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400 ;kbk ekoi s/ iE/dkoK dk feodko
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pkpk pzdk f;zx pjkdo^pzdJh, fe sZs ykb;k <
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nes{po 2004 ftu w/oh gfjbh feskp, Xow d/ BK s/ Sg e/
nkJh ;h. T[; tes fus u/sk Gh BjhA ;h fe fJ; soQK e"VhnK e;?bhnK
ftukoK B{z Gh gkme gqtkB eo b?Dr/. w/oh y[;ah ftu nEkj tkXk j'fJnk
id'A T[j g[;se e/tb ;Zs nZm wjhfBnK ftu yasw j' rJh. d{ih ;'Xh
j'Jh n?vh;aB g[;se S/sh jh gkmeK se g[Zidh j' rJh. gfjbh feskp
Sgtk e/ w?A j'o b/y fbyD/ ikoh oZy/. ;w/A^;w/A xNBktK tkgodhnK
ojhnK, jkbks eJh soQK d/ w'V eNd/ oj/. f;Zy gzE Bkb tkgo oj/
xNBk uZeo B{z fdb dhnK rfjokJhnK ftu'A t/yfdnK, nzdo T[Eb g[Eb
wudh ojh. eJh tko nzdo tVe/ fJeZb/ B/ gzEe dod ftu jT[e/ Go/
jB. eJh tkoh ;N/i s/ p'bfdnK gzE dh ftrVh ;fEsh B{z X[o fdb dhnK
nzdobhnK gosK ftu'A eY e/, ;apdK okjhA fpnkB eofdnK, jzM{ e/odk
fojk jK. gzE d/ fJ; dod B{z wfj;{; eoB tkb/ tho G?DK B'itkB, w/o/
Bkb t?okr ftu v[;ed/ t/y/ jB. e[M Bk ;wM b'e fJ; tfj oj/ fdb d/
dod B{z t/ye/, j;d/ Gh oj/ jB, s/ fJ; B{z fJe ;N/ih y/yD dk fyskp
Gh py;a fdzd/ oj/ jB.
pZfunK s'A b? e/ pI[orK se, ;XkoB f;ZyK s'A b? e/ yk; nj[d/
dkoK se Xow gqukoeK s'A b? e/ sysK d/ iE/dkoK se, S'N/ oki;h toeo
s'A b? e/ tZv/ f;nk;sdkBK se, nDgV ;aoXktkB ftneshnK s'A b? e/
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fwbD dk w"ek fwbdk fojk j?. fJjBK e'b'A pj[s e[M gqkgs ehsk, j'
;edk j? w?A Gh fJjBK Bz{ e[M d/ ;fenk j'tK. ;zB 1993 ftu w/o/ e[M
b/y gzikph fNqfpT{B ftu Sg/. fpBK tiQk fpBK r[ows dh ft;/a;a ikDekoh
d/, ;L gqhsw f;zx, ;qL n?;Hn?;H d';KM, ;qh jouoB p?A; nfde r[ows
n;{bK B{z s'V wo'V e/ fJ;/ nypko ftu Sgtk oj/ ;B. tkoh tkoh w?A
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fJjbK fszBK d/ b/yK d/ m'et/A i[nkp d/ fojk ;K. fJjBK ftu'A ;qL gqhsw
f;zx fJsB/ nkg/ s'A pkjo j' rJ/ fe nyapkoh fbys ftu w/o/ tb fJj
Xweh ;/Xs eo G/ih ^ gq'H xZrk w/o/ pko/ BjhA ikDd/ fe w?A e"D jK, T[jBK
(xZrk) dh ikDekoh tk;s/ dZ; fdnK fe w?A ohNkfJo I.A.S. nc;o
jKHHH.
fJ; Xweh B[wk b/y d/ i[nkp ftu i' ft;a/;a rb w?A fbyh fi; s'A
nZr/ tZvk g[nkVk fgnk T[j fJT[A ;h ^ tho gqhsw f;zx ih n;hA f;Zyh
d/ nfjw B[efsnK pko/ fJe d{i/ B{z w[yksp jK, nkjw' ;kjwD/ vZN/ j'J/
jK. s[;hA dbhb okjh r[opkDh d/ frnkB okjhA rZb eo', nj[d/ dhnK
XwehnK Bk fdU. Xkowe y'i d/ y/so ftu s[;hA nZi se fezBhnK
g[;seK fbyhnK jB< ;?whBkoK ftu Xkowe ftf;anK Bkb ;pzXs fezB/ g/
go gVQ/ jB d; ;e'r/< Xow dh e'Jh j'o tv/oh ;/tk ehsh d; ;ed/ j'<
nkJhHJ/Hn?;H nc;o j'D dk fJj wsbp BjhA fe s[;hA Xow nukohnk
Gh pD rJ/ j'. w?A ikDdk jK I.A.S. (D.C.) nc;o B{z fwbD tk;s/ w/o/
tor/ ;?AeV/ pzd/ bkJhBK ftZu bZr/ X[g/ yb's/ tkoh dh T[vhe eod/ ofjzd/
jB. nzdo ;odko ;kfjp ih d';sK Bkb rZg^PZg eo oj/ j[zd/ jB.
dbhb Bkb rb eoB dh Ekt/A id'A e'Jh ngD/ nj[d/ ftu b? nkt/. id'A
e'Jh nkgDh nwhoh B{z x;hN fbnkt/. id'A e'Jh nkgD/ vzv/ ;'N/, fg;s"b
pzd{eK dh pVQe wko/. id'A e'Jh fwb p?me/ GoktK tKr ftuko eoB dh
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gkt/ T[; tes w?A jko wzB b?Adk jK feT[Afe w/o/ e'b fJ; soQK dk w[ekpbk
eoB tkbh skes BjhA j?.
do;fB d/fyn? dfJnk B j'fJ.. bJ/ fds/ ftD[ oj? B e'fJ..
okik fBnkT[ eo/ jfE j'fJ.. ej? y[dkfJ B wkB? e'fJ.. (wH 1H 350)
b/y fsnko eoe/ gzikph fNqfpT{B B{z G/i fdZsk frnk. b/y Bk
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ike/ ;zgkde ;L joGiB f;zx jbtkoth B{z fwfbnk. T[; Bkb fJ; ft;a/
Bkb ;pzfXs pj[sh bzwh ftuko uouk j'Jh. gfjbK T[;B/ Gh w?B{z g?o'A
(n)
eZYDk ukfjnk. nyho ftu T[; Gb/ fJB;kB B/ ;Zu' ;Zu w/o/ ;Bw[y oZy
fdZsk. T[; df;nk fJj ;ko/ s[jkv/ fto'Xh b/ye fNqfpT{B ;w{j d/ w[y
;zgkde ns/ u/now?B B{z fwb/. fJjBK dk efjDk ;h fe fJe r[wBkw
fijk fJB;kB (fJzdo f;zx xZrk) ;kvh ;kfonK dh fbysK d[nkok p/
fJZish eo fojk j?. n;hA s[jkv/ g[okD/ b/ye jK. i/ s[;hA fJ; nkdwh
e'b'A ;kvh fJ;/ soQK fJZias j"bh eokT[Dh j? sK n;hA fNqfpT{B bJh nr'A
e[ZM BjhA fbyKr/. i/ ;kvh b'V j? sK T[;dh b/yDh pzd eoBh gt/rhHHH.
nyapko d/ w[yh B/ ;fjwsh d/ fdsh. (joGiB f;zx jbtkoth)
w/o/ e'b c'B nk frnk, fJzdo f;zx xZrk dk nr/ B{z e'Jh b/y ;kv/ nyapko
ftu BjhA SgDk ukjhdk. brgr s/oK ;kb j' rJ/, fJ; s'A wro'A w/oh
e'Jh ouBk fNqfpT{B B/ BjhA Skgh. gkme iB ;fji/ jh nzdkik bk ;ed/
jB fe f;Zy r[zr/ jB. p'b/ jB, nzB/ jB s/ b{b/ fgzrb/ Gh jB feT[Afe
nkgDh t/dBk fes/ efj BjhA ;ed/. nkgDh woih dk t/y ;[D BjhA
;ed/. nkgDh woih d/ ezw BjhA eo ;ed/. j'o s/ j'o nkgDh woih dk
;'u Gh BjhA ;ed/. ;kvh ;'u ;e{bK ftu'A xVh iKdh j?, T[j ;kv/ BjhA
jB. ;kvh ;'u ekbi ftu gqc[bs j[zdh j? T[j Gh p/rkB/ jB. ;kvh ;wM
B{z ;wki sok;dk j?, fJj Gh ;kv/ nBe{b BjhA j?. nyapko fo;kb/ f;ZyK
B/ ukb{ BjhA ehs/, p/rkfBnK s/ fBoGo j'Dk g? fojk j?. NhHthH u?BbK s/
jo o'i jo tes Bzr/i dk Bzrk Bku j' fojk j?. tZv/ nopgsh ftT[gkohnK
tb'A fJj u?Bb ubkJ/ iKd/ jB. nkgD/ wkb B{z t/uD tk;s/ fJE/ fJ;fsjko
fdZs/ iKd/ jB. fJ; ;ko/ g;ko/ ftu ;kvh ;'u r[nku jh iKdh j?. n;hA
p/p; j'J/ fJe emg[sbh tKr e/tb swk;ak eoB i'r/ ofj rJ/ jK. ;kvh
fizdrh ;kvh ;'u dk fow'N ezNo'b ;kv/ e'b BjhA j? fe;/ j'o jZE j?.
