrk gSA vkSj
nwljh application ds lkFk ,sfXtDlwV fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Active x DLL
;g ,sls Control o Code j[krk gS vkSj nwljs izkstsDV ds lkFk
ActiveX Control
IIS Application
Activex Document dll
Activex Document EXE
DHTML application
dke esa fy;s tk ldrs gSaA

;g dLVe Active x dUVky
s cukus esa mi;ksxh gSA Data Project
;g MkVkcsl dEiksuUs V ls kq: gksrk gS tks igys ls Project File
esa tqMs+ gksrs s gSAa
;g Internet Application cukus esa dke esa vkrk gS
;s Application Internet ij baLVkWy o ,sfXtD;wV djkrk gSA
;g bUVjusV csLM Application cukus esa dke vkrk gSA
;g Web/HTML csLM Application ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksrk
gS tks Web browser ij Excute gksrs gSaA
________________________________________________________________________
lk/kkj.kr;k LVs.MZM izkt
s Ds V dks dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA ysfdu ;fn ge Short cut pkgsa rks
Application Wizard dke esa ys ldrs gSaA ;g fotkMZ ,d kSy cukrk gSA ftlesa fuEu kkfey
gksrs gSaA
* Menus
* Toolbars
* Data access Forms
80
* Web Browsers
* About Box
LVs.MMZ izkstsDV VkbZi pquus ij VB ubZ izkstDs V QkbZy [kksyrh gSA ;g izkstsDV QkbZy dEikusUV o
QkbZyksa dh fyLV gksrh gS tks izkstDs V ls lEcfU/kr gksrh gSA blds lkFk gh ;g lHkh ,sUok;jesUV vkWIku
Hkh j[krh gSA ftUgsa geus cnyk gSA gj ckj izkstsDV QkbZy dks lso djus ij ;g lwpukvksa dks viMsV
djrh gSA izkt
s Ds V dks eSut
s djus ds fy;s fn;s VB Projct Explorer miC/k djkrh gSA
fp= 7 VB Projct Explorer window

Component of Project :- VB izkstsDV dbZ izdkj ds dEiksusUV ls cuk gksrk gSA ;s dEiksusUV
Application ds izdkj ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA ;s dEiksusUV fuEufyf[kr gSaA
VB Project fuEu izdkj dh QkbZy j[krk gS %&
________________________________________________________________________
File Name
Description
________________________________________________________________________
Form (.frm)
;g VsDLV ls lEcfU/kr tkudkjh o dUVky
s lap; djrh gSA ;gka
Class (.cls)
Standard (.bas)
Resource (.res)
QkeZ ls lEcfU/kr fMDysjsku o vpj] pj o izkfs ltj gksrs gSaA

;gka Form QkbZy dh rjg gksrh gS ij blesa pj ugha gksrsA bls
ge [kqn dk vkWCtsDV cukus esa dke esa ysrs gSaA
;s QkbZy Public o Modle fMDysjsku] pj] vpj o izkfs ltj
j[krh gSA
;s Bilmap, teset o nwljs MkVk tks fjdEikbZy djus ij cnyrs
ugha gS dks lap; djrh gSA
Active document (.doc)

User control (.ctl)
;s form file gSa ij bUVjusV ,sDlIyksjj ij ns[kh tk ldrh gSA
Property page (.pag)
;s Active dUVksy o muds Property page cukrh gSA
Activex controls (.ocx)
;s ,sfPNd dUVky
s gSa ftUgsa ge Vwy ckWDl esa tksM ldrs gSaA
Active x Designers(.dsr)
;s u;s fMtk;uj dEiksusUV dks j[krh gSA
________________________________________________________________________
81
tc ge u;k izkstsDV cukrs gSa rks blesa flQZ fMQkWYV QkeZ gksrk gS fdlh QkbZy dks tksM+us ds fy;s
ge izkstsDV ,sDlIyksjj ij Right Click djsaxs vkSj mi;qDr vkWIku dks pquax
s sA
fp= 8 izkstsDV ,sDlIyksjj ij Right Click Property

;s dEiksusUV izkstDs V QkbZy dks fQj ls lso djus ij gh vljnk;d gksrs gSaA
izkstsDV ,DlIyksjj ds Pop-up esU;w ls ge fdlh dEiksusUV dks gVk Hkh ldrs gSaA ij dEI;wVj ls
fMfyV ugha dj ldrs gSAa D;ksfa d izkt
s Ds V QkbZy flEiy VSDLV QkbZy gksrh gSA vr% ge blesa vklkuh
ls cnyko dj ldrs gSaA ij xyr cnyko gks tkus ij izkt
s Ds V QkbZy [kqysxh Hkh ughaA
Projct Explorer Window :- ;g foUMks izkstsDV ds lHkh dEiksuUs V dks ec) rjhds ls fn[kkrh gSA
blesa rhu fMLiys vkWIku gkssrs gSaA ;s fuEu izdkj gSaA
* View Code
* Toggle folders
* View object
fp= 9 Projct Explorer Window

View code o View object lEcfU/kr bUVjQsl dks fn[kkrh gSA ij View object dksM foUMks esa dksM
Hkh fn[kkrk gS ftlls ge pqus x;s vkbZVe dk lEcfU/kr dksM fy[k o lq/kkj ldsaA Toggle folder
ds }kjk r; fd;k tk ldrk gS fd fyLV fo.Mks esa Item fdl izdkj fn[kkbZ nsaA
82
fp= 10 fyLV fo.Mks

Setting Project Options : VB esa dbZ izkWiVhZ ds }kjk fdlh Hkh izkstsDV dks Costmize fd;k tk
ldrk gSA blds fy;s izkstDs V izkWiVhZ Mk;ykWx ckWDl dke esa yssrs gSaA izkstsDV izkWiVhZ Mk;ykWx ckWDl
esa rhu ls ikp Vsc ist gksrs gSaA gj ist izkstsDV ds vyx Hkkx ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA
General Page : blds }kjk mu izkWiVhZ dks lsV fd;k tkrk gSA tks izkstDs V dks ju djus ds fy;s
vko;d gksrh gSA
fp= 11 General Page Property

Make Page : blds }kjk cuk;h xbZ ,sfXtD;wVc
s y QkbZy ds vVhC;wV lSV fd;s tkrs gSaA ;g ist
lewg esa xziq ij dk;Z djrs le; vf/kd mi;ksxh gksrk gSA Make Page esa fuEu tkudkjh nh tkrh gSA
* Application Name
* Company Name
* Description
* Copyright
83
* Trademark Information
* Comments
Compile Page : blds }kjk ge mu dUMhku dks lSV dj ldrs gSaA ftUgsa VB izkt
s Ds V dks
,sfXtd;wV djrs le; dke esa ysrh gSA
fp= 12 Compile Page Property

,fDVo ,Dl MkVk vkWCtsDV %& bldk laf{kIr uke ADO gSA ;g fotqvy csfld esa tksM+k x;k
u;k vkWCtsDV gSA ;g ekbkslkWV dk u;k lkoZHkkSfed MsVk ,Dlsl vkWCtsDV (Universal DataAccess object) gSA ;g MkVkcsl izkx
s zkfeax dks vR;Ur ljy cukrk gSA ADO ds }kjk ge fotqvy
csfld ds ,fIydsku ls ekbkslkWV ,Dlsl] SQL, vksjsdy vkfn vusd izdkj ds fofHkUu MkVk L=ksrksa
dks tksM+ ldrs gSaA ADO mijksDr lHkh ls Connect gksus ds fy;s Connection dk fuekZ.k djrk gS]
bls OLEDB ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA MsVk rd rsth ls igqqapus ds fy;s blds vUnj vusd
Service Provider Tool gksrs gSaA blds vykok ;g GUI bUVjQsl Hkh iznku djrk gS] ftlls fdlh
Hkh MkVk L=ksr dks tksM+uk vklku gks tkrk gSA
fotqvy csfld ADO dk iz;ksx djds ljyrk ls Single user interface database Application,
client server Application, Microsoft dk SQL Server, vksjsdy ;k vU; Database dk iz;ksx djds
cuk;h tk ldrh gSA blds fy;s OLEDB Provider ;k Window dh viuh ODBC Service
Provider dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj ADO Database izksxzkfeax ds fy;s cgqr egoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA fotqvy csfld MsVkcsl ,fIydsku dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy;s rhu VwYl iznku
djrk gSA
1. ADO MsVk dUVksy
2. ADO Connection object
3. ADO Record set object
ADO dUVksYl esa lcls vf/kd ADO MsVk dUVky
s dk iz;ksx cgqrk;r ls fd;k tkrk gSA vU;
nks VwYl dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s tfVy dksfMax djuh iM+rh gSA
ADO MsVk dUVksy % fotqvy csfld ds ADO dUVksy esa lcls vf/kd iz;ksx gksus okyk rFkk
84
ljy Vwy ADO MsVk dUVksy gSA bldk iz;ksx fotqvy csfld esa vU; ekud dUVksYl dh rjg gh
fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl dUVksy dk iznkZu fotqvy csfld ds Vwy ckWDl esa ugha gksrk gSA bls Vwy
ckWDl esa iznfkZr djus ds fy;s fotqvy csfld ds Vwy ckWDl ij ekml IokbUVj dks ykdj ekml dk
nk;ka cVu nckus ij iznfkZr gksus okys kkWVdVZ esU;w esa dek.M Components ij fDyd djus ij
ekWuhVj Lhu ij Component Mk;ykWx ckWDl iznfkZr gksrk gSA bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa Control VSc
dks pquus ij iznfkZr gksus okyh lwph esa ls Microsoft ADO Data control 6.0 (OLEDB) ds igys
cus pSd ckWDl dks pqudj dek.M cVu OK ij fDyd djus ij Adobe uked fotqvy csfld ds
Vwy ckWDl esa tqM+ tkrk gSA ;g Vwy gh ADO MsVk dUVksy gSA bldk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s bldh
dqN izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k djuk gksrk gSA lkFk gh bls Data Bound Control ls Link djuk gksrk gSA
bl izdkj ;g data control dh rjg Database ,oa Data bound control ds chp e/;LFk dk dke
djrk gSA
bls fuEu mnkgj.k ls Li"V djrs gSa %&
bl mnkgj.k izkx
s zke esa geus nks ysfcYl] nks VsDLV ckWDlst] ,d MsVk dUVksy rFkk ,d dek.M
cVu dk iz;ksx djrs gq, bldk QkeZ LFkwy :i ls fuEu izdkj fMtkbZu fd;k x;k gSA
fp= 13 Application Run Window

;gka QkWeZ ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZ dks fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k gSA
Name
Frm ADO
Caption Example for ADO Data control
igys ysfcy ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k gSA

Name
Ibl pub ID
Alignment
I-Right justify
Caption Publisher ID
MsVk dUVky
s ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA
Name
Adodc I
Caption Adodc
85
bls MsVkcsl ls tksM+us ds fy;s bldh Connetion String izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
izkWiVhZt foUMks esa bl izkWiVhZ dks pquus ij blds lkeus okys ckWDl ds nk;sa fljs ij ,d cVu --- iznfkZr
gksrk gSA bl cVu ij fDyd djus ij ekWuhVj Lhu ij Property Pages Mk;ykWx ckWDl iznfkZr
gksrk gSA bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa rhu vkWIku cVu fn;s x;s gSaA igys nks vkWIku cVu dk iz;ksx Data
link files rFkk ODBC Data Source dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;gka ij
fp= 14 Connetion String Property Pages Mk;ykWx ckWDl

ge ,d ,Dlsl Vsfcy ls bl ADO MsVk dUVksy dks tksM+us ds fy;s rhljs vkWIku cVu dks pqu
ysrs gSaA vc dusDku dks cukus ds fy;s dek.M cVu Build ij fDyd djrs gSa rks ekWuhVj Lhu ij
iznfkZr fp= 15 dh rjg Data linked properties Mk;ykWx ckWDl iznfkZr gksrk gSA
fp= 15 Data linked properties Mk;ykWx ckWDl

bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa nh xbZ OLEDB Providers dh lwph esa ls okafNr dks pqudj nwljs Vsc
86
Connection ij fDyd djus ij ekWuhVj Lhu ij bldk iznkZu fuEu fp= dh Hkkafr gksrk gSA
fp= 16 OLEDB Providers dh lwph

bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa igys VsDLV ckWDl ds nk;sa fljs ij fLFkr-----cVu ij fDyd djus ij
iznfkZr gksus okys Select Access database Mk;ykWx ckWDl eas okafNr QksYMj esa tkdj okafNr
MkVkcsl dks pqudj dek.M cVu Open ij fDyd djus ij pqus x, MsVkcsl dk uke ikFk lfgr bl
VsDLV ckWDl esa mijksDr fp= 16 dh Hkkafr iznfkZr gksus yxrk gSA vc dek.M cVu ij OK ij fDyd
djrs gq, ADO MsVk dUVksy dh Connection string izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k dj ysrs gSaA vc bl ADO
dk MsVk dUVky
s dh Record source izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s izkWiVhZt foUMks esa bl izkWiVhZ
ij ekml IokbUVj ykdj Mcy fDyd djus ij Lhu ij fuEu fp= 17 dh rjg Property Page
Mk;ykWx ckWDl iznfkZr gksrk gSA
fp= 17 ADO Property Page Mk;ykWx ckWDl
87
bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa dek.M Type ds uhps fn;s x;s dkWEcks ckWDl esa 2&adcmd table dks pqu
fy;k x;k gSA vc blds uhps fn;s nwljs dkWEcks ckWDl esa nh xbZ lwph esa ls Publisher dks pqudj
dek.M cVu OK ij fDyd djds bldh izkWiVhZ dks iww.kZ djrs gSaA
igys VsDLV ckWDl ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA
Name
Data source
Data field
Locked
Txtpub ID
Adodc1
Pub ID
True
nwljs VsDLV ckWDl ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA
Name
Data source
Data field
Locked
txtname
Adodc1
Name
False
dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA
Name
Caption
Cmd exit
& Exit
QkeZ ij Mk fd;s x;s bu dUVksYl dh okafNr fMtkbZu VkbZe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k mijksDrkuqlkj
djus ds ipkr~~ bldh dksM foUMks ju VkbZe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s dek.M cVu
Cmdexit ds Click ( ) bosUV esa ,fIydsku dk dk;kZUo;u cUn djus ds fy;s fuEukuqlkj dksfMax dh
xbZ gSA
Priavate Sub cmdExit_Click()
End
End sub
bl ,fIydsku dks ju djus ij bldk iznkZu fuEu fp= 18 dh rjg gksrk gSA
88
;wtj bl izksxzke dk iz;ksx djrs le; bl MsVk dUVksy ds cVu ij fDyd djus ij VsDLV ckWDlst
esa vxyk fjdkWMZ iznfkZr gksus yxrk gSA
Data Control
MsVk dUVksy
Data Control : fotqvy csfld MsVk dks dEI;wVj fMLd esa nks izdkj ls LVksj djus dh O;oLFkk djrh
gS&MsVkcsl ds }kjk rFkk ,Ldh QkbYl ds }kjkA

tc ge MsVk dks LVksj djrs gSa vFkok mls iqu% izkIr djrs gSa] rc lcls igys efLr"kd esa vkus
okys uke MsVkcsl dk gksrk gSA fotqvy csfld ,fIydsku ds }kjk ge cM+s&cM+s MsVkscl
s QkbYl dks
MkVk LVksj djus ds fy, O;ofLFkr djrs gSasA
,Ldh QkbYl dk iz;skx djuk %
MsVkcsl ds vfrfjDr MsVks dks LVksj djus ds fy;s ,Ldh (ASCII) QkbYl dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA ;g Qkby lHkh izdkj ds MsVk (Data) dks LVksj djus esa l{ke gSA bu QkbYl esa lwpukvksa
dks ,d gh ykbu esa Comma ( ,) Seperator dk iz;ksx djds LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA blds MsVk dks
LVksj djus ds O;ogkj dks le>us ds fy;s gesa mldh iwjh dk;Z kSyh dks le>uk gksxkA
vLdh QkbYl lHkh izdkj ds Data dks LVksj dj ldrh gS vkSj mls fdlh QkWjesV esa ifjofrZr
dj ldrh gSA fotqvy csfld esa vLdh Qkby dks O;ofLFkr djus ds fy;s gesa dksfMax djuh gksrh
gS] mls lEikfnr djrs gSaA lkFk gh iqjkus MsVk ds lkFk u, MsVk dks tksMu+ s dk dk;Z Hkh fd;k tk ldrk
gSA bl izdkj fotqvy csfld esa bu dk;kZsa vFkkZr~ vLdh QkbYl esa MsVk LVksj djus rFkk mls iqu%
izkIr djus ds fy;s dksfMax dk fd;k tkuk vko;d gSA
vLdh Qkby dks [kksyuk rFkk cUn djuk
fdlh Hkh Qkby dk iz;ksx djus ds fy, lcls igyk dk;Z mls [kksyus dk gSA fotqvy csfld
esa vLdh QkbYl dks [kksyus ds fy, Open LVsVesUV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl LVsVesUV esa fdlh
Hkh fofk"V vLdh Qkby dks [kksyk tk ldrk gSA bl Qkby dks [kksyrs le; gh dEikbyj dks
crkuk vko;d gksrk gS fd Qkby dks fdl dk;Z ds fy;s [kksyk tk jgk gS] tSls&Qkby dks ek=
i<+uk gS vFkkZr Output vFkok Qkby esa dsoy MsVk izfo"V djkus gSa vFkkZr Input vFkok Qkby esa
fLFkr MsVk dks lEikfnr djuk gS vkSj MsVk izfo"V Hkh djuk gS vFkkZr AppendA blds vfrfjDr Qkby
dks [kksyus ds fy;s odZLisl rS;kj djuk gksrk gSA odZ Lisl dks rS;kj djus dk dk;Z Freefile LVsVesUV
dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tkrk gSA ;g LVsVesUV ,d integer MsVk izdkj dk eku Lor% gh mRiUu djrk
gSA Qkby dks [kksyus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk lkekU; lw= fuEufyf[kr gS&
Open File_Name for mode As file no.
mijksDr lw= es File_Name [kkssyh tkus okyh vLdh Qkby dk uke nkkZrk gSAa Mode ;g
nkkZrk gS fd vLdh Qkby dks fdl dk;Z das fy, [kksyk tk jgk gS vFkkZr Input Output vFkok
Append FileNo og iw.kkZad gS, tks ml odZLisl dks nkkZrk gS, ftlesa bl Qkby dks [kksyk tkuk
gSA FileNo ifjorZukad gh File dk leLr lUnHkZ vius ikl j[krk gS D;ksafd Qkby dk Handle djus
dk leLr dk;Z blh ifjorZukad FileNo ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA bl iw.kkZad dks ge Handle
Hkh dg ldrs gSaA
;fn Qkby dks Append, Binari, Output vFkok Random mode esa [kksyk tkrk gSA vkSj ;g
89
fMLd esa fLFkr ugha gS] rks fotqvy csfld ml Qkby dks ,d fjDr Qkby ds :i esa [kksy nsrk gSA
;fn geus Qkby dks [kksyus ds fy, LVsVesUV fy[krs le; mlesa Mode iSjkehVj ugha fn;k gS] rks
fotqvy csfld esa [kksyh tkus okyh vLdh Qkby dk iwoZ fu/kkZfjr (Default) eksM gksrk gSA fotqvy
csfld esa Qkby ds izR;sd eksM dh viuh foks"krk,a gksrh gSaA vLdh Qkby dks Binary eksM esa ugha
[kksyk tkrk gS D;ksafd bl eksM esa ,d le; esa ,d ckbV MsVk gh i<+k tk ldrk gSA
QkbYl dks [kksyus ds mijkUr mu ij okafNr dk;Z djus ds mijkUr mudks cUn djuk gksrk gSA
Qkby dks cUn djus ds fy;s Close LVsVesUV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Qkby dks cUn djus
ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk lkekU; lw= fuEufyf[kr gS %&
Close fileNo
mijksDr lw= esa Close dh&oMZ ds ckn dsoy ml odZLisl dk uEcj gh nsuk i;kZIr gSA
lhDos a f kvy Qkby
fotqvy csfld esa tc gesa vius MsVk dks LVksj vFkok iqu% izkIr djuk gksrk gS] rks blds fy;s
,d lhDosafkvy Qkby (Sequential) dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA lhDosafkvy Qkby vLdh
QkWjesV esa VSDLV dh ykbUl dh ,d J`[a kyk ds :i esa gksrh gSA
,d lhDosafkvy Qkby esa MsVk fy[kus ds fy,] mls Output vFkok Append eksM esa [kksyk tkrk
gSA ;fn Qkby fn;s x;s LFkku ij fLFkr ugha gS] rks fotqvy csfld bls ,d ubZ fjDRk Qkby cuk
nsrk gSA ;fn Qkby fn;s LFkku ij fLFkr gS vkSj bls Output eksM esa [kksyk x;k gS] rks blesa MsVk dh
izfof"V u;s fljs ls gksrh gS vFkkZr~ bl QkbZy esa izfo"V fd;k x;k MsVk blesa igys ls fLFkr MsVk ij
Overwrite gks tkrk gSA ;fn fn;s x;s LFkku ij fLFkr fdlh Qkby dks Append eksM esa [kksyk x;k
gS] rks blesa MsVk dh izfof"V blesa fLFkr MsVk ds ckn ls gksrh gS vFkkZr blesa igys ls fLFkr MsVk cuk
jgrk gSA vkSj mlds ckn u;k MsVk Hkh izfo"V gks tkrk gSA
lhDosafkvy Qkby ls MsVk dks i<us ds fy;s bldks Input eksM esa [kksyk tkrk gSA /;ku j[kus
;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd Qkby dks fdlh Hkh dk;Z ds fy;s [kksyk tk;s ijUrq blds fy;s Qkby Handle
vFkkZr Work space number dh vko;drk gksrh gSA lkFk gh Qkby dks [kksyus ds ipkr mls cUn
djuk Hkh t:jh gksrk gSA ;fn ge Qkby dks cUn ugha djrs gSa rc mlesa fLFkr MsVk ds u"V gksus dh
laHkkouk cu tkrh gSA
ASCII Qkby dks i<+us ds fy, Line input # LVsVesUV vFkok Input # LVsVesUV dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj Qkby esa fy[kus ds fy, Print # LVsVesUV vFkok Write # LVsVesUV
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bls fuEu mnkgj.k ls le>rs gSa%&
Dim FileNo As Integer
FileNo = Freefile
OpenC:\mytext.textfor append As fileno
Print # file No, Ravi
Print # fileNo, 12000
Close File no.
mijksDr mnkgj.k dh igyh ykbu esa Fileno uked Integer MsVk izdkj dk ifjorZukad fy;k
x;k gSA blds mijkUr Freefile() QaDku ds }kjk Handle uEcj mRiUu (Genarat) djds ifjorZukad
Qkby uEcj esa LVksj fd;k x;k gSA vc Open LVsVesUV ds }kjk mytext.text uked Qkby tks fd
90
C:\ Mkbo ij fLFkr gS] dks append eksM esa [kksyk x;k gSA blds ckn
Print # LVsVesUV ls fLVaax Ravi dks Qkby eas fy[kk x;k gSA tks gekjs fy;s MsVk gSA Print
# LVsVesUV ds lkFk File No nsuk Hkh vko;d gksrk gSA blh izdkj blls vxyh ykbu esa Hkh Print
# ds }kjk MsVk 12000 dks Qkby esa fy[kk x;k gSA mnkgj.k izksxzke dh vfUre ykbu esa Close
LVsVesUV ds }kjk Qkby dks cUn fd;k x;k gSA blesa Hkh Qkby uEcj dks iSjkehVj ds :i esa Pass
fd;k tkrk gSA Close LVsVesUV esa Hkh FileNo dk fn;k tkuk vko;d gksrk gSA
bl izkx
s zke dks ju djkus ds fy;s C:\ ij mytext.txt uked Qkby cu tkrh gS vkSj vc bl
Qkby dks foUMkst esa fLFkr Notepad ,fIydsku esa [kksyus ij ;g fuEu fp= 19 ds leku iznfkZr
gksrh gSA

vc bl lhDosafkvy Qkby ls MsVk dks i<+us ds fy;s gesa ,d foU;kl dh vko;drk gksrh gS
bls fuEu mnkgj.k izksxzke ls le>rs gSa&
Dim Getdata() As String
Dim Counter As Integer
Counter = 0
FileNo = Freefile
Open C:\mytext.txt For Input As file No
Do until EOF (FileNo)
Counter = Counter + 1
Redim Preserve GetData(Counter)
LineInput # FileNo GetData(Counter)
Loop
Close (FileNo)
mijksDr mnkgj.k izksxzke dh igyh ykbu esa ,d Integer MsVk izdkj dk ifjorZukad FileNo
cuk;k x;k gSA blds ckn gh ykbu esa Integer MsVk izdkj dk ,d foU;kl Getdata cuk;k x;k gS]
tks Qkby ls MsVk dks i<+rk gSA vc vxyh ykbu esa ,d vU; Integer MsVk izdkj dk ifjorZukad
Counter cuk;k x;k vkSj blls vxyh ykbu esa bl ifjorZukad dks kwU; eku iznku fd;k x;k gSA
91
blds mijkUr Freefile QaDku ds }kjk Qkby Handle uEcj mRiUu (Generate) djds ifjorZukad
FileNo esa LVksj djk;k x;kA vc Open LVsVesUV ds }kjk mytext.txt uked Qkby tksfd C:\ Mkbo
ij fLFkr gS] dks Input eksM esa [kksyk x;k gSA
blds ckn bl mnkgj.k izksxzke esa Do Until ywi dks pyk;k x;k gS] tks blds ckn dh rhu
ykbUl ds vuq:i dk;Z djrk gqvk Qkby esa fLFkr igys MsVk ls vfUre MsVk rd i<+rk gSA EOF()
QaDku Qkby ds vfUre fljs dh tkap djrk gS vkSj blds fy;s ;g End of File dSjsDVj dks <wa<rk
gSA ;g ,d ASCII dSjsDVj gksrk gS] tks ekWuhVj Lhu ij iznfkZr ugha gksrk gSA tc fdlh Qkby
dks cuk;k tkrk gS vFkok Append eksM esa [kksyk tkrk gS] rks ;g Lor% gh cu tkrk gSA
ywi ds vUnj Counter ds eku esa ,d dh o`f) dh xbZ gS blds mijkUr Getdata() uked foU;kl
dks Redium LVsVesUV ls c<k;k x;k gS vkSj Preserve LVsVesUV igys MsVk dks lqjf{kr j[kus dk dk;Z
djrk gSA ywi dh vfUre ykbu esa fn;s x;s LVsVesUV LineInput # ds }kjk Qkby MsVk dks Getdata()
foU;kl esa j[kus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA blds ckn ywi dks cUn fd;k x;k gSA vkSj vUr esa Qkby dks
cUn dj fn;k x;k gSA
bl izzdkj ywi ls MsVk dks Getdata() foU;kl esa j[k fy;k x;k gSA blds ipkr~ ,d vU; For
ywi ds }kjk bu MsVk dks QkWeZ ij vFkok fdlh VSDLV ckWDl esa ns[k ldrs gSaA QkWeZ ij ns[kus ds fy;s
fuEukuqlkj dksfMax dh tkrh gS&
For i = 0 to Ufound (Getdata)
Print Getdata (i)
Next i
mijksDr dksM esa Ubound() QaDku foU;kl dh Upper Limit dks ykSVkrk gS] ftlls For ywi
Getdata() foU;kl ds leLr MsVk dks QkeZ ij fizUV dj ysrk gSA blds vfrfjDr ,d vU; QaDku
gksrk gSA Lbound() tks Lower Limit dks ykSVkrk gSA
mnkgj.k izksxzke & 1

;gka ij ge lhDosfa kvy Qkby esa MsVk LVksj djus rFkk mls bl Qkby ls iqu% izkIr djuk nkkZus
ds fy;s ,d mnkgj.k cukdj nkkZ jgs gSAa
bl mnkgj.k izkx
s kz e essa rhu ysfcYl] rhu VSDLV ckWDlst rFkk pkj dek.M cVUl dk iz;ksx djrs
gq, bl mnkgj.k izksxzke ds QkWeZ dks fuEukafdr fp= 20 dh Hkkafr fMtkbZu fd;k x;k gSA
fp= 20 mnkgj.k izksxzke Application Run Window
92
bl mnkgj.k izksxzke esa QkWeZ ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Caption
frmSequentail File
Example for using Sequential File
igys ysfcy ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Caption
IblName
Enter Name
nwljs ysfcy ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Caption
IblSalary
Enter Name
rhljs ysfcy ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Caption
Ibl Display
Records Display Window
igys VSDLV ckWDl ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Locked
MultiLine
Text
txtName
False
False
nwljs VSDLV ckWDl ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Locked
MultiLine
Text
txtSalary
False
False
rhljs VSDLV ckWDl ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Locked
MultiLine
Text
txtrecord
True
True
VSDlV ckWDlst dh izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k djus esa Text izkWiVhZt ds lkeus fjDr LFkku nkkZ;k x;k
gS] ,slk blfy, fd;k x;k gS] rkfd VSDLV ckWDl esa dksbZ VSDLV iznfkZr u gksA
MultiLine izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k True djus ls ml VSDLV ckWDl esa ,d ls vf/kd ykbUl esa VSDLV
Vkbi fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkok ns[kk tk ldrk gSA Locked izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k True djus ls ml
VSDLV ckWDl essa VSDLV dks ns[kk rks tk ldrk gS] ijUrq mldk lEiknu vFkok mlesa dksbZ u;k VSDLV
izfo"V ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
igys dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZ dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Caption
cmdAdd
&Add Record
nwljs dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS &
Name
Caption
cmdDisplay
&Display Record
rhljs dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
cmdClear

