Digital Signal Processing

Instructor Waseem Khan waseem.khan@mail.au.edu.pk Department of Electrical Engineering

Air University

Classification of Signals

Discrete-time Sequences
A discrete-time signal is a sequence of numbers and represented as x[n], where n is an integer. If it is an output of sampling of an analog signal xa(t), the nth number is the value of xa(t) at t = nT.

Example: Speech signal*

Analog

Discrete-time

*Figures taken from your textbook

Example: Discrete sequence*

*Figure taken from your textbook

Basic Sequences
u[n]

Unit Step Sequence

1; u[n ] = 0; n 0 n < 0
n

Unit Impulse Sequence

1; [n] = 0; n = 0 n 0

Basic Sequences
Sinusoidal Sequence

Exponential Sequence
an

Basic Operations on Sequences

Delay y[n] = x[n-d] Sum y[n]= x1[n] x2[n]

Example: [n] = u[n] u[n-1]

Sequence Representation Using Impulses

Any sequence can be represented as a sum of scaled shifted impulses. x[n]
x[-2][n+2] x[-1][n+1] x[0][n]

Example:

x[1][n-1] x[2][n-2]

Periodic Sequences
If a signal x[n] satisfies the condition x[n] = x[n+N] for all n, then x[n] is a periodic sequence. n and N are integers. cos(0t) is always periodic but cos(0n) is not periodic for all 0. cos(n) is periodic but cos(n) is not periodic.

Combining Basic Sequences

We often combine basic sequences to represent other sequence. e.g. exponential sequence

can be represented as x[n] = A n u[n]

Combining Basic Sequences

In an exponential sequence, if is complex then it can be expressed as = ||(cos + jsin) = ||ej. If A is also complex, then A = |A|ej Then x[n] described in previous slide will take the form x[n] = |A|ej ||nej n = |A| ||nej( + n) = |A| ||n [cos ( n + ) + j sin ( n + )] Intuitively, we can say that here is the frequency of the sinusoids. Hence x[n] = Here we have combined real exponential and sinusoids.

Discrete-Time System

Systems Examples
Ideal Delay: Moving Average: y[n] = x[n-nd]

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