nfij/ jkbs ftu ;kv/ Xow gqukoe eh gquko oj/ jB, ;kv/
oki;h nkr{ eh r[b fybk oj/ jB, gzEe p/Vh B{z v'pD tk;s/ e"D b'e fezBk
e[ Xq'j ewk oj/ jB, fJ; feskp okjhA ;zy/g ftu d;D dk isB ehsk j?.
f;Zy c"iK jko u[ehnK jB, fJjBK B{z jokfJnk Gh ngfDnk B/ j?. ;kvk
p/Vk v[Zp frnk j?, v'fpnk Gh ;kv/ nkgfDnk B/ j?. j[D jkohnK c"iK B{z
(J)
e'Jh ewKvo (ioB?b) BjhA bG fojk. v[pd/ p/V/ B{z e'Jh ijkih
(egskB) BjhA fwb fojk. u/szB r[of;Zy gkmeK nZr/ sobk j?, i'dVh j?,
u[g ukg xo p?fmnK, d/;aK ftd/;aK ftu wkfJnk dhnK gzvK fJeZmhnK
eofdnK ekbiK :{Bhtof;NhnK ftu ;[y G'rfdnK iK oki;h e[o;hnK
dk ;[y wkDfdnK i/ f;Zyh feodko Bk fojk i/ f;Zyh ;o{g Bk fojk, sK d;
r[o{ ;kfjpkB dh Biao ftu fet/A gqtkB j'tKr/< f;Zyh dh uVQdh ebk bJh
y{B dhnK BdhnK soB tkb/ r[of;ZyK B{z fet/A w{zj ftyktKr/< pZfunK d/
N[eV/ eotk e/ rbK ftu jo g[nk b?D tkbhnK wksktK d/ f;oV f;de dk
eoik fet/A T[skoKr/< d;w gkfs;akj ih d/ bkbK dh nd[Zsh e[opkBh G[bk
e/ fet/A ;[oyo{ j'tKr/< nk; eodk jK fJ; feskp ftu r[zB/ dod B{z
;theko eo'r/. ;yas puBK B{z Bk fuskod/ gzE dh uVQdh ebk bJh eow
^e;/ eo bT[r/HHHH
w?A XzBtkd eodk jK ;[fjod ihtB ;kED ;odkoBh okitzs e"o
dk, fiBQK ;kohnK fizw/tkohnK ;KG e/ w?B{z fbyD bJh T[s;akjs ehsk.
p/Nh Btdhg e"o fi;B/ fJ; feskp B{z fbyD d/ bJh w/ok j";bk tXkfJnk.
p/Nk eztodhg f;zx s/ p/Nh (B{zj) ;[yfizdo e"o fiBK B/ go{c gVQB ns/
g[;se SgkT[D dh fizw/tkoh ;zGkbh. ;fj:'rh g[Zso, gqfwzdo f;zx B/ Gh
;w/A^;w/A wdd ehsh. fJjBK ;kfonK dk XzBtkd ns/ yk; eoe/ vkH
jofizdo f;zx fdbrho ih, fiBK B/ G{fwek fbye/ w/ok wkD tXkfJnk j?.
j'o ;ko/ ;fj:'rhnK dk Gh XzBtkd.
15 ;szpo 2005
r[o{ xo dk ;/te
(fJzdo f;zx xZrk)
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iK jkbks w[skpe u'D eoBh j[zdh j?. r[opkDh wk; d/ MrV/ ftu g?D s'A
toidh j?. ;ohoe wiap{oh ekoB, yzv, wZyD, sbhnK ykD t;sK s'A Gh,
;ze'u eoBk g? iKdk j?. ojh gkg g[zB dh rb, fJ; nzX ft;atk;a ftu g?
e/ wB[y fJe edw Gh N[o BjhA ;e/rk, fiT[A BjhA ;e/rk. fJ; ft;a/ s/ tho
xZ r k ih B/ pV/ Bt/ e b/ nz d kia ftu g{ o h p/ p keh Bkb bz w k
b/y fbfynk j?, fJ; s/ rzGho ftuko eodk pDdk j?. fJ;/ soQK r[ows ftu
tVQ u[e/ pqkjwDtkdh v/o/dkoh gqpzX B{z tzrkfonk j?. Bkw igD d/ wPhBh
o[MkB s/ y[Zb/Q ftuko gqrN ehs/ jB. wK p'bh gzikph s/ gzikph p'bh ;z;feqs
Bkb'A Gh g[okDh j'o tXhnk b/y ej/ ik ;ed/ jB. epho ih B{z p/VhnK ftu
ieV e/ rz r k Bdh ftu ;[ Z N fdZ s k frnk. T[ j feBko/ s/
fet/A br/, fJj fJe y{p;{os ouBk j?. e[Zb s/Jh b/yK dk ;zrqfj fbye/
SgtkT[Dk ekcah i'yaw Gfonk ezw j?. w?A pfbjko ;qL fJzdo f;zx xZrk ih
s'A, fiBQK E'VQ/ fij/ ;w/A ftu, d{ih tXhnk g[;se f;Zy gkmeK se g[ukD dk
T[gokbk ehsk j?. nZr'A ;{MtkB gkmeK dk fJj coi pDdk j? fe b/ye dh
fwjBs B{z ;fseko d/D. fJ; feskp B{z y[d gVQB, ;zrh ;kEhnK B{z gVQB
dh gq/oBk eoB. ;fsr[o{ ih d/ uoBK ftu nodk; j? fJj f;XKse ebw
fBozso p/pkeh Bkb ubdh oj/, nkwhB.
r[o g{Sj[ s[w eoj[ phuko[.. sK gqG ;ku/ br? fgnko[..
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(y)
(1173)
ftZu r'fpzd okJ/ f;ZyK d/ r[o{ BjhA pD/ ;B. r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih dh Pjkds
s'A pknd :kBh 1675 ftZu T[j r[orZdh s/ fpoki/ ;B. go s[jkv/ d{b/ gzE
B/ fJZe ;kfjpIkd/ r'fpzd okJ/ dk iBw fdB r[o{ ikD e/ wBkfJnk. gqkgsh
pko/ sK fe;/ ;'funk jh BjhA.
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1969 ftZu f;Zy ;wki B/ g{oh PkB' P"es Bkb wBkfJnk. feT[Afe fJj gzi
;"tK iBw fdB i' ;h. d/P ftd/P ftZu pV/ b?euo j'J/, ehosB dopko
;ikJ/. gkmK dhnK bVhnK oykJhnK. Bro ehsoB (ib{;) eZY/ bzro
fsnko j'J/ Se/. nodk;K d/rK g[;seK ;?whBkoHHHHH. s[jkv/ BK s/ fJZe
ekbi gfNnkb/ y'jfbnk frnk r[owfs ekbi. fJ; ekbi ftZu e'Jh
thj e[ ftfdnkoEhnK s'A tZX B"itkB Xow ftfdnk b?D tk;s/ dk\b BjhA
j'J/. gqpzXeK tZb'A ia'o gkT[D s/ fJj ndkok gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh B/ nkgD/
Bkb i'V fbnk s/ wkBsk d/ fdZsh. fi; ekoD 95 gqshPs youk ;oeko
tZb'A fwbDk gqtkB j'fJnk. e'Jh PZe BjhA gq'c?;oK dhnK sBykjK eJh r[Dk
tZX rJhnK. ftfdnkoEhnK dh gVQkJh xN rJh. nkw fij/ ;oekoh
ekbiK tork fJZe wkw{bh ekbi pDe/ ofj frnk. ;oekoh jdkfJsK
nB[;ko, ;b/p; ftZu pqjwk fpPB, okw s/ feqPB dhnK eEk ejkDhnK pVh
PkB Bkb gVkJhnK ikD bZrhnK. nZi fJZE/ s[jkv/ fBowb fBnko/ gzE dh
gVQkJh ns/ ofjs dh gogZesk BjhA f;ykJh iKdh. ;r'A Gkosh w[ZyXkok
dh gVQkJh eokJh iKdh j?. fgsk ih` s[jkv/ BK s/ t?;/ sK pj[s ;ko/ v/o/
Ne;kbK, r[odtko/ y[zpK tKr T[FZr/ j'J/ EK EK t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. go nzrq/Ih
Bkw tkbh, s[jkv/ gzi ;"t/A iBw fdB ;wofgs r[o{ BkBe ckT{Av/;aB
XV/ pzdh dk fPeko j' e/ ofj rJh. ekbi tZb'A w{zj w'V fbnk. p; s[jkv/
Bkw dh tos'A tkb/ T[;/ ekbi d/ njks/ ftZu, pj[sh wkfJnk ewkT[D bJh
fJZe ;e{b y'jb fdZsk frnk j?. gzikp d/ pkeh ;e{bK tork fJZe j'o
;e{b.