Caption
93
&Clear
pkSFks dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Caption
cmdExit
&Exit
QkWeZ ij Mk fd;s x;s dUVkYs l dh okafNr Vkbe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k mijksDrkuqlkj djus ds
ipkr vc bldh dksM foUMks ju Vkbe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k dksfMax ds vuq:i fd;k x;k gS&
Dim FileNo As Integer, FileNo 1 As Integer, counter As Integer
Dim GegData() As String
Private Sub cmdAdd_Click()
FileNo = Freefile
Open C:\mytext.txt For Append As File No
Print #FileNo, txtName
Print #FileNo, texSalary
Close (FileNo)
txtName =
txtSalary =
txtName.SetFocus
EndSub
Private Sub cmdClear_Click()
texRecord =
EndSub
Private Sub cmdDisplay_click()
Conter = 0
FileNo1 = FreeFile
Open C:\mytext.txt For Input As FileNo1
Do Until EOF (FileNo1)
Counter = Counter + 1
ReDum Preserve GetData(Counter)
Input #FileNo1, GetData(Counter)
Loop
Close (FileNo1)
For i = 0 to U Bound (GetData)
txtRecord = txtRecord + GetData(i)
Next i
End Sub
Private Sub cmdExit_Click()
End
End Sub
Private Sub txtSalary_Change()
If txtSalary = Then
cmdAdd.Enabled = False
Else
cmd.Add.Enabled = True
End If
End Sub
94
QkWeZ ekWM~;wy ds General Declaration Hkkx esa FileNo, FileNo1 ,oa Counter rhu Integer MsVk
izdkj ds ifjorZukad ?kksf"kr fd;s x;s gSa rFkk ,d String izdkj dk GetData() foU;kl ?kksf"kr fd;k gSA
lcls igys dek.M cVu CmdAdd ds Click() bosVa eas FileNo ifjorZukad esa FreeFile() QaDku
dk iz;ksx djds odZLisl uEcj LVksj djk;k gSA blds ckn Open LVsVesUV ls Append eksM esa
mytext.txt uked Qkby dks [kksyk x;k gSA tksfd mnkgj.k izksxzke esa C:\ ij cukbZ xbZ gSA Qkby
dk uke Double Quotes ( ) esa fy[kk x;k gSA vc Print LVsVesUV ls VSDLV ckWDlst txtName o
txtSalary esa izfo"V fd;s x;s MsVk dks lhDoasfkvy Qkby mytext.txt esa LVksj djkrs gSaA blds ckn
Close LVsVesUV ls Qkby dks cUn dj fn;k x;k gSA vkSj blds ckn bu nksuksa VSDLV ckWDl esa ls VSDLV
dks feVkus ds fy, dksfM
a ax dh xbZ gSA
dek.M cVu cmdClear ds Click() bosUV esa VSDLV ckWDl txtRecord dks VSDLV dks feVkus ds fy;s
dksfMax dh xbZ gSA
dek.M cVu cmdDisplay ds Click bosUV esa GetData() foU;kl ds bUMSDl uEcj dk
izfrfuf/kRo djus ds fy;s Counter ifjorZukad dks ?kksf"kr djrs gq, bls izkjfEHkd eku kwU; iznku
fd;k gSA FileNo1 ifjorZukad esa FreeFile QaDku dk iz;ksx djds odZLisl uEcj LVksj djk;k gSA
blds ckn Open LVsVesUV ls Input eksM esa C:\ ij cukbZ xbZ mytext.txt uked Qkby dks [kksyk x;k
gSA vc DoUntil ywi ds }kjk Qkby dks i<+k tkrk gSA Qkby ds vfUre v{kj dks tkapus ds fy,
EOF() QaDku dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA blds ipkr~ Counter ifjorZukad ds eku 1 dh o`f) dh
xbZ gSA vc Redium LVsVesUV ds }kjk foU;kl ds vkdkj dks vko;drkuqlkj c<+k;k x;k gSA rFkk
Preserve LVsVesUV foU;kl ds bl eku dks lqjf{kr djds u;k eku LVksj djus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk
gSA vc Input LVsVesUV dh lgk;rk ls foU;kl GetData esa MkVk LVksj gks tkrk gSA vc Close dks
for ywi dh lgk;rk ls Qkby dks cUn dj fn;k tkrk gSA GetData() foU;kl esa LVksj fd;s x;s MsVk
dh vfUre lhek dks i<+us ds fy;s UBound() QaDku dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSAdek.M cVu cmdExit
ds Click bosUV esa ,fIydsku dk dk;kZUou cUn djus ds fy;s dksfMax dh xbZ gSA
VSDLV ckWDl txtSalary ds Change() bosUV esa if krZ ds }kjk bl VSDLV ckWDl ds fjDr gksus dh
tkap dh xbZ gSA ;fn VSDLV ckWDl fjDr gS] rks dek.M cVu cmdAdd dh Enable izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k
False vkSj ;fn VSDLV ckWDl fjDr ugha gS] rks bl dek.M cVu dh Enable izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k True
fd;k x;k gSAbl ,fIydsku dks ju djus ds ij bldk iznkZu fuEukafdr fp= 21 dh Hkkafr ekWuhVj
Lhu ij gksrk gS&
fp= 21 ,fIydsku dks ju window
95
bl iznkZu esa EnterName ds uhps fn;s x, VSDLV ckWDl uke rFkk Enter Salary ds lkeus fn;s
x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa osru dks izfo"V fd;k tkrk gSA tSls gh nwljs VSDLV ckWDl esa dksbZ eku izfo"V
djk;k tkrk gS rks dek.M cVu fuEukafdr fp= 22 dh Hkkafr lf; gks tkrk gSA
fp= 22 ,fIydsku dks ju window

vc bl dek.M cVu Add Record ij fDyd djus ij ;g fjdkWMZ lhDosafkvy Qkby
mytext.txt esa LVksj gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj geus bl Qkby esa rhu fjdkWMZ Ravi, 12000; BHAARAT,
12500 rFkk GARGI, 13000 dks bl Qkby esa LVksj dj fn;k gSA vc dek.M cVu Display Record
ij fDyd djus ij ;s Record Display Window ds uhps fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa fuEukafdr fp=
23 dh Hkkafr iznfkZr gksrs gSa&
fp= 23 Example Application Run Window

mijksDr iznkZu xq.kokk ds vk/kkj ij =qfViw.kZ gSA blesa lHkh uke vkSj osru ,d gh ykbu esa
iznfkZr gks jgs gSaA buesa okafNr fjdkWMZ dks ns[kuk dfBu gS] tcfd bl lhDosfa kvy Qkby dks uksVisM
esa [kksyus ij ;s fjdkWMZl fuEukafdr fp= 24 dh Hkkafr i`Fkd&i`Fkd ykbUl esa iznfkZr gksrs gSa&
96
fp= 24 lhDosafkvy Qkby dks uksVisM esa [kksyuk

jsUMe ,Dlssl eksM
fotqvy csfld esa iz;ksx dh tkus okyh vLdh (ASCII) QkbZy jsUMe ,Dlsl eksM (Rendom
Access Mode) esa Hkh [kksyh tk ldrh gSA fdlh Qkby ij dk;Z djus ds fy;s ;g eksM lcls
vf/kd yphykiu (Flexibility) iznku djrk gSA ;g eksM Qkby ls MsVk iqu% izkIr djus ds fy;s Qkby
eas gesa ,d Position cukus dh vuqefr iznku djrk gSA ;g eksM lhDosafkvy Qkby dh vis{kk dgha
vf/kd rhoz xfr ls dk;Z djrk gS D;ksafd blesa lwpuk dks ,d fjdkWMZ ds :i esa i<+k tkrk gSA
Qkby dks jsUMe ,Dlsl eksM esa [kksyus ds fy;s fuEu lw=kuqlkj dksM dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrkgS&
Open File_Name for Random As FileNo Len = Data _Length
mijksDr lw= esa Len iSjkehVj fy[kus ds fy;s gesa Qkby dh MsVk ykbu dh yEckbZ (Data
Length) dk Kku gksuk vko;d gSA bl MsVk ykbu dks fjdkWMZ (Record) dgk tkrk gSA ;g mlh
izdkj dk gksrk gS] tSlk fd fdlh MsVkcsl (Database) Qkby esa gksrk gSA bldks fuEu dksM ls le>rs gS&
a
Private Sub Reco()
Dim fileNo As Intger
Dim IdNo As Integer
Dim Sname As String
Dim Fname as String
Dim Line as String
Dim City As String
$Name = YAMINI
fname = BHAARAT
city = AJMER
Line = sname & fname & city
97
idNo = 1
File No = Freefile
Open C:\mytext.textfor Random As fileNo
Put #FileNo, Idno, Line
Close FileNo
End Sub
mijksDr dksfMax dks dk;kZfUor djkus ds mijkUr fuEu vkmViqV izkIr gksrk gS&
;g vkmViqV =qfViw.kZ gSA bl vkmViqV dks ge ,d kq) vkmViqV esa ;k ,d fjdkWMZ ds :i esa
ugha eku ldrs gSaA blds fy;s gesa viuk u;k ifjorZukad izdkj (Variable Type) cukuk iMs+xk
D;ksafd ;g vko;d ugha fd fjdkWMZ esa fLFkr MsVk leku yEckbZ ds gh gksaA u;k ifjorZukad cukus
ds fy;s Type....End Type LVDpj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
fotqvy csfld Type LVsVesUV ds }kjk gesa User Defind (Structure) ifjorZukad cukus dh
vuqefr ugha iznku djrk gSA vr% blds fy;s izkstsDV esa ,d ekWM~;wy cukuk vko;d gksrk gS vkSj
blesa Hkh bl ifjorZukad dks cukus dh ?kks"k.kk General Declaration esa dh tkrh gSA
Type MyType
Sname As string *25
Fname As string * 25
City As String * 10
End type
fotqvy csfld esa Type LVDpj fHkUu&fHkUu ifjorZukadksa dk lewg gksrk gSA tc bls ?kksf"kr dj
nsrs gSa rc ge fjdkWMZ ds fy;s fufpr vkdkj fu/kkZfjr dj ysrs gSaA mjksDr Type ifjorZukad esa geus
String izdkj dk ifjorZukad fy;k gS tks fd fufpr vkdkj dk gSA Record dh yEckbZ vFkkZr vkdkj
lHkh ifjorZukadksa dks Lisl eseksjh dks tksM+dj fudkyrs gSaA

lcls igys bl User Defined MsVk izdkj ds vk/kkj ij Form Module esa vU; ekud MsVk
izdkjksa dh Hkkafr ifjorZukadksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gSA
vc bl ifjorZukadksa ds }kjk bl Type LVDpj esa ?kksf"kr fd;s x;s ifjorZukadksa dks MkWV ( .)
vkWijsVj dh lgk;rk ls Access fd;k tkrk gSA vc ge buesa eku ikl dj ldrs gSa vkSj Get #
LVsVesUV ls MsVk dks iqu% izkIr dj ldrs gSaA
vc dksfM
a ax dks fuEukuqlkj fy[kk tk;sxk&
Private Sub Reco()
Dim RecNo As Integer
Dim r As MyType
r.sname = NAROOKA
r.fname = BHAARAT
r.city = AJMER
RecoNo = 1
FileNo = Freefile
Open = C:\mytext.txt For Random As FileNo Len = 60
Put# FileNo, RecNo, r
Close FileNo
EndSub
98
vc mijksDr dksfMax dks dk;kZfUor ds mijkUr fuEu vkmViqV izkIr gksrk gS&
NAROOKA
BHAARAT
AJMER
mnkgj.k iz k s x z k e
;gka ij ge jsUMe ,Dlsl eksM esa MsVk LVksj djus rFkk mls blls iqu% izkIr djuk nkkZus ds fy,
,d mnkgj.k izksxzke cukdj nkkZ jgs gS&
a
fp= 25 Example Application Run Window

bl mnkgj.k izkx
s kz e esa rhu ysfcYl] ikap VSDlV ckWDlst rFkk pkj dek.M cVUl dk iz;ksx djrs
gq, bl mnkgj.k izksxzke ds QkWeZ dks fiNys i`"B ij fn;s x;s fp= dh Hkkafr fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSA
mnkgj.k izksxzke esa QkWeZ ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Caption
frmRandom
Example for Random Access Mode
Name
Caption
ibIInput
Enter ID and Name
nwljs ysfcy ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Caption
IbINuber
Which record you want to search
rhljs ysfcy ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Caption
IblOutput
ID and Name
igys VSDLV ckWDl ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Text
textRecord
nwljs VSDLV ckWDl ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&

Name
Text
99
txtName
rhljs VSDLV ckWDl ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Text
txtNumber
pkSFks VSDLV ckWDl ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Text
txtRecord1
ikapos VSDLV ckWDl ds fy;s fuEu izzkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Text
txtName1
VSDLV ckWDlst dh izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k djus esa Text izkWiVhZ ds lkeus fjDr LFkku nkkZ;k x;k gS]
,slk blfy, fd;k x;k gS rkfd VSDLV ckWDl esa dksbZ VSDLV iznfkZr u gksA
igys dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Caption
Enabled
cmdAdd
&Add
True
nwljs dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Caption
Enabled
cmdDisplay
&Display
False
rhljs dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Caption
Enabled
cmdClear
&Clear
True
pkSFks dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Caption
Enabled
cmdExit
&Exit
True
QkWeZ ij Mk fd;s x;s dUVksYl dh okafNr Vkbe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k mijksDrkuqlkj djus ds
ipkr vc bl mnkgj.k izksxkze esa ,d ekWM;wy tksM+k x;k gSA ekWM;wy foUMks esa fuEukuqlkj dksfMax
djds Type.....End Type dh lgk;rk ls ,d u;k MsVk izdkj Record cuk;k x;k gSA
Type Record
Define User-defined type.
ID As Integer
Name As string * 20
End Type
mijksDr dksfMax esa nks ifjorZukad ID ,oa Name ek% Integer ,oa String MsVk izdkj ds
?kksf"kr fd;s x;s gSaA String MsVk izdkj ds ifjorZukad Name dk vf/kdre vkdkj Hkh ;gha ij ?kksf"kr
100
fd;k x;k gSA

NOTE :fotqvy csfld esa ;fn fdlh LVsVesUV vFkok ykbu ds igys Single Quote ( ) dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] rks og ,d Remark cu tkrk gS] mldk izkx
s zke ds dk;kZUou ls dksbZ
lEcU/k ugha gksrk ijUrq izkx
s kz e dks dksM foUMks essa i<+us ij izksxkz e ls lEcfU/kr vko;d tkudkjh izkIr
gksrh gSA
bldh dksM foUMks ju Vkbe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k fuEukafdr dksfMax ds vuq:i fd;k x;k gS&
Private Sub cmdAdd_Click()
Dim MyRecord As Record
Open C:\TESTFILE.txtFor Random AS #1 Len = Len (MyRecord)
MyRecord.ID = Val (txtRecord)
MyRecord.Name = txtName
Put #1, val(txtRecord),MyRecord
txtRecord =
txtName =
txtRecord.SetFocus
Close #1
End Sub
Private Sub cmdDisplay_Click()
Dim MyRecord As Record
Dim Position As Integer
Open C:\TESTFILE.txt For Random As #1 Len = Len (My Record)
Position = Val(txtNumber)
Get #1, position , my record
txtRecord1 = LTrim (Str(MyRecord.ID))
txtName1 = MyRecord.Name
Close #1
End Sub
Private Sub cmdClear_()
txtRecord1 =
txtName1=
txtNumber =
txtNumber.SetFocus
End Sub
Private Sub txtNumber_Change()
If txtNumber.Text = Then
cmdDisplay.Enabled=False
101
Else
cmdDisplay.Enabled = True
End If
End Sub
Private Sub txtName_Change()
If txtName.Text = Then
cmdAdd.Enabled = False
Else
cmdAdd.Enabled = True
End If
End sub
End
End sub
mijksDr dksfMax esa lcls igys dek.M cVu cmdAdd ds Click() bosUV esa MyRecord
ifjorZukad ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS] bl ifjorZukad dk MsVk izdkj ekWM;wy esa cuk;k x;k MsVk izdkj
Record fu/kkZfjr fd;k gSA blds ckn open LVsVesUV ls TESTFILE.txt uked Qkby dks Random
eksM esa [kksyk x;k gSA bl LVsVesUV esa Len() QaDku dk iz;ksx djds ifjorZukad MyRecord ds
vkdkj dh x.kuk djds bl eku dks ifjorZukad Len essa LVksj djk;k x;k gSA bl LVsVesUV esa geus
FileNo ifjorZukad dk iz;ksx u djds blds LFkku ij fLFkjkad #1 dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA vc bl izksxkz e
esa bl Qkby dks #1 ls gh Access fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds ckn gh dksfMax esa VSDLV ckWDl txtID
rFkk txtName esa iz;ksxdrkZ }kjk izfo"V MsVk dks bl Qkby esa LVksj fd;k x;k gSA Qkby esa bl
MsVk dks LVksj djkus ds fy;s Put LVsVesUV dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA blds ckn bu nksuksa VSDLV ckWDl
dks fjDr djk;k x;k gS vkSj izksxzke esa dk;kZUo;u dk Qksdl VSDLV ckWDl txtID ij fu/kkZfjr fd;k
x;k gS vkSj vUr esa bl Qkby dks Close LVsVesUV dk iz;ksx djds cUn dj fn;k x;k gSA
dek.M cVu cmdDisplay ds Click() bosUV esa lcls igys ifjorZukad Myrecord dks gekjs
cuk;s x, Record MsVk dk izdkj ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
blds ckn Open LVsVesUV ls TESTFILE.txt uked Qkby dks Random eksM esa [kksyk x;k
gSA bl LVsVesUV esa Hkh igys tSls gh Len() QaDku dk iz;ksx djds ifjorZukad MyRecord ds vkdkj
dh x.kuk djds bl eku dks ifjorZukad Len esa LVksj djk;k x;k gSA vc ifjorZukad Position esa
VSDLV ckWDl txtNumber esa iz;ksxdrkZ }kjk izfo"V fd;s x;s VSDLV dks eku ds :i esa LVksj djk;k
x;k gSA Get LVsVesUV dh lgk;rk ls bl fjdkWMZ dkss Qkby ls i<+k tkrk gS] tks fd MyRecord esa
LVksj dj fn;k tkrk gSA vc bl eku dks VSDLV ckWDl txtRecord1 rFkk TxtName1 esa iznfkZr djk;k
x;k gS vkSj vUr esa bl Qkby dks Close LVsVesUV dk iz;ksx djds cUn dj fn;k x;k gSA
dek.M cVu cmdExit ds click() bosUV esa ,fIydsku dk dk;kZUou cUn djus ds fy;s dksfMax dh
xbZ gSA
102
VSDLV ckWDl TaxName ds Change() bosUV esa If krZ ds }kjk bl VSDLV ckWDl ds fjDr gksus dh
tkap dh xbZ gS ;fn ;g VSDLV ckWDl fjDr gS] rks dek.M cVu cmdAdd dh Enabled izkWiVhZ fu/kkZj.k
False vkSj ;fn VSDLV ckWDl fjDr ugha gS rks] bl dek.M cVu dh Enabled izkWiVhZ fu/kkZj.k True fd;k
x;k gSA
VSDLV ckWDl txtNumber ds Change() bosUV esa If krZ ds }kjk bl VSDLV ckWDl ds fjDr gksus
dh tkap dh xbZ gS ;fn VSDLV ckWDl fjDr gS] rks dek.M cVu cmdDisplay dh Enabled izkWiVhZ dk
fu/kkZj.k False vkSj ;fn VSDLV ckWDl fjDr ugha gSa] rks bl dek.M cVu dh Enabled izkWiVhZ dk
fu/kkZj.k True fd;k x;k gSA
bl ,fIydsku dks ju djus ij bldk fuEukafdr fp= 26 dh Hkkafr ekWuhVj Lhu iznkZu ij
gksrk gS&
fp= 26 Enabled izkWiVhZ window

bl izksxkz e esa iz;ksxdrkZ }kjk igys Hkkx esa fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDlst esa ek% ID rFkk uke izfo"V
fd;s tkrs gSaA nwljs VSDLV ckWDl esa uke izfo"V djrs gh vxys i`"B ij fn;s x, fp= 34 dh Hkkafr
dek.M cVu Add lh; gks tkrk gS vkSj bl ij fDyd djrs gh bu nksuksa VSDLV ckWDlst esa dh xbZ
izfof"V Qkby esa LVksj gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj fofHkUu fjdkWMl
Z~ dks ge viuh Qkby esa LVksj dj ldrs gSAa
fp= 27 VSDLV ckWDlst esa dh xbZ izfof"V
103
vc Qkby esa fLFkr fdlh ID uEcj ds fjdkWMZ dks ns[kuk gS] rks Which record you want to
search ds lkeus fLFkr VSDLV ckWDl esa okafNr ID uEcj dks izfo"V dj nsrs gSAa bl VSDLV ckWDl esa
;g uEcj izfo"V djrs gh dek.M cVu Display lh; gks tkrk gS bl dek.M cVu ij fDyd djrs
gh fjdkWMZ fuEu fp= 28 dh Hkkafr iznfkZr gksrk gS&
fp= 28 Record search window

ck;ujh ,Dlsl eksM
fotqvy csfld esa ck;ujh ,Dlsl eksM (Binary Access Mode) gesa Qkby Handling ds fy;s
cgqr gh lqyHk dk;ZkSYkh iznku djrk gSA ck;ujh ,Dlsl eksM esa Qkby esa fy[kus ds fy, Put LVsVesUV
rFkk Qkby ls i<+us ds fy, Get LVsVesUV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ck;ujh ,Dlsl eksM ,oa jsUMe
,Dlsl eksM esa vUrj flQZ bruk gS fd jsUMe ,Dlsl eksM esa [kksyh xbZ Qkby ds MsVk dks ge Record
ds vk/kkj ij i<+rs vkSj fy[krs gSa vFkkZr~ Qkby ls Randomly Access dj ldrs gSa tcfd ck;ujh
,Dlsl eksM esa [kksyh xbZ Qkby ds MsVk dkss ge ,d Jà[kyk esas i<+ ldrs gSaA fuEu dksM ds }kjk ge
Qkby ls 20 ckbV~l gh i<+ ldrs gSaA
T = String (20, )
Get #FileNo,T
/;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd mijksDr dksM esa RecNo iSjkehVj ugha gS] D;ksafd Qkby ls MsVk
dks Ja`[kyk ds :i esa i<+k tkrk gSA fotqvy csfld Qkby dh izkjfEHkd fLFkfr dks uksV djds j[krk
gS blfy, izksxzkej dks ;g Kkr djus dh vko;drk ugha gksrh fd Qkby dgka ls kq: gks jgh gSA
fotqvy csfld esas MsVk dks fMLd esa LVksj djus rFkk mudks iqu% izkIr djus ds fy; ,d jsMhesM dUVky
s
Hkh miyC/k gSA ;g dUVky
s ekbkslkWV ,Dlsl vFkok vU; MsVkcslt
s ls MsVk dks i< ldrk gS vkSj
mlesa MsVk izfo"V Hkh dj ldrk gSA bl dUVksy dks Hkh vU; dUVkYs l dh Hkkafr QkWeZ ij Mk fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj bldh dqN izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr djus ds ipkr~ blds lkFk dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk
gSA ;g dUVky
s MsVk dks ljyrk ls <wa<us dk dk;Z djrk gSA pwafd bl Vwy dh lgk;rk ls MsVk dks
fu;fU=r fd;k tkrk gSA blfy, bls MsVk dUVksy (Data Control) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
104
fp= 29 Data Control Property window

MsVk dUVksYl dk iz;ksx
fotqvy csfld MsVk QkbYl ds izcU/ku dk dk;Z rhu izdkj ls vkWCtSDV~l dh lgk;rk ls dj
ldrs gSaA ;s vkWCtSDV~l- Data Access Objects (DAO), Remote DataBase Object(RDO) rFkk
Active Data objcet (ADO).vkWCtSDV~l dksM ds }kjk fjdkWM~l
Z ] VsfcYl rFkk DoSjht+ dks Access
djus dk dk;Z dh vuqefr iznku djrs gSaA
ADO dks fotqvy csfld ds bl u, laLdj.k fotqvy csfld&6 esa gh tksM+k x;k gSA ;g
fotqvy csfld ds blls iwoZ ds laLdj.kksa esa miyC/k ugha FkkA ADO iz;ksxdrkZ dks Multiple
DataBase ij dk;Z djus dh vuqefr iznku djrk gSA
MsVk dUVksy dh izkWiVhZt
MsVk dUVksy dks QkWeZ ij Mk djus ds mijkUr bls pquus ij izkWiVhZt foUMksa esa bldh fofHkUu
fMtkbu Vkbe izkWiVhZt dk iznkZu vaxzkafdr fp= dh Hkkafr gksrk gSA
buesa ;s eq[;r% iz;ksx dh tkus okyh izkWiVhZt dk fooj.k fuEukuqlkj gS&
Connect iz k W i Vh
VhZ
MsVk dUVky
s dh Connect izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx blls lEc) dh tkus okyh MsVk Qkby ds izdkj
dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ ;g izkWiVhZ ;g lqfufpr djrh gS fd MsVk dUVksy
ls lEc) gksus okyh MsVk Qkby dk QkWjesV D;k gSA MsVk dUVksy dh izkWiVhZt foUMks esa bl izkWiVhZ
105
dks pquus ij blds lkeus fn;s x, ckWDl ds nk;as fljs ij iznfkZr gksus okys ekml ,sjks ij fDyd djus
ij iznfkrZ gksus okyh lwph esa vusd QkWjesV~l dh lwph iznfkZr gksrh gSA bl lwph esa ls gh okafNr
QkWjesV dks pqudj bl izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA fotqvy csfld By Default bl izkWiVhZ
dk fu/kkZj.k Access gksrk gSA vf/kdrj ge vius ,fIydsku esa ekbkslkWV ,Dlsl ds ek/;e ls gh
MsVkcsl dk lEc) djrs gSaA
DatabaseName izkWiVhZ
MsVk dUVky
s dh DatabaseName izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx ml MsVkcsl dk uke fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy;s
fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa og Vsfcy fLFkr gS] ftldk MsVk bl MsVk dUVky
s }kjk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk gSA
ekbklkWV ,Dlsl dh MsVkcsl Qkby dk foLrkfjr uke .mdb gksrk gSA vU; MsVkcsl izkx
s kz El ds
MsVkcsl ds fy;s mudh Mk;jsDVh esa tkdj okafNr MsVkcsl dk pquko djuk gksrk gSA
RecordsetType iz k W i VhZ
s ls cuk;s tk jgs Recordset
MsVk dUVky
s dh RecordsetType izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx MsVk dUVky
vkWCtSDV dk izdkj fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA fotqvy csfld esa rhu izdkj ds Recordset
gksrs gS& Table, Dynaset rFkk SnapshotA Recordset izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k Table esa djus ij MkVk
dUVksy dks dsoy ,d Vsfcy ls gh tksM+k tk ldrk gSA
bl izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k Dynaset djus ij MsVk dUVky
s }kjk ,d ls vf/kd VsfcYl ij ,d
lkFk dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn bl izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k Shapshot dj fn;k tkrk gS] rks
MsVk dUVky
s Vsfcy esa fLFkr MsVk dks dsoy i<+ gh ldrk gS vFkkZr~ Vsfcy dk iz;ksx dsoy Read Only
Mode esa djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
RecordSource iz k W i VhZ
MsVk dUVky
s dh RecordSource izkWiVhZ ds fu/kkZj.k esa ml Table dk uke fn;k tkrk gS] ftldks
bl MsVk dUVksy }kjk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk gSA blh izkWiVhZ ls dEikbyj dks irk pyrk gS fd
Database(.mdb) dh fdl Table ds fy;s dk;Z fd;k tkuk gSA
Recordset Type izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k Dynaset djus ij ,d ls vf/kd VsfcYl (Tables) dks
Access djus ds fy;s gesa SQL LVsVesUV dk iz;ksx djuk gksrk gSA
MsVk dUVksy dsoy MsVk dk pquko djus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ;g MsVk dks iznfkZr djus
dk dk;Z ugha djrk gSA MsVk dks iznfkZr djus ds fy;s gesa dqN vU; dUVky
s ] tSl&
s VSDLV ckWDl] dh
vko;drk gksrh gSA bl ifjfLFkfr esa ;s dUVksy MsVk ckm.M dUVksy (Data Bound Controls)
dgykrs gSaA bl izdkj ,d MsVk dUVky
s Data Bound Control rFkk Table ds e/; lsrq (Bridge) dh
Hkkafr dk;Z djrk gSA
mnkgj.k izksxzke &
;gka ij ge MsVk dUVksy dk iz;ksx nkkZus ds fy;s ,d mnkgj.k izksxkz e cukdj nkkZ jgs gSaA bl
mnkgj.k izkx
s zke esa geus nks ysfcYl] nks VSDLV ckWDlst] ,d MsVk dUVksy rFkk ,d dek.M cVu dk
iz;ksx djrs gq, blds QkWeZ dks vxys i`"B ij fn;s x;s fp= 30 dh Hkkafr fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSA
bl mnkgj.k izksxzke esa QkWeZ ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&

Name
Caption
frmDataControl
Example for Data Control
Name
Alignment
Caption
IbIID
1- RightJustify
Publisher
nwljs ysfcy ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Alignment
Caption
IbIName
1 - RightJustify
Publisher Name
MsVk dUVksy ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Caption
Connect
DatabaseName
RecordsetType
RecordSource
Data 1
Publishers
Access
C:\Program Files\VisualStudio\VB98\Bibio.mbd
1- Dynaset
Publishers
igys VSDLV ckWDl ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
DataSource
DataField
Locked
txtText1
Data1
PubID
True
nwljs VSDLV ckWDl ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
DataSource
DataField
Locked
txtText2
Data 1
Name
False
106
107
dek.M cVu ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Caption
cmdExit
Exit
QkWeZ ij Mk fd;s x;s dUVksYl dh okafNr fMt+kbu Vkbe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k mijksDrkuqlkj
djus ds ipkr bldh dksM foUMks ju Vkbe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s dek.M cVu cmdExit
ds Click () bosUV esa ,fIydsku dk;kZUo;u cUn djus ds fy;s fuEukuqlkj dksfMax dh xbZ gS&
End
End Sub
bl ,Iyhdsku dks ju djus ij bldk iznkZu fuEukafdr fp= 31 dh Hkkafr ekWuhVj Lhu ij
gksrk gS&

vc tc iz;ksxdrkZ MsVk dUVky
s ds cVu ij fDyd djrk gS] rks VSDLV ckWDlst esa vxyk fjdkWMZ
iznfkZr gksus yxrk gSA mngkj.k ds fy;s bl le; mijksDr fp= esa igyk fjdkWMZ iznfkZr gks jgk gSA
vc ;fn bl cVu ij fDyd djrs gSa] rks Publisher ID ds lkeus fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa 2 rFkk
Publisher Name ds lkeus fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa dksbZ vU; uke iznfkZr gksus yxsxkA MsVk dUVksy
ds cVu ij fDyd djus ij VSDLV ckWDlst esa Vsfcy dk vfUre fjdkWMZ iznfkZr gksus yxrk gSA
iz;ksxdrkZ }kjk MsVk dUVksy ds cVu ij fDYkd djus ij VSDLV ckWDlst esa iznfkZr gksus okys fjdkWMZ
ls igys okyk fjdkWMZ iznfkZr gksus yxrk gSA ;fn VSDLV ckWDlst
s esa Vsfcy dk igyk fjdkWMZ gh iznfkZr
gks jgk gS] rks cVu ij fDyd djus ij dqN Hkh ugha gksrk gSA MsVk dUVky
s ds cVu ij fDyd djus
ij VSDLV ckWDlst esa Vsfcy dk igyk fjdkWMZ iznfkZr gksus yxrk gSA
fotqvy csfld esa MsVkcsl vo/kkj.kk
fotqvy csfld ,fIydsku esa MsVk Qkby dks i<+us rFkk Qkby esa MsVk izfo"V djus dh vusd
fof/k;ka gSaA fotqvy csfld ds lkFk ekbkslkWV ,Dlsl ds MsVkcsl] SQL Server ,oa Oracle
MsVkcsl] FoxPro rFkk DbaseIV ds MsVkcsl rd tksM+k tk ldrk gSA dsoy FkksM+h lh&dksfMax ls bl
108
dk;Z dks fd;k tk ldrk gSA fotqvy csfld ds ,fIydsku esa ekbkslkWV ,Dlsl dh MsVkscsl
QkbYl dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s vkids dEI;wVj esa ekbkslkWV ,Dlsl dk gksuk vko;d ugha gS]
D;ksafd fotqvy csfld ds lkFk Access Jet engine miyC/k gksrk gSA ;|fi MsVkscsl dss fuekZ.k ds
fy;s dEI;wVj esa ekbkslkWV ,Dlsl dk gksuk vf/kd mfpr gksrk gS] ;fn ;g ugha gS] rks Hkh MsVkcsl
ds fuekZ.k ds fy, fotqvy csfld esa Visual Data Manager miyC/k djk;k x;k gSA
ekbkslkWV ,Dlsl dh MsVkcsl Qkby esa VsfcYl (Tables), bUMSDlst (Indexes) rFkk DoSjht
(Queries) gksrh gSA ,Dlsl dh Vsfcy esa MsVk iafDr;ka (Rows) rFkk LrEHkksa (Columns) ds :i esa
laxzfgr gksrk gSA MsVkcsl dh Hkk"kk iafDr (Rows) dks fjdkWMZ (Record) rFkk LrEHk (Column) dks
QhYM (Field) dgk tkrk gSA bUMSDl Vsfcy esa fjdkWMZ IokWbUVlZ dh ,d fyaDM lwph gksrh gSA bUMSDl
dk iz;ksx Vsfcy esa ls rhoz xfr ls okafNr fjdkWMZ vFkok fjdkWMZl dks [kkstus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
DoSjht] SQL (Structured Query Languages) LVsVesUVl gksrh gSa] ftudks Vsfcy esa fdUgha fofk"V
fjdkWMZl dks [kkstus ds fy, fy[kk tkrk gSA
MsVkcsl Vsfcy
MsVkcsl dh Vsfcy iafDr;ksa (Rows) rFkk LrEHkksa (Columns) dk lewg gksrk gS] ftldk izR;sd
dkWye ,d QhYM (Field) rFkk iafDr ,d fjdkWMZ (Record) dks nkkZrk gSA
lkekU;r% MsVkcsl ,fIydsku esa Vsfcy ,d i`Fkd Qkby ds :i esa gksrh gS] ijUrq fotqvy csfld
esa Vsfcy ds fy, i`Fkd Qkby dk fuekZ.k ugha gksrk gSA fotqvy csfld vius iz;ksxdrkZ dks
ekbkslkWV ,Dlsl ds vk/kkj ij MsVkcsl dks iz;ksx djus dh vuqqefr iznku djrh gSA ekbkslkWV
,Dlsl esa MsVkcsl esa gh vU; vkWCtSDLV~l% tSls & VsfcYl] DoSjht] QkWElZ vkfn fLFkr gksrs gSaA blesa
Vsfcy ,d i`Fkd Qkby ds :i esa lqjf{kr gksdj] MsVkcsl ds gh ,d LokHkkfod Hkkx ds :i esa LVksj
gksrh gSA blesa Vsfcy dks [kksyus ds fy;s igys blds Parent MsVkcsl vFkkZr ftlesa ;g LVksj gS] dks
[kksyuk gksrk gSA ,d MsVkcsl esa ,d ls vf/kd VsfcYl gks ldrh gSA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa
fd fotqvy csfld vFkok ekbkslkWV ,Dlsl dk MsVkcsl ,d ls vf/kd VsfcYl dk lewg gksrk gSA
vc iz;ksxdrkZ dks ;fn fdlh Vsfcy ij dk;Z djuk gks] rks lcls igys mls MsVkcl dks [kksyuk
gksxk] ftlesa ;g Vsfcy LVksj gS] blds mijkUr gh ml Vsfcy dks [kksyk tk ldrk gSA fdlh MsVkcsl
dk rc rd dksbZ mi;ksx ugha gksrk tc rd fd mlesa dksbZ Vsfcy u gksA fotqvy csfld rFkk
ekbkslkWV ,Dlsl esa Vsfcy ds fcuk MsVkcsl dk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha gksrk gSA
DoS j h
MsVkcsl vkSj Vsfcy dk fuekZ.k djus ds mijkUr mlesa MsVk izfo"V (Input) fd;k tkrk gSA bu
MsVk ekuksa dks fudV Hkfo"; esa dHkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkok blesa vU; u;k MsVk Hkh izfo"V
fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% u;k MsVk izfo"V djus vFkok iqjkus MsVk ls dksbZ foks"k ,d vFkok fdlh
krZ ij vk/kkfjr vuds fjdkWMl
Z NkaVus ds fy, DoSfjt (Queries) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r%
DoSjht dk viuk ,d lw= (Syntax) gksrk gSS] ftUgsa SQL LVsVesUV Hkh dgk tkrk gSA SQL vFkkZr
Structured Query Language ,d ,slh Hkk"kk gS tks lkekU; Database dks fu;fU=r djus ds fy;s
lkekU; dksfMax ds lkFk iz;ksx dh tkrh gS vkSj lkekU; Code ds lkFk iz;ksx dh tk ldrh gSA SQL
Hkk"kk dk yxHkx lHkh MsVkcsl dks voyEc iznku djus okys ,fIydsku vuqlj.k djrs gSaA SQL
DoSjht ds }kjk Vsfcy esa ls ge okafNr fjdkWMZl dks ljyrk ls vYi le; esa <wa< ldrs gSa rFkk Vsfcy
109
esa u, fjdkWMZl Hkh izfo"V dj ldrs gSaA fotqvy csfld SQL DoSjht dks n`<rk ls vuyEc iznku
djrh gSA fotqvy csfld esa MsVkcsl rFkk VsfcYl dks Handle djus dh vusd fof/k;ksa esa ls SQL lcls
vPNh ,oa ljy fof/k ekuh tkrh gSA
fotqvy MsVk eSustj ds }kjk MsVkcsl dk fuekZ.k djuk
fdlh Hkh MsVkcsl izcU/ku iz.kkyh (Database Managment System-DBMS) ,fIydsku ds
fy, MsVk ,d vk/kkjHkwr ro gksrk gS] blfy, bls lqjf{kr j[kuk vR;Ur vko;d gksrk gSA MsVk dks
lqjf{kr djuss ds ckn bls dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkh x.kuk djus ds fy;s bl MsVk dh iqu% vko;drk gksrh
gSA izR;sd MsVkcsl izcU/ku iz.kkyh MsVk dks viuh lqfo/kk vuqlkj O;ofLFkre esa j[krh gSA
fotqvy csfld MsVk ds fy;s MsVkcsl dks fMtkbu djus dh nks fof/k;k iznku djrh gSaA igyh
fof/k ds vuqlkj MsVk dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, dksfMax djuh gksrh gS] tksfd vR;Ur dfBu ,oa nq"dj
dk;Z gSA nwljh fof/k ds vuqlkj fotqvy csfld ekbkslkWV ,Dlsl dh Hkkafr fotqvy MsVk eSut
s j
dk iz;ksx djds MsVkcsl rS;kj djukA ;g fof/k vis{kkr vR;Ur ljy rFkk vYi le; ysus okyh
gSA bl fof/k ds }kjk cuk;s tkus okys MsVkcsl dk foLrkfjr uke Hkh ekbkslkWV ,Dlsl ds MsVkcsl
ds leku gh .mdb gksrk gSA bl MsVkcsl esa vusd VsfcYl] DoSjht rFkk MsVk ls lEcfU/kr vusd
tkudkfj;ka j[kh tk ldrh gSAa
vkb;s] vc ge fotqvy MsVk eSustj dk iz;ksx djds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ckjs esa vko;d tkudkjh
j[kus ds fy, ,d Vsfcy cukus dh izf;k lh[krs gSAa blh ds vk/kkj ij ge vU; okafNr VsfcYl dk
fuekZ.k Hkh dj ldrs gSaA bl Vsfcy dks cukus dk dk;Z fuEukafdr pj.kksa esa fd;k tk ldrk gS&
fotqvy csfld ds Add-ins esU;w ij ekml IokWbUVj ykdj fDyd djus ij iznfkZr gksus okys
esU;w esa lcls igyh dek.M Visual Data Manager gksrh gSA bl dek.M dks pquus ij Visual Data
Manager dk;kZfUor gksrk gS vkSj bldh foUMks ekWuhVj Lhu ij fuEukafdr fp= 32 dh Hkkafr iznfkZr
gksrh gSA
fp= 32 Visual Data Manager window
110
vc bldh esU;w ckj ij File esU;w ij fDyd djus ij iznfkZr gksus okys esU;w esa ls
fp= 33 Visual Data Manager File menu window

New dek.M ij ekml IokWbUVj ykus ij fn;s x;s fp= 33 dh Hkkafr iznfkZr gksus okys mi&esU;w
esa ls dek.M Microsoft Access ij ekml IokWbUVj ykus ij iznfkZr gksus okys mi&esU;w esa ls dek.M
Version 7.0 MDB ij fDyd djus ij ekWuhVj Lhu ij Select Microsoft Access Database to
create Mk;ykWx ckWDl fuEukafdr fp= 41 dh Hkkafr iznkZu gksrk gSA
fp= 34 Select Microsoft Access Database to create Mk;ykWx ckWDl

bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa File Name ds lkeus fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa MsVkcsl ds fy;s mfpr uke
Vkbi dj fn;k tkrk gSA ge ;gka ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh j[kus ds fy;s MsVkcsl cuk jgs
gSa] blfy, bldk uke ge Stu_info j[krs gSaA ;gka ij gesa bldk foLrkfjr uke nsus dh vko;drk
ugha gksrh gSA bldk foLrkfjr uke Lor% gh .mdb
111
fp= 35 SQL Statement Window

fu/kkZfjr gks tkrk gSA bl Qkby dks gesa ftl QksYMj esa cukuk gS] bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa mldk
pquko Save in ds lkeus fn;s x;s dkWECkks ckWDl esa fd;k tkrk gSA vc dek.M cVu OK ij fDyd
djus ij Visual Data Manager dh foUMks dk iznkZu fn;s x;s fp= 42 dh Hkkafr iznfkZr gksrk gSA
bl foUMks esa nks foUMkst Database rFkk SQL Statement iznfkZr gksrh gSaA
MsVkcsl foUMks esa cuk;s tk jgs u, MsVkcsl dh izkWiVhZt iznfkZr gksrh gSA pwfa d vHkh rd MsVkcsl
dh dksbZ Vsfcy ugha cukbZ xbZ gS blhfy, MsVkcsl foUMks esa dsoy izkWiVhZt gh iznfkZr gks jgh gSa dksbZ
Vsfcy vFkok DoSjh iznfkZr ugha gks jgh gSA
fotqvy MsVk eSustj esa MsVkcsl dks [kksyuk
;fn geus MsVkcsl cukus ds mijkUr bls cUn dj fn;k gS vFkok ge fdlh igys cuk, x;s
MsVkcsl dks lEikfnr djus ds fy;s [kksyuk pkgrs gS]a rks blds fy;s blds Qkby esU;w ds igys fodYi
Open Database ij ekml IokWbUVj ykus ij iznfkZr gksus okys mi&esU;w esa ls Microsoft Access
dek.M ij fDyd dj nsrs gSAa vc ekWuhVj Lhu ij Click djrs gh ekWuhVj Lhu ij fuEukafdr fp=
36 dh Hkkafr Open Microsoft Database Mk;ykWx ckWDl iznfkZr gksrk gS&
fp= 36 Open Microsoft Database Mk;ykWx ckWDl
112
bl Mk;ykWx ckWWDl esa ls okafNr Qkby dks pqudj dek.M cVu Open ij fDyd djus ij ;g
MsVkcsl [kqydj fotqvy MsVkcsl eSustj foUMks esa iznfkZr gksrk gSA
fotqvy MsVk eSustj esa MsVkcsl ds fy, Vsfcy cukuk
MsVkcsl dks Handle djus ds fy, vFkok MsVk dks LVksj djus ds fy;s MsVkcsl esa Vsfcy dk fuekZ.k
fd;k tkrk gSA ,d Vsfcy esa ifDr;ka (Rows) rFkk LrEHk (Columns) gksrs gSaA izR;sd LrEHk ,d
QhYM rFkk izR;sd iafDr ,d fjdkWMZ dks nkkZrh gSA ,d QhYM esa ,d izdkj dh vusd lwpuk,a gksrh
gS tcfd ,d fjdkWMZ esa vkil eas lEcfU/kr vussd izdkj dh lwpuk,a gksrh gSAa
fdlh Hkh Vsfcy esa MsVk eku Mkyus ls iwoZ ml Vsfcy dks fMTkkbu fd;k tkrk gSA Vsfcy dh
fMtkbfuax ls vkk; gS fd mlesa fdrus QhYM gksaxs rFkk fdl QhYM esa fdl izdkj dk eku j[kk
tkuk gS] QhYM dk vkdkj D;k gksxk vkfnA bu lc ckrksa ds ckjs esa Vsfcy dk fuekZ.k djus ls igys
lqfufpr djuk gksrk gS D;ksafd fotqvy csfld izR;sd izdkj ds MsVk ds fy, i`Fkd&i`Fkd vkdkj
fufpr djrh gSA Vsfcy cukus ds fy, MsVkcsl dk fuekZ.k djus ds mijkUr MsVkcsl foUMks esa ekml
IokWbUVj dks ykdj ekml dk nk;ka cVu nckus ij iznfkZr gksus okys kkWVZdV esU;w esa ls New Table
fodYi ij fDyd djus ij Table structure Mk;ykWx ckWDl ekWuhVj Lhu ij fuEukafdr fp=&37 dh
Hkkafr iznfkZr gksrk gS&
fp= 37 Table structure Mk;ykWx ckWDl

bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa lcls igys Table Name ds lkeus fn;s x, VSDLV ckWDl esa Vsfcy dks
fn;k tkus okyk okafNr uke Vkbi fd;k tkrk gSA pwafd ge fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls lEcfU/kr MsVk dks LVksj
djus ds fy, Vsfcy dk fuekZ.k dj jgs gS]a blfy, ge bldk uke bl VSDLV ckWDl esa Stu_info Vkbi
dj nsrs gSaA bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa Field List ds uhps iznfkZr gksus okys ckWDl esa Vsfcy dh lHkh
QhYM~l dh lwph iznfkZr gksrh gSA pwfa d vHkh geus Vsfcy dh fdlh QhYM dk fu/kkZj.k ugha fd;k
gS] blfy, ;g ckWDl fjDr iznkZu gks jgk gSA
Vsfcy ds fy, QhYM~l dk fu/kkZj.k djuk
Vsfcy ds fy, QhYM dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s bl ckWDl ds uhps fn;s x;s dek.M cVu Add
field ij fDyd djrs gSaA bl dek.M cVu ij fDyd djrs gh ekWuhVj Lhu ij fuEukafdr fp=&38
dh Hkkafr Add field Mk;ykWx ckWDl iznfkZr gksrk gS&
113
fp= 38 Add field Mk;ykWx ckWDl

bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa Name ds uhps fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa cukbZ tkus okyh QhYM dk uke
Vkbi dj fn;k tkrk gSA Type ds uhps fn;s x;s dkWECkks ckWDl esa ls QhYM ds fy;s okafNr izdkj dks
pqu fy;k tkrk gSA Size ds uhps fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa bl QhYM dk okafNr vkdkj lqfufpr fd;k
tkrk gSA fotqvy MsVk eSut
s j esa dqN foks"k izdkj dh QhYMl ds fy, fufpr vkdkj miyC/k djk;k
x;k gS% tSls& Date/Time ds fy, 8, Boolean ds fy;s 1 vkfnA ijUrq Text izdkj dh QhYM ds
vkdkj dks ge viuh bPNk ,oa vko;drkuqlkj fufpr dj ldrs gSaA
vc dek.M cVu ij OK ij fDyd djus ij Add field Mk;ykWx ckWDl ubZ QhYM cukus ds fy,
rS;kj gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj Vsfcy ds vko;d QhYM~l dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds ipkr dek.M cVu
Close ij fDyd djus ij ;g Mk;ykWx ckWDl cUn gks tkrk gS vkSj ;s QhYMl Table Structure
Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa Field List ds uhps fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa fn;s x;s fp=&36 dh Hkkafr iznfkZr gksrh
gSA ;gka ij ;fn gesa ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd dksbZ vuko;d QhYM Hkh cu xbZ gS] rks bl VSDLV ckWDl
esa ls ml QhYM dks pqudj dek.M cVu Remove field ij fDyd djus ls og QhYM feV tkrh gSA
Table Structure Mk;ykWx ckWWDl esa Field list ds uhps fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa pquh xbZ QhYM ds fy,
Add Field Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa fd;s x;s fofHkUu fu/kkZj.k Table structure Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa Hkh
vxzkfa dr fp=&39dh Hkkafr iznfkZr gksrs gSAa buesa ;gka ij Hkh okafNr lEiknu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fp= 39 fofHkUu fu/kkZj.k Table structure Mk;ykWx ckWDl
114
bl izdkj Table Structure Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa Vsfcy dh lajpuk dks rS;kj djds dek.M cVu
Build the table ij fDyd djus ij ;g Vsfcy cudj rS;kj gks tkrh gSA
Vsfcy esa MsVk izzfoo"V
V djuk
vc bl Vsfcy esa MsVk izfo"V djus ds fy;s fotqvy MsVk eSustj dh MsVkcsl foUMksa esa Vsfcy ij
ekml IokWbUVj dsk ykdj ekml dk nk;ka cVu nckus ij ,d kkWVdVZ esU;w iznfkZr gksrk gSA bl
kkWVd
Z V esU;w esa ls Open fodYi dks pquus ij ekWuhVj Lhu ij
ij fuEukafdr fp=&40 dh Hkkafr Vsfcy dk iznkZu gksrk gS&
fp= 40 Vsfcy esa MsVk izzfo"V djuk

bl iznkZu esa Vsfcy ds igys fjdkWMZ dh lHkh QhYMl ds fy, VSDLV ckWDlst iznfkZr gksrs gSaA
bl iznkZu esa VkbVy ckj ds uhps Ng cVUl iznfkZr gksrs gSaA bu cVUl dk iz;ksx Vsfcy dks fu;fU=r
djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA vc Add cVu ij fDyd djus ij ekWuhVj bl Vsfcy ds igys fjdkWMZ
ds fy, fofHkUu QhYMl dhs vko;d lwpuk,a@MsVk dks izfo"V djus ds fy;s fuEukafdr fp=& 41
dh Hkkafr iznkZu gksrk gSA
fp= 41 VSDLV ckWDl esa new record Add

Vsfcy ds igys fjdkWMZ ds lHkh QhYMl ds fy;s vko;d lwpuk,a@MsVk izfo"V djus ds mijkUr
blesa dek.M cVu update ij fDyd djus ij ;s lwpuk,a@MsVk Vsfcy esa izfo"V gks tkrh gSa vkSj ge
okfil fp=&38 ij igqap tkrs gSaA vc u;k fjdkWMZ izfo"V djus ds fy;s mijksDr izf;k dks iqu%
nksgjk;k tkrk gSA
115
bl iznkZu ds uhps fn;s x, MsVk dUVky

s ds }kjk Vsfcy dss fofHkUu fjdkWMlZ dks ns[kk tk ldrk
gSA bl iznkZu esa Edit cVu ij fDyd djus ij orZeku fjdkWMZ dks lEikfnr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Delete cVu ij fDyd djus ij orZeku fjdkWMZ Vsfcy ls feV tkrk gSA okafNr fjdkWMZl izfo"V djus
ds mijkUr Close cVu ij fDyd djds ge bl iznkZu ls ckgj fotqvy MsVk eSustj ij vk
tkrs gSAa
fofHkUu izdkj ds MsVk QhYM~l
,d MsVkcsl esa vusd izdkj ds MsVk QhYMl dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA budk iz;ksx djus
ds fy;s gesa budh tkudkjh gksuh vko;d gSA
Primary Key
fdlh Hkh MsVkcsl dh VsfcYl esa ,d QhYM dk bUMSDl izkbejh *dh* (Primary Key) ds :i esa
gksuk vko;d gksrk gSA ;g QhYM MsVkcsl dh lHkh VsfcYl esa leku :i ls O;ogkj djrh gS vkSj
bldk eku Hkh lHkh VsfcYl esa leku gh jgrk gSA fdlh Hkh MsVkcsl esa dsoy ,d QhYM gh izkbejh
*dh* gks ldrh gSA ;g QhYM Primary gksus ds lkFk&lkFk Lor% gh Unique Hkh gksrh gSA fjyskuy
MsVkcsl eSustesUV flLVe esa fofHkUu VsfcYl esa vkil esa lEcU/k blh QhYM ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk
gSA ge fdlh Hkh QhYM dks izkbejh *dh* cuk ldrs gSa] ijUrq ml QhYM ds izR;sd fjdkWMZ dk eku
i`Fkd gh gksuk pkfg,A ,slh QhYM ftlesa ekdksa dks lafpr fd;k tkrk gS] dks lkekU;r% izkbejh
*dh* cuk;k tk ldrk gSA cSd
a ksa ds MsVkcsl ds fy, vdkm.V uEclZ dks izkbejh *dh* cuk;k tk ldrk
gS] D;ksfa d ,d gh cSad esa ,d gh vdkm.V uEcj nks fHkUu O;fDr;ksa dks fuxZr ugha fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
Counter Field
dkmUVj QhYM (Counter Field) Vsfcy ds fy;s nks vko;d dk;Z djrk gS] ,d rks ;g Lor%
gh izkbejh *dh* (Primary Key) ds leku O;ogkj djrk gS] D;ksafd bldk eku izR;sd fjdkWMZ ds fy;s
i`Fkd gh gksrk gSA fdUgha nks fjdkWMZl ds fy;s bl QhYM ds eku leku ugha gks ldrk gS] ftlls
gesa Vsfcy dh fdlh QhYM dks izkbejh *dh* ?kksf"kr djus dh vko;drk ugha jgrh gSA nwljk
vko;d ;g gS fd blds eku esa ,d dh Vsfcy ls o`f) Lor% gh gksrh jgrh gSA ;g xq.k rc vko;d
gks tkrk gS tc fdlh Vsfcy ls Invoice vkfn dks Handle fd;k tkrk gSA fotqvy MsVk eSustj esa
dkmUVj QhYM cukus ds fy;s blds Data type dks Long pquk tkrk gS rFkk Auto Increment fodYi
dks On dj fn;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj izR;sd fjdkWMZ esa ,d Unique eku jgrk gSA
Number Field
Vsfcy esa vadksa rFkk vkafdd ekuksa] ftuds vk/kkj ij dksbZ x.kuk dh tk lds] ds fy;s uEcj
QhYMl (Number Field) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn QhYM dk izdkj Text ys fy;k tkrk gS]
mlesa LVksj fd;s x;s vadksa ij dksbZ x.kuk ugha dh tk ldrh gS] blhfy;s ,sls vkafdd eku ftudk
iz;ksx fdlh x.kuk esa ugha gksuk gS] ds fy;s QhYM dk izdkj Text pquk tkrk gS% tSls VsfyQksu uEcj],
vdkm.V uEcj],jksy uEcj vkfnA
uEcj QhYMl (Number Field) esa ;g Hkh lqfufpr fd;k tk ldrk gS, fd vkafdd ekuksa esa
nkeyo dk fpUg fdl LFkku vFkkZr fdrus vadksa ds ckn vkuk gSA uEcj QhYMl dk iz;ksx lkekU;r%
Quantity in Stock vkSj vU; izdkj dh vadxf.krh; x.kukvksa ds ms; ls djrs gSAa uEcj QhYMl
116
ds vUrxZr fuEukafdr QhYM izdkj vkrs gSa %&

________________________________________________________________________
QhYM
nkeyo es e ks j h
Lohr eku
dk
izdkj
dk LFkku
esa LFkku
________________________________________________________________________
Byte
Integer
Long Integer
Single
Double
0 ls 255
-32,768 ls 32]767
-2,147,483,648 ls 2] 147] 483] 647
-3.4 x 1038 ls 3.4 x 1038
-1.797 x 10308 1.797 x 10308
0
0
0
7
15
,d ckbV
nks ckb
pkj ckbV
pkj ckbV
vkB ckbV
Currency Field
fotqvy MsVk eSustj esa Currency Field dk iz;ksx Price dks Handle djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk
gSA buesa nkeyo fpUg iz;ksx Lor% gh gks tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr ewY; ftl eqnzk esa fn;k tkrk
gS] oks fpUg Hkh bl eku ds lkFk iznfkZr gksrk gSA ;g QhYM izdkj Le`fr esa vkB ckbV~l dk LFkku
?ksjrk gSA ;fn ewY; Cent esa lsV fd;k x;k gSA rc nkeyo ds nks LFkku rd dh Value fn[kkrk gSA
gtkj okyh la[;k ds fy;s vyx fpUg iznfkZr djrk gSA
Memo Field
fotqvy csfld dh izkx

s zkfeax ds vUrxZr MsVkcsl esa gh fdlh QhYM dk iz;ksx Narration vFkok
Comment j[kus ds fy;s Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA Vsfcy dh ,slh QhYM] ftlesa desUV vFkok uSjsku
dks j[kk tkuk gS] dk izdkj memo pquk tkrk gSA Text QhYM izdkj esa dsoy 256 dSjsDVlZ dks gh
LVksj fd;k tk ldrk gS tcfd Memo QhYM izdkj esa ge 64]000 dSjsDVlZ dks LVksj dj ldrs gSaA
bl izdkj QhYM fdlh vkbVe ds ckjs esa foLr`r tkudkjh LVkssj djus ds fy;s vf/kd mi;qDr ekuk
tkrk gSA ;fn dksbZ MsVkcsl iqLrdksa ls lEcfU/kr tkudkjh LVksj djus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk
gS] rks izR;sd ds lkFk&lkFk iqLrd ds ckjs esa lkekU; tkudkjh dks LVksj djus ds fy;s bl QhYM
izdkj dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Date/Time Fields
fdlh Hkh MsVkcsl ds fy, Date/time field dk vR;Ur egoiw.kZ LFkku gSA bl QhYM izdkj esa
fnukad rFkk le; nksukas dks LVksj fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl QhYM esa fnukad rFkk le; dks LVksj djus
dh ,d foks"k QkWjesV gksrh gSA bl QkWjesV dks ,d vU; QaDku ds
ek/;e ls ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA fotqvy csfld vius izksxzkelZ dks fnukad rFkk le;
dks LVksj djus ds fy;s vusd QkWjesVl
~ miyC/k djkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s ;fn gesa 16 flrEcj 2001
fy[kuk gS] rks bls fuEu izdkj ls fy[kk tk ldrk gS&
mm: dd : yy
09/16/2001
16 Sept
Sept 16
/;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd fnukad izof"V djrs le; fnu o eghuk izfo"V fd;k x;k gS
117
rc ;g orZeku o"kZ blesa Lor% gh tksM+ nsrk gSA