;fsr[o{ ihU` s[;hA B"t/A ikw/ ftZu pj[s T[geko ehs/. s[jkvk
r[orZdh ;zGkbD dk fdB sK BjhA wBkfJnk iKdk. Pjhdh fdB n;hA
(2)
wBkT[Ad/ nk oj/ jK. Xow j/s i' ;kek s[;hA 1675 ftZu toskfJnk ;h,
T[;dh shih Pskpdh f;ZyK B/ 1975 ftZu wBkJh. T[jh g[okDk okr T[jh
ehosB gkm nodk;K s/ bzroHHHH. s[jkv/ ehs/ T[gekoK o;wh sohe/ jh
:kd ehsk frnk. fe;/ dk fBZek fijk ezw ;ztko d/JhJ/, e[ZM wds eo
d/JhJ/, ;pzXs ftnesh nfj;kBwzd j'DA' BjhA ofj ;edk. feZv/ nfeosxD
b' e jK n;hA, s[ j kv/ f;Z y nytkD tkb/ . s[ j kv/ pko/ e' J h
fJZe Gh :kdrkoh ekoi BK nkozfGnk. t?;/ sK fiBQK b'eK bJh s[;hA Pjhdh
gkJh ;h T[j tZv/ gZXo s/ s[jkvh f;Zfynk ns/ ihtBh d[BhnK sZe g[uKd/.
T[jBK B/ sK Bk Pa[eo/gD dk ;p{s d/ jh fdZsk go s[jkv/ ngfDnK Gh sK T[jh
e[ZM ehsk j?. B"t/A BkBe ih s[jkv/ ;oho Bkb ;pzXs pj[s ;ko/ r[odtko/
pD/ j'J/ jB. T[E'A gzvK wkfJnk dhnK fJZeZso eoe/ pj[s/ b'eK B/ nkgDhnK
e'mhnK T[;ko bJhnK, ekoK yohd bJhnK, oki;h e[o;hnK s/ ik fpoki/.
s[jkv/ Pjhd j' u[Ze/ ;oho Bkb ;pzXs fszB pj[s tZv/ r[odtko/ T[Z;o u[Ze/
jB. fiE/ Pjhdh j'Jh ;h; rzi uKdBh u"Ae fdZbh. fiZE/ ;oho dk
;;eko j'fJnk, oekprzi fdZbh. GkJh i?sk ih B/ s[jkvk gktB Pjhd ;h;
u[Ze e/ nBzdg[o ikfdnK, fiZE/ fiZE/ gVkn ehsk, T[j ;ko/ r[odtko/.
nBzdg[o fiZE/ gktB ;ajhd ;h; dk ;;eko ehsk frnk T[j Gh ;h; rzi
j? ;[fDnk ;h n"ozri/p dk j[ew ;h fe s[jkv/ ;oho d/ nzr eZN eZNe/ fdZbh
d/ ;ko/ tZv/ u"eK ftZu bNek fdZs/ ikD. e[ZM f;o fco/ f;ZyK B/ nfijk Bk
j'D fdZsk. t?;/ s[;hA sK ;dk goT[geko jh ehsk j?. i/ s[jkv/ ;oho d/
N[eV/, ;ko/ u"eK ftZu Nzr fdZs/ iKd/ sK T[sB/ jh j'o fJfsjk;e r[odtko/
Bk T[Z;o iKd/ < T[jBK ;kohnK EktK s/ Gh Bw;aekoK eoB tkbhnK eskoK
brdhnK. wkfJnk d/ nzpko br iKd/. s[jkv/ eJh ;/te f;ZyK dh
rohph eZNh iKdh. eJh ;ko/ gkmhnK, rqzEhnK, ehosBhnK, eEktkueK
;'jDk o[Irko fwb iKdk. gqXkBK, ;eZsoK, yikBuhnK dhnK si'ohnK
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feogk fBXkB fgsk r[o{ ih` s/o/ ;/teK B/ s[jkv/ sh;o/ ;oho dk
(3)
nkrwB g[op r'fJzdtkb fty/ 1979 ftZu pVh X{wXkw Bkb wBkfJnk.
wBkJhJ/ feT[A Bk fJj gzi ;"tK iBw fdB i' ;h. Gkt/A s[;hA r[o{ gdth
74 ;kb dh T[wo ftZu g[Zi/. fJ;/ ;ohoe ikw/ okjhA ;Zm e[ ;kb dh T[wo
sZe r[ows s'A T[bN ekoi Gh eod/ oj/. ukjhdk sK fJj ;h fe 53 d/ ;kb
w[Zy oZye/ r[orZdh fdt; wBkJ/ iKd/. feT[Afe s[;hA ;zB 1553 ftZu BkBe
i's ;zGkbh ;h. fJ; rZb dh gqtkj Bk eofdnK 1979 r'fJzdtkb fty/
(fco iBw n;EkB pk;oe/ feT[A BJh <) d/P ftd/P ftZu rZvhnK w'NoK
ns/ g?dbK wkouK okjhA ;zrsK dk bZyK dh frDsh ftZu iwxZNk i[fVnk.
EK EK ehosB ;wkrw, bzro, nodk;K Bkjo/ i?eko/, pkT[bh fJ;aBkB.
u[ok;h eZN d/D d/ ftPtkP. nwo{ fBEktK nkye/ s[jkvk ngwkB, pj[s
;kohnK M{mhnK eEk ejkDhnKHHHH. gzE dh uVQdhebk dk e'Jh fJZe Gh
ekoi BjhA T[bhfenk frnk, fiE/ s[jkv/ pZfunK f;Zyh dh ;{M gqkgs
j[zdh. 1975 ftu jh ssekbhB ;oeko tb'A ny"sh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx wkor
nBzdg[o s'A ub e/ 520 feb' whNo se xNk T[vk e/ f;yK B[z ewb/ pDk e/
;oekoh yikB/ dk eo'Vk o[fgnk c{e e/ dwdw/ (sbtzvh ;kp') ;wkgs
j'fJnk ;h. fpBK fe;/ gqkgsh s'A. b'eK B[z x'fVnk dh fbZN Gh gq;kd ikDe/
gqkgs ehsh. fJj x'V/ d;w gkfs;akj tb'A ;tkoh bJh tos/ rJ/ x'V/ d/
tz;i d;/ rJ/ ;B. fJjBK B{z jikoK b'eK B/ wEk N/fenk s/ iBw
;cbk ehsk.
fBozekoh N'b/ tZb'A 1978 ftZu f;ZyK dk esbkw, pknd ftZu T[FZfmnk
o'j, Gkosh c"iK tZb'A i{B 84 ftZu ehsk frnk gzikp s/ f;Zy wko{ jwbk.
x'o spkjh, nekb sys dk Y?jDk, ;ko/ gk;/ y{B d/ dfonk. wZeko nekbh
bhvoK d/ Gkos ;oeko ftoZ[X Ifjohb/ fpnkB. fJ; ;G dk f;ZNk fJj
fBefbnk fe fe;/ GftZy w[yh ;{Mp{M tkbh Bhsh s'A fpBK nDyhb/ f;Zy
rGo{nK B/ jfEnko ;KG bJ/. ;oekoh skesK tZb'A bZrGZr YkJh bZy
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bhvoK B/ PjhdK d/ y{B dk p/UVe w[Zb tZfNnk s/ nkgDh e"w d/ jZe ftZu
;koEe ckfJd/ gqkgs ehs/. ;zB 1989 ftZu id'A f;Zy bhvo MP pDe/
(4)
fet/A pD rJ/ < w?A w{oy Io{o jh ;wMk d/Dk ih. s[jkv/ Bfws S/t/A ikw/
tkbk ykb;k wkou eo'VK o[g? popkd eoe/ mzY/ p;s/ ftZu ik fgnk. e'Jh
gqkgsh BjhA j'Jh.
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frnk. ;fsr[o{ ih s[;hA sK g?;/ Ne/ tZb'A p/gqtkj j'. s[jkv/ uoBK d/ G"fonK
tZb'A s[jkvh r'be ftZu PoXk ;fjs nogD ehsk bZrGZr gzikj eo'V
o[fgnk c{e fdZsk frnk. tZv/ tZv/ ;?whBko j'J/, gou/ gVQ/ rJ/. tZv nekoh
ozr pozr/ fJ;afsjko Sg/. iE/dkoK dhnK rZvhnK pj[s s/i d"VhnK. d/PK
pd/PK d/ uZeo eZN/, wkfJnk fJZeZso ehsh. bzro uZb/, thvhU fcbwK
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frnk ekoi fJ; ;wkrw ftZu feXo/ BiaohA BjhA fgnk. n;b ftu gzikp
dh oki rZdh ;KGD bJh fJj oki;hfsnkoh wkso ;h.
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s'A skesto bhvo Gh pDk fdZsk j?. j[D T[j gzE fij' fijk ;o{g iK
f;XKs d/t/ e'Jh o'e BjhA ;edk, feT[Afe s[;hA T[;dh nzr ;zr j'e/ ;jkfJsk
eo oj/ j'. w/oh w[okd ;qhL gqekP f;zx pkdb s'A j? ih. T[; T[; d/ fwZsoK
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;h. d/P d/ rqfj wzsoh n?bH e/H nvtkBh f;ZyK d/ ;'fjb/ rk fojk ;h. shj
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(6)
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fdB nkgD/ w[ykofpzd s'A gfjbk gktB puB T[ukoB ehsk ^ gKX/ , gq'fjs
, okJ/ p[bko , t?d iK dkJh , wksk fgsk iK G?D BkBeh ih .
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gqekP ;h. ;zgkdBk j'Jh ;h 1604 ftZu. s/ ;zg{oDsk gqtkB ehsh ikt/rh
nes{po 1708 ftZu. pkeh i' e[ZM j'fJnk ;[ j'fJnk go s[jkv/ T[gd/P
fes/ B/V/ Gh BjhA cNeD fdZsk frnk. jK fJZe tZvk ;kok w/bk fijk Io{o
;h fJj.
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fszB ;"thA :kd wBk oj/ jK. pj[s ;ko/ BroK, PfjoK, fgzvK ftZu'A bZrGZr
fJZe bZy PoXkb{ uwe"o fty/ g[Zi/. wjkB PjhdK :kd ehsk. Bro
ehsoB, ykb;k wkou, bzro, Bkjo/, i?eko/, d/rK, nodk;K eoe/ cfsjrVQ
uZb gJ/. fJj uwe"o dh eZuh jt/bh ;zB 1965 sZe, PjhdK dh ;{owrsh
, v[ZbQ/ y{B ;KG e/ T[;/ n;bh nt;Ek ftZu ;bkws ;h. p; fJ; s'A
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(9)
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;G fwZNh ftZu fwbk fdZshnK rJhnK jB. fgsk r[o{ ih s[;hA fJjBK
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ns/ ;c?d ;zrwowoh ;[zdo fJwkosK e/tb B'NK dhnK gzvK fJZeZso eoB
d/ ;kXB wkso ofj rJ/ jB. ;fsr[o{ ih pj[Vh eo'HHHH.
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j'o eo[DwJh rkEk ;[Dk e/ ysw eo fdnKrk. r[Dh fBXkB pkpk ih` fJ;/
;kb (2004) ftZu s[jkv/ fBZe/ fBZe/ wk;{w c[ZbK tor/, fgnko/ ;kfjpIkd/
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fejVk foPsk i'VK < feT[Afe ;oho eoe/ T[jBK B/ r'fpzd okJ/ ih iBw
fdZsk ;h. ;kY/ e[ B"A ;kb dh T[wo/ T[jBK s[jkvh frnkB i's gqkgs j'Jh.
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BjhA j[zdk. ;' wksk r[ioh ih dk e'Jh ;ohoh foPsk s[jkv/ Bkb i'VB s'A
(10)
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;wMh iKdh j?. gzE dh uVQdhebk tk;s/ fJ; uVQs dh tos'A BjhA j[d
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(13)
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i' e[M
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(15)
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(17)
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fJfsjk; ftZu BjhA fwbdk. fco nZi d/ f;Zy fJB/ Bk;wM fet/A pD rJ/,
fe wzso ikgK , u"AeV/ wko e/, d' uko xzN/ p?mD , f;woB wzBh p?m/ jB
< ;op o'r ek nT[y[d Bkw[ gqukoB tkb/, Iok e[ f;o ghV j'D s/, uzr/
vkeNoK s/ tZv/ j;gskbK tZb d"Vd/ gb Go d/o BjhA bkT[Ad/. tZv/ tZv/
Bkwh ;zs nkw wohiK tKr wjhfBnK pZXh, j;gskbK ftZu nZvhnK
orVd/ y[d t/y/ jB. fGzvoK Ne;kb tkfbnK dk fJZe w[yh (frL r[opuB
f;zx) s/oK ;kb sZe, ePN G'rdk fojk ;h (jtkbk^yzv/Xko, 8^03) ;[nkj
dh u[Neh (g[Vh) Bkb ;ko/ o'r Bftos eoB d/ dkjt/dko, ;[nkj ftZu
dtkJh gh; e/ fwbk oZyd/ jB. Bk;wM PoXkb{ ;wM b?Ad/ jB fe pkp/ dh
;[nkj jh eokwksh j?.
r[o{ noiB ;kfjp ih ;'ofm okr d/ fJZe Ppd ftZu, fJZe' EK ;ko/
gkyzv eow d/ pyhJ/ T[X/V e/ oZy fdzd/ jB. gkm ikg, i'r nk;D, w'B,
eZgVk GKvk fsnkr d/Dk, T[wo Go xz[wd/ ofjDk, nkfd nB/e e{V ekoi,
fe;/ b/y/ ftZu BjhA jB. ;fsr[o{ e/Adoh ftuko (ojkT[ tkbk pzd) fJj
pyf;a;a eod/ jBl j/ gqG{` w? T[Zuh wZs d/thA, w?A ;ko/ nk;o/ SZv e/ e/tb
s/oh PoB sZeh j?. tke jB ^
fgnko/ fJB fpfX fwbD[ B ikJh, w? ehJ/ eow nB/ek]
jkfo gfoU ;[nkwh e? d[nko?, dhi? p[fX fpp/ek] ojkT[] (641)
(19)
dk pzdk pDk e/, g?o g{itkT[D/ s/ i{m sZe ytkT[Dh. ew neb s/ p/r?os
pD uZ[e/ b'eK ;oeko Gh s/ v/o/dko Gh, obe/ b[ZNd/ jB. fJj fgSbZr
pD u[Ze/ b'e f;o ;[ZNe/ fiT[D d/ nkdh pD iKd/ jB. nkgD/ ;/teK d/ d[ZyK
dh Bftosh tk;s/ okXk ;[nkwh pkp/ wzso dh pyfPP eod/ jB. nZr'A Pos
fJj bkT[Ad/ jB gJh fJj wzso fe;/ dZ;Dk BjhA j?. ;t/o/ Pkw w{zj f;o
eZgV/ ftZu tb/N e/ fJ; Bkw dk ikg eoBk j?. ;ko/ ;z;koh ;[y fwbDr/
s/ okXk ;[nkwh Xkw ftZu fBtk; fwb/rk. fJjBK dk wzso fJj j? ^
i's fBoziB, T[Aeko, oozeko, ;'jz, ;fsBkw.
j[D brd/ jZE fJjBK d/ jh fJZe Bkoki XV/ tZb'A pyf;ank ik fojk
wzso Gh gVQ bU. fJj j? ;Zu/ ;"d/ tkb/ v/o/dkoK tZb'A fsnko, fdZsk ik fojk
Bkw ^
;fs g[oy, fBozeko, nekb w{os, npBk;h, Ppd ;o{gh okw.
fJjBK v/fonK B/ ;oekoh ;ogo;sh ftZu ofj e/, pVh skes pDk
bJh j?. e/tb t'N p?Ae okjhA fJj ;oeko s'A eJh fonkfJsK gqkgs eo b?Ad/
jB. T[j fonkfJsK nkw b'eK tk;s/ BjhA j[d
z hnK, e[M
Z yk; u'Dt/A wjKg[oyK
bJh j[zdhnK jB. ;oekoh i[bw d/ fybkc fJjBK B/ edh iapkB BjhA
y'jbh. d[Bhnk ftZu Gkt/A gob' nk ikt/ fJjBK nkgD/ ;/teK Bkw
f;woB eotkT[Dk j?. ipo d/ fto[ZX nktkI p[bzd BjhA eoBh. fJj
f;oc gob'e ;ztkoB dh wjkB ;/tk eod/ jB. fJ; b'e dh rZb G[Zb
ikT[. G[Zy woh nDgVQsk, nzXftPtk;h, fpwkohnK, foPtsy'oh nkfd
torhnK nDfrDs nbkwsK, fJjBK ed/ BIo BjhA nkT[DrhnK. t?;/
jiakoK ;kb s'A jh ozr pozr/ ;kX ;zs, Gkos dh izsk iBkoB , wzso
ikg dh n";aXh y[nkT[Ad/ nk oj/ jB. fJjBK dh ngko feogk ;dek jIkoK
;kb sZe, oki;h r[bkwh b'eK B/ G'rh s/ wkBf;e r[bkwh sK nZi Gh G[rs
oj/ jB. f;Zy ;kXK s'A b? e/ fjzd{ ;kXK sZe, fJjBK dh fcsos brGr fJZe'
fijh j?^ nkgD/ jh b'eK u{zv u{zv ykDk.
Xow gouko tZb'A f;yK dhnK e/Adoh iE/pzdhnK (Pq'wDh ew/Nh s/
fdZbh ew/Nh) f;Zy gzE Bkb Xo'j ewk ojhnK jB. Xow gouko dh
(21)
fizw/tkoh s'A g{oh soQK w{zj w'V e/,okiBhsh dh rzdh ykJh ftZu roe u[ZehnK
jB. uVQs dk g?;k wBwkB/ Yzr Bkb o'jV ojhnK jB. pkeh r[odtkok
ew/NhnK B/ Gh nkgD/ coI dh gSkD Bk ehsh. fJ;/ pZio bkgqtkjh ekoB,
EK EK gkyzvh ;kX y[{zpK tKr T[Zr gJ/ jB. bzw/ ;w/A s'A f;ZyK ftZu nkgDk
n;o o;{y pDk uZ[fenk fJZe v/ok (wfjs/ u"e tkb/^Ne;kbhJ/) ns/ T[jBK
dk j' u[Zfenk fJZe w[yh frL r[opuB f;zx, nkgDh fbyh feskp r[opkDh
gkm doPB ftZu wzso pko/ gzBk 230 s/ fbydk j? ^ ;zs o/D Bkwh ;kX B/
r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih s'A g[ZfSnk fe s[jkvk w{b wzso fejVk j? < r[o wzso
eh j? < s/ wkbk wzso fejVk j? < T[jBK B/ fco ;zs o/D dZf;nk ^ ;kvk
r[o wzso tkfjr[o{ j?, w{b wzso >HHHHH j? s/ wkbk wzso ig[ih ;kfjp j?.
eosk g[oy ih B/ t, j, r, o dk B"A B"A i[Zr ikg ehsk. fco fJj tkfjr[o{
wzso pfDnkHHHH. :kd oj/ uko/ i[ZrK dh T[wo 43 bZy ;kb s'A tZX pDdh
j?. fco B"A B"A i[r
Z K dh j'o iop eo t/y.