DoS j h cukuk
fotqvy csfld MsVkcsl vkSj vf/kd ljy vkSj mi;ksxh cukus ds fy;s MsVkcsl ls fjdkWMZl dks
[kkstus rFkk mudks update djus ds fy;s vusd okafNr Supporting Tools iznku djrh gSA blh izdkj
dk ,d ekud Vwy (Standard Tool) SQL gSA SQL dks lkekU;r% Structured Query Language ds
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA SQL LVsVesUV~l dh lgk;rk ls MsVkcsl ls fofk"V fjdkWMZl dks vklkuh ls
NkVk tk ldrk gSA fotqvy MsVk eSustj esa DoSjh dk fuekZ.k fuEukafdr fof/k ls fd;k tk ldrk
gSA fotqvy MsVk eSustj esa DoSjh dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy;s bldh MsVkcsl foUMks esa ekml IokWbUVj
dks ykdj ekml dk nk;ka cVu nckus ij iznfkZr gksus okys kkWVZdV esU;w esa ls New Query fodYi
dks pqu fy;k tkrk gSA
fp=&42 New SQL Query Mk;ykWx ckWDl

bl fodYi dks pqurs gh ekWuhVj Lhu ij fn;s x, fp=&49 dh Hkkafr Query Buildr Mk;ykWx
ckWDl iznfkZr gksrk gSA bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa Table ds uhps MsVkcsl dh QhYMl dks DoSjh esa lfEefyr
djuk gS] mUgsa pqu fy;k tkrk gSA pquh xbZ VsfcYl dh QhYMl dh lwph Field to show ds uhps fn;s
x, dkWEcks ckWDl esa ls okafNr QhYM dks pqudj Operator ds uhps okafNr vkWijsVj pqudj rFkk Value
ds uhps fn;s x, VSDLV ckWDl esa okafNr eku izfo"V (input) djds fd;k tkrk gSA vc bl DoSjh ls
izkIr ifj.kke dks ns[kus ds fy;s dek.M cVu Run ij fDyd fd;k tkrk gSA bl DoSjh dks fdlh
uke ls Save djus ds fy;s lso okys dek.M cVu ij fDyd fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj cus Query
Statement dks Coding ds fy;s Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
,fDVo ,Dl MsVk vkWCtSDV~l
,fDVo ,Dl MsVk vkWCtSDV (Active X Data Object) ftldk laf{kIr :i ADO gSA fotqvy
csfld ls tksM+k x;k vkWCtSDV gSA ;g ekbkslkWV dk u;k lkoZZHkkSfed MsVk ,Dlsl vkWCtSDV
(Universal Data-Access Object) gSSA ;g izksxzkfeax dks vR;Ur ljy cukrk gSA ADO ds ek/;e
ls ge fotqvy csfld ds ,fIydsku ls ekbkslkWV ,Dlsl] SQL vksjsdy vkfn vusd izdkj ds
fofHkUu MsVk L=ksrksa dks tksM+k tk ldrk gSA ADO mijksDr lHkh ls Connect gksus ds fy;s
118
Connection dk fuekZ.k djrk gS] bls OLEDB ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA MsVk rd rsth ls igqp
a us
ds fy;s blds vUnj vusd Service Provider gksrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr GUI bUVjQsl Hkh iznku djrk
gS] ftlls fdlh Hkh MsVk L=ksr dks tksM+uk vklku gks tkrk gSA
fotqvy csfld ADO dk iz;ksx djds ljyrk ls Single User Inerface Database Application, Client Server Application, Microsoft dk SQL Server, vksjsfdy vFkok vU; Database dk
iz;ksx djds cukbZ tk ldrh gSA blds fy;s OLEDB Provider vFkok Windows dh viuh ODBC
Service Provider dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
bl izdkj ADO Database izksxkz feax ds fy, cgqr egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA fotqvy csfld
MsVkcsl ,fIydsku dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, rhu VwYl iznku djrk gS&igyk ADO MsVk dUVksy]
ADO Connection object rFkk ADO Recordset1 ADO dUVksYl esa lcls vf/kd ADO MsVk
dUVksy dk iz;ksx cgqrk;r esa fd;k tkrk gSA vU; nks VwYl dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s tfVy dksfMax
djuh gksrh gSA
ADO MsVk dUVksy
fotqvy csfld ds ADO dUVksy esa lcls vf/kd iz;ksx gksus okyk rFkk ljy Vwy ADO MsVk
dUVksy gSA bldk iz;ksx fotqvy csfld vU; ekud dUVksYl dh Hkkafr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl
dUVksy dk iznkZu fotqvy csfld ds Vwy ckWDl esa ugha gksrk gSA bldks Vwy ckWDl esa iznfkZr djus
ds fy;s fotqvy csfld ds Vwy ckWDl ij ekml IokWbUVj dks ykdj ekml dk nk;ka cVu nckus ij
iznfkZr gksus okys kkWVZdV esU;w ds fodYi Component ij fDyd djus ij ekWuhVj Lhu ij
Components Mk;ykWx ckWDl iznfkZr gksrk gSA bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa Control VSc dks pquus ij
iznfkZr gksus okyh lwph esa ls Microsoft ADO Data Control 6.0 (OLEDB) ds igys cus pSd ckWDl
dks pqudj dek.M ij OK ij fDyd djus ij Adodc uked Vwy fotqvy csfld ds Vwy ckWDl esa
tqM tkrk gSA ;g Vwy gh ADO MsVk dUVksy gSA bldk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s bldh dqN izkWiVhZt
dk fu/kkZj.k djuk gksrk gSA lkFk gh ,sls fdlh Data Bound Control ls bldks Link djuk gksrk
gSA bl izdkj ;g Data Control dh rjg Database ,oa Data Bound Control ds chp e/;LFk dk
dke djrk gSA ;g fuEu mnkgj.k ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSa &
mnkgj.k izksxzke &
;gka ij MsVk dUVky
s dk iz;ksx nkkZus okys izksxzke dks ifj"r djds ADO MsVk dUVksy dk
iz;ksx nkkZus ds fy;s izLrqr dj jgs gSaA bl mnkgj.k izkx
s zke esa geus nks ysfcYl] nks VSDLV ckWDlst]
,d MsVk dUVksy rFkk ,d dek.M cVu dk iz;ksx djrs gq, bldk QkWeZ LFkwy :i ls fp=&28 dh
Hkkafr fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSA bl mnkgj.k izksxzke esa QkWeZ ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k
x;k gS&
Name
Caption
frmADO
Example for ADO Data Control
igys ysfcy ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Alignment
Caption
IblPubID
1-RightJustify
Publisher ID
nwljs ysfcy ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Alignment
IblName
1-RightJultify

Caption
119
Publisher Name
MsVk dUVksy ds fy;s fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Caption
Adodc1
Adodc1
bldks MsVkcsl ls tksM+us ds fy;s bldh ConnectionString izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
izkWiVhZt foUMks esa ls bl izkWiVhZ dks pquus ij blds lkeus okys ckWDl ds nk,a fljs ij cVu ----iznfkZr
gksrk gSA bl cVu ij fDyd djus ij ekWuhVj Lhu ij fp=&43 dh Hkkafr Property Pages Mk;ykWx
ckWDl iznfkZr gksrk gS&
fp= 43 Property Pages Mk;ykWx ckWDl

bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa rhu vkWIku cVUl fn;s x, gksrs gSaA igys nks vkWIku cVUl dk iz;ksx
Data Link Files rFkk ODBC Data Source
fp= 44 Data Link Files
120
iz;ksx djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;gka ge ,d ,Dlsl Vsfcy ls bl ADO MsVk dUVky
s dks
tksMu+ s ds fy;s rhljs vkWIku cVu dks pqu ysrs gSAa vc dusDku dks cukus ds fy;s dek.M cVu Build
ij fDyd djrs gSa] rks ekWuhVj Lhu ij layXu fp=&44 dh Hkkafr Data linked Properties Mk;ykWx
ckWDl iznfkZr gksrk gSA bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa nh xbZ OLE DB Providers dh lwph esa ls okafNr dks
pqudj nwljs VSc Connection ij fDyd djus ij ekWuhVj Lhu ij bldk iznkZu fn;s x, fp=&45
dh Hkkafr gksrk gSA
fp= 45 Data linked Properties Mk;ykWx ckWDl

bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa igys VSDLV ckWDl ds nk,a fljs ij fLFkr --- cVu ij fDyd djus ij
iznfkZr gksus okys Select Access Database Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa okafNr QksYMj esa tkdj okafNr
MsVkcsl dks pqudj dek.M cVu Open ij fDyd djus ij pqus x, MsVkcsl dk uke ikFk lfgr bl
VSDLV ckWDl esa mijksDr fp=& 42 dh Hkkafr iznfkZr gksus yxrk gSA vc dek.M cVu OK ij fDyd
djrs gq, ADO MsVk dUVky
s dh Connection String izkWiVhZ dk fu/kkZj.k djus ij ekWuhVj Lhu ij
fuEu fp=& 53 dh Hkkafr Property Pages Mk;ykWx ckWDl iznfkZr gksrk gSA bl Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa
igys VSDlV ckWDl ds fy, fuEu izkiWVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS &
Name
DataSource
DataField
Locked
txtPubID
Adodc1
PubID
True
nwljs VSDLV ckWDl ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS &
Name
Data Source
DataField
Locked
txtName
Adodc1
Name
False
121
dek.M cVu ds fy, fuEu izkWiVhZt dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS&
Name
Caption
cmdExit
&Exit
fp=&46 Select Access Database Mk;ykWx ckWDl

QkeZ ij Mk fd;s x;s bu dUVky
s dh okafNr fMtkbZu VkbZe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k mijksDrkuqlkj
djus ds ipkr~ budh dksM foUMks ju VkbZe izkWiVhZt dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s dek.M cVu cmdExit
ds fDyd bosUV esa ,fIydsku dk dk;kZUo;u can djus ds fy;s fuEukuqlkj dksfMax dh xbZ gS&
Private Sub cmd Exit_Click ()
End
EndSub
bl ,fIydsku dks ju djus ij bldk iznkZu fuEukafdr fp= 47 dh Hkkafr ekWuhVj Lhu ij
gksrk gS&
fp=&47 Application Run Window
122
iz;ksxdrkZ bl izksxzke dk iz;ksx Hkh fn;s x;s mnkgj.k dh rjg dj ldrk gSA bl MsVk daVksy
ds QkjoMZ cVu ij fDyd djus ij VSDLV CkkWDlst esa vxyk fjdkWMZ iznfkZr gksrk gSA vc ;fn
iz;ksxdrkZ bl cVu ij fDyd dj nsrk gS rks Publisher ID ds lkeus fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa nks rFkk
Publisher Name ds lkeus fn;s x;s VSDLV ckWDl esa dksbZ vU; uke iznfkZr gksus yxsxkA MsVk daVksy
ds QkjoMZ cVu ij fDyd djus ij VSDLV ckWDlst esa Vsfcy dk vfUre fjdkWMZ iznfkZr gksus yxrk
gSA iz;ksxdrkZ }kjk MsVk daVky
s ds QkjoMZ cVu ij fDyd djus ij VSDLV ckWDlst esa iznfkZr gksus
okys fjdkWMZ ls igys okyk fjdkWMZ iznfkZr gksus yxrk gSA ;fn VSDLV ckWDl esa Vsfcy dk igyk fjdkWMZ
gh iznfkZr gks jgk gks rks bl cVu ij fDyd djus ij dqN Hkh ugha gksrk gSA MsVk dUVksy ds cSdoMZ
cVu ij fDyd djus ij VSDLV ckWDl esa Vsfcy dk igyk fjdkWMZ iznfkZr gksrk gSA
vH;kl iz'u
cgq p ;ukRed iz ' u
1.
SDI dk iwjk uke %&
v Simple Document Interchangec Single Data Information
l Single Document Interface n dksbZ ugha
( )
2QkeZ ds dUVky
s esU;w esa fuEu esa ls dkSulk fodYi ugha gksrk gS &
v Move
c Restore
l Resize
n Maintain
( )
3.
_____ dk mi;ksx QkWeZ ds cSdxkzm.M dyj fu/kkZj.k gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA
v Style
c Forecolor
l Back Color
n mijksDr lHkh
( )
4_____ dk mi;ksx QkeZ ds kh"kZd dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
v Name
c Caption
l Lable
n mijksDr lHkh
( )
5.
dUVksy dh lgk;rk ls ge Database ls lwpuk, izkIr dj ldrs gSA
v Data Base
c Data
l Data Bound
n Data Collector
( )
6- Project Explorer Window esa fuEu esa ls dkSulk Display fodYi ugha gksrk gS
c View all
v View Code
l View Object
n Toggle Folders
( )
vfry?kq R rjkRed iz u
1- Data Grid D;k gS rFkk bldk eq[; ykHk D;k gS\
2- Data/Time field dk mi;ksx fdl izdkj fd;k tkrk gS\
3- Memo field dk mi;ksx fdl izdkj ds MkVk ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS\
4- Primary Key dk D;k gSa\
5- Record Source izksiVhZ dks fdl dk;Z ds fy;s mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA
6- MDI QkeZ dks fdl izdkj ds Project esa mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA
7- Redim dk mi;ksx fdl ifjfLFkfr esa fd;k tkrk gSA
8- Data Control D;k gSA
9- OLEDB dk iwjk uke D;k gSA
10- MDI dk iwjk uke D;k gSA
11- Project dks ifjHkf"kr djksA
12- Data Bound dUVksy D;k gSA
13- MDI o SDI Form esa D;k vUrj gS\ MDI Form dh foks"krk;sa crkb;sA
14. Project dk extension crkb;sA
15. Form dk extension crkb;sA
yq R jkRed iz 'u
1. ADO Data Control ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k;sA
2. ADO Data Connection object ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k;sA
3. ADO Record set ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k;sA
4- fotqvy MsVk eSustj ds }kjk Vsfcy cukus dh fof/k dk o.kZu dhft,A
5- ,-Mh-vks- MsVk dUVky
s D;k gS\ ;g MsVk dUVky
s ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\
5- MsVk daVksy dh fjdkWMZ lkslZ izkWiVhZ ij laf{kIr fVIIk.kh fyf[k,A
6. Data Bound ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k;sA
7. OLEDBij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k;sA
8. Primary Key cukus dh fof/k dk o.kZu dhft,A
9- QkeZ ds cSdxkzm.M dyj fu/kkZj.k gsrq steps crkb;sA
10. Project Explorer Window ds components crkb;sA
11- QkeZ ds dUVz~ky
s esU;w ds fodYi le>kb;sA
12. Record Source izksiVhZ ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k;sA
13. MDI o SDI Form dh izksiVhZ fodYi le>kb;sA
14. ADO MsVk dUVksy D;k gS \ ;s Data control ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gSA
15. ADO MsVk dUVky
s dks Vwy ckWDl esa tksM+us ds LVsi le>kb;sA
fucU/kkRed iz ' u
1- fotqvy csfld esa MsVk dks LFkkbZ :i ls lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy;s D;k lqfo/kk gS\
2- ,Ldh Qkby dh lajpuk dks le>kb;sA ;g fdrus izdkj dh gksrh gS\
3- Qkby uEcj ,.M h&QkbZy dk vkil esa D;k laca/k gSA
4- MsVk daVky
s D;k gS\ bldk fotqvy csfld esa D;k mi;ksx gS\
**********
123
124
v/;k;&5
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,yPL/SQL

PL/SQL dk iwjk uke Procedureal Language / Structural Query Language gS bleas cuus
okyh ksxzke QkbYl dk foLrkfjr uke SQL gksrk gS A ;g SQL ls Hkh ,d dne vkxs dh Hkk"kk gSA
;g ,d CykWd dh lajpuk esa rS;kj dh xbZ ksxzkfeax Hkk"kk gS] tks fd ksxzke fodflr djus okys dks
ksxzke dh LVsi&ckbZ&LVsi f;k QaDku rFkk fcuk uke okys Blocks cukus ds ;ksX; cukrs gS A bl
dkj ;g SQL dks Processing Statements ds lkFk tksMr+ h gS A
;g Hkk"kk MsVk dk cU/k dkSky djus okyh rFkk SQL LVsVesUV~l dks ,d ekud CykWd ds vUnj
Code ds :i esa fn, tkus dh vuqefr nku djrh gS A ;g PL/SQL dks vR;Ur kfDrkkyh VktsDku
kslsflax Hkk"kk cukrh gS A
PL/SQL dk la?kVu PL/SQL Architecture)
PL/SQL ,d LorU= vksjsdy mRikn u gksdj] ek= ,d ,slh rduhd (Technique) gS tks
RDBMS rFkk vksjsdy ds dqN Tools dks Mkyus ds fy, cukbZ xbZ gS A
PL/SQL Engine dks vksjsdy ljoj vFkok fdlh ,Iyhdsku fodflr djus okys VwYl % tSls
& vksjsdy QkElZ] vksjsdy fjiksVl
~ Z vkfn ij LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA PL/SQL buiqV ds :i
eas PL/SQL CykWDl dks Lohdkj djrk gSA vc ;g LVsVesUV~l ds Procedural Hkkx dks pykrk gS vkSj
bleas tks SQL LVsVesUV~l kIr gksrs gS] mUgsa Oracle ljoj eas SQL Statement Executor ds ikl Hkst
nsrk gS A
vksjd
s y ds ,sls Application Tools ftuesa PL/SQL Engine ugha gksrk gS] os PL/SQL LVsVesUV~l
rFkk SQL LVsVesUV~l nksuksa gh dks vksjsdy loZj ds ikl Hkst nsrs gSa A
,slh fLFkfr eas ljoj PL/SQL ds CykWDl dks vius Local PL/SQL Engine ls Pass djrk gS
rFkk SQL LVsVesUV~l dks SQL Statement Executor dks lkSai fn;k tkrk gS A
PL/SQL dh lajpuk PL/SQL Structure)

PL/SQL dk Code ,d vFkok ,d ls vf/kd CykWDl dks vius vUnj j[k ldrk gS A bu CykWDl
dk viuk i`Fkd vfLrRo Hkh gks ldrk gS rFkk ;s fdlh vU; CykWDl ls xqfEQr (Nested) Hkh gks ldrs
gSa A
PL/SQL CykWDl dks eq[; :i ls fuEufyf[kr nks oxksZa esa oxhZr fd;k tk ldrk gS &
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-
125
& xqeuke vFkok vuke CykWDl (Anonymous Blocks) rFkk

& mi&ksxzkEl (Sub-Programs)A
xqeuke vFkok vuke CykWDl (Anonymous Blocks)
bu CykWDl dk dksbZ uke ugha gksrk gS A ;s CykWDl ,Iyhdsku esa ,sls LFkku ij cuk, tkrs gS]
tgk ij dh budks pykuk gksrk gS A mnkgj.k ds fy, SQL *Forms eas Triggers ,sls gh CykWDl gksrs
gSa A
mi&ksxzkEl (Sub-Programs)
bu PL/SQL CykWDl dk ,d uke gksrk gS A budh ?kks"k.kk ,d Procedure vFkok Function
ds :i esa dh tkrh gS A SQL *Forms eas QkeZ dk ,d Hkkx ds :i esa Procedure vFkok Function
dks ?kksf"kr djus dh vuqefr nh tkrh gS A ;s Procedure vFkok Functions QkeZ ds vUnj vko;drk
iM+us ij fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy, dHkh Hkh cqyk, ;k pyk, tk ldrs gS A
PL/SQL CykWd dh cukoV PL/SQL blocks )
lkekU;r% PL/SQL CykWd esa fuEufyf[kr Hkkx gksrs gSA
Declare : bl Hkkx es CykWd ds vUnj iz;ksx fd, tkus okys PL./SQR vkWCtSDV~l dks
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
Begin : bl Hkkx es CykWd ds dk;kZfUor gksus okys LVsVesUV~l dks fy[kk tkrk gSA
Exception : viokn lapkyd (Exception Handler) dk;kZUo;u ds nkSjku ;fn dksbZ =qfV izkIr
gksrh gSA
End : ;g PL/SQL CykWd dh lekfIr nkkZrk gSA
PL/SQL CykWd esa Begin rFkk End LVsVesUV~l dks nsuk vR;Ur vko;d gS rFkk ;g LVsVesUV~l
gh dk;kZfUor gksus okys vU; LVsVesUV~l dks layXu dj ysrs gSAa
PL/SQL CykWDl dh cukoV ds k:i es Declare rFkk Exception Hkkx oSdfYid (Optional)
gksrs gSa vFkkZr ;s fn, Hkh tk ldrs gSa rFkk ugha Hkh A
Declare okys esa PL/SQL ds ifjoZrukadks (Variables) ftudk lUnHkZ CykWd ds vUnj fn;k x;k
gS] dks ?kksf"kr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Exception okys Hkkx dks =qfV dks idM+us ds fy, ;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA ;g =qfV ksxzke ds
pyrs le; idM+h tkrh gSA ;g bl ckr dks crkrh gS fd tc dksbZ foks"k =qfV (Error) vk;s rks D;k
dk;Z djuk gSA
PL/SQL ds ewyHkwr fu;e
& igpkudrkZ Identifier dk kjEHk ,d v{kj ls gh gksuk pkfg, rFkk ;g vf/kdre 30 v{kjksa dk
gh gks ldrk gS A
& vkafdd kCn (Numeric Literal) dks lk/kkj.k ekuksa vFkok oSKkfud ladsr fpUgksa (Scientific
Notations) ls nkkZ;k tk ldrk gS A
& kkfCnd rFkk fnukad okys kCnksa dks ,dy mnkgj.k fpUg (Single Quotes) esa layXu gksus pkfg,A
& ;fn ksxzke esa fdlh LFkku ij dksbZ fVIi.kh (Comment) djuh gS] rks ;g /* vkSj */ fpUgksa eas cUn
gksuh pkfg,A ;g fVIi.kh ,d ls vf/kd ykbUl dh Hkh gks ldrh gS A
& ,d LVsVesUV dks vusd ykbUl esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS A
126
izf rcU/k (Constraints):

Constraint specifications }kjk fdlh Hkh Vscy esa vfrfjDr 'krsZ@izfrcU/k@pSd yxk;s tk
ldrs gS vkSj budks Mh-ch-,e-,l- Lor% gh ykxw djrk gSA

fdlh Vscy ij fuEu izfrcU/k (constraints) yxk;s tk ldrs gaS &
Concept of domain: Mkseu
s dk vFkZ vVz~hC;wV }kjk LVksj dh tk ldus okyh lHkh laEHkkfor
oSY;w ls gSA Mkseus vyx &vyx izdkj ds gksrs gSa tSls bUVhtj VkbZi] djSDVj VkbZi rFkk
MsV@VkbZe VkbZi A fdlh vVz~hO;wV da fy;s fu/kZkj.k djuk fd og fdl izdkj dh oSY;w LVksj
djsxkA Mkseus dUlVz~sUV] bUVhxzhVh dUlVz~sUV] dh lk/kkj.k Js.kh esa vkrs gSa A ;s dUlVz~sUV] ml
le; vklkuh ls pSd fd;s tkrs gSa tc MsVkcsl esa u;k MsVk LVksj fd;k tkrk gS A
Tuple :- Mkseu
s fdlh Vscy dh ,sd vdsyh ykbZu dks Viy dgk tkrk gS A bl dUlVz~sUV ds
vuqlkj fdlh Vscy dh lHkh ykbZusa izkbZejh dh gksuh pkfg;sa A vFkkZr mlds lHkh vVz~hC;wV izkbZejh
dh ds vfHkUu lnL; gksa A
izkbZejh dh (Primary key) izfrcU/k& izkbZejh dh] izR;sd Vscy ds ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd QhYM
dk lewg gksrk gS tks fd izR;sd fjdkWMZ dks Vscy esa vyx ls iznZfkr djrk gS rFkk mudh osY;w ls
MkVk dk fjVhoy o viMsfVax 'kh?kz laHko gks tkrk gSA izkbZejh dh ,d vf}rh; eku gksrk gS ftlds
}kjk Vscy ds izR;sd fjdkWMZ dks izFkd ls Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA bl izfrcU/k ls ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k
tkrk gS fd izR;sd fjdkWMZ esa izkbZejh dh dk eku vyx&vyx gSA ;fn izkbZejh dh dk eku ,d leku
fn;k tkrk gS rks Vscy esa MkVk Lohdkj ugha fd;k tk;sxkA blesa uy oSY;w dks ntZ ugha fd;k tk ldrk
gSA vf/kdre 16 dkWyeksa dks izkbZejh dh dkWUlVsUV ds fy, mi;ksx esa ys ldrs gSA
mnkgj.k % Alter table titles
ADD Constraint pk_titleid PRIMARY KEY (title_id) bleas pk_titleid izfrcU/k izkbZejh
dh title_id dkWye ij title Vscy esa yxk;k x;k gSA
Alternate key:-izkbZejh dh ds vykok ;nh Vscy esa fjdkWMZz dks fdlh vU; fQYM ds }kjk Hkh
;wfudyh vkbMUVhQkbZ fd;k tk lds rks og fQYM ;k fQYM lewg vYVjusV dh dgykrk gS A
Candidate key:-tc fdlh Vscy esa ,d vdsyh fQYM ds }kjk fdlh fjdkWMZ dks ;wfudyh vkbZMuVh
QkbZ ugha fd;k tk ldrk gs rc nks ;k nks ls vf/kd fQYM~l dk lewg dsUMhMsV dh dk fuekZ.k djus
esa dke esa fy;k tkrk gSa A ;nh bl lewg esa dksbZ izkbZejh dh gks rks izkbZejh dh vkSj dksbZ Hkh vU;
vVz~hC;wV dk lewg dSUMhMsV dh dgykrk gS A
;wfud (UNIQUE) izfrcU/k ;wfud }kjk ;g nkkZ;k tkrk gS fd izR;sd iaf ds fy;s foks"k
dkWye dk eku vf}rh; gSA Vscy dh izR;sd iaf esa bl dkWye dh osY;w vyx&vyx gksrh gSA
Unique constraint }kjk ;g lqfufpr fd;k tkrk gS fd Vscy dh izR;sd iaf esa ml dkWye dh
vyx&vyx osY;w gSA ;g bUMsDl Lor% gh f;sV gks tkrk gSA ;g izfrcU/k ml dkWye ij Hkh yxk;k
tk ldrk gS tks fd uy oSY;w ysrk gksA ;g izfrcU/k ,fUVVh baVsfxzVh dks lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-
127
mnkgj.kkFkZ% Alter table stores

ADD Constraint uk_storeid UNIQUE store_id
mijksDr mnkgj.k }kjk izfrcU/k uk_storeid dkWye store_id ij yxk;k x;k gSaA
fjysku dh@Qksjsu dh (Foreign Key) izfrcU/k& fdUgh nks Vscyks esa laca/k LFkkfir djus ds
fy, nksukas gh Vscyksa esa de ls de ,d QhYM dkWeu gksuk vko;d gksrk gSA lkekU;r% ,d Vscy
esa ;g izkbZejh dh dgykrh gS ,oa nwljh Vscy esa ;g Qksjus dh dgykrh gSA Qksjsu dh dk eku ckj
ckj (Repeat) gks ldrk gSA bl izfrcU/k }kjk nwljh Vscy esa j[ks tkus okys MkVk dks fu;fU=r djuk
gksrk gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd nwljh Vscy esa ogh MkVk vkuk pkfg, tks fd izFke Vscy dh izkbZejh dh
ls feyrk gksA vFkkrZ Qksjsu dh esa ftrus dkWye gaS mrus gh dkWye izFke Vscy esa izkbZejh dh ds dkWye
ls feyus pkfg,A ftu dkWyEl ij Qksjus dh izfrcU/k yxk;k tkrk gS mu ij baMDs l f,V ugha fd;k
tk ldrkA ;g izfrcU/k jSQjsUlh;y baVsfxzVh dks lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ% Alter table titleauthor
ADD Constraint fk_titleid REFERENCES titles.title_id
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa Qksjus dh izfrcU/k fk_titleid dkWye title_id tks fd titles table esa izkbZejh
dh Hkh gS] ij yxk;k x;k gSA
jsQjsUlst (REFERENCES) izfrcU/k blds }kjk ;g nkkZ;k tkrk gS fd ;g dkWye gh QkWjus
dh esa dkWye gSA ,d ls vf/kd dkWye ;fn Qksjus dh esa gS rks Qksjus dh izfrcU/k (Foreign Key table
constraint) dk mi;ksx djrs gaSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ% Alter table titleauthor
ADD Constraint fk_titleid REFERENCES titles.title_id
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa Qksjus dh izfrcU/k fk_titleid dkWye title_id tks fd titles table esa izkbZejh
dh Hkh gS] ij yxk;k x;k gSA pwafd ;gk Qksjsu dh ds fy, ,d gh dkWye dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS
blfy, izfrcU/k ds lkFk REFERENCES dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS blfy;s ;g jsQjsUlst
izfrcU/k esa vkrk gSA
Relational algebra:- ;g ,d izksflT;j DoSjh Hkk"kk gS A blesa dbZ izdkj ds vkWijsku gksrs gs
tks ,d ;k vf/kd fjysku buiqV ds :i esa ysdj mudss vk/kkj ij vkmViqV ds :i esa ,d u;k
fjysku nsrs gSa A fjyskuy ,sytczk ds eq[; vkWijsku lysDV] izkstDs V] ;wfu;u] lSVfMQjsaUl]
dkfVZfl;u izksMsDV rFkk fjuse gS A
Selection:- blds }kjk ge V~iy dks lysDV dj ldrs gSa tks fdlh dUMhku dks iwjk djrk gS
bl vkWijsku ds fy;s ge xzhd v{kj flXek dk mi;ksx djrs gSa A blds lkFk dUMhku nh
tkrh gS tks ds dqN uhps fy[kh tkrh gS rFkk fjysku dk uke blds vkxs vkXZ;weUs V ds :i esa
fn;k tkrk gS A
mnkgj.k % branch_name =ajmer (loan)
128
Projection:- izkstD
s V
vkWijsku ,d ;wusjh vkWijsku gS blds vkmViqV esa ge pkgs x;s vVz~hC;wV dh

lwph ns[k ldrs gSa bl lwph esa ,d tSls vVz~hC;wV ,d gh ckj kkfey fd;s tkrs gSa A bl
vkWijsku ds fy;s ge xzhd v{kj ikbZ dk mi;ksx djrs gSa A mu vVz~hC;wV dks ftUgsa ge
vkmViqV esa ns[kuk pkgrs gSa ds uhps dh rjQ dkSek ls vyx djrs gw,s fy[krs gSa rFkk ckn esa
fjysku dk uke dks"Bd esa vkXZ;weUs V ds :i esa fn;k tkrk gS A
mnkgj.k % loan_no,amount(loan)
fp= 3 izkstDs ku o lysDku

Union:- ;fn
ge nks Vscy ls ,slh oSY;w ns[kuk pkgrs gSa tk fdlh ,sd Vscy esa ;k nkSuks Vscy esa
gks rc ge bl izdkj dk MsVk ckbZujh vkWijsku ;wfu;u ls izkIr dj ldrs gSa A bl vkWijsku ds
fy;s ge fjyskuy ,sytczk esa v{kj U ;w dk mi;ksx djrs gSa A
1
mnkgj.k %
c_name(depositor)
c_name(borrower)
2
c_name(depositor) U c_name(borrower)
fp= 4 ;wfu;u vkWijsku

izksMsDV vkWijsku dks dzkl fpUg ls iznZfkr fd;k tkrk gS A
blds }kjk nks fjysku dh lwpukvksa dks feyk;k tk ldrk gSa A ge nk fjysku R o S dk
dkfVZfl;u izksMsDV fuEu izdkj fy[k ldrs gSa A
mnkgj.k %R S
Cartesion Product:- dkfVZfl;u
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-
129
fp= 5 dkfVZfl;u izksMsDV vkWijsku