' fJj jB f;o/ dhnK rZgK i' ny"sh
;zs, b'eK nzdo XZe oj/ jB. r[opkDh i[ZrK ftP nkfd s/ d/thnK
wkBsk BjhA fdzdh Bk jh fJjBK d/thnK d/tfsnK B/ wB[Zysk dk e'Jh gk;k
EzfwQnk j?. ;r'A fJj ;ko/ sK jB jh ebfgs.
nkT[ j[D r[opkDh d/ gowkD gVQhJ/, ftukohJ/ fe w{b wzso, r[o
wzso, wkbk wzso f;ZyK tk;s/ e'Jh j? Gh fe n?t/A wBxVQs ;a';a/ jh SZv/ ik
oj/ jB. i/ GkJh r[odk; ih g[S
Z hJ/ fe dZ;' ih w{b wzso fejVk j? < sK
T[j g{ok BjhA fbyd/ nX nX{ok fbyd/ jB. gV'^
;fsBkw eosk g[oy w{b wzso f;woD gotkD'] (tko^6)
tkfjr[o{ r[o wzsq j? ikfg jT[w? y'Jh Gh efjzd/ jB. Bkb jh
;fsBkw[ gfV wzsq ;[DkfJnk Gh fby rJ/ jB. nr'A j'o t/y'^ fXqr ihjtk
r[o ;apd ftD[ j'o wzso[ f;woDh (27^10) j'o fby oj/ jB^
e[opkDh fsBk r[of;yk j'fJ fJZe wB r[o ikg igzd/]
e[opkDh fsBk r[o f;yk r[opkDh fBs rkfJ ;[Dzd/] (2^32)
;w[Zuh r[opkDh dh T[usk pko/ jh GkJh r[odk; ih B/ fbfynk j?,
Bk fe;/ fJZe ;apd s/ wzso pko/. j'o t/y'^
(22)
(19^20)
j'o
wzsq w{b[ r[o[ tke j? ;u[ ;pd[ ;fsr[o{ ;[DkJ/] 22$40 Gkr[L
nkT[ j[D r[opkDh ftZuA' wzso ikg iK f;woD pko/ gZS
[ hJ/. ;fsr[o{
ih iku dZ; oj/ jB ^
1H
;qtDh ;[Dhn?, o;Bk rkJhn?, fjod? fXnkJhn? ;'Jh]
eoD ekoD ;woE ;[nkwh iks/ fpqEk Bk e'Jh] (611)
ezBK Bkb T[gd/P ;[D', I[pkB d[nkok T[gd/P fdqV eo', fjod/
ftZu'A ;Zu d/ T[gd/P edh G[bkU Bk. f;oc T[; eoD ekoD ;woE gqG{
fjod/ ftZu t;kT[.
2H r[o e/ uoD wB wkfj t;kfJ] d[y[ nB/ok nzdoj[ ikfJ] (1334)
fJ; gzesh ftZu r[o{ d/ uoD wB ftZu p;kT[D dk j[ew j?. go d;K
gkfs;akjhnK d/ ;oho eoe/ sK nZi e'Jh uoD BjhA jB. fBozeko gqwkswk
Gh ;oho ofjs j? T[;d/ uoD j'D dk ;tkb jh BjhA j?. fco uoD eh jB
< ji{o fJj uoD r[o T[gd/; jB.
3H iB e/ uoB p;fj w/o? jhno? ;zfr g[Bhsk d/jh] ( )
fJ; gqwkD ftZu Gh oZp ih d/ uoB fjod/ ftZu tZ;D dh rZb nkyh
rJh j?, wsbp T[gd/P.
4H
d[y GziB[ s/ok Bkw[ ih d[y GziB[ s/ok Bkw[]
nkm gjo nkokXhn? g{oB ;fsr[o{ frnkB[] (218)
j/ oZp ih` ;ko/ wkBf;e o'rK ysw eoB tkbk s/ok frnkB j?.
nZm/ gjo s/ok ft;akb fBnw (frnkB) ;wMe/, ;[yh ihtB pshs ehsk ik
;edk j?.
5H
wjK wzs[q r[o fjod? pf;U nuoi Bkw ;[fBT[oh](384)
fJZE/ ;fsr[o{ ih B/ r[o{ d/ T[gd/P jh wjK wzso eoe/ fpnkB
ehsk j?.
6H
phi wzs[q jfo ehosB rkT[] nkr? fwbh fBEkt? EkT[] (391)
(23)
(24)
eodk j?. eo'VK soK d/ j'o eowK s'A T[FZsw j? gqG{ ih dh :kd s/ ;fsr[o{
ih dk T[gd/P.
14H
r[o efjnk ;k eko ewktj[]
;pd[ uhfB ;ji xfo nktj[] ;ku? BkfJ tvkJh gktj[] (832)
j/ r[of;Zy'` i' ;fsr[o{ c[owkB eodk j? T[;/ soQK ezw eo'. r[o{ d/
v{zx/ G/d tkb/ puB ;wM e/ fNekT[ ftZu nk ;e'r/. fJ; ;ZukJh tkb/
wkor s/ ubfdnK tfvnkJh gkT[r/.
15H
g[B
z dkB ig sg i/s/ ;G T{gfo Bkw]
jfo jfo o;Bk i' ig? fs;[ g{oB ekw]
(401)
e'Jh dkB g[zB eodk j?, e'Jh ftP/P wzso ikgdk j?, fJjBK ;ko/
ezwK s'A T[go, oZph :kd ftZu pshs ehsk, B/e ihtB j?. fJ; soQK d/
ftnesh B/ ihtB dh g{oBsk gqkgs eo bJh ;wM'.
16H
r[o T[gd/f; ighn? wfB ;kuk]
r[o T[gd/f; okw ozfr okuk]
r[o T[gd/f; s[Nfj ;fG pzXB, fJj[ Gow[ w'j[ go ikbDk]
(1077)
j/ r[of;Zy'` ;fsr[o{ dh f;Zfynk w[skpe ;Zu/ oZp ih fjod/ ftZu
t;kT[. r[o{ dh f;Zfynk okjhA oZph ozr ftZu ozr/ oj'. r[o{ d/ T[gd/P Bkb
Gowk tkb/ ;ko/ pzXB N[ZN ikDr/.
17H
p'fb jfo Bkw ;cb ;k xoh]
r[oT[gd/f; ;fG d[y gojoh]
(1134)
nekbh fBnw ftZu i' ;wK pshs j'tr
/ k,T[jh ;cb wzfBnk ikt/rk.
fJj ;'Mh r[o{ s'A gqkgs j[zdh j?, r[o{ ftekoK s'A w[es eoB dk sohek dZ;dk
j?.
18H
wB eh wfs fsnkrj[ jfo iB J/jk pks em?Bh]
nBfdB[ jfo jfo Bkw[ fXnktj[ r[o ;fsr[o eh wfs b?Bh]
(800)
j/ GkJh, nkgD/ wB dh S'Nh ws fsnkr fdU, fJj rZb pVh
(25)
n"yh bZr/rh. fBskgqsh gow/;ao :kd oZy', ;fsr[o{ dh py;ah wZs p[ZX
XkoB eo', fJjh n;b ihtB iku j?.
19H
nT[yX wzsq szsq ;G Sko[] eoD?jko fod? wfj Xko[] (196)
efj epho ikek Bjh nzs] fs;e/ nkr/ szs[ B wzs]
[ (971)
tkfjr[o{ ih ;dk fjod/ ftZu :kd oZy', j'o ;ko/ wzso szso T[jV
y'jV wkw{bh jB, e/tb ;[nkj dh fBnkJh` gow/;ao i' p/nzs r[DK poesK
dk wkbe j? T[; dh :kd jh n;bh wzso j?. j'o e'Jh wzso nkfd T[; s'A
T[FZsw BjhA j' ;ed/.
20H
e[pf[ X fwN/ r[o ;pd[ phukfo] ;fsr[o G/N? w'y d[nko]
ss[ B uhb? wBw[y[ ifb ikfJ]
d[owfs ftS[fV u'Nk ykfJ]
(944)
j/ fgnkfoU` r[o{ d/ Ppd (r[opkDh) ftuko^;wMe/ gVQ'. fJ;
soQK ;fsr[o{ ih dh nkyh rZb ;wM nk ikt/rh. wBwZ[y fJB;kB gs/ dh
rZb BjhA ;wMdk. fJ; soQK nzdo'A ;fVnk G[Zfink ofjzdk j?. G?Vh wZs
ekoB ;fsr[o{ s'A (ftukoK eoe/) d{oh pDh ofjzdh j?. fJ;/ ekoB ftS'V/ dk
d[Zy Gh ;fjzdk j?, ns/ ;z;ko ftZu Gh brksko m'eoK yKdk d[yh j[zdk j?.
nkyoh fBu'V^gkme iB'` s[;hA r[opkDh gowkDK ;fjs gVQ fbnk, r[opkDh
ftZu, wzso, phi wzso, wjKwzso, w{b wzso ;fsr[o{ d/ T[gd/P tk;s/
nkfJnk j?. r[ows ftZu fe;/ wzso ikg bJh e'Jh EK BjhA, Gkt/A T[j
r[opkDh ftZu'A jh fbnk j'fJnk j't/. fJZE/ sK ;fsr[o{ ih d/ j[ew ;wM
ftuko e/ T[; nB[;ko ihtB ubD pDkT[Dk j?.r[o{ ;kfjpkB B/ I[bw dk
ykswk wzsoK Bkb BjhA, f;nkDg ns/ fjzws Bkb ehsk ;h. f;ZyK B/
nDfrDs w[;hpsK fgzv/ s/ MZbhnK ;B. wzso ikgK Bkb, pkpo, ijKrho,
n"ozrI/p, Bkdo, nfjwd;akj, Ieohnk ykB nkfd BjhA wo/. wzso ikgK
ftZu gk e/ f;ZyK w{oy s/ p[Ifdb pDkfJnk ik fojk j?. v/fonK tkb/, f;Zy
gzE fJ; jB/oh yZv tZb Xed/ ub/ ik oj/ jB. fJ; d{b/ gzE fJZe
fBozeko d/ bV bkfJnk ;h ;fsr[o{ ih B/. nZi jo wZmkXkoh, v/o/dko s/
iE/dko y[d jh y[dk pD p?mk j?. gkmK ikgK dhnK nB/e ftXhnK gquZbs
(26)
eo fdZshnK jB. fJjBK wzsoK gkmK Bkb, ;ko/ ftrV/ ekoiK dh ;cbsk
dh rozNh t/uh ik ojh j?. ;zsK jZE ;fsr[o{ ukph ;"Ag rJ/ jB goukfonk
ik fojk j? ^ nBjd pkDh g{zih] ;zsB jfE okyh e{zih (893) gzesh ;[Dk
e/ f;ZyK r[o{ Bkb'A ftS'V e/ eZu/ fgZb/ ftneshnK d/ ;/te pDkfJnk ik
fojk j?. id'A fe fJ; gzesh d/ noE fJT[A jB ^ e[dos dk nBjs (S'j
s'A fpBk ^oZph rhs) Bkd r[o{ dh gktB pkDh ftZu'A gqrN j' fojk j?. r[o{ d/
okjhA fJ;dh ;wM g?Adh j?.
fJZe j'o Ppd ftZu ;fsr[o{ fJ; r[zMb ;kc eod/ j'J/ fJ; soQK
;/X pyP oj/ jB F
r[o[ e[zih, gkj{ fBtb[, wB[ e'mk, sB Sfs]
BkBe r[o fpB[ wB ek ske[ B T[xV? nto B e[i
z h jfE] (1237)
r[o{ dk frnkB ukph j?, g?oK ftZu ftekoK dhnK p/VhnK jB wB sB
ftekoK ftZu rq;/ j'J/ jB. j/ BkBe wB sB d/ pzd skb/ (fteko) e/tb r[o{
d/ frnkB okjhA yZ[bd/ jB. j'o e'Jh fJzBk ;woZE BjhA fe wB[Zysk ;jh
frnkB d/ ;e/.j'o t/y' ^
;fsr[o dksk Bkw ek j'o[ dksk e'Jh Bkjh] (1258)
nyho ftZu fJZe gqG{ Bkb B/Vsk pko/ fJZe r[opkDh T[gd/P fbye/
;wkgs eod/ jK ^
^ J/e' J/e ;G[ nkfy tykD?] j[ew[ ;{M? sK J/e' ikD?]
(1176)
jfo fJZe', eosk fJZe[, fJZe' dhpkD[ jfo]
jfo fJZe;? dk j? nwo[, fJZe' jfo fufs Xfo]
fjo fs;[ fpB e'Jh BkfJ, vo[ Gqw[ GT[ d{fo efo]
jfo fs;? B' ;kbkfj, fi s[X[ oy/ pkjfo xfo]
jfo fi;B' j'fJ dfJnkb[ ;' jfo ikfg GT[ fpyw[ sfo (83)
gkmK wzsoK ikgK d/ r'oy Xzd/ ftZu p/nzs ;wK s/ nEkj XB popkd
j' uZf[ enk j?. v/od
/ koK dhnK e'mhnK T[;o ojhnK B/, si'ohnK Bek Be Go
rJhnK jB. f;Zy j'o eoweKvh, tfjw rq;s s/ ezrkb j[zdk ik fojk j?.
(27)
fJj jB e[ZM ekoD ;kvk p/Vk roe j'D d/. fJ; p/V/ v[ZpD' pukT[D bJh
r[opkDh dk frnkB, fJfsjk; dh ;wM, r[ows fcbk;ch, ofjs wfonkdk
pko/, jo f;Zy wkJh GkJh fisBh d/o u/szB BjhA j[zdk, T[Bh d/o gkyzvhnK
d/ ieVpzd *u'A fBeb BjhA ;eKr/.
yk; B'N L^ e?B/vk c/oh ;w/A (;szpo nes{po 06) Bkw f;woD d/
jwkfJsh e[M ftneshnK B/ nZyK whNe/ u"AeVk wkoe/ ;t/o/ ;kio/ Bkw
f;woD s/ pj[spb fdsk ;h. fJj Bkw f;woD fe;/ ftnesh dk fBih
w;bk j' ;edk j?. id'A nDgVsk pj[sh ;h T[; tes f;Zy tkfjr[o{ iK
wzrbk uoB ig b?Ad/ ;B. nZi ftfdnk dk i[r j? tX s'A tX r[opkDh noEK
;w/s gVe/ frnkB ftu tkXk eoBk ukjhdk j?, Bk fe fJe' gzesh iK Ppd
B[z pko pko oNh ikDk j?. i/ tkfjr[o{ wzso Bkb ezw ;o ;edk sK 1430
gzB/ r[opkDh fbyD dh eh b'V ;h < i/ f;woB fe;/ wzso B{z wzB fbnk ikt/
sK fJjBK PpdK d/ eh noE eo'r/ <
e'fN d/th ik eT[ ;/tfj, bfywh nfBe Gkfs]
r[gs gqrN ikeT[ nokXfj, gT[D gkDh fdB;[ okfs]
Bfynsq ;;hno ;{ofXnktfj, p;[Xk rrBk rktJ/]
;rb ykDh ;rb pkDh ;dk ;dk fXnktJ/] (456)
j/ GkJh` eo'VK d/thnK d/ts/ nB/e sohe/ oZp B{z fXnkT[Ad/ jB.
eJh r[gs YzrK Bkb eJh T[uh p'be/, nokXd/ jB. gT[D s/ gkDh ns/ oks
T[;/ B[z :kd eod/ jB. ;ko/ BSZso uzd ;{oi, Xosh s/ nkekP T[;/ B{z rkT[Ad/
jB. ;kohnK ykDhnK tkb/ iht ;kohnK p'bhnK okjhA, ;dk jh oZp B{z
fXnkT[Ad/ jB.
j[D ;tkb g?dk j[zdk j? fe Xosh uzd ;{oi jtk s/ gkDh oZp B{z fet/A
f;wod/ jB < fJj e'Jh wB[y sKr ;oho Xkoh sK jB BjhA. fJ;dk ;gPN
wsbp j? fe nekb g[oy d/ pDkJ/ nNZb fBnw nB[;ko nkgD/ fizw/ brh
;/tk fBoftxB fBGk oj/ jB. wB[y B/ Gh ekdo dh e[dos B{z ;wMe/ ;[ui
Z k
ihtB pshs eoBk j? BK fe nZyK pzd eoe/ fe;/ Ppd dk pko pko oND
eoh ikDk. fJ; soQK eofdnK frnkB s'A ;yD/ ofj ikJhdk j?. r[opkDh
(28)
[[[[
(29)
s/ nBzd b?D bJh j?. eh w?A g[ZSD dh r[;skyh eo ;edk jK fe fJj pkDh
pkpk BkBe ih B/ Xosh s/ nke/ jh feT[A fbyh < i/ ;Zuyzv dh t;s{ j? sK T[go
fes/ ;zGkb oZyd/, Xosh T[go nkT[D dh eh b'V ;h < fJj pkDh T[jBK
p'bhnK ftZu fbyh rJh j?, i' fJ; G{yzv s/ gquZbs ;B. fJ; pkDh ftZu
Xosh s/ pD/ wzdoK dk fIeo j?, w;fidK dk fiaeo j?. BdhnK dfonktK
(rzrk iT[ r'dktfo ikJhn?, e[zfG iT[ e/dko BQkJhn?. r'wsh ;j; rT[ dkB[
ehi? 973) gP{nK, gzShnK, oZ[yK, fpoyK, nzB dkD/ sZe d/ Bkw w"i{d jB.