PL/SQL esa SQL dh Commands :
& R;sd SQL LVsVesUV ds vUr esa v)Zfojke (Semi-Colon) dk fpUg ( ; ) vo; yxk;k tkuk
pkfg,A
& MsVk ifjHkk"k.k Hkk"kk (Data Definition Language) dek.M~l dks PL/SQL esa fy[ks tkus dh
vuqefr ugha gksrh gS A
PL/SQL esa SELECT LVsVesUV dk ;ksx
PL/SQL esa SELECT LVsVesUV dk ;ksx djus ds fy, ;g vR;Ur vko;d gS fd ekax dks
dsoy ,d iafDr gh ifj.kke ds :i esa okil djuh pkfg,] vU;Fkk dksbZ =qfV mRiUu gks ldrh gS A
,sls SELECT LVsVesUV ftuds ifj.kke ds :i esa ,d Hkh iafDr ugha vkrh gS] os fuEufyf[kr =qfV
lUnsk nfkZr djrs gS & No Data Found
,sls SELECT LVsVesUV ftuds ifj.kke ds :i esa ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ka vkrh gS] os fuEufyf[kr
=qfV lUnsk nfkZr djrs gS &
Exact fetch returns more than requested number of rows
PL/SQL esa SELECT LVsVesUV ds lkFk Into kCn dk ;ksx djuk vko;d gksrk gS A ;g kCn
ifjorZukad (Variable) dks uke nsus ds fy, ;ksx gksrk gS] ftuesa fd SELECT esa fn, x, Items
vkrs gSa A
Select LVsVesUV eas R;sd vkbVe ds fy, ,d ifjorZukad dk gksuk vko;d gS rFkk mldk e
Hkh ogha gksuk pkfg, tks fd Select LVsVesUV eas fn, x, dkWyEl ds ukeksa dk gS A
mnkgj.k&
SQL> DECLARE
2 V_SAL NUMBER;
3 BEGIN
4 SELECT SAL INTO V_SAL FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=&EMPNO;
5 dbms_output.put_line(v_sal);
6 end;
7 /
Enter value for empno : 7902
old 4 :
SELECT SAL INTO V_SAL FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=&EMPNO;
130
NEW 4 : SELECT SAL INTO V_SAL FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7902;

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL > SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
SQL > RUN
1 DECLARE
2 V_SAL NUMBER;
3 BEGIN
4 SELECT SAL INTO V_SAL FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=&EMPNO;
5 dbms_output.put_line(v_sal);
6 end;
Enter value for empno : 7902
old 4 : SELECT SAL INTO V_SAL FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=&EMPNO;
old 4 : SELECT SAL INTO V_SAL FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=7902;
3000
mi;qZDr mnkgj.k eas geus PL/SQL esa Select LVsVesUV dk ;ksx nkkZ;k gS A PL/SQL dks pykus
ds fy, geus ;g lkjk ksxzke SQL kWEIV ij gh fy[kk gS A ksxzke ds vUr esa END; okyh ykbu
ds ckn bl ksxzke dks iw.kZ djds bls dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, Slash ( / ) fpUg dk ;ksx fd;k
x;k gS A
bl ksxkz e dh igyh ykbu esa Declare dk ;ksx djds nwljh ykbu esa ,d ifjorZukad V_SAL
dks ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS A bl ifjorZukad dk dkj Number fy;k x;k gS A blds ckn rhljh ykbu
eas Begin kCn ls ksxzke dk kjEHk nkkZ;k gS vFkkZr dk;kZfUor gksus okyh dek.M~l vc Begin ds
ckn okyh ykbZu esa nh tk;sxh A pkSFkh ykbu esa ,d Select LVsVesUV dk ;ksx fd;k x;k gS A bl
LVsVesUV ds }kjk pqus x;s eku dks ifjorZukad V_SAL esa LVksj djk;k x;k gS A ;g LVsVesUV EMP
Vsfcy ds ml deZpkjh ds osru dks pqurk gS] ftldk EMPNO dkWye esa eku ;ksxdrkZ }kjk fd,
x, eku ds cjkcj gksrk gS A bl LVsVesUV esa & dk fpUg ;ksxdrkZ ls buiqV ekaxus ds fy, fd;k
x;k gS A blds ckn ikapoh ykbu esa Lhu ij ifj.kke nkkZus ds fy, dbms_output.put_line uked
iwoZ ifjHkkf"kr Procedure dk ;ksx fd;k x;k gS A vc NBh ykbu esa ksxzke dk vUr nkkZus ds fy,
END kCn dk ;ksx fd;k x;k gS rFkk lkroha ykbu esa Slash ( / ) fpUg dk ;ksx djds bl ksxzke
dks dk;kZfUor fd;k x;k gS A
bl ksxkz e dks dk;kZfUor gksrs gh ;ksxdrkZ ls EMPNO ds fy, eku buiqV djus ds fy, dgk
tkrk gS A eku ds buiqV gksus ij Old ds lkeus ksxzke dk og Select LVsVesUV nfkZr gksrk gS] tks
fd geus ksxzke esa fn;k Fkk rFkk New ds lkeus iqu% ;gh Select LVsVesUV nfkZr gksrk gS] ijUrq bl
LVsVesUV esa &EMPNO ds LFkku ij ;ksxdrkZ }kjk buiqV fd;k x;k EMPNO nfkZr gksrk gS rFkk
vUr esa PL/SQL procedure successfully completed lUnsk nfkZr gksrk gS A
blds ckn bl ksxzke ls kIr ifj.kke dks ns[kus ds fy, SERVEROUTPUT dks ON fd;k
x;k gSA vc RUN dek.M dks iqu% pykus ij ksxzke dh Ngksa ykbUl nfkZr gksrh gS rFkk ;ksxdrkZ
ls buiqV ekaxk tkrk gS A buiqV djus ds ckn old rFkk new ds lkeus iwokZuqlkj nkZu gksrk gS rFkk
blds ckn bl ekax dk ifj.kke nfkZr gksrk gS vFkkZr EMP Vsfcy esa ;ksxdrkZ }kjk buiqV fd,
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-
131
x, EMPNO okyh iafDr esa Sal okys dkWye esa fLFkr eku nfkZr gksrk gS vkSj vUr esa Pl/SQL
procedure successfully completed. lUnsk nfkZr gksrk gS A
dbms_output.put_line ,d iwoZ ifjHkkf"kr procedure gS] tks ekWfuVj Lhu ij ifj.kke dks
nkkZrk gSA ;g dsoy ,d Argument gh ysrk gS] vr% ;fn ,d ls vf/kd ifj.kkeksa dks nkkZuk gks] rks
tksM+us okys fpUg (\\) dk ;ksx djds mudks tksM+ nsuk pkfg, A
server ij ifj.kke dks nkkZus ds fy, ,d command dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gS og gS SET
SERVEROUTPUT On A bl command dks SQL*Plus kWEIV ij dbms_output.put_line QaDku
dks pykus ls igys fn;k tkuk pkfg, A
MsVk ifjpkyu Hkk"kk (Data Mainpulation Language-DML) dek.M~l ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ksa
dks Hkh foysf"kr dj ldrh gS A
mnkgj.k &
SQL> SELECT * FROM Employe
___________________________________________________________________________________
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR
HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
___________________________________________________________________________________
7369
SANJEEV
CLERK
7902
17-DEC-90
1300
2
7499
AMIT
SALESMAN
7698
20-FEB-91
1600
300
3
7521
SUDHANSHU SALESMAN
7698
22-FEB-91
1250
500
3
7566
SANDEEP
MANAGER
7839
02-APR-91
2975
2
7654
REKHA
SALESMAN
7698
28-SEP-91
1250
1400
3
7698
POOJA
MANAGER
7839
01-MAY-91
2850
3
7782
AMIT
MANAGER
7839
09-JUN-91
2450
1
7788
MUKESH
ANALYST
7566
19-APR-97
3000
2
7839
RAKESH
PRESIDENT
17-NOV-91
5000
1
7844
MEENU
SALESMAN
7698
08-SEP-91
1500
0
3
7876
MEETU
CLERK
7788
23-MAY-97
1600
2
7900
SUDHANSHU CLERK
7698
03-DEC-91
1450
3
7902
SUSHEEL
ANALYST
7566
03-DEC-91
3000
2
7934
MADHU
CLERK
7782
23-JAN-92
1300
1
AMIT
ANALYST
5000
___________________________________________________________________________________
15 rows selected.
SQL>BEGIN
2 UPDATE employee SET sal=7000 WHERE job= SALESMAN
3 END ;
4/
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed
mi;qZDr mnkgj.k esa geus DML dek.M UPDATE dk ;ksx fd;k gS A bl mnkgj.k esa geus
igys SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE LVsVesUV dk ;ksx djds Employee Vsfcy esa fLFkr lHkh
132
fjdkWMl
~ Z dks ekWuhVj Lhu ij nfkZr djk;k gS A blds ckn BEGIN kCn ls ksxkz e dk kjEHk djds
vxyh ykbZu esa DML dek.M UPDATE dk ;ksx djds mu lHkh iafDr;ksa ds SAL dkWye esa eku
7000 fd;k x;k gS] ftuds JOB dkWye esa eku SALESMAN gS A vc END kCn ls ksxzke dh
lekfIr dh ?kks"k.kk djds Slash (/) fpUg dk ;ksx djds bls dk;kZfUor fd;k x;k gS A blds
lQyrkiwoZd dk;kZfUor gkssus dh tkudkjh gesa PL/SQL Procedure successfully completed lUnsk
ls kIr gksrh gS A
bl ksxzke ds }kjk fd;k x;k ifjorZu Vsfcy esa gqvk gS vFkok ugha blds fy, geus iqu%
SELECT *FROM EMPLOYEE LVsVesUV dk ;ksx djds Employee Vsfcy eas fLFkr lHkh fjdkWMl
~Z
dks ekWuhVj Lhu ij nfkZr djk;kA bl nkZu esa mu lHkh iafDr;ksa] ftuds JOB dkWye esa eku
SALESMAN gS] ds SAL dkWye eas eku 7000 gks x;k gSA
SQL> SELECT * FROM Employe
___________________________________________________________________________________
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR
HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
___________________________________________________________________________________
7369
7499
7521
7566
7654
7698
7782
7788
7839
7844
7876
7900
7902
7934
SANJEEV
AMIT
SUDHANSHU
SANDEEP
REKHA
POOJA
AMIT
MUKESH
RAKESH
MEENU
MEETU
SUDHANSHU
SUSHEEL
MADHU
AMIT
CLERK
SALESMAN
SALESMAN
MANAGER
SALESMAN
MANAGER
MANAGER
ANALYST
PRESIDENT
SALESMAN
CLERK
CLERK
ANALYST
CLERK
ANALYST
7902
7698
7698
7839
7698
7839
7839
7566
7698
7788
7698
7566
7782
17-DEC-90
20-FEB-91
22-FEB-91
02-APR-91
28-SEP-91
01-MAY-91
09-JUN-91
19-APR-97
17-NOV-91
08-SEP-91
23-MAY-97
03-DEC-91
03-DEC-91
23-JAN-92
1300
7000
1250
2975
7000
2850
2450
3000
5000
7000
1600
1450
3000
1300
5000
300
500
1400
2
3
3
2
3
3
1
2
1
3
2
3
2
1
15 rows selected.
___________________________________________________________________________________
fu/kkZ j d Delimiters
fu/kkZjd (delimiter) dqN ,sls foks"k fpUg gksrs gS] ftudk PL/SQL esa ,d fofkV vFkZ gksrk gS
A PL/SQL esa ;ksx fd, tkus okyh fofHkUu (Delimiters) fu/kkZjd fuEufyf[kr gS &
133
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-
SQL> BEGIN
2 UPDATE employee SET job = SALES WHERE deptno =3;
3 UPDATE employee SET comm = 1000 WHERE comm IS NULL;
4 END;
5 /
SQL > SELECT *FROM Employee;
___________________________________________________________________________________
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR
HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
___________________________________________________________________________________
7369
7499
7521
7566
7654
7698
7782
7788
7839
7844
7876
7900
7902
7934
SANJEEV
AMIT
SUDHANSHU
SANDEEP
REKHA
POOJA
AMIT
MUKESH
RAKESH
MEENU
MEETU
SUDHANSHU
SUSHEEL
MADHU
AMIT
CLERK
SALESMAN
SALESMAN
MANAGER
SALESMAN
MANAGER
MANAGER
ANALYST
PRESIDENT
SALESMAN
CLERK
CLERK
ANALYST
CLERK
ANALYST
7902
7698
7698
7839
7698
7839
7839
7566
7698
7788
7698
7566
7782
17-DEC-90
20-FEB-91
22-FEB-91
02-APR-91
28-SEP-91
01-MAY-91
09-JUN-91
19-APR-97
17-NOV-91
08-SEP-91
23-MAY-97
03-DEC-91
03-DEC-91
23-JAN-92
1300
1600
1250
2975
1250
2850
2450
3000
5000
1500
1600
1450
3000
1300
5000
1000
300
500
1000
1400
1000
1000
1000
1000
0
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
2
3
3
2
3
3
1
2
1
3
2
3
2
1
___________________________________________________________________________________
15 rows selected.
mi;qZDr mnkgj.k esa cuk, x, ksxzke esa Employee Vsfcy dh mu lHkh iafDr;ksa ds Job dkWye
dk eku SALES dj fn;k x;k gS] ftuds DEPTNO dkWye eas eku 3 gS] lkFk gh ,d vU; LVsVesUV
ds }kjk mu lHkh iafDr;ksa ds COMM dkWye eas eku 1000 dj fn;k x;k gS] ftuds bl dkWye esa
eku NULL gS A
134
ksxzke esa Exception okyk Hkkx] tks fd =qfV;ksa dks ifjpkfyr djus dk dk;Z djrk gS] Hkh ;ksx
eas yk;k tk ldrk gS A bl Hkkx esa fn, x, LVsVesUV~l rHkh dk;kZfUor gksrs gS] tcfd og foks"k =qfV
vFkok fLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gS] ftlds fy, bUgsa ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS A bl Exception ds dk;Z ds
ikyu ds lkFk gh Block dk dk;ZUo;u Hkh lekIr (Terminate) gks tkrk gS A
mnkgj.k&
SQL> DECLARE
2 V_ENAME VARCHAR2 (25) ;
3 BEGIN
4 SELECT ENAME INTO V_ENAME FROM EMPLOYEE;
5 EXCEPTION
6 WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN
7 dbms_output.put_line (The Query returns in too many lines.);
8 end;
9 /
The Query returns in too many lines.
SQL >
fiNys i`B ij fn, x, mnkgj.k esa cuk, x, ksxkz e esa lcls igys ,d ifjorZukad V_ENAME
?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA bldh ?kks"k.kk ds lkFk&lkFk bldk MsVkdkj rFkk vkdkj Hkh ?kksf"kr fd;k
x;k gSA bl ifjorZukad esa SELECT LVsVesUV dh lgk;rk ls Employee Vsfcy esa fLFkr deZpkfj;ksa
ds uke lafpr djus dh ekax dh xbZ gS rFkk ,d ;fn ekax ds ifj.kke esa ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ka kIr
gksrh gS] rks ,d Exception TOO_MANY_ROWS ?kfVr gksxk] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i The Query
returns in too many lines lUnsk nfkZr gks tk;sxk A
PL/SQL ds ifjorZukad (Variables in PL/SQL)
PL/SQL vuds dkj ds MkVkdkjksa ds voyEc (Support) nku djrh gS] ftudk ;ksx
ifjorZukad (Variables) rFkk fLFkjkadksa (Constant) ?kksf"kr djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS A
ifjorZukad (Variables) ,sls igpkudrkZ gksrs gS] ftuesa fdlh ekax ds }kjk eku lafpr (Store)
djk;k tkrk gSA bldk eku ekax ds ifj.kke ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS A ifjorZukadksa dks ?kksf"kr djrs
le; Hkh kjfEHkd eku nku fd;k tk ldrk gS A
fLFkjkad (Constants) ,sls igpkudrkZ (Identifier) gksrs gS] ftudk ,d fufpr eku gksrk gS]
rFkk ;g eku mudks ?kksf"kr djrs le; gh nku fd;k tkrk gS A
PL/SQL esa ifjorZukad fuEu dkj ds gksrs gS &
Number ;s ifjorZukad vkafdd eku lafpr djus ds fy, ;ksx fd, tkrs gS] tSls Number
(9.2)A bldk rkRi;Z gS fd vkafdd eku esa 9 vadksa dh la[;k lafpr dh tk ldrh gS]
ftuesa 2 nkeyo vad Hkh lfEefyr gS A
char ;s ifjorZukad v{kj MkVk dkj ds ,sls ifjorZukadksa dks lafpr djus ds fy, ;ksx esa yk;k
tkrk gS ftudh yEckbZ lqfufpr gksrh gS A ;g vf/kdre 255 v{kj rd lafpr dj
ldrs gSa A
Varchar 2 ;s ifjorZukad v{kj MsVk dkj ds ,sls ifjorZukadksa dks lafpr djus ds fy,] ftudh
135
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-
yEckbZ ifjofrZr gks ldrh gS] tSls Varchar2 (20) A bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd bl
ifjorZukad eas v{kj MsVkdkj dk eku vf/kdre 20 v{kj yEckbZ rd dj lafpr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA ;fn eku dh yEckbZ 20 ls de gS] rks ifj.kke ds nkZu eas bldh yEckbZ mruh
gh nfkZr gksxh] ftruh dh eku dh yEckbZ gS A ;s vf/kdre 4000 v{kj rd lafpr dj
ldrk gS A
Boolean ;s ifjorZukad v{kj Boolean ekuksa dks lafpr djus ds fy, ;ksx fd, tkrs gS] tSls &
True vFkok False A igys rks bu ifjorZukadksa esa eku Mkydj j[k fy, tkrs gS] mlds ckn
ifjorZukadksa eas LVsVesUV (Conditional Statement) }kjk budks tkapk tkrk gS A
Date ;s ifjorZukad fnukad o le; MsVkdkj ds ekuksa dks lafpr djus ds fy, ;ksx fd, tkrs
gS] tSlk fd vksjd
s y esa Date dkWyEl esa fd;k tkrk gS A bldk LVs.MMZ QksjesV
DD -MON-YY gksrk gS A tSls 24-JUNE-11
ifjorZukadksa dks ?kksf"kr djuk %
ifjorZukadksa ls lEcfU/kr lHkh ?kks"k.kk, PL/SQL CykWd ds Declare Hkkx esa dh tkrh gS A ;g
?kks"k.kk fuEufyf[kr lw=kuqlkj dh tkrh gS &
lw= & IDENTIFIER_NAME DATATYPE [NOT NULL] [ : = EXPERISSION]
EXPERISSION ds LFkku ij dksbZ fLFkjkad] dksbZ vU; ifjorZukad vFkok dksbZ ,d Experission
ftlesa Operators vkSj Functions dk ;ksx fd;k x;k gks] gks ldrk gS A
mnkgj.k&
SQL> SELECT *FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO = 7900;
___________________________________________________________________________________
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR
HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
___________________________________________________________________________________
7900
SUDHANSHU
SALES
7698
03-DEC-91
1450
1000
3
SQL > DECLARE
2 V_SAL NUMBER (7, 2);
3 V_COMM NUMBER (7, 2);
4 BEGIN
5 SELECT SAL, COMM INTO V_SAL, V_COMM FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO=7900;
6 V_SAL :=V_SAL+1000;
7 UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET SAL=V_SAL WHERE EMPNO=7900;
8 end;
9 /
___________________________________________________________________________________
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR
HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
___________________________________________________________________________________
7900
SUDHANSHU
SALES
7698
03-DEC-91
2450
1000
___________________________________________________________________________________
mijksDr mnkgj.k&5 esa igys ,d Select LVsVesUV }kjk Employee Vsfcy dh mu iafDr;ksa dks
nfkZr djus dh ekax dh gS] ftuds EMPNO dkWye esa eku 7900 gS A blds mijkUr PL/SQL ds
Daclare Hkkx dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gS A bl Hkkx esa nks ifjorZukad V_SAL rFkk V_COMM ?kksf"kr
136
fd, x, gS A
vc PL/SQL ds Begin Hkkx dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ vkSj bl Hkkx esa bu nksuksa ifjorZukadksa esa
Employee Vsfcy dh ml iafDr ds SAL rFkk COMM dkWye ds eku dks lafpr djk;k x;k gS]
ftlds EMPNO dkWye esa eku 7900 gS A blds ckn V_SAL ds eku esa 1000 dh o`f) dh xbZ gSA
vc bl Vsfcy dks Update fd;k x;k gS rFkk Vsfcy dh ml iafDr ftlds EMPNO dkWye esa eku
7900 gS] ds SAL dkWye dk eku V_SAL ifjorZukad ds eku ds cjkcj fd;k x;k gS A
bl Procedure ds lQyrkiwoZd iw.kZ gksus ds mijkUr iqu% ,d Select LVsVesUV }kjk Employee
Vsfcy dh mu iafDr;ksa dks nfkZr djus dh ekax dh gS] ftuds EMPNO dkWye esa eku 7900 gS A
bu nksuksa nkZuksa dk v/;;u djus ij ge ikrs gS fd nwljs nkZu eas Procedure ds vuq:i SAL
ds eku esa 1000 dh o`f) gks xbZ gS A
PL/SQL ds CykWd esa ;ksx dh xbZ Vsfcy ds dkWyEl ds uke rFkk ?kksf"kr fd, tkus okys
ifjorZukadksa ds uke leku ugha gksus pkfg, A ;fn ,slk gksrk gS] rks Procedure ds lQyrkiwoZd iw.kZ
gksus ij Hkh] Vsfcy eas okafNr ifjorZu ugha gksrk gS A vxys mnkgj.k esa geus ifjorZukadksa ds uke] PL/
SQL CykWd esa ;ksx dh xbZ Vsfcy ds dkWyEl ds uke ds leku gh j[ks gS] blfy, bl Procedure
ds lQyrkiwoZd iw.kZ gksus ij Hkh] Vsfcy esa okafNr ifjorZu ugha gksrk gS A
mnkgj.k &
___________________________________________________________________________________
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR
HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
___________________________________________________________________________________
7900
SUDHANSHU SALES
7698
03-DEC-91
1450
1000
3
___________________________________________________________________________________
SQL DECLARE
2 SAL NUMBER (7, 2);
3 COMM NUMBER (7, 2);
4 BEGIN
5 SELECT SAL, COMM INTO SAL, COMM FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO = 7900;
6 SAL:=SAL+1000;
7 UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET SAL = SAL WHERE EMPNO=7900;
8 end;
9 /
___________________________________________________________________________________
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR
HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
___________________________________________________________________________________
7900
SUDHANSHU SALES
7698
03-DEC-91
2450
1000
3
___________________________________________________________________________________
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-
137
mnkgj.k &
SQL> DECLARE
2 V_SAL NUMBER (7, 2);
3 V_COMM NUMBER (7, 2);
4 BEGIN
5 SELECT SAL, COMM INTO V_SAL, V_COMM FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE EMPNO=1000;
6 V_SAL:=V_SAL+1000;
7 UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET SAL=V_SAL WHERE EMPNO=1000;
8 EXCEPTION
9 WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
10 dbms_output.put_line (This empno does not exist.);
11 end;
12 /
This empno does not exist.
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa Exception dk ;ksx Hkh nkkZ;k x;k gS A tc Procedure ds iw.kZ gksus ij
;fn Vsfcy ls dksbZ fjdkWMZ esy ugha [kkrk gS] rks Exception WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND
pyrk gS A
ifjorZukad ds Attributes
% TYPE vkSj %ROWTYPE
ifjorZukad dks fdlh Vsfcy ds dkWye vFkok iafDr ds Attribute dk ;ksx djds Hkh ?kksf"kr
fd;k tk ldrk gS A bu Attribute dk ;ksx djus ij ifjorZukad dk MsVkdkj rFkk vkdkj ?kksf"kr
djuk vko;d ugha gksrk A
ifjorZukad ds MsVkdkj rFkk vkdkj rFkk Vsfcy ds dkWye ds MsVkdkj rFkk vkdkj esa
fojks/kkHkkl dks nwj djus ds fy, Attribute %TYPE dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A bldk ,d lcls
cM+k ykHk ;g gksrk gS fd tc Hkh Vsfcy ds dkWye dk MsVkdkj vFkok vkdkj ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk
gS] rks ;g ifjoZru ifjorZukad esa Lor% gh n`f"Vxkspj gksus yxrk gS A Attribute %TYPE dk ;ksx
fuEufyf[kr lw=kuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS &
lw= % IDENTIFIER TABLENAME.COLUMN%TYPE
mnkgj.k ds fy, fuEukafdr LVsVesUV~l dk v/;;u djrs gS &
Var_Name Employee.Ename%Type
mi;qZDr LVsVesUV~l eas Var_Name uked ifjorZukad dk vkdkj ,oa MkVkdkj Employee
Table ds Ename ds leku gh gS A
Var_Sal Employee.Sal%Type
Var_Job Employee.Job%Type
bl dkj mi;qZDr LVsVesUV~l eas ls igys LVsVesUV esa Var_Sal ifjorZukad rFkk nwljs LVsVesUV
eas Var_Job ifjorZukad Employee Vsfcy ds ek% Sal dkWye rFkk Job dkWye ds leku gh
MsVkdkj ,oa vkdkj okys gS A

vxys mnkgj.k eas geus pkj ifjorZukad VAR_EMPNO, VAR_ENAME, VAR_JOB rFkk
138
VAR_SAL bl dkj ?kksf"kr fd, gS fd muds MsVkdkj rFkk vkdkj Employee Vsfcy PNO,
ENAME, JOB rFkk SAl dkWye ds leku gh gks A
blds ckn bu pkjksa ifjorZukadksa ds eku dks dbms_output.put_line QaDku }kjk ekWuhVj Lhu
ij nfkZr djk;k gS A
mnkgj.k &
SQL> DECLARE
2 VAR_EMPNO EMPLOYEE.EMPNO%TYPE;
3 VAR_ENAME EMPLOYEE.ENAME%TYPE;
4 VAR_JOB EMPLOYEE.JOB%TYPE;
5 VAR_SAL EMPLOYEE.SAL%TYPE;
6 BEGIN
7 SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL_INTO VAR_EMPNO, VAR_ENAME,
VAR_JOB, VAR_SAL
8 FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO=7900;
9 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (VAR_EMPNO | | VAR_ENAME | | VAR_JOB
| | VAR_SAL);
10 END;
11 /
7900SUDHANSHUSALES1450
PL/SQL PROCEDURE SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED.
dHkh Hkh ;fn ,slh vko;drk iM+rh gS] fd iwjh dh iwjh iafDr (Row) dks gh ?kksf"kr (Declare)
fd;k tkuk gks] rks iafDr ds lHkh dkWyEl dks vyx&vyx ?kksf"kr djus ds LFkku ij Attribute
%ROWTYPE dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A Attribute %ROWTYPE dk ;ksx fuEufyf[kr
lw=kuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS &

lw= % IDENTIFIER TABLENAME.ROWTYPE
mnkgj.k ds fy, fuEukafdr LVsVesUV~l dk v/;;u djrs gS &
Employee_Row_Var Employee%ROWTYPE
Dept_Row_Var Dept%ROWTYPE
mijksDr LVsVesUV~l eas Emp_Row_Var rFkk Dept_Row_Var fefJr ifjorZukad gS A (Composite Variable) gS ftldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd bu ifjorZukadksa esa Vsfcy ds lnL;ksa ds dkWyEl Hkh
lfEefyr gS A vc Emp_Row_Var ifjorZukad ds fdlh lnL; dks nfkZr djus dk dk;Z
fuEukuqlkj fd;k tk ldrk gS A

Employee_Row_Var Empno:=7900;
Employee_Row_Var.Ename : = SUDHANSHU ;
vxys mnkgj.k eas ,d ifjorZukad VAR_ROW ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS A bl ifjorZukad dks os
lHkh Attributes nku fd, x, gS] tks fd Employee Vsfcy dh iafDr;ksa ds gS A blds ckn Begin
okys Hkkx esa Select LVsVesUV }kjk bl ifjorZukad dks Employee Vsfcy dh ml iafDr ds lHkh dkWyEl
dk eku nku fd;k x;k] ftlds EMPNO dkWye eas eku 7900 gS A bl Select LVsVesUV eas fn,
tkus okys dkWyEl ds uke mlh e esa gksus vko;d gS] ftl e eas ;s Vsfcy esa fLFkr gS A bl
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-
139
LVsVesUV esa lHkh dkWyEl dk lfEefyr gksuk Hkh vko;d gS A blds ckn bl ifjorZukad ds SAL
dkWye ds eku esa 1500 dh o`f) dh xbZ gS vkSj Employee Vsfcy dks Update djrs gq, Vsfcy dh
bl iafDr eas SAL dkWye dk eku VAR_ROW.SAL ds eku ds cjkcj fd;k x;k gS A
___________________________________________________________________________________
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR
HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
___________________________________________________________________________________
7900
SUDHANSHU SALES
7698
03-DEC-91
1450
1000
3
___________________________________________________________________________________
SQL > DECLARE
2 VAR_ROW EMPLOYEE %ROWTYPE;
3 BEGIN
4 SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO INTO VAR_ROW
5 FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO=7900;
6 VAR_ROW, SAL:=VAR_ROW, SAL+1500;
7 UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET SAL=VAR_ROW.SAL
8 WHERE EMPNO=7900;
8 END;
9 /
___________________________________________________________________________________
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR
HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
___________________________________________________________________________________
7900
SUDHANSHU SALES
7698
03-DEC-91
2950
1000
3
fLFkjkad ?kksf"kr djuk (Declaring Constants) :

fLFkjkad (Constants) PL/SQL ds Block ea]s ckn esa lUnHkZ ds fy, fdlh igpkudrkZ dks igys
ls gh nku fd, x, eku dks ;ksx djus dh vuqefr nku djrs gSa A igpkudrkZ dks fn;k x;k
;g eku fLFkj ,oa vifjorZuh; gksrk gS] ;fn blesa dksbZ ifjorZu djus dk ;kl fd;k tkrk gS] rks
PL/SQL esa =qfV nfkZr gksrh gS A
SQL> DECLARE
2 add CONSTANT number :=0.25;
3 sal number (7, 2) :=5000;
4 begin
5 sal:=sal+(sal*add);
6 dbms_output.put_line (sal | | | | add) ;
7 end;
8 /
6250.25
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa ,d fLFkjkad Add dks ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS A bl fLFkjkad dks 0-25 eku
nku fd;k x;k gS A blds mijkUr ,d ifjorZukad sal ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS rFkk lkFk gh bls
140
kjfEHkd eku 5000 nku fd;k x;k gSA vc PL/SQL ds Begin okys Hkkx eas bl ifjorZukad ds eku
esa] bl ifjorZukad ds orZeku eku rFkk fLFkjkad ds eku dk xq.kuQy tksM+dj] bl ifjorZukad dks
u;k eku nku fd;k x;k gS A blds mijkUr dsms_output.put_line QaDku }kjk sal ifjorZukad ds
u, eku rFkk fLFkjkad ds eku dks ekWuhVj Lhu ij f.V djk;k x;k gS A
Non PL/SQL fLFkjkadksa dk lUnHkZ xzg.k djuk
(Referencing Non PL/SQL Variables)
PL/SQL LVsVesUV~l eas estcku okrkoj.k (Host Envirnment) eas ?kksf"kr fd, x, ifjorZukadksa
dk Hkh lUnHkZ xzg.k fd;k tk ldrk gS A ,sls ifjorZukadksa dks Host Variables dgk tkrk gS A ,sls
ifjorZukad] tks fd PL/SQL ds ugha gS] muds uke ls igys Colon ( : ) fpUg yxkuk vko;d
gksrk gS A
tSls %
:ROLL_NO : = 16;
:NAME : = MANESH ;
Non PL/SQL ifjorZukad dks PL/SQL dk CykWd cukus ls igys gh SQL*Plus eas ?kksf"kr
dj ysuk pkfg,A bl ifjorZukad dks fuEufyf[kr lw=kuqlkj ?kksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS A

lw= & Variable Variable_name type;
mnkgj.k&
SQL> VARIABLE V_sal number;
SQL> BEGIN
2 SELECT sal INTO : v_sal FROM employee WHERE empno = 7900;
3 dbms_output.put_line (before Appraisal | | : v_sal) ;
4 : v_sal:=:v_sal+1600
5 update employee set sal=:v_sal where empno=7900;
6 dbms_output.put_line (After Appraisal | | : v_sal) ;
7 end;
8 /
Before Appraisal 1450
After Apprisal 3050
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa lcls igys geus SQL kWEIV ij ,d ifjorZukad v_sal dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA
blds ckn PL/SQL CykWd ds Begin Hkkx eas Select LVsVesUV dh lgk;rk ls bl ifjorZukad dks
Employee Vsfcy dh ml iafDr ds Sal dkWye dk eku nku fd;k x;k] ftldk EMPNO dkWye
eas eku 7900 gS A vc bl eku dks dbms_output.put_line QaDku dh lgk;rk ls ekWuhVj Lhu ij
f.V fd;k x;k gS A

blds mijkUr bl ifjorZukad ds eku esa 1600 dh o`f) dh xbZ gS rFkk bl eku dks Update
dek.M ds }kjk Employee Vsfcy dh ml iafDr ds sal dkWye nku fd;k x;k] ftldk EMPNO
dkWye esa eku 7900 gS vkSj fQj bls iqu% dbms_output.put_line QaDku dh lgk;rk ls ekWuhVj Lhu
ij f.V fd;k x;k gSA
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-
141
iwoZfufeZr QaDkUl (Built-in Functions)