i'rh, i?Bh, p'Xh, fjzd{, w[;bwkB, T[jBK d/ g{iBhe d/ts/, nkfde dk r[o{
rqzE ;kfjp ih ftZu Gog{o fiaeo fwbdk j?. jtk, gkDh, fwZNh, ;wz[do,
uzd ;{oi (i' Xosh s'A BIo nkT[Ad/ jB) skfonK dk Bkw pko pko nkT[Adk
j?. i/ fJj pkDh wBZ[y wkso (yk; eo f;Zy gzE) bJh BjhA j?, fco fJ;dh
ouBk eoB dh Io{os jh e'Jh BjhA ;h. i/ pkDh e'Jh ;wM BjhA ;edk
sK fJ; n;{b dk fBoDk fet/A j't/rk fe r[owZs eh j? s/ wBws eh j? <
fijV/ b'e fJ; soQK w{oysk tkbk gquko eo oj/ jB T[j fBowb fBnko/
ykb;k gzE pqkjwDh yko/ ;kro ftZu v'p oj/ jB. e[ZM ;kX bkDk i'
nBgV j'D eoe/ r[opkDh ftub/ ;Zu ;wMD s'A n;woE j'D eoe/,
nkgDh ew nebh S[gkT[Adk j'fJnk fJj nkye/ gZbk S[vk b?Adk j?F ih
pkDh e"D ;wM ;edk j? < r[o{ eh rs r[o{ ikD/, n;hA r[o{ dh pqkpoh fet/A
eo ;ed/ jK <
fJj T[go tofDs ftuko dk fJZe gZy j?. d{ik gZy fJj Gh j? fe
;kv/ ;ko/ gqukoe, Xkowe ;N/i s/ jkiaoh b[nkD tkb/, f;Zy oki;h nkr{,
eth, okrh, Ykvh nkfde, ;ko/ jh fJjBK e[ZM e[ puBK pko pko
d[jokT[Ad/ ;[D/ ik ;ed/ jBF fJj fJbkjh pkDh j?, X[o eh pkDh j?, ;fsr[o
;fjpkB d/ fjod/ ftZu'A gqrN j'J/ noPh puB jB. i[r' i[r nNZb r[o{ rqzE
;kfjp ih, d;K gkfs;akjhnK dh nkswe i's j?. Ppd r[o{ j?, u"o sys
d/ wkbe, PfjBPkjK d/ PfjBPkjHHHH. fJ; s'A gqrN j'fJnk nZi dk
fJbkjh fJoPkd, oZph c[owkB, nZi dk wjKtke dopko ;kfjp s'A pyfPP
j'fJnk nzfwqs t/b/ dk j[ewBkwkHHHH. gkme iB'` s[;hA fJ; soQK dk
(31)
gquko f;ZyK dhnK Xkowe ;N/iK s'A j[zdk nB/e tkoh ;[fDnk j't/rk. fizB/
ftP/PD r[o{ rqzE tk;s/ tZX s'A tZX tos/ ik ;ed/ ;B ;ko/ tos/ ik oj/ jB.
j[D iaok r"o Bkb d[pkok fXnkB e/Ados eoe/ ;'u.
' fizBh tfvnkJh r[o{ rqE
z
;kfjp ih dh ipkBh ebkwh ehsh ik ojh j?, eh ;Zu w[Zu fJ; soQK
;thekfonk Gh ik fojk j? < f;ZyK dh PoXk w[skpe sK ;koh r[opkDh jh
;fsr[o{ ih dk j[ewBkwk j?. fco fJZe Ppd dk j[ewBkwk feT[A < y?o fJZe
Ppd nro j[ewBkwk j?, sK eh j[ew dh T[bzxDk Gh ehsh ik ;edh j?
< xo ftZu pZu/ wksk fgsk dk j[ew BK wzBD sK eh T[j fgnko gqkgs eo
;eDr/ < ndkbsK tZb'A fdZsk frnk j[ew e'Jh gbN e/ t/y/` s[ozs ;hyK
fgZS/ pzd j't/rk. j[ew tZfvnK tZb'A fdZsk iKdk j?, s/ T[; ftZu S'fNnK dh
GbkJh S[gh j'fJnk eodh j?. fijV/ w?Apo xo d/ tZv/ dk j[ew BK wzBD,
nkg j[dohnK eoB fco T[jBK y[nkoh, popkdh s'A e'Jh BjhA puk
;edk.
f;Zy p[bko/ s/ f;ZyK d/ u"Xoh ;N/i s/ BkNe pVk tXhnk eod/ nk
oj/ jB. go BkNe sK e/tb pDktNh rZb jh j'fJnk eodh j?, T[; ftZu
jehes sK e'Jh j[zdh jh BjhA. d[Bhnkdkoh d/ ftjko ftZu, ;akfJd BkNe
ehsk uZb ikt/, go ;Zu/ ;fsr[o{ Bkb Gh Sb BkNe < eh fJj r[ow[yskJh
nkyh ik ;edh j? < fBozeko dk fJbkjh j[ew id'A ikoh j[zdk j? T[;
d[BhnK dh e'Jh skes BjhA o'e ;edh. ;w[zdo TF[ZSb e/ Xosh tZb uVQ gJ/
sK spkjh eo fdzdk j?. G[ukb, pko;aK, s{ckB nkfde id'A efjo toskT[Ad/
jB, e'Jh BjhA o'e ;edk. id'A y[PhnK y/fVnK tkb/ ;kirko w";w ubd/
jB, sK bfjoK pfjoK j' iKdhnK jB. ftP/PD sK r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp d/ fdZs/
;ko/, pj[s tZv/, go j[ew T[;dk n;b ftZu fes/ Gh BjhA ubdk. ;N/ih
Sb, BkNe SZv e/ iaok n;bhns ftZu T[so e/ t/y'. f;Zy gzE dh soi/a
fIzdrh eh r[o{ rqE
z ;kfjp ih d/ j[ew w[skpe j? < id'A f;Zy nytkD tkb/
jh ;fsr[o{ ih dk j[ewBkwk wzBD bJh fsnko BjhA fco y[nkoh s/
popkdh jh gZb/ g?Dh j'Jh. ;z;ko Go ftZu nzdkiaB d' bZy r[odtko/ jB.
T[jBK ;kfonK EkJhA ;Zuh pkDh dk jo o'ia eJh eJh tko j[ewBkwk gVQ
(32)
e/ ;[DkfJnk iKdk j?. p'ov s/ fby fdZsk iKdk j? sK fe jo e'Jh gVQ ;e/.
d[yh wB Bkb fby fojk jK fe T[; j[ewBkw/ o;w g{osh tKr gfVQnk
;[fDnk ik fojk j?. T[; ;wMD tk;s/ e'Jh isB BjhA ehsk iKdk. ;zrsK
;wMkT[D dk e'Jh gqpzX BjhA ehsk frnk. i' ehosBhJ/ ehosB eod/
T[wo fpsk fdzd/ jB, pkDh pj[s ;koh :kd Gh eo b?Ad/ jB. T[jBK y[d
gsk BjhA j[zdk fe n;hA i' rk oj/ jK, fJ; dk noE eh j?. ;fsr[o{ eh
j[ew d/ oj/ jB. gkmh gkm eofdnK p[ZY/ j' iKd/ jB, fJZe wPhB dh
fBnkJh. eh gVQ oj/ jB, eh T[gd/P j? gktB pkDh dk e[S gsk Bjh.
;fsr[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh r'd ftZu p?m e/, tkfinK fuwfNnK tkb/, bzw/
M[ZfrnK tkb/, ;qh wkB 1008, ;zs, pqjw frnkBh j'D dk Y'b fgZND tkb/
;Zuk j[ew Bkwk (r[opkDh) fsnkr e/, nkgD/ i'V/ j'J/ fx;/ fgN/ N'Ne/,
(eftsktK) G'bhnK ;zrsK j/eK bk bk e/, ;zx gkV gkV e/ ;[DkJ/ ik oj/
jB. G'b/ PoXkb{ wBwsh e{Vk eoeN wB d/ GKv/ ftZu PoXk ;fjs g[nk
oj/ jB. pdb/ ftZu fJjBK gkyzvh ;kXK b'eH wkfJnk d/ tZv/ rZc/ G/N
eod/ jB. fJjBK r[opkDh Bkb'A s'Ve/ v/fonK Bkb i'VB tkfbnK dh uoBK
s/ f;o oZye/ g{ik Gh eod/ jB.
nekb sys d/ w[y
Z ;/tkdko (iE/dko) dh jkioh ftZu fJZe xkr v/o/
dko pko pko ;zrsK dk w{zj fuVKdk fojk, r[owfonkdk dhnK XZihnK
T[vkT[Adk fojk, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh s"jhB eodk fojk. iE/dko *s/ ;zrsK
p/p; j'J/ BhthnK gkJh fJ; ;kX dhnK pVQeK oZph j[ew wzB e/ ;[Dd/ oj/. ;N/
i s/ nkT[D s'A gfjbK fJ; ;kX r[of;ZyK tZb'A fejk frnk, ;zs ih
feogk eoe/ ;N/i s/ e/tb r[opkDh rkJh, ;[DkJh ikt/, eZuh pkDh BjhA.