SQL esa fLFkr vusd QaDkUl ,sls gksrs gS] tks fd esa PL/SQL Expressions esa Hkh ekU; gksrs
gS A ,sls eq[k QaDkUl fuEu dkj ds gS &
1- vkafdd rFkk v{kj QaDkUl (Number and Character Functions)
2- fnukad QaDkUl (Date Functions)
3. fofo/k QaDkUl (Miscellaneous Functions)
vxzkfa dr dqN mnkgj.kksa esa buds ckjs esa tkudkjh nh xbZ gS A
mnkgj.k &
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
10
11
12
12
13
14
15
16
declare
no_record number;
max_sal number (7, 2);
min_sal number (7, 2);
sum_sal number (7, 2);
avg_sal number (7, 2);
begin
select count (*) into no_record from employee;
select max (sal), min (sal) into max_sal, min_sal from employee;
select sum (sal), into sum_sal from employee;
select avg (sal), into avg_sal from employee;
dbms_output.put_line (Total Records = | | no_record);
dbms_output.put_line (Maximum Salary= | | max_sal);
dbms_output.put_line (Minimum Salary= | | min_sal);
dbms_output.put_line (Total Salary= | | sum_sal);
dbms_output.put_line (Average Salary= | | avg_sal);
17 end;
18 /
Total Records = 14
Maximum Salary = 7000
Minimum Salary = 1300
Total Salary = 55025
Average Salary = 3930.36
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa geus ikap ifjorZukad no_record, max_sal, Min_sal, sum_sal rFkk
142
avg_sal ?kksf"kr fd, gSA mlds ckn select LVsVesUV dh lgk;rk ls Employee Vsfcy ls bu
ifjorZukadksa esa ek% dqy fjdkWMZ~l dh la[;k] vf/kdre Salary ] U;wure salary ] dqy salary rFkk
vkSlr salary ds eku dks lafpr djk;k x;k gSA blds mijkUr bu ekuksa dks dbms_output.put_line
QaDku dh lgk;rk ls ekWuhVj Lhu ij f.V djk;k x;k gS A

mnkgj.k&
SQL> declare
2 v_ename varchar2 (25);
3 v_grade varchar2 (5);
4 begin
5 select upper (ename), substr (job, 1, 5) into v_ename, v_grade
6 from employee where empno =&empno;
7 dbms_output.put_line (v_ename | | | | v_grade);
8 exception
9 when no_data_found then
10 dbms_output.put_line (Employee Number does not Exist.);
11 when too_many_rows then
12 dbms_output.put_line (Query Returns Too Many Rows);
13 end;
14 /
Enter value for empno: 7900
old 6 : from employee where empno = &empno;
new 6 : from employee where empno = 7900;
SUDHANSHU sales
SQL>
Employee Number does not exists.
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa geus nks ifjorZukad v_ename rFkk v_grade cuk, gS A blds ckn select
LVsVesUV dk ;ksx djds bu nksuksa ifjorZukadksa dks Employee Vsfcy dh ml iafDr] ftlds Empno
dkWye dk eku ;ksxdrkZ us buiqV fd;k gS] ds Ename dkWye eas fLFkr v{kjksa dks Upper Case esa
rFkk Job dkWye esa fLFkr v{kjksa esa ls igys ikap v{kjksa dks lafpr djk;k gS A
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-
143
bu Procedure ds Run gksus ij ;ksxdrkZ ls Empno ds fy, eku fo"V djus ds fy, dgk
x;k gSA vc vksjsdy bl eku dks Employee Vsfcy ds Employee dkWye ds ekuksa esa [kkstrk gS A
;fn mls ;g eku kIr gksrk gS] rks ml iafDr ds Ename dkWye ds eku dks Upper Case rFkk Job
dkWye ds eku ds igys ikap v{kjksa dks pqu ysrk gSA blds mijkUr bu pqus gq, ekuksa dks
dbms_output.put_line QaDku dh lgk;rk ls ekWuhVj Lhu ij fUV djk;k x;k gSA bl mnkgj.k
esa geus nks Exceptions dk ;ksx fd;k gS A ;fn ;ksxdrkZ dksbZ ,slk eku fo"V djrk gS] tks
vksjsdy dks Employee Vsfcy ds Empno dkWye ds ekuksa esa ugha kIr gksrk gS rks igys Exceptions
ds vuq:i dk;Z djrk gS vkSj ;fn fo"V fd;k x;k eku ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ksa eas kIr gksrk gS]
rks nwljs Exceptions ds vuq:i dk;Z djrk gS A bl mnkgj.k eas geus igys empno ds fy, igys
,sls eku dks fo"V fd;k gS] tks fd Employee Vsfcy Empno dkWye ds ekuksa esa fLFkr gS A vr% gesa
okafNr ifj.kke kIr gksrk gS A nwljh ckj eas geus empno ds fy, igys ,sls eku dks fo"V fd;k
gS] tks fd Employee Vsfcy Empno dkWye ds ekuksa eas fLFkr ugha gS vr% gesa igys Exceptions ds
vuq:i ifj.kke kIr gksrk gS A
mijksDr mnkgj.k eas ,d QaDku Substr() dk ;ksx fd;k x;k gS A ;g QaDku rhu
Arguments ysrk gS rFkk ;g igys Argument esa ls nwljs Argument ls kq: djds rhljs Argument
ds cjkcj Element fudky ysrk gS A mnkgj.k ds fy, &
Substr (Hello, 2, 3)
output
ell
Substr (pager, 3, 3)
output
ger
vxys mnkgj.k eas nks ifjorZukad vhiredate rFkk vmonths ?kksf"kr fd, gSA buesa ls igys
ifjorZukad dk MsVkdkj date rFkk nwljs ifjorZukad dk MsVkdkj Number fy;k x;k gSA vmonths
ifjorZukad dk vkdkj lkr vadksa dk j[kk x;k gS] ftuesa nks nkeyo vad Hkh lfEefyr gS A bu nksuksa
ifjorZukadksa eas ek% Employee Vsfcy ls ml iafDr ds Hiredate rFkk QaDku Months_between
() ds ifj.kkeksa dks lafpr djk;k x;k gS] ftlds Empno dkWye dk eku ;ksxdrkZ fo"V djrk gSA
bl Procedure ds Run gksus ij ;ksxdrkZ ls Empno ds fy, eku fo"V djus ds fy, dgk
x;k gSA vc vksjd
s y bl eku dks Employee Vsfcy ds Empno dkWye ds ekuksa esa [kkstrk gS A ;fn
mls ;g eku kIr gS] rks ml iafDr ds Hiredate dkWye ds eku dks ifjorZukad vhirdate esa rFkk
orZeku frfFk] tks fd gS 15-Apr-2011 rFkk Hiredate tks fd 03-Dec-1991 gS] ds e/; ds eghuksa ds
eku dks vmonths ifjorZukad eas lafpr djrk gS A
blds ckn dbms_output.put_line QaDku dh lgk;rk ls nksuksa ifjorZukadksa ds eku rFkk flLVe
MsV vFkkZr orZeku frfFk dks ekWuhVj Lhu ij fUV djk;k x;k gS A
mnkgj.k&
SQL> declare
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
144
vhiredate date;
vmonths number (7, 2)
begin
select hiredate, months_between (sysdate, hiredate)
into vhiredate, vmonths
from employee where empno =&empno;
dbms_output.put_line (vhiredate | | | | sysdate | | | | vmonths);
end;
/

03-DEC-91 15-APR-11 112.41
fu;U=d k:i (Control Structures)
PL/SQL gesa LVsVesUV~l ds okg dks lfrcU/k (Conditionally) rFkk vfrcU/k (Unconditionally) fu;fU=r djus dh lqfo/kk nku djrk gS A LVsVesUV~l ds okg dks fuEukuqlkj fu;fU=r
fd;k tk ldrk gSA

& If Statement ds }kjk
& Basic Loops ds }kjk A ;s ywIl fuEu dkj ds gks ldrs gS A
(a) Goto Statement & Exit Statement
(b) For Loop
(c) While Loop
If .......endif LVsVesUV
;g LVsVesUV~l fu/kkZfjr frcU/kksa ds vuq:i pquko vFkok NaVkbZ djus dk dk;Z miyC/k djkrh
gS A bl LVsVesUV dk ;ksx fuEufyf[kr lw=kuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS &
lw= % IF <condition l> THEN
<actions1>
ELSIF <condition 2> THEN
<action2>
ELSE
<action3>
EndiF
vFkkZr ;fn frcU/k gS] condition l gS rks actions 1 dk;Z dk;kZfUor gks] ;fn frcU/k condition1
u gksdj condition 2 gS] rks action 2 dk;kZfUor gks vkSj ;fn mijksDr nksuksa frcU/k ugha gS] rks action3
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-
145
dk;kZfUor gksA
dk;Z dk ;gk ij rkRi;Z mu PL/SQL ;k SQL dek.M vFkok LVsVesUV ls gS] tks fdlh ksxzke
dh Body cukrh gS A
mnkgj.k&
SQL> Declare
2 f_title varchar2 (20);
3 status varchar2 (15);
4 begin
5 f_title:=&f_title;
6 if f_title=MRS then
7 status := MARRIED;
8 else
9 status :=UNKNOWN;
10 end if;
11 dbms_output.put_line (status);
12 end;
13 /
Enter value for f_title : MR
old 5 : f_title:=&f_title;
new 5 : f_title:=MR;
UNKNOWN
SQL>/
Enter value for f_title : MRS
new 5 : f_title:=MRS;
MARRIED
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa ifjorZukad f_title rFkk ifjorZukad status dks MsVkdkj rFkk vkdkj ds
lkFk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS A

vc Begin okys Hkkx eas lcls igys ;ksxdrkZ ls ifjorZukad f_title dk eku fo"V djk;k gSA
blds ckn ,d frcU/k yxk;k x;k gS fd ;fn igys ifjorZukad dk eku MRS gS] rks nwljs
ifjorZukad dk eku MARRIED gks tk, vU;Fkk nwljs ifjorZukad dk eku UNKNOWN gks tk,A
vUr esa dbms_output.put_line QaDku dh lgk;rk ls nwljs ifjorZukad ds eku dks ekWuhVj
Lhu ij fUV djk;k x;k gS A
bl mnkgj.k dks Run djus ij lcls igys ;ksxdrkZ ls ifjorZukad f_title ds fy, eku fo"V
146
djus ds fy, dgk x;k vkSj geus ;gk ij MR fo"V dj fn;k A blds ckn ekWuhVj Lhu ij
old ds lkeus bl mnkgj.k dh ikapoh ykbu dks nkkZ;k x;k fd igys f_title ifjorZukad dk eku
&f_title Fkk rFkk new ds lkeus ;g nkkZ;k x;k fd vc bl ifjorZukad dk eku MR gks x;k gS
A blds ckn dk;kZUo;u NBh ykbu ij tkrk gS vkSj frcU/k ds vuq:i bl ifjorZukad ds eku dks
tkapk tkrk gS A bl ifjorZukad dk eku MRS u kIr gksus ij ksxzke dk fu;U=.k else ds ckn
okys LVsVesUV ij vk tkrk gS vkSj nwljs ifjorZukad status dks UNKNOWN eku nku djds ekWuhVj
Lhu ij fUV dj fn;k tkrk gS A
bl mnkgj.k dks iqu% pykus ds fy, Slash ( / ) fpUg dk ;ksx fd;k gS A vc ;ksxdrkZ ls
ifjorZukad f_title ds fy, eku MRS fo"V dj fn;k A blds ckn ekWuhVj Lhu ij old ds lkeus
bl mnkgj.k dh ikapoh ykbu dks nkkZ;k x;k fd igys f_title ifjorZukad dk eku &f_title Fkk rFkk
new ds lkeus ;g nkkZ;k x;k fd vc bl ifjorZukad dk eku MRS gks x;k gS A blds ckn
dk;kZUo;u NBh ykbu ij tkrk gS vkSj frcU/k ds vuq:i bl ifjorZukad ds eku dks tkapk tkrk
gS A bl ifjorZukad dk eku MRS kIr gksus ij nwljs ifjorZukad status dks MARRIED eku
nku dj fn;k tkrk gS A pwafd frcU/k lR; gks x;k gS vr% ksxzke ds else ds ckn okys LVsVesUV
dk dk;kZUo;u ugha gksrk vkSj ksxzke dk fu;U=.k endif ds ckn okys LVsVesUV ij vk tkrk gS vkSj
nwljs ifjorZukad status dk eku MARRIED ekWuhVj Lhu ij fUV dj fn;k tkrk gS A
mnkgj.k &
SQL> Declare
2 f_title varchar2 (20);
3 status varchar2 (15);
4 begin
5 f_title:=&f_title;
6 if f_title=MRS then
7 status := MARRIED;
8 dsif f_title = MISS then
9 status := UNMARRIED;
10 else
11 status := UNKNOWN;
12 end if;
13 dbms_output.put_line (status);
14 end;
15 /
Cont....
Enter value for f_title : MR
new 5 : f_title:=MR;
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-
147
UNKNOWN
SQL>/
Enter value for f_title : mrs
new 5 : f_title:= mrs;
UNKNOWN
SQL>/
Enter value for f_title : MRS
new 5 : f_title:= MRS;
MARRIED
mijksDr mnkgj.k igys fn, x, mnkgj.k dk gh lq/kjk gqvk :i gSA bl mnkgj.k esa geus dsoy
,d gh frcU/k dks u tkap dj nks frcU/kksa dh tkap dh gSA ;fn ;ksxdrkZ }kjk status ifjorZukad
dk eku MARRIED gks tk, vkSj ;fn foV fd;k x;k eku MISS gS rks nwljs ifjorZukad Status
dk eku UNMARRIED gks tk, vkSj ;fn ls nksuksa gh frcU/k lR; ugha gksrs gS] rks nwljs ifjorZukad
Status dk eku UNKONWN gks tk, A
bl ksxzke dks igyh ckj pykus ij geus f_title ifjorZukad ds fy, eku MR fo"V fd;k
gS] bl eku ls pwfa d nksuksa gh frcU/k lR; ugha gksrs gS] vr% ekWuhVj Lhu ij nwljs ifjorZukad Status
dk eku UNKNOWN nfkZr gksrk gS A
bl mnkgj.k dks Slash ( / ) fpUg dk ;ksx djds iqu% pykus ij geus f_title ifjorZukad ds
fy, eku mrs fo"V fd;k gS] pwfa d ;g eku geus Lower Case eas fo"V fd;k gS] vr% frcU/k bldks
Hkh lR; ugha ekurk gS vkSj ekWuhVj Lhu ij nwljs ifjorZukad Status dk UNKNOWN nfkZr
gksrk gS A
bl mnkgj.k dks Slash ( / ) fpUg dk ;ksx djds iqu% pykus ij geus f_title ifjorZukad ds
fy, eku MRS fo"V fd;k gS] pwfa d vc geus ;g eku Upper Case eas fo"V fd;k gS] vr% frcU/k bldks
lR; ekurk gS vkSj ekWuhVj Lhu ij nwljs ifjorZukad Status dk eku MARRIED nfkZr gksrk gSA
;fn geus MRS ds LFkku ij MISS fo"V fd;k gksrk rks ekWuhVj Lhu ij nwljs ifjorZukad
status dk eku UNMARRIED nfkZr gksrk A
148
ewyHkwr ywIl (Basic Loops)

iqujko`rh; fu;U=d LVsVesUV~l dh fdlh J`[a kyk dks vusd ckj dk;kZfUor djus dh lqfo/kk
nku djrs gS A LVsVesUV~l dh ;g Ja[kyk gesa ,d ckj gh fy[kuh gksrh gS] ijUrq bldk dk;kZUo;u
iqujko`rh; fu;U=d LVsVesUV~l ds dkj.k ckj&ckj gksrk gS A lcls lk/kkj.k iqujko`rh; fu;U=d
LVsVesUV~l Loop gS A
Loop....Endloop
ksxzke esa tc Hkh ywi pyrk gS] rks ksxzke dk fu;U=.k ywi ds kq: esa igqp tkrk gS vkSj ywi
ds vUnj fn, x, lHkh LVsVesUV dks dk;kZfUor djrk gS A tc ;g dk;kZUo;u Endloop LVsVesUV ij
vkrk gS] rks ksxzke dk fu;U=.k iqu% ywi ds Fke LVsVesUV ij igqp tkrk gS vkSj ,d ckj fQj ywi
ds vUnj ds lHkh LVsVesUV~l dk;kZfUor gksrs gSa A bl dkj ywi ds vUnj ds LVsVesUV~l rd rd pyrs
jgrs gSa] tc rd fd ywi esa fn;k x;k frcU/k lR; ugha gksrk gS A ;fn ywi esa dksbZ frcU/k ugha
fn;k tkrk gS] rks ywi vuUr dky rd pyus okyk vFkkZr~ dHkh u [kRe gksus okyk ywi cu tkrk gSA
Loop...Endloop dek.M dk ;ksx fuEufyf[kr lw=kuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS &
lw= % Loop
......................
(statement)
(statement)
....................
Endloop;
bl dek.M eas Loop okyh ykbu ds ckn] LVsVesUV dh og Jà[kyk fy[kh tkrh gS] ftls ge
ckj ckj dk;kZfUor djuk pkgrs gS A

mnkgj.k &
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Declare
n_number :=2;
begin
loop
dbms_output.put_line (n);
n:=n+2;
end loop
end;
mijksDr fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ,d dHkh u lekIr gksus okys ywi dks nkkZ;k x;k gS A bl mnkgj.k
eas lcls igys ,d Number MsVkdkj dk ifjorZukad n ?kksf"kr djus ds lkFk&lkFk bls kjfEHkd
eku 2 nku fd;k x;k gS A blds ckn Loop dk ;ksx djds bl ifjorZukad ds eku dks ekWuhVj
Lhu ij fUV djk;k x;k gSA blds vxys LVsVesUV eas bl ifjorZukad ds eku esa 2 dh o`f) dh xbZ
gS vkSj mlds ckn dh ykbu esa ywi dk vUr nkkZ;k gS A
/;ku jgs dh bl mnkgj.k esa ksxkz e dk fu;U=.k ywi ls ckgj vkus dk dksbZ frcU/k ugha yxk;k
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-
149
x;k gS] vr% ksxzke vuUr dky rd pyrk jgsxk vFkkZr ;g dHkh u lekIr gksus okyh fLFkfr gS A
;gka ij bl mnkgj.k dks nsus dk ms; dsoy Loop....Endloop; dks nkkZuk ek= gS] bls ;fn
vki vius dEI;wVj ij pykrs gS] rks ifj.kke eas 2 ls nks&nks ds vUrj ij la[;k, yxkrkj rc rd
nfkZr gksrh pyh tk;sxh] tc rd fd vki ;k rks dEI;wVj dk Restart cVu ugha nckrs vFkok
dEI;wVj dks vkWQ ugha dj nsrAs
Exit LVsVesUV
ksxzke dk fu;U=.k ywi ls ckgj ykus ds fy, Exit LVsVesUV dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A bl
LVsVesUV ds igys ,d frcU/k fn;k tkrk gS] vkSj frcU/k ds lR; gksus ij gh ksxzke dk fu;U=.k
lh/ks Endloop LVsVesUV ls vxys LVsVesUV ij LFkkukUrfjr gks tkrk gS A
mnkgj.k &
SQL> Declare
2 n number : =2;
3 begin
4 loop
5 dbms_output.put_line (n);
6 n:=n+2;
7 if n>20 then
8 exit;
9 end if;
10 end loop;
11 end;
12 /
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
mijksDr mnkgj.k] fiNys mnkgj.k dk gh ifj"r :i gS A bl mnkgj.k esa ywi ls ckgj vkus
ds fy, Exit LVsVesUV dk ;ksx fd;k x;k gS A bl LVsVesUV ls igys ;g frcU/k yxk;k x;k gS
fd ;fn n dk eku 20 ls vf/kd gks] rks Exit LVsVesUV dk;kZfUor gks A blds ckn Endif LVsVesUV ls
150
frcU/k dk iw.kZ gksuk nkkZ;k x;k gS A

bl ksxzke ds dk;kZfUor gksus ij ekWuhVj Lhu ij 2 dk igkM+k (Table) 20 rd nfkZr gksxkA
tSls gh n dk eku 20 ls vf/kd gksrk gS] oSls gh ksxkz e dk fu;U=.k end loop LVsVesUV ls vxyh ykbu
ij pyk tkrk gS] tks fd ksxzke dk vUr nkkZrh gS vkSj ksxzke dk vUr gks tkrk gS A
Exit LVsVesUV esa When frcU/k dk ;ksx
Exit dks vdsys ;ksx djus ds fy, frcU/k ds fy, if......endif LVsVesUV dk ;ksx fd;k tk
ldrk gSA blds fy, ksxzke esa de ls de nks vfrfjDr ykbUl c<+ tkrh gS A ge frcU/k Exit
LVsVesUV esa When kCn dk ;ksx djds Hkh yxk ldrs gS A
/;ku jgs fd fdlh ksxzke ds dk;kZfUor gksus ij vkmViqV ekWuhVj Lhu ij rHkh nfkZr gksxk]
tcfd geus SERVEROUTPUT dks ON fd;k gqvk gksxk A ;fn geus bls ON ugha fd;k gS] rks
ksxzke ds dk;kZfUor gksus ij dsoy fuEu lUnsk nfkZr gksxk &
mnkgj.k
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Declare
x number :=2;
begin
loop
dbms_output.put_line (x);
x:=x+2;
exit when x>20
end loop;
end;
/
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-
151
mijksDr mnkgj.k] fiNys mnkgj.k dk gh ,d nwljk :i gS A bl mnkgj.k esa ywi ls ckgj vkus
ds fy, Exit LVsVesUV ds lkFk frcU/k dk ;ksx When kCn ds lkFk fd;k x;k gS A
bl ksxzke ds dk;kZfUor gksus ij ekWuhVj Lhu ij 2 dk igkM+k (Table) 20 rd nfkZr gksxkA
tSls gh n dk eku 20 ls vf/kd gksrk gS] oSls gh ksxkz e dk fu;U=.k end loop LVsVesUV ls vxyh ykbu
ij pyk tkrk gS A
For ywi
For ywi vius vUnj nh xbZ LVsVesUV~l dks ,d fufpr nh xbZ la[;k ds vuq:i mruh gh ckj
rd dk;kZfUor djrk gSA bl ywi dk ;ksx fuEufyf[kr lw=kuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS A
lw= & For control_variable In [Reverse] Low_Value . .High_Value Loop
...........................
(Statements)
..........................
end loop;
mijksDr esa fu;U=d ifjorZukad (Control Variable) ,d iw.kkZad ifjorZukad (Intger Variable)
gksrk gS] ftldk eku ywi ds R;sd pDdj eas Lor% gh ?kVrk ;k c<+rk jgrk gS A ;g ifjorZukad ywi
ds }kjk gh cuk;k tkrk gS rFkk bldks vU; ifjorZukadksa ds leku Begin ls igys ?kksf"kr djus dh
vko;drk ugha iM+rh gS vkSj bldk vfLrRo ywi ds vUnj rd gh lhfer gksrk gS A
Low_Value vkSj High_Value nksuksa Integer Expressions gksrs gS] tks ywi ds Control_Variable
ds eku dh lhek dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSa A bu ekuksa dks Literals, Variables rFkk Expressions ds :i
esa fn;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq budk eku fudydj ,d iw.kkZad la[;k ds :i esa gh kIr gksuk pkfg,A
mnkgj.k &
SQL> begin
2 FOR i IN 1 . . 5 LOOP
3 dbms_output.put_line (i) ;
4 end loop ;
5 end ;
6 /
1
2
3
4
5
mijksDr mnkgj.k eas geus For ywi dk ;ksx nkkZ;k gS A bl mnkgj.k esa For ywi dk fu;U=d
152
ifjorZukad i fy;k x;k gS] ftldk U;wure eku 1 rFkk vf/kdre eku 5 fufpr fd;k x;k gS A bl
ywi ds pyus ij ekWuhVj Lhu ij 1 ls 5 rd ds vad nfkZr gksrs gS A
mnkgj.k &
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
declare
n Number : = 2;
begin
for i in 1 .. 10 loop
dbms_output.put_line (n*1) ;
end loop ;
end ;
/
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
mi;qZDr mnkgj.k esa geus For ywi ds fu;U=d ifjorZukad ds lkFk ,d vU; ifjorZukad dk
;ksx nkkZ;k gS A bl mnkgj.k esa geus ,d Number MsVkdkj dk ifjorZukad n ?kksf"kr fd;k gS]
ftldks kjfEHkd eku 2 nku fd;k x;k gS A

blds ckn For ywi dk ;ksx fd;k x;k gS A bl For ywi dk fu;U=d ifjorZukad i fy;k x;k
gS] ftldk U;wure eku 1 rFkk vf/kdre eku 10 fufpr fd;k x;k gS A bl ywi ds pyus ij ekWuhVj
Lhu ij 1 ls 5 rd ds vad nfkZr gksrs gS A
blds mijkUr dbms_output.put_line QaDku dh lgk;rk ls ifjorZukad n ds eku esa ywi ds
fu;U=d ifjorZukad i dks xq.kk djkdj] xq.kuQy dks ekWuhVj Lhu ij nfkZr fd;k x;k gS A
bl Procedure ds dk;kZfUor gksus ij igyh ckj ifjorZukad n ds eku esa ywi ds fu;U=d
ifjorZukad dk eku 1 ls xq.kk gksdj xq.kuQy nfkZr gksrk gS] nwljh ckj 2 ls xq.kk gksdj vkSj blh
dkj vUr esa 10 ls xq.kk gksdj xq.kuQy nfkZr gksrk gS A tSls gh 10 ls xq.kk gksrk gS] ;g bl
ywi ls ckgj vk tkrk gS A
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-
153
mijksDr fiNys mnkgj.kksa esa For ywi esa fu;U=d ifjorZukad dk eku c<+rk gqvk ;ksx gks jgk
gS A ;fn ge ;g pkgrs gS fd fu;U=d ifjorZukad dk eku ?kVrk gqvk ;ksx gks] rks blds fy, For
ywi esa Reverse kCn dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A
mnkgj.k &
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
declare
n Number : = 2;
begin
for i in reverse 1 .. 10 loop
dbms_output.put_line (n*1) ;
end loop;
end ;
/
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa geus For ywi esa Reverse kCn dk ;ksx nkkZ;k gS A bl Procedure ds
dk;kZfUor gksus ij igyh ckj ifjorZukad n ds eku esa ywi ds fu;U=d ifjorZukad dk vf/kdre eku]
tks fd 10 gks ldrk gS] ls xq.kk gksdj xq.kuQy nfkZr gksrk gS A nwljh ckj 9 ls xq.kk gksdj vkSj
blh dkj vUr esa bl fu;U=d ifjorZukad dk U;wure eku tks fd 1 gS] ls xq.kk gksdj xq.kuQy
nfkZr gksrk gS A tSls gh 1 ls xq.kk gksrk gS] ;g bl ywi ls ckgj vk tkrk gS A
While LVsVesUV
;g LVsVesUV frcU/k ds vuq:i vius vUnj fn, x, LVsVesUV dks ckj&ckj dk;kZfUor gksus dh
vuqefr nku djrk gS A
ywi ds R;sd ckj iqu% pyus ij frcU/k dh tkp gksrh gS] ;fn frcU/k lR; gksrk gS] rks ywi
pyrk gS vkSj ;fn vlR; gksrk gS] rks ksxkz e dk fu;U=.k ywi ls ckgj vk tkrk gS A ;fn frcU/k igys
ls gh vlR; gS] rks While ywi pysxk gh ugha rFkk mlds vUnj dh ,d Hkh LVsVesUV dk;kZfUor ugha
154
gksxh A bl ywi dk ;ksx fuEufyf[kr lw=kuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS &

lw= &
While condition Loop
....................
(statement)
....................
increment /decrement ;
end Loop;
mnkgj.k &
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
declare
n Number : = 1;
begin
while n <11 loop
dbms_output.put_line (3 | | X | | n | | = | | 3*n);
n : = n+1;
end loop;
end ;
/
**********
3x1=3
3x2=6
3x3=9
3 x 4 = 12
3 x 5 = 15
3 x 6 = 18
3 x 7 = 21
3 x 7 = 24
3 x 9 = 27
3 x 10 = 30
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa geus While LVsVesUV }kjk ywi dk ;ksx nkkZ;k gS A bl mnkgj.k eas ,d
Number MsVkdkj dk ifjorZukad n ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS] ftls kjfEHkd eku 1 bldh ?kks"k.kk ds
lkFk gh nku dj fn;k x;k gS A bl mnkgj.k esa While LVsVesUV eas frcU/k yxk;k gS fd ifjorZukad
n dk eku 11 ls de gksA rc n ds eku eas 1 dh o`f) gksrh jgs A
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-
155
blds mijkUr dbms_output.put_line QaDku dh lgk;rk ls 3] X] ifjorZukad n dk eku]

rFkk ifjorZukad n ds eku esa 3 ls xq.kk djkdj] xq.kuQy dks ekWuhVj Lhu ij nfkZr fd;k
x;k gS A
vfrcfU/kr ks x z k e fu;U=.k
PL/SQL eas fdlh ywi ds lkFk ,d Label uke dks Hkh tksM+k tk ldrk gS A ;g Label ywi ds
kq: esa rFkk nksgjs Angle Brackets (<< >>) esa cUn fd;k tkuk pkfg, A
mnkgj.k &
SQL>
2
3
4
5
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
11
12
13
14
14
15
declare
n Number ;
s varchar2 (17) : = COMPUTER BOOKS;
begin
<<LOOP>>
for i in 1..3 loop
n : = i;
end loop;
<<LOOP2>>
for j in 1..3 loop
dbms_output.put_line (s);
end loop
end ;
/
1
2
3
COMPUTER BOOKS
COMPUTER BOOKS
COMPUTER BOOKS
geus nks For ywIl dk ;ksx fd;k gS A igyk For ywi 1 ls 3 rd ds vad rFkk nwljk ywi rhu
ckj COMPUTER BOOKS dks ekWuhVj Lhu ij nfkZr djrk gS A
156
xqfEQr ywIl (Nested Loops)

PL/SQL esa For ywi dks xqfEQr (Nested) fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkkZr~ ,d For ywi ds vUnj
fdlh vU; for ywi dk ;ksx Hkh lEHko gS A
mnkgj.k &
SQL> declare
2
n Number ;
3
s varchar2 (17) : = COMPUTER BOOKS;
4
begin
5
5
<<LOOP1>>
6
for i in 1..3 loop
7
n : = i;
8
9
<<LOOP2>>
10
for j in 1..3 loop
11
dbms_output.put_line (s);
12
end loop;
13
end loop;
14
end ;
15
/
1
COMPUTER BOOKS
COMPUTER BOOKS
COMPUTER BOOKS
2
COMPUTER BOOKS
COMPUTER BOOKS
COMPUTER BOOKS
3
COMPUTER BOOKS
COMPUTER BOOKS
COMPUTER BOOKS
Goto LVsVesUV
;g LVsVesUV PL/SQL ds ksxzke esa fcuk fdlh frcU/k ds ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ksxzke
dk fu;U=.k ys tkus ds fy, ;ksx eas ykbZ tkrh gS A bldk ;ksx de gh fd;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-
157
bldk T;knk ;ksx ksxzke dh lgh cukoV dks [kks nsrk gS rFkk ksxzke cukus okyk Lo;a gh Hkzfer
(Confuse) gks tkrk gSA
,d label dk vfLrRo orZeku CykWd ds vUnj gh fLFkj jgrk gS tgk fd bls cuk;k x;k gks]
Goto LVsVesUV ksxzke ds fu;U=.k dks fn, x, label ij igqpkrk gS rFkk blds ckn ksxkz e ml label
ls vkxs c<+rk gS A
mnkgj.k &
SQL> declare
2
i Number : = 1;
3
begin
4
4
<<loop 1>>
5
loop
6
dbms_output.put_line (i);
7
i : = i + 1;
8
if i > 2 than
9
Goto loop 2;
10
end if;
11
end loop ;
12
12
<<loop 2>>
13
for j in 10..13 loop
14
dbms_output.put_line (COMPUTER BOOKSs);
15
end loop;
16
16
end ;
17
/
1
2
COMPUTER BOOKS
COMPUTER BOOKS
COMPUTER BOOKS
COMPUTER BOOKS
mijksDr mnkgj.k eas goto LVsVesUV dk ;ksx nkkZ;k x;k gS A bl mnkgj.k esa loop ds vUnj
ifjorZukad i dk eku tSls gh 2 gksrk gS] ksxzke dk fu;U=.k goto loop 2 LVsVesUV ds dkj.k loop
2 ij pyk tkrk gS A
158
vH;kl iz'u %
cgq p ;ukRed iz ' u
1- PL/SQL CykWd eas dkSulk Hkkx ugha gksrk gS \
v Declare
c Begin
l End
n Start
2- SELECT LVsVesUV ds lkFk fdl kCn dk ;ksx djuk vko;d gS \
v Goto
c Into
l Do
n mijksDr eas ls dksbZ ugha
3- PL/SQL eas & dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gS \
v Input ds fy,
c Output ds fy,
l Processing ds fy, n mijksDr lHkh ds fy,
4-
5-
6-
VARCHAR 2 dkj ds ifjorZukad dh yEckbZ gksrh gS \
v fufpr
c ifjofrZr
l mijksDr nksuksa
n mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha
Goto LVsVesUV ds lkFk ;ksx djuk vko;d gS \
v Label
c Control
l End
n mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha
fuEu esa ls dkSulk ifjorZukad PL/SQL esa ugha gksrk gSA
v Integer
c Char
l Boolean
n Date
vfryq RjkRed iz ' u

1- PL/SQL dk iwjk uke D;k gS \
2- PL/SQL CykWd ds fdrus Hkkx gksrs gS \
3- PL/SQL dk dkSulk CykWd lekfIr dks nkkZrk gS \
4- PL/SQL ds ksxzke esa fdlh LFkku ij dksbZ fVIi.kh (Comments) djuk gS] rks fdl dkj fd;k
tkrk gS\
5- ksxzke dk fu;U=r Control ywi ls ckgj ykus ds fy, fdl LVsVesUV dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
6- ,sls ifjorZukad tks fd PL/SQL ds ugha gS] muds uke ls igys dkSulk fp yxkuk vko;d gS\
7- PL/SQL eas %NOTFOUND fdl ,VhC;wV ds foifjr dk;Z djrs gS \
8- PL/SQL fdl izdkj fd rduhdh gSA
9- Begin dk mi;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gSA
10- End dk mi;ksx fdl ifjfLFkfr esa fd;k tkrk gSA
11- PL/SQL ds ewyHkwr fu;e crkb;sA
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y-
12131415-
159
PL/SQL esa fdrus ifjorZukad gksrs gSA

Constant dks fdl izdkj ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
iwoZ&fufeZr QaDku dkSu ls gksrs gSA

while - loop dk Syntex crkb;sA
yq R jkRed iz 'u
1- vuke CykWDl D;k gS \
2- Exception CykWd dk D;k mi;ksx gS \
3- PL/SQL esa SELECT LVsVesUV dk ;ksx dSls fd;k tkrk gS \
4- SET SERVEROUTPUT ON dk D;k mi;ksx gS \
5- dbms_output.put_line dk mi;ksx crkb, A
6- PL/SQL eas ifjorZukad fdl dkj ?kksf"kr fd, tkrs gS \
7- %TYPE vkSj ROWTYPE ifjorZukadksa eas foHksn dhft, A
8- PL/SQL eas fLFkjkad fdl dkj ?kksf"kr fd, tkrs gS \
9- fu;U=d izk#i dks Li"V #i ls le>kb;sAa
10- ewyHkwr Loop dks le>kb;sAa
11- Exit statement esa When izfrcU/k dks dc iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA
12- For-Loop dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA
13- While-statement dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA
14- Nested Loop fdls dgrs gSA
15- Go statement dk mi;ksx crkb;sA
fucU/kkRed iz ' u
1- PL/SQL CykWd ds fdrus Hkkx gksrs gS \ mnkgj.k lfgr o.kZu djs A
2- PL/SQL esa IF...ENDIF rFkk FOR.....ENDLOOP LVsVesUV dk mnkgj.k lfgr o.kZu djs A
3- While LVsVesUV dk ;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS \ mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb, A
4- PL/SQL ds ifjorZukad fdrus izdkj ds gksrs gSa izR;sd dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA
160
v/;k;&6
ih- ,y-@,l- D;q- ,y- dh vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk

Advance Concept of PL/SQL
dlZ j ,oa mi&ksxzkEl
vksjsdy dks dke djus ds fy, ,d vyx LFkku dh vko;drk iM+rh gS ftldks Private SQL
Areas dk uke fn;k x;k gS A vksjsdy dks ;g LFkku fofHkUu SQL LVsVesUV~l dks dk;kZfUor djus
rFkk fofHkUu Processing Informations dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, pkfg, gksrk gS A
dlZj (Cursor) PL/SQL dh ,d ,slh cukoV ;k lajpuk dk uke gS] tks gesa dke djus ds
LFkkuksa (Work Areas) dks ,d uke nsus rFkk buds vUnj tkudkjh dks lafpr djusdh vuqefr nku
djrk gS A
dlZj ds dkj (Types of Cursor)
dlZj fuEufyf[kr nks dkj ds gksrs gS &
vR;{k dlZlZ (Implicit Cursors) % ;s dlZlZ PL/SQL }kjk vR;{k :i ls mu lHkh
DML LVsVesUV~l rFkk mu ekaxksa ds fy, ?kksf"kr fd, tkrs gS] rks ifj.kke ds :i eas dsoy ,d iafDr
gh ykSVkrs gSaA
R;{k dllZ (Expliclit Cursors) % ;s dlZlZ PL/SQL ksxzke ds Declare Hkkx ds vUnj
R;{k :i ls vU; igpkudrkZvksa (Identifiers) ds lkFk esa ?kksf"kr fd, tkrs gSa A R;{k dlZlZ dks
dsoy ekaxksa ds fy, gh ;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ;g bldh vuqefr Hkh nku djrk gS fd
ekax ds foysk.k ds ipkr~ mlls ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ka Hkh ifj.kke ds :i esa kIr gks ldsa A
vR;{k dlZlZ (Implicit Cursors)
R;sd R;{k :i ls cukbZ xbZ ,slh SQL LVsVesUV~ tks fd fdlh R;{k (Expilcit) dlZj ls tqMh+
gqbZ ugha gS] dks foysf"kr (Process) djus ds fy, vksjsdy vR;{k :i ls ,d dlZj dks [kksyrk gS
rFkk R;sd SQL Statement tks fd Explicitty cuk, x, dlZj ls tqMh+ gqbZ ugha gS mUgsa pykrk
gS A PL/SQL lcls ckn eas ;ksx fd, x, vR;{k dlZj dks SQL dlZj ds uke ls lUnfHkZr djrk
gS A
vR;{k dlZj lcls ckn esa pykbZ xbZ SQL LVsVesUV ds ckjs esa tkudkjh dks kIr djus ds fy,
dlZj ds Attributes dks ;ksx djus dh btktr nsrk gS A PL/SQL fuEufyf[kr Attributes dks nku
djrh gS] tks gesa SELECT LVsVesUV~l ds ifj.kke dk ewY;kadu djus ;ksX; cukrs gS &
SQL%ROWCOUNT
iafDr;ksa dh ml la[;k dks ifj.kkeLo:i nsrk gS tks fd Insert, Update ;k Delete ds pyk,
tkus ij Hkkfor gksus okyh gS vFkok ,d ykbu dh Select LVsVesUV ds }kjk ifj.kkeLo:i vkus
okyh gS A
161
mnkgj.k &
SQL> declare
2
result number;
3
vempno number;
4
vsal number;
5
begin
6
SELECT empno, sal into vempno, vsal FROM employee
7
WHERE sal = (SELECT MIN (sal) FROM employee);
8
result := SQL%ROWCOUNT;
9
if result>= 1 then
10
dbms_output.put_line (vempno | | | | vsal);
11
end if ;
12
end ;
13
/
7369 1300
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa geus SQL%ROWCOUNT Attribute dk ;ksx nkkZ;k gS A bl
mnkgj.k esa geus Number MsVkdkj ds rhu ifjorZukad result, vempno rFkk vsal ?kksfkr fd, gSA
blds ckn PL/SQL CYkkWd ds Begin Hkkx esa ,d Select LVsVesUV ds }kjk Employee Vsfcy ds mu
deZpkfj;ksa ds empno rFkk sal dkWye ds eku dks ifjorZukad vempno rFkk vsal esa lafpr djus dh
ekax dh xbZ gS A bl ekax esa Where krZ esa ,d mi&ekax dh xbZ gS fd sal dkWye dk eku Employee
Vsfcy ds Sal dkWye esa fLFkr U;wure gksuk pkfg, A blds ckn result ifjorZukad esa mi;qZDr ekax ds
ifj.kke SQL%ROWCOUNT Attribute ds cjkcj fd;k x;k gS A
vc if frcU/k dk ;ksx djds ;g tkapk x;k gS fd ;fn result ifjorZukad dk eku 1 vFkkZr
mijksDr Select LVsVesUV ifj.kke ds :i esa dsoy ,d iafDr gh ykSVkrk gS] rks dbms_output.put_line()
QaDku ds }kjk ifjorZukad vempno rFkk vsal ds eku dks ekWuhVj Lhu ij nfkZr djs A
SQL%FOUND
bl Attribute dk ewY;kadu lR; esa rc gksrk gS] tc ;fn ,d Insert, Update vFkok Delete
LVsVesUV ,d vFkok ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ksa dks Hkkfor djrk gS A ;fn bu LVsVesUV~l ls dksbZ Hkh
iafDr Hkkfor ugha gksrh gS] rks bldk ewY;kadu vlR; (False) gksrk gS A
mnkgj.k &
SQL> SELECT sal FROM employee;
SAL
-------------1300
7000
7000
2975
7000
2850
2450
3000
5000
7000
1600
3050
3000
1800
14 rows selected.
SQL> DECLARE
2
var BOOLEAN;
3
BEGIN
4
UPDATE employee SET sal=sal-1000;
5
var :=SQL%FOUND;
6
if var then
7
dbms_output.put_line ( change made);
8
end if;
9
end;
10
/
Change made
SQL> SELECT sal FROM employee;
SAL
-----------300
6000
6000
1975
6000
1850
1450
2000
4000
6000
162
163
600
2050
2000
800
14 rows selected.
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa geus SQL%FOUND Attribute dk ;ksx nkkZ;k gS A bl mnkgj.k

esa geus igys ,d Select LVsVesUV }kjk Employee Vsfcy ds sal dkWye esa fLFkr lHkh ekuksa dks nfkZr
fd;k gS A blds ckn geus Boolean MsVkdkj dk ,d ifjorZukad var ?kksf"kr fd;k gS A blds ckn
PL/SQL CykWd ds Begin Hkkx eas ,d Update LVsVesUV ds }kjk Employee Vsfcy ds lHkh deZpkfj;ksa
ds sal dkWye ds eku esa 1000 dh deh fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ gS A vc var ifjorZukad eas mi;qZDr ekax ds
ifj.kke dks SQL%FOUND Attribute ds cjkcj fd;k x;k gS vFkkZr ;fn bldk ewY;kadu lR;
eas gS] rks bldk ifjorZukad var esa True lafpr gks tk,A
vc if frcU/k dk ;ksx djds ;g tkapk x;k gS fd ;fn var ifjorZukad dk eku True gS]
rks dbms_output.put_line() QaDku ds }kjk lUnsk change mode ekWuhVj Lhu ij nfkZr djs A
vc bl ifjorZu dks tkapus ds fy, iqu% Select LVsVesUV }kjk Employee Vsfcy ds sal
dkWye eas fLFkr lHkh ekuksa dks nfkZr fd;k gS A bl ckj ifj.kkeksa esa sal dkWye esa fLFkr lHkh eku
igys nfkZr gq, ekuksa ls 1000 de gS A
SQL%NOTFOUND
;g Attribute SQL%FOUND Attribute ds Bhd foijhr dk;Z djrk gS A bl Attribute
dk ewY;kadu lR; esa rc gksrk gS] tc ;fn ,d Insert, Update vFkok Delete LVsVesUV ls dksbZ Hkh
iafDr Hkkfor ugha gksrh gS A ;fn bu LVsVesUV~l dh dksbZ Hkh ,d iafDr Hkkfor gksrh gS] rks bldk
ewY;kadu vlR; (False) gksrk gS A
mnkgj.k &
SQL> BEGIN
2
UPDATE employee SET sal=sal + (0.2*(sal)) WHERE sal > &sal;
3
if SQL%FOUND then
4
dbms_output.put_line (No. of record update= | | SQL%ROWCOUNT);
5
end if;
6
if SQL%NOTFOUND then
7
dbms_output.put_line (No record update);
8
end if;
9
end;
10
/
Enter value for sal:6000
old
2 : update employee set sal + (0.2 * (sal)) where sal > &sal;
164
new 2 : update employee set sal + (0.2 * (sal) where sal > 6000;
No. of records update = 4
SQL>rollback;
Rollback complete.
SQL>BEGIN
2
Update employee SET sal = sal + (0.2 * (sal)) WHERE sal > &sal;
3
if SQL%FOUND then
4
dbms_output.put_line (No. of records update = | | SQL%ROWCOUNT);
5
end if;
6
if SQL%NOT FOUND then
7
dbms_output.put_line (No records updated);
8
end if;
9
end;
10
/
Enter value for sal : 7000
old
2 : update employee set sal = sal + (0.2 * (sal)) where sal > &sal;
new 2 : update employee set sal = sal + (0.2 * (sal)) where sal > 7000;
No. records updated
fiNys mnkgj.k esa geus rhuksa Attributes SQL%ROWCOUNT, SQL%FOUND rFkk
SQL%NOTFOUND dk ;ksx nkkZ;k gS A bl mnkgj.k eas geus PL/SQL CykWd ds Begin Hkkx
eas ,d Update LVsVesUV ds }kjk Employee Vsfcy ds mu deZpkfj;ksa ds sal dkWye ds eku esa 20
frkr dh o`f) fu/kkZfjr dh gS] ftuds sal dkWye dk eku ;ksxdrkZ }kjk fo"V fd, x, eku ls
vf/kd gS A vc if frcU/k dk ;ksx djds Attribute dks tkapk x;k gS fd ;fn ;g SQL%FOUND
Attribute gS] rks dbms_output.put_line QaDku dh lgk;rk ls ekWuhVj Lhu ij lUnsk No. of
record is update = ds lkFk Attribute SQL%ROWCOUNT dk eku nfkZr gks A blds ckn ,d
vU; if frcU/k dk ;ksx djds Attribute dks tkapk x;k gS fd ;fn ;g SQL%NOTFOUND
Attribute gS] rks dbms_output.put_line QaDku dh lgk;rk ls ekWuhVj Lhu ij lUnsk No records
updated nfkZr gksA
bl mnkgj.k eas geus bl ksxzke dks nks ckj pyk;k gS A igyh ckj geus sal dkWye ds fy,
eku 6000 fo"V fd;k gS A ;g eku Employee Vsfcy ds sal dkWye eas fLFkr ekuksa esa lcls cM+k eku
ugha gS] blls vf/kd eku ftl&ftl iafDr eas gS] ml iafDr ds sal dkWye ds eku esa ml eku ds 20%
165
dh o`f) gks tkrh gS A ;g o`f) fdruh iafDr;ksa eas gksrh gS] bldh x.kuk SQL%ROWCOUNT
Attribute eas gksrh gS vkSj ekWuhVj Lhu ij No. of records update=4 lUnsk nfkZr gksrk gS A
blds ckn eas bl ksxzke }kj fd, x, ifjorZuksa dks fujLr djus ds fy, Rollback dek.M dk
;ksx fd;k gSA
igyh ckj geus sal dkWye ds fy, eku 7000 fo"V fd;k gS A ;g eku Employee Vsfcy ds
sal dkWye esa fLFkr ekuksa eas lcls cM+k eku gS] vc bl ksxkz e dks blls vf/kd eku dh dksbZ Hkh iafDr
ugha kIr gksrh gS vFkkZr~ Update LVsVesUV ds ifj.kke dk Attribute SQL%NOTFOUND gksrk gS
vkSj ekWuhVj Lhu ij No records updated nfkZr gksrk gS A
dlZj Attributes ds eku geskk gh lcls vUr esa pykbZ xbZ SQL LVsVesUV Hkys gh og fdlh Hkh
LFkku ij fLFkr gks] ds ekuksa dk lUnHkZ xzg.k djrs gSa A ;g SQL LVsVesUV fdlh vU; Scope vFkkZr~
fdlh mi&CykWd esa Hkh fLFkr gks ldrs gS A vr% ;fn ge bu Attribute ekuksa dks vkxs ;ksx esa yk,
tkus ds fy, lqjf{kr j[kuk pkgrs gS] rks bls ,d Boolean MsVkdkj ds ifjorZukad dks lkSai nsuk
pkfg, vFkkZr~ Assign dj nsuk pkfg,A
mnkgj.k &
SQL> BEGIN
2
sqlfound1 BOOLEAN;
3
sqlrowcnt1 NUMBER;
4
sqlfound2 BOOLEAN;
5
sqlrowcnt2 NUMBER;
6
BEGIN
7
DELETE FROM employee WHERE comm=&comm;
8
sqlfound1 := SQL%FOUND;
9
sqlrowcnt1 := SQL%ROWCOUNT;
10
UPDATE employee SET ename=upper (ename);
11
sqlfound2 := SQL%FOUND;
12
sqlrowcnt2 := SQL%ROWCOUNT;
13
if sql found1 then
14
dbms_output.put_line (No. of record deleted = | | sqlrowcnt1);
15
end if;
16
if sql found2 then
17
dbms_output.put_line (No. of record updated = | | sqlrowcnt2);
18
end if;
19
end;
20
/
Enter value for comm : 0
old
7 : delete from employee where comm= &comm;
new 7 : delete from employee where comm=0;
166
No. of records deleted =1

No. of records updated = 13
fiNys mnkgj.k esa geus dlZj Attributes dk ;ksx mudks ifjorZukadksa dks lkSaidj vU; LFkku
ij djuk nkkZ;k gS A bl mnkgj.k esa nks Boolean MsVkdkj ds ifjorZukad sqlfound1 rFkk
sqlfound2 vkSj nks Number MsVkdkj ds ifjorZukad sqlrowcnt1 rFkk sqlrowcnt2 ?kksf"kr fd, gSA
bl mnkgj.k ds okys Begin Hkkx eas igys Delete LVsVesUV dk ;ksx djds Employee Vsfcy
dh mu iafDr;ksa dks feVk;k x;k gS] ftuds comm dkWye dk eku] ;ksxdrkZ }kjk fo"V fd, x,
eku ds cjkcj gSA bl LVsVesUV ds dk;kZUo;u ds ifj.kke ds eku dks Boolean MsVkdkj ds
ifjorZukad sqlfound1 rFkk ftruh iafDr;ka bl LVsVesUV ds dk;kZUo;u ls feVh gS] mudh la[;k dks
Number MsVkdkj ds ifjorZukad dks sqlrowcnt1 lkSai fn;k gS A
blds ckn update LVsVesUV dk ;ksx djds Employee Vsfcy dh lHkh iafDr;ksa ds ename
dkWye eas fLFkr Charactertype ekuksa dks Upper Case eas ifjofrZr fd;k x;k gS A bl LVsVesUV ds
dk;kZUo;u ds ifj.kke ds eku dks Boolean MsVkdkj ds ifjorZukad sqlfound2 rFkk ftruh iafDr;ka
bl LVsVesUV ds dk;kZUo;u ls feVh gS] mudh la[;k dks Number MsVkdkj ds ifjorZukad dks
sqlrowcnt2 lkSai fn;k gS A
vc ,d if frcU/k ds }kjk ifjorZukad sqlfound1 ds eku dks tkapk x;k gS vkSj ekWuhVj Lhu
ij dbms_output.put_line QaDku dh lgk;rk ls lUnsk No. of records deleted = ds lkFk
ifjorZukad sqlrowcnt1 dk eku nfkZr fd;k x;k gS A
,d vU; if frcU/k ds }kjk ifjorZukad sqlfound2 ds eku dks tkapk x;k gS vkSj ekWuhVj Lhu
ij dbms_output.put_line QaDku dh lgk;rk ls lUnsk No. of records upddated = ds lkFk
ifjorZukad sqlrowcnt2 dk eku nfkZr fd;k x;k gS A
R;{k dlZj (Explicit Cursors)
R;{k dlZj vksjsdy }kjk ;ksx esa yk, tkus okyk ,slk dke djus okyk LFkku (Work Area)
gksrk gS] tks fd ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ksa eas dh xbZ ekaxksa dks ifjpkfyr (Handle) djus ds dke vkrk
gS] ;g orZeku eas foysf"kr (Process) dh tkus okyh iafDr ds ckjs esa Hkh crkrk gS vFkkZr~ orZeku le;
esa fdl iafDr esa dke fd;k tk jgk gS] ;g Hkh crkrk gSA
,d ekax }kjk ifj.kke ds :i esa kqU;] ,d vFkok ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ka Hkh ykSVk ldrh gSA
ifj.kke ds :i esa kIr iafDr;ksa dh la[;k ekax esa ;ksx fd, x, frcU/k ij fuHkZj djrh gS A
tc ,d ekax ifj.kke ds :i eas ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ksa dks ykSVkrh gS] rks ,d dlZj dks R;{k
:i ls fuEukuqlkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS &
& ekax }kjk ifj.kke ds :i esa nh xbZ igyh iafDr ls vkxs foysf"kr djuk A
& bl ckr ij utj j[kuk] fd orZeku esa dkSu&lh iafDr foysf"kr dh tk jgh gS A
167
dlZj dks PL/SQL CykWd ds declare okys Hkkx esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS] lkFk gh bldks ,d
uke nsrs gq, ,d ekax ds lkFk Hkh tksM+k tkrk gS A dlZj dks fuEufyf[kr lw=kuqlkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
tkrk gS &
lw= &
CURSOR Cursor_Name IS Select_Statement
dlZj (Cursor) dks ifjpkfyr djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr rhu LVsVesUV~l dk ;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS A
& Open
& Fetch
& Close
dlZj dks Open LVsVesUV dh lgk;rk ls ,d kjfEHkd eku nsuk vko;d gksrk gS A ,d Fetch
Statement dh lgk;rk ls dlZj dh orZeku iafDr dks iqu% kIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A Fetch
LVsVesUV dks ckj&ckj rc rd pyk;k tk ldrk gS] tc rd fd lHkh iafDr;ksa dks iqu% kIr ugha dj
fy;k tkrk A dlZj ls lEc) ekax }kjk ykSVk, x, R;sd dkWye ds eku ds fy, Into ds ckn nh
tkus okyh lwph (List) ds vUnj ek% :i esa ifjorZukad gksus pkfg, lkFk gh lkFk mu ifjorZukadks
dk MsVkdkj Hkh dkWye ds MsVkdkj ds leku gh gksuk pkfg, A bl LVsVesUV dk ;ksx fuEu
k:ikuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS A
FETCH Cursor_Name INTO var1, var2..........
PL/SQL eas ,slk lEHko ugha gS fd igys fdlh ifjorZukad] dlZj vkfn dk ;ksx dj fy;k tk,
rFkk mldh ?kks"k.kk ckn esa dh tk,] vr% dlZj dks Hkh Open, Fetch rFkk Close LVsVesUV pykus ls
igys gh ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkuk pkfg, A

blds lkFk&lkFk] os ifjorZukad] tks dlZj ds fy, Into Clause eas fd, tkus okys gS] mUgsa Hkh
Declare Hkkx eas dlZj dh ?kks"k.kk ls igys gh ?kksf"kr dj fn;k tkuk pkfg, A
mnkgj.k &
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
DECLARE
vempno employee.empno%type;
vename employee.ename%type;
CURSOR cl IS
SELECT empno, ename FROM employee;
BEGIN
OPEN cl;
FETHC cl INTO vempno, vename;
dbms_output.put_line (vempno || || vename);
CLOSE cl;
end;
/
168
7369 SANJEEV
tc vfUre iafDr dks Hkh foysf"kr dj fy;k tkrk gS] rks dlZj dks Close LVsVesUV ds }kjk cUn
dj fn;k tkrk gS A bl LVsVesUV dk ;ksx fuEu k:ikuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS &
CLOSE Cursor_Name
fiNys fn;s x;s mnkgj.k esa geus ,d dlZj dks ifjHkkf"kr rFkk ifjpkfyr djuk nkkZ;k gS A
bl mnkgj.k esa geus igys nks ifjorZukad vempno rFkk vename ?kksf"kr fd, gS] bu ifjorZukadksa dk
MsVkdkj rFkk vkdkj Employee Vsfcy ds ek% empno o ename dkWye ds MsVkdkj rFkk vkdkj
ds leku gSA
blds ckn geus ,d dlZj ftldk uke C 1 j[kk x;k gS] ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS rFkk blds lkFk
lEc) Select LVsVesUVesa Employee Vsfcy ds empno o ename dkWyEl ds lHkh fjdkWM~lZ dks nkkZus
dh ekax dh gSA
vc PL/SQL ds Begin okys Hkkx esa igys Open LVsVesUV dk ;ksx djds bl dlZj dks [kksyk
x;k gSA blds ckn Fetch LVsVesUV dk ;ksx djds dlZj ds lkFk lEc) ekax ds ifj.kkeLo:i kIr
iafDr;ksa esa ls igyh iafDr ds empno rFkk ename dkWyEl ds ekuksa dks ifjorZukad vempno rFkk
vename esa lafpr djk;k gSA blds mijkUr dbms_output.put_line QaDku dk ;ksx djds bu
ifjorZukadksa ds ekuksa dks ekWuhVj Lhu ij nfkZr fd;k x;k gSA
bl ksxzke ds pyus ij ekWuhVj Lhu ij Employee Vsfcy dh igyh iafDr ds empno dkWye
dk eku 7369 rFkk ename dkWye dk eku SANJEEV gh nfkZr gksrk gS A
Fetch LVsVesUV ,d le; esa orZeku lh; iafDr;ksa ds lewg esa ls dsoy ,d iafDr dks gh iqu%
kIr djrk gS A ;fn Fetch LVsVesUV dks fdlh ywi eas ;ksx fd;k tk,] rks R;sd ckj bl LVsVesUV
ds dk;kZfUor gksus ij ;g LVsVesUV orZeku lf; iafDr;ksa ds lewg esa ls vxyh iafDr ij pyk
tkrk gS A
vxys mnkgj.k esa geus Fetch LVsVesUV dk ;ksx ,d ywi ds vUnj fd;k gS A ;g mnkgj.k
fiNys mnkgj.k dk gh lq/kjk gqvk :i gSA bl mnkgj.k eas geus dlZj C1 dks Open LVsVesUV ls
[kksyus ds mijkUr ,d for ywi dk ;ksx djds Fetch LVsVesUV dks ikap ckj pyk;k gS A
bl ksxzke ds pyus ij gesa ekWuhVj Lhu ij Employee Vsfcy dh igyh ikap iafDr;ksa ds
empno dkWye rFkk ename dkWye ds eku nfkZr gksrs gS A ,slk blfy, gksrk gS] D;ksafd igyh ckj
Fetch LVsVesUV ds dk;kZfUor gksus ij ekWuhVj Lhu ij Employee Vsfcy dh igyh iafDr ds empno
dkWye rFkk ename dkWye dk eku nfZkZr gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k &
SQL>
2
3
4
DECLARE
vempno employee.empno%Type;
vename employee.ename%Type;
CURSOR cl IS
169
5
SELECT empno, ename FROM employee;
6
BEGIN
7
OPEN cl;
8
FOR I in 1..5 LOOP
9
FETHC cl INTO vempno, vename;
10
dbms_output.put_line (vempno || || vename);
11
END LOOP;
12
CLOSE Cl;
13
end;
14
/
7369 SANJEEV
7499 AMIT
7521 SUDHANSHU
7566 SANDEEP
7654 REKHA
vc ksxkz e bl LVsVesUV dks iqu% dk;kZfUor djrk gS] bl ckj dk;kZfUor gksus ij ekWuhVj Lhu
ij Employee Vsfcy dh nwljh iafDr ds empno dkWye rFkk ename dkWye dk eku nfkZr gksrk
gS A blh dkj ikapoh ckj dk;kZfUor gksus ij Employee Vsfcy dh ikapoh iafDr ds ename dkWye
rFkk ename dkWye dk eku nfkZr gksrk gS A
dlZj dks ?kksf"kr djus ds fy, ;ksx dh xbZ ekax esa PL/SQL ifjorZukadksa dks dsoy vius
Scope ds vUnj gh lUnfHkZr fd;k tk ldrk gS A ekax dh Where krZ ds lkFk ;ksx fd, x,
ifjorZukad rHkh lf; gks ikrs gSa] tcfd dlZj dks Open LVsVesUV ds }kjk igys [kksyk tk, A
fn, x, mnkgj.k esa geus ,d dlZj dks ?kksf"kr djus ds fy, ;ksx dh xbZ ekax eas PL/SQL
ifjorZukadksa dk ;ksx djuk nkkZ;k gS A bl mnkgj.k esa geus igys nks ifjorZukad vempno, vename
rFkk vsal ?kksf"kr fd, gS] bu ifjorZukadksa dk MsVkdkj rFkk vkdkj Employee Vsfcy ds ek%
empno, ename rFkk sal dkWye ds MsVkdkj rFkk vkdkj ds leku gS A ifjorZukad vsal dks bls
?kksf"kr djus ds lkFk&lkFk kjfEHkd eku 3000 Hkh nku dj fn;k x;k gS A blds ckn dlZj c1
dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs le; blls lEc) ekax esa Where krZ dk ;ksx djrs gq, Employee Vsfcy dh
mu iafDr;ksa ds empno, ename rFkk sal dkWye ds ekuksa dks pquus ds fy, dgk x;k gS] ftuds sal
dkWye eas Pl/SQL ifjorZukad vsal dkWye ds kjfEHkd eku 3000 ls vf/kd gksA
mnkgj.k &
SQL>
2
3
4
5
DECLARE
vsal employee.sal%type :=3000;
CURSOR c1 IS
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
7499
7521
7654
7839
170
SELECT empno, ename, sal FROM employee WHERE sal>vsal;

BEGIN
OPEN cl;
FOR I in 1 . . 4 LOOP
FETHC cl INTO vempno, vename, vsal;
dbms_output.put_line (vempno || || vename || || vsal);
END LOOP;
CLOSE Cl;
end;
/
AMIT 7000
SUDHANSHU 7000
REKHA 7000
RAKESH 5000
R;{k dlZj ds Attributes

R;{k dlZj ds Attributes dks ;ksx djus ds fy, buds uke ls igys dlZj dk uke tksM+uk
vko;d gksrk gSA
R;sd R;{k dlZj ds vxzfyf[kr pkj Attributes gksrs gS] tks fd dlZj dh fLFkfr dh lwpuk
nsus dk dk;Z djrs gS A
%FOUND
;fn vfUre Fetch LVsVesUV lQy gksrk gS] D;ksfa d vHkh de ls de ,d iafDr ks"k gS] rks bldk
ewY;kadu lR; eas gksrk gS vkSj ;fn vfUre Fetch LVsVesUV vlQy gksrk gS] D;ksafd vc dksbZ Hkh iafDr
ugha ksk gS] rks bldk ewY;kadu vlR; eas gksrk gS A
mnkgj.k &
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
DECLARE
vsal employee.sal%type;
vdeptno employee.deptno%type;
FLAG NUMBER : =1;
CURSOR c1 IS
SELECT empno, ename, sal, deptno FROM employee WHERE sal>3000;
BEGIN
OPEN cl;
LOOP

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
7499
7521
7654
7839
7844
7900
171
FETHC cl INTO vempno, vename, vsal, vdeptno;

IF C1%FOUND THEN
INSERT INTO t_emp VALUES (VEMPNO, VENAME, VSAL, VDEPTNO);
dbms_output.put_line (vempno || || vename || || vsal || || vdeptno);
ELSE
EXIT;
END IF;
END LOOP;
CLOSE Cl;
END;
/
AMIT
7000 3
SUDHANSHU
7000 3
REKHA
7000 3
RAKESH
5000 1
MEENI
7000 3
SUDHANSHI
3050 3

mijksDr mnkgj.k esa geus ,d R;{k dlZj ds %FOUND Attributes dk ;ksx djuk nkkZ;k
gSA bl mnkgj.k esa ifjHkkf"kr fd, x, dlZj C1 ds lkFk lEc) ekax esa Where krZ dk ;ksx djrs
gq, Employee Vsfcy dh mu iafDr;ksa ds empno, ename, sal rFkk deptno dkWye ds ekuksa dks pquus
ds fy, dgk x;k gS] ftuds sal dkWye eas PL/SQL ifjorZukad vsal ds kjfEHkd eku 3000 ls
vf/kd gks A
vc ,d ywi esa Fetch LVsVesUV ls dlZj ds lkFk lEc) ekax] ds ifj.kke ds :i eas kIr ekuksa
dks PL/SQL ifjorZukad vempno, vename, vsal rFkk vdeptno esa lafpr djk;k gS A blds ckn if
frcU/k dk ;ksx djds bl dlZj ds Attribute dks C1%FOUND ls tkapk x;k gS A ;fn ;g lR;
kIr gksrk gS] rks Fetch LVsVesUV }kjk PL/SQL ifjorZukadksa vempno, vename, vsal rFkk vdeptno
esa lafpr ekuksa dks t_emp Vsfcy esa Insert gks tk, rFkk dbms_output.put_line () QaDku ds dkj.k
bu ifjorZukadksa ds ekuksa dk nkZu ekWuhVj Lhu ij gks vkSj ;fn ;g vlR; gksrk gS] rks ksxzke dk
fu;U=.k ywi ls ckgj vk tk, A
bl ksxkz e ds dk;kZfUor gksus ij Employee Vsfcy ls N% iafDr;ka pqu yh tkrh gS vkSj mudks
t_emp uked Vsfcy eas Insert dj fn;k tkrk gS A ;fn PL/SQL ifjorZukad vsal dk kjfEHkd eku
7000 vFkok blls vf/kd fn;k gksrk] tks fd sal dkWye dk lcls vf/kd eku gS] rks ksxzke dk
fu;U=.k ywi ls ckgj vk tkrk gS] D;ksafd Employee Vsfcy eas ,slh dksbZ Hkh iafDr ugha gS] ftlds
sal dkWye dk eku 7000 vFkok blls vf/kd gks A bl fLFkfr eas Hkh dksbZ =qfV lUnsk ugha gksrk gS
vkSj Procedure lQyrkiwoZd iw.kZ gksrk gS A
172
%NOTFOUND
;g Attribute mi;qZDr %FOUND Attributes ds Bhd foifjr dk;Z djrk gS A ;fn vfUre
Fetch LVsVesUV vlQy gksrk gS] D;ksafd vc dksbZ Hkh iafDr ugha ks"k gS] rks bldk ewY;kadu lR; esa
gksrk gS vkSj ;fn vfUre Fetch LVsVesUV lQy gksrk gS] D;ksafd vHkh de ls de ,d iafDr ks"k gS]
rks bldk ewY;kadu vlR; eas gksrk gS A
vkxs fn;k x;k mnkgj.k eas fiNys mnkgj.k dk gh :i gS A bu nksuksa mnkgj.kksa eas vUrj ek=
bruk gh gS fd fiNys mnkgj.k esa dsoy ,d if frcU/k dk ;ksx fd;k x;k gS] tcfd bl mnkgj.k
esa geus nks if frcU/kksa dk ;ksx fd;k gS A bl mnkgj.k esa geus PL/SQL ifjorZukad vsal dk
kjfEHkd eku 7000 fn;k gS] tks fd sal dkWye dk lcls vf/kd eku gS A
mnkgj.k &
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
13
14
15
16
17
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
DECLARE
vdeptno employee.deptno%type;
FLAG NUMBER : =1;
CURSOR c1 IS
SELECT empno, ename, sal, deptno FROM employee WHERE sal>3000;
BEGIN
OPEN cl;
LOOP
FETHC cl INTO vempno, vename, vsal, vdeptno;
IF C1%FOUND THEN
INSERT INTO t_emp VALUES (VEMPNO, VENAME, VSAL, VDEPTNO);
dbms_output.put_line (vempno || || vename || || vsal || || vdeptno);
END IF;
IF C1%NOTFOUND THEN
EXIT;
END IF;
END LOOP;
CLOSE Cl;
END;
/
173
bl mnkgj.k esa igys if frcU/k eas dlZj C1 ds Attribute dks C1%FOUND ls tkapk x;k gSA
;fn ;g lR; kIr gksrk gS] rks Fetch LVsVesUV }kjk PL/SQL ifjorZukadksa vempno, vename rFkk
vdeptno esa lafpr ekuksa dks t_emp Vsfcy eas Insert gks tk, rFkk dbms_output.put_line () QaDku
ds dkj.k bu ifjorZukadksa ds ekuksa dk nkZu ekWuhVj Lhu ij gks A
bl mnkgj.k esa nwljs if frcU/k esa dlZj c1 ds Attribute dks C1%NOTFOUND ls tkapk
x;k gSA ;fn ;g lR; kIr gksrk gS] rks ksxzke dk fu;U=.k ywi ls ckgj vk tk, A
%ROWCOUNT :
;g Attribute Fetch LVsVesUV }kjk orZeku lf; iafDr;ksa ds lewg esa ;ksx esa ykbZ xbZ iafDr;ksa
dh la[;k dks eku ds :i esa ykSVkrk gS A eku yhft, Fetch LVsVesUV ds ifj.kkeLo:i gesa nks iafDr;ka
kIr gksrh gS] rks ;g Attribute 2 ykSVk;sxk A
mnkgj.k &
SQL>
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
DECLARE
vdname dept.dname%type;
vcomm employee.comm%type;
VNET NUMBER (7, 2);
CURSOR C1 IS
SELECT empno, ename, dname, sal, comm, sal+nvl (comm, 0)
FROM employee, dept WHERE employee.deptno=dept.deptno;
BEGIN
OPEN cl;
LOOP
FETCH cl INTO vempno, vename, vdname, vsal, vcomm, vnet;
IF C1%FOUND THEN
dbms_output.put_line (vempno || || vename || || vdname || || vsall ||
|| vcomm || || vnet);
END IF;
IF C1%NOTFOUND THEN
dbms_output.put_line (No. of Records Displayed : || C1%ROWCOUNT);
EXIT;
END IF;
END LOOP;
CLOSE Cl;
174
24
END;
25
/
7369 - SANJEEV - RESEARCH - 1300 - 1000 - 2300
7499 - AMIT - SALES - 7000- 300 - 7300
7521 - SUDHANSHU - SALES - 7000 - 500 - 7500
7566 - SANDEEP - RESEARCH - 2975 - 1000 - 3975
7654 - REKHA - SALES - 7000 - 1400 - 8400
7698 - POOJA - SALES - 2850 - 1000 - 3850
7782 - AMIT - ACCOUNTING - 2450 - 1000 - 3450
7788 - MUKESH - RESEARCH - 3000 - 1000 - 4000
7839 - RAKESH - ACCOUNTING - 5000 - 1000 - 6000
7844 - MEENU - SALES - 7000 - 0 - 7000
7876 - MEETU - RESEARCH - 1600 - 1000 - 2600
7900 - SUDHANSHU - SALES - 3050 - 1000 - 4050
7902 - SUSHEEL - RESEARCH - 3000 - 1000 - 4000
7934 - MADHU - ACCOUNTING - 1800 - 1000 - 2800
No. of Records Displayed : 14
bl mnkgj.k esa geus ,d R;{k dlZj ds vc rd rhuksa Attribute % FOUND % NOTFOUND

rFkk %ROWCOUNT dk ;ksx djuk nkkZ;k gS A Attribute %FOUND rFkk %NOT FOUND
ds ;ksx ds ckjs eas fiNys mnkgj.kksa esa ge foLrkj ls ppkZ dj pqds gS A
bl mnkgj.k esa ifjHkkf"kr fd, x, dlZj C1 ds lkFk lec) ekax esa Employee rFkk Dept
nksuksa VsfcYl esa ls empno, ename, dname, sal, comm rFkk sal+nvl (comm,0) dkWyEl ds ekuksa dks
pquus ds fy, dgk x;k gS] ftuds deptno dkWye dk eku nksuksa VsfcYl ds leku gS A
bl mnkgj.k ksxkz e ds nks if frcU/kksa dk ;ksx fd;k x;k gS A igys if frcU/k eas %FOUND
Attribute rFkk nwljs if frcU/k esa %NOT FOUND Attribute dks tkapk x;k gS A igys if
frcU/k esa %FOUND Attribute ds lR; gkssus ij fofHkUu eku ekWuhVj Lhu ij nfkZr gksrs gSA
nwljs if frcU/k eas %NOTFOUND Attribute ds lR; gkssus ij ,d lUnsk No. of Records
Displayed :14 ekWuhVj Lhu ij nfkZr gksrk gS A bl lUnsk esa 14 eku] nwljs if frcU/k eas ;ksx
fd, x, Attribute%ROWCOUNT ds dkj.k kIr gksrk gS A
%ISOPEN
ksxzke eas ;fn ,d R;{k dlZj [kqyk gqvk gS] rks bldk ewY;kadu lR; eas gksrk gS vkSj ;fn cUn
gS] rks bldk ewY;kadu vlR; esa gksrk gS A
175
MsVkcsl fVxlZ
MsVkcsl fVxlZ dk ifjp; (Introduction of Database Triggers)
MkVkcsl fVxlZ (Database Triggers) fdlh foks"k MsVkcsl Vsfcy ls tqM+h gqbZ PL/SQL dh ,d
lqjf{kr ksxzke bdkbZ gksrh gS A
;s lqjf{kr Procedures vFkok Functions ls fHkUu gksrs gS] D;ksafd Procedure vFkok Function
dks rks dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, R;{k :i ls dek.M ds }kjk cqyk;k tkrk gS] tcfd] tc Hkh dksbZ
MsVkcsl Vsfcy fdlh SQL vkWijsku ls Hkkfor gksrh gS] rks ;s Lor% gh vR;{k :i ls dk;kZfUor
gks tkrs gS A Vsfcy dk Hkkfor gksuk fdlh foks"k fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrk gS A
MsVkcsl fVxlZ ds mi;ksx
MsVkcsl fVxlZ dk ;ksx fuEu dk;ksZa ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS &
& MsVk esa fd, x, lq/kkj dk ijh{k.k (Audit) djus ds fy, A
& MsVk dh lqj{kk (Security) djus ds fy, A
& ,dhr fu;U=.k Hkkoh djus ds fy, A
& dkWye ds ekuksa dks Lor% gh fudkyus ds fy, A
& nksgjkbZ tkus okyh VsfcYl dk vuqj{k.k (Maintainance) djus ds fy, A
,d MsVkcsl fVxlZ ds rhu Hkkx gksrs gS &
1- Triggerring Event fVxlZ ls ?kfVr gksus okyh ?kVuk
2- Optional Trigger Constraint oSdfYid fVxlZ frcU/k
3- Trigger Action fVxlZ dk dk;Z
tc dksbZ Event mifLFkr gksrh gS vFkok ?kVrh gS rc MsVkcsl fVxj py tkrk gS rFkk mlls
lEcfU/kr PL/SQL CykWd dk;Z dks iw.kZ djrk gS A
MsVkcsl fVxj (Database Trigger) mu foks"kkf/kdkjksa ds vuq:i dk;Z djrk gS tks mlds cukus
okys us igys gh ns j[ks gksrs gS u fd ;ksxdrkZ ds }kjk] tks fd mldks ,d Vsfcy ds }kjk ;ksx
eas yk jgk gS A vr% mlds cukus okys dks lgh&lgh mu lHkh Objects dh igqp gksuh pkfg, tks
Trigger ds Action ds }kjk lUnfHkZr fd, tk jgs gSa A
fdlh ,d nh xbZ Vsfcy ls vlhfer fVxlZ lEc) fd, vFkok tksM+s tk ldrs gSA ,d MsVkcsl
fVxj dks cukus ds fy, Create Trigger fu;e dk ikyu djuk gksrk gS vkSj mlds lkFk viuh fdlh
Vscy dks lEc) djuk gksrk gS vFkok lEc) Vsfcy ds fy, Alter fu;e dk ;ksx djuk gksrk gS A
,d MsVkcsl fVxj dks fuEufyf[kr lw=kuqlkj cuk;k vkSj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS &
lw= & CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER <trigger-name>
BEFORE / AFTER
176
{DELETE / INSERT / UPDATE [Of column [, COLUMN]...]}

ON <table>
FOR EACH ROW [WHEN (Condition)]
BEGIN
:
<pl/sql_block>
END;
mi;qZDr lw= esa ;ksx fd, x, fofHkUu oM~Zl dk dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gS &
CREATE : ;g dh&oMZ ,d u;k MsVkcsl fVxj cukus dk dk;Z djrk gS A
OR REPLACE : ;g dh&oMZ MsVkcsl fVxj tks fd igys ls gh vfLrRo eas gS] dks nqckjk u, fljs
ls cukus dk dk;Z djrk gS A
BEFORE : ;g dh&oMZ vksjsdy dks MsVkcsl fVxj dks Triggerring LVsVesUV~l dks
dk;kZfUor djus ls igys pykus ds fy, fufnZ"V djrk gS A
AFTER : ;g dh oMZ BEFORE dh oMZ ds Bhd foifjr vksjsdy dks MsVkcsl fVxj
dks Triggerring LVsVesUV~l dks dk;kZfUor djus ds ckn pykus ds fy, fufnZ"V djrk gS A
DELETE : ;g dh oMZ ;g fufnZ"V djrk gS] vksjsfdy MsVkcsl fVxj dks ml le; pyk,]
tc mlls lEc) Vsfcy ls fdlh iafDr dks Delete LVsVesUV ds }kjk feVk;k tk jgk gks A
INSERT : ;g dh oMZ ;g fufnZ"V djrk gS fd vksjd
s y MkVkcsl fVxj dks ml le; pyk;s
tc mlls lEc) Vscy esa fdlh iafDr dks INSERT LVsVesUV ds }kjk fo"V fd;k tk jgk gks A
UPDATE....OF
: ;g dh&oMZ ;g fufnZ"V djrk gS fd vksjsdy bl MkVkcsl fVxj dks
rHkh pyk;s tcfd lEc) Vsfcy esa Update LVsVesUV }kjk bl dh&oMZ ds Of ds ckn fn, x,
dkWyEl ds ekuksa esa dksbZ ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gS A ;fn bl dh&oMZ ds ckn Of dk ;ksx ugha fd;k
x;k gS] rks lEc) Vsfcy ds fdlh Hkh dkWye ds eku eas ifjorZu djus ds fy, Update LVsVesUV dk
;ksx djus ij ;g fVxj pysxk A
FOR EACH ROW : ;g dh oMZ] ;g fufnZ"V djrk gS fd orZeku MsVkcsl fVxj ,d Row
Trigger gS A vksjsdy Row Trigger dks R;sd ml iafDr ds fy, ,d ckj pykrk gS] tks fd
Triggerring ls Hkkfor gksrh gks vkSj bl fVxj ds lkFk ;ksx fd, x, WHEN dh&oMZ ds
ckn ifjHkkf"kr fd, x, frcU/kksa dks lR; ikrh gks A
vxys mnkgj.k esa ,d MsVkcsl fVxj del_trin cuk;k x;k gS A bl mnkgj.k esa lcls igys
CREATE OR REPLACE dh&oMZ dk ;ksx djds bl MsVkcsl fVxj dks cuk;k x;k gS A OR
REPLACE dh oMZ ds ;ksx djus ls ;fn igys ls bl uke ls dksbZ fVxj fLFkr Hkh gS] rks ml fVxj
ij ;g vksojjkbV gks tk,xk A blds ckn BEFORE dh oMZ dk ;ksx djds ;g fufnZ"V fd;k x;k
gS fd DEPT Vsfcy ls Delete djus ls iwoZ blds ckn fn, x, LVsVesUV dk;kZfUor gks A bl
LVsVesUV~l esa Employee Vsfcy dh mu iafDr;ksa dks feVkus ds fy, dgk x;k gS] ftuds Deptno dkWye
177
dk eku ogh gS] tks fd bl Dept Vsfcy ls feVkbZz xbZ iafDr;ksa dk gS A

vc tc Hkh ge Dept Vsfcy ls dksbZ iafDr feVk;saxs] rks ml iafDr ds Deptno dkWye eas tks
eku gksxk] ml eku okyh lHkh iafDr;ka Employee Vsfcy ls Lor% gh feV tk;sxh A
mnkgj.k &
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER del_trig
2
BEFORE DELETE ON DEPT
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
DELETE FROM Employee WHERE deptno=L OLD_DEPTNO;
END;
Trigger created
mnkgj.k &
SQL> CREATE TRIGGER updt_trig
2
BEFORE UPDATE OF item_no ON MASTER
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
UPDATE
SLAVE
SET
item_no=:New.item_no,
WHERE
item_no=:OLD.item_no;
6
END;
Trigger created
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa cuk, x, MsVkcsl fVxj Updt_trig ds dkj.k ge tc Hkh MASTER Vsfcy
ds item_no dkWye eas Update LVsVesUV ls dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu djsax]s rks ;g ifjorZu Lor% gh SALVE
Vsfcy ds Hkh item_no dkWye ds fy, Hkh Hkkoh gksxk A
mnkgj.k &
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER upper_trig
2
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OF ename ON employee
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
5
178
:NEW.ename :=upper ):NEW.ename);
6
END;
7
Trigger created
mijksDr mnkgj.k esa cuk, x, MsVkcsl fVxj Upper_trig ds dkj.k ge tc Hkh EMPLOYEE
Vsfcy ds ename dkWye eas Update LVsVesUV ls dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu vFkok Insert LVsVesUV ls dksbZ Hkh
fof"V djsax]s rks ;g lnSo UPPER CASE esa gksxh A
vH;kl u
oLrqfu"B u %
1EXIT LVsVesUV dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gS \
v ksxzke dk fu;U=.k ywi ds ckgj ykus ds fy,
c ksxzke dk fu;U=.k ywi ds vUnj ykus ds fy,
l ksxzke dk fu;U=.k ywi eas ij ykus ds fy,
n ksxzke dk fu;U=.k ywi eas uhps ykus ds fy,

2dlZj dks ifjpkfyr djus ds fy, dkSuls LVsVesUV dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
v Open
c Fetch
l Close
n mijksDr lHkh

3fdlh foks"k MkVkcsl Vscy ls tqM+h gqbZ PL/SQLdh ,d lqjf{kr ksxzke bdkbZ dks dgk
tkrk gS\
c Trigger
v Cursor
l Event

4dlZj &&&& izdkj ds gksrs gSA
c 3
v 4
l 2
n 0

5.
%NOTFOUND Attribute _________ ds Bhd foifjr dk;Z djrk gSA
c %FETCH
v %FILL
l %FOUND
n mijksDr lHkh

________Attribute fetch statement }kjk orZeku iafDr;ksa ds lewg esa iz;ksx esa ykbZ xbZ
6iafDr;ksa fd la[;k eku ds #i esa ykSVkrk gSA
v %COUNT
c % TABLE
l %ROW COUNT

vfr y?kqkjkRed u %
1- MsVkcsl fVxj ds fdrus Hkkx gksrs gS \
2- MsVkcsl fVxj ds lEcU/k esa Before dh&oMZ dk D;k mi;ksx gS\
3- PL/SQL eas EXIT LVsVesUV dk mi;ksx crkb,A
4- dlZj fdrus izdkj ds gksrs gS\
5- Implicit dlZj fdls dgrs gS\
6- Explicit dlZj fdls dgrs gS\
7- Implicit vkSj Explicit dlZj esa vUrj crkb;sA
8- %ROWCOUNT dk D;k dk;Z gS\
9- %NOTFOUND dk mi;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS\
10- %FOUND dk mi;ksx dc fd;k tkrk gS\
11- Close dk mi;ksx dc fd;k tkrk gS\
12- ,d Database esa fVxj ds fdrus Hkkx gksrs gS\
13- Trigger D;k gksrs gS\
14- Trigger fdrus izdkj fd gksrs gS\
15- After Trigger D;k gksrk gS\
y?kq kjkRed u %
1- PL/SQL esa EXIT LVsVesUV ds lkFk When dk ;ksx djus ij D;k Hkko iM+rk gS\
2- While LVsVesUV dk mi;ksx crkb,A
3- Goto LVsVesUV dk mi;ksx crkb,A
4- PL/SQL ds fdl Hkkx eas dlZj dks fMdys;j fd;k tkrk gS\
5- MsVkcsl fVxj ds fdrus Hkkx gksrs gS\
6- Trigger dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA
7- After vkSj Befor Trigger esa vUrj crkb;sAa
8- %ROW COUNT dks mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb;sA
9- Database ds izdkj dks foLrkj ls le>kb;sA
10- After Trigger dk Syntex crkb;sA
11- Befor Trigger dk Syntex crkb;sA
12- Trigger dks fdl izdkj Delete fd;k tkrk gSa\
179
13- FOR EACH ROW dk D;k dk;Z gS\

14- Trigger Ring event dks le>kb;sA
15- Database esa Trigger dk mi;ksx crkb;sA dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;sA
fucU/kkRed u
1- dlZj D;k gS\ vR;{k dlZj dks mnkgj.k lfgr crkb,A
2- R;{k o vR;{k dlZj esa foHksn dhft,A
3- MsVkcsl fVxj D;k gS\ mnkgj.k lfgr o.kZu dhft, A
4- mnkgj.k lfgr After Trigger dks Database ij cukb;sA rFkk Delete djds crkb;sA
180

Binder 40

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Binder 40

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

bUQksZesfVDl iszfDVlsl&2

MkW- fjrq HkkxZo

MkW- fjrq HkkxZo

vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j

vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j

vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j ds ykHk %

vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j

OSI - Open Source Initiative

vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j

fuEufyf[kr vkn'kZ W3C ds dk;Z dks fn'kk nsrs gSa]

vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j

fyuDl Lora=rk ls forfjr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk] fyuDl dh dk;kZRedrk] vuqdwyuh;rk vkSj

vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j

,d MkbjsDVjh dks rHkh fMyhV dj ldrs gSa tc]

2- Qkby dks dkWih djuk ] cp dek.M (copy)

ds ckjs esa Kkuo/kZu djsaA

vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j

My SQL fo'o dk lokZf/kd izpfyr Open Source Database Software gSA vc rd My

mi;ksx dj jgs gSaA

vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j

vksiuvksfQl.org] lkekU;r% OOo ;k OpenOffice ds uke ls izpfyr ,d vksiu lkslZ ,fIydsku

vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j

blh rjg ls]

vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j

ikbFku ,d lkekU; mn~ns ; mPp Lrjh; izkx

vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j

;g ,d defkZ;y (commercial) osclkbV gS ftlesa vkidks fyuDl dh uohure [kcjsa feysx

;g osclkbV ykbusDl&bf.M;k laxBu dh osclkbV gS tks Hkkjr ds fyuDl ;wtlZ dh ,d

vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j

(c) v{kj ladr

vfryq RjkRed iz ' u

vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j dh fdUgha nks osclkbV~l ds uke fyf[k,A

baVjusV dk vkfo"dkj fdUgksaus fd;k\

vksiu lkslZ lkWVos;j

Emp.no Name Age Designation

vksiu lkslZ vkanksyu ds fo"k; ij ,d ys[k fyf[k,A

Object based Data

Entity Relationship Data

Record based Data

Object Oriented Data

Network Data Model

Semantic Data Model

fp= 1 Data Models

fp= 2 E-R Models

C-12, Shyam Nagar

166, Shiv Nagar

200/ USD Colony

gksus dh vko;drk ugha gksrh gSA

fp= 3 Network Models

fp= 4 Heirarchical Models

tSls %& fdlh cSad ds xzkgdksa dk lsV

& fdlh cSad foks"k }kjk fn, x, lHkh dkj ds _.k

fp= 5 Attribute of Customer

ftuds vuq:i gksuk pkfg, A bl f;k dks esfiax dULVsV~l dgrs gS A

fp= 5 One to One Relationship

fp= 6 One to Many Relationship

fp= 7 Many to One Relationship

4 - vusd ls vusd fjyskukhi (Many to Many Relationship) % A esa ,d ,aVhVh B esa

fp= 8 Many to Many Relationship

ckj vk ldrk gSA

fp= 9 E-R Model esa ;ksx fd;s tkus okys flacy %

fuEu gSa %&

1- lEcU/kksa esa vkus okys fjdkWMZ dh la[;k

fp= 12 Front end rFkk Back End