;zs B/ c[zekok wkfonk, s/to fsZy/ j'J/ nZyK d/ v'o/ bkb j' rJ/. nzdo/
nzdo iafjoh Bkr tKr Ifjo x'bfdnK, ;zs ih B/ ;ZspuB nky e/ f;o
fjbkfJnk. nrb/ jh gb fJ; ;zs Bz{ ;N/i s'A fJT[A pVQefdnK ;ko/ ;[D
oj/ ;B ;w/s iE/dko nekb sys. ;zs ih ;Zu' ;Zu pykB oj/ ;B^
w? fejk frnk j? fe ;N/i s'A f;oc gZeh pkDh (r[opkDh) gVQh
ikt/. eZuh pkDh BK gVQh ikt/. fJ;dk wsbp fe i' e[ZM r[o{ rqzE
(33)
;kfjp ftZu doi j? T[jh gZek (mhe) j? pkeh ;G eZu fgb j?, s[jk
r;hnK g?DrhnK w/ohnK ;ZuhnK rZbK ;[De/, bU ;[D' ^ uko/
;kfjpIkfdnK dk r[o{ rqzE ftZu e'Jh fIeo BjhA j?, s[jkv/ uko/
;kfjpIkd/ eZu/` p'b' tkfjr[o{. s[jkv/ gziK fgnkfonK dk r[o{ rqzE
ftZu e'Jh jtkbk BjhA fJ;dk wsbp gzi fgnko/ eZu/` p'b' tkfjr[o{.
uko r[o{nK dk Bkw s/ pkDh r[o{ rqzE ftZu BjhA j?. ;wM' s[jkv/ uko/
r[o{ eZu/` p'b' tkfjr[o{. ;ajhdK w[ohdK dk, yzv/ dh gkj[b dk e'Jh
fIeo BjhA, fJj Gh ;ko/ eZu/ fgZb/. p'b' tkfjr[o{HHHH. s[jkv/ GkJh
r[odk; s/ GkJh Bzd bkb Gh eZu/, p'b' tkfjr[o{HHH. xzNk Go fJj
p{pBk ;kX (wkB f;zx g/jt/ tkbk) ;kfonK d/ f;o ;[nkj gkT[Adk fojk fe;/
dh fjzws Bk gJh fe fJ; dh IpkB pzd eotk ;e/. S/t/A gkfsPkj d/ ;ki/
s\s dk iE/dko ;zs ih d/ fJj gqtuB nzfwqs ikD e/ ;[Ddk fojk.
;zrsK tkfjr[o{ tkfjr[o{ igdhnK ojhnK. gqpzXe BhthnK gkJh fNefNeh
bke/ r'be ftZu vkbo g?Ad/ t/yd/ oj/. frDsh d/ ;/te euhuhnK tZNd/ oj/.
;zs ih nkgD/ T[gd/P ;qtD eotk e/ vkboK d/ E?b/ Goe/ mkm Bkb fe;/
;aoXkb{ d/ xo g[Zi rJ/.
fJZe iawkBk ;h r[opkDh d/ ;Zu s/ gfjok fdzfdnK, ;fsr[o{ ih d/
T[gd/P w[skpe ihtB fiT[AfdnK, r[of;Zy f;o dh pkih bk fdnK eod/
;B. fJZe iawkBk ;h id'A f;ZyK d/ d[PwD Gh f;Zy feodko d/ r[D |yo Bkb
fpnkB efonk eod/ ;B. fJZe ;wK ;h goT[geko fjZs f;Zy pjkdo
nkgD/ ;ko/ ;[Zy fsnkr fdnk eod/ ;B. T[j Gh tes ;h g{ik d/ XkB (r[o{
Bfws wkfJnk s/ gdkoE) Ifjo ts ikfDnk eod/ ;B. nZi f;Zy
feodko fezBk o;ksb ftZu fvZr fgnk j?, (ftofbnK SZve/) fpnkB
eofdnK jh Pow Bkb gkDh j' ikJhdk j?. ;fsr[o{ ih dk c[owkB j? F
fXqr[ fsBk ek ihftnk fi fbfy fbfy t/ufj BkT[]
y/sh fiB eh T[iV? ybtkV/ fenk EkT[..
(1245)
fJZE/ fJj Bk ;wM b?Dk fe Xkr/ sths wzso s/ w[Zb d/ gkmK sZe jh
rZb ;hws j?. BjhA, ;r'A bkbu t;, y[droihnK ftZu o[VQe/ Xow d/ n;{b
(34)
t/u d/D/, Xow fJwkB s/ Iwho t/u d/Dh. Xkowe ;wkie s/ oki;h
;"d/pkih ftZu fBZi dk ckfJdk jh gqwZ[y oZyDk. r[o{ xoK u"XoK uwekT[D
d/ nZv/ pDk b?Dk. r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih dh T[Zsw f;Zfynk s/ Bk uZbe/ e/tb
pkDh dh nkV ftZu wkfJnk d/ nzpko fJeZm/ eoB/. nfij/ ;ko/ b'eK tk;s/
jh T[gq'es gzeshnK jB. fJZe T[od{ d/ PkfJo B/ pVk ewkb dk f;ano fJ;
goEkJ/ fbfynk j? LF
y[dkfJnk jt; e/ pzd/ tck e' p/u d/s/ j?.
y[dk e/ xo eh fenk ejhJ/ f:j y[dk e' p/u d/s/ j?.
nZi nkw f;ZyK dh rZb sK pj[s fgSKj ofj rJh j?, gzE d/ tkfjd
bhvo e"vhnK d/ Gkn fted/ BIo nk oj/ jB. iE/dkoK d/ xo'A (s/ fdb'A)
f;Zyh T[FZv uZ[eh j?. ;kX ;zs ;zrsK GowK ftZu gke/ d'B/ jZEhA b[ZN oj/
jB. fsnkrh pqjwukoh nytkT[D tkb/ wjKg[oy nkbhPkb wfjb T[;ko
uZ[e/ jB. eo'VK nopK dhnK iawhBk ikfJdksK pDk uZ[e/ jB. nkw f;Zy
r[opkDh frnkB s'A e'ok BIo nkT[Adk j?. nkgDh fwjBs dh ewkJh b[N/o/
bhvoK s/ oki;h nkr{nK nZr/ Y/oh eo oj/ jB. Xowh u'fbnK ftZu fbgN/
b[N/o/ ;kXK ;zsk d/ uoBK ftZu nogD eo oj/ jB. fJ; nk; Bkb fe
wkfJnk fdZfsnK ;ko/ dZ[y eb/P ysw j' ikDr/. ihtB ;cb j' ikt/rk.
;kvk p/Vk roe eoB bJh fJsB/ ekoD eh ekch BjhA jB< fJ;
bJh jh ;kvk p/Vk v[Zpdk ik fojk j?. ekP e'Jh wbkj pD e/ uZg{ bk d/t/.
[[[[
(35)
(37)
fJB;kBhns dk xkD j[zdk oj/, go pqkjwD ns/ yZsoh dhnK ;Zs/ y?oK
j'DrhnK.
nkT[ j[D Iok fjzdh d/ fgS'eV ns/ g[oksBsk pko/ ftZuko eohJ/.
;kv/ e'b oftdk; ih, epho ih ns/ Bkwd/t ih tor/ gow g[oyK dh pkDh
w"i{d j?. fJ; pkDh fjzdh d/ B/V/ s/V/ nkfynk ik fojk j?. r[o{ s/r
pjkdo ih dh ouBk Gh fjzdh obh p'bh nkfynk ik fojk j?. id'A fe
fJj ;" gqshPs M{m j?. n;b ftZu fJj p'bh i' ;ko/ GrsK ns/ r[o{ s/r
pjkdo ih B/ tosh j?, fJj ;X{eVh p'bh j?. Gkt fe jo fJZe ;kX{
nkgD/ fJbke/ d/ PpdK dh pj[sks ns/ pkeh ;kX{nK tZb'A tos/ iKd/ ;KM/
PpdK dh tos'A eoe/, nkgD/ ftuko gqrN efonk eodk ;h. T[jBK
;fwnK ftZu, fjzdh dk feXo/ Bkw' fBPkB Gh BjhA ;h. n;b ftZu j'fJnk
fJ; soQK fe e[ZM EktK s/ fjzd{ w[yhnK tZb'A 1835 ftZu, nkgD/ Xow ns/
;fGnkuko ;zGkbD bJh nzrq/i ;oeko nZr/ p/Bsh ehsh. r'oh ;oeko
B/ wzr gZso T[fus Yzr Bkb, ft;Eko ;fjs fsnko eoe/ d/D bJh fejk.
fjzd{ w[yhnK B/ i' wzrK oZyhnK, T[; ftZu d/P dh ;KMh ;zgoe p'bh dh wzr
Gh ehsh rJh. feT[Afe nfijh e'Jh p'bh Gkos ftZu BjhA ;h i' ;GBk
gotkB j[zdh. p; T[;/ ;kX GkPk (;X{eVh) gotkBrh d/D dh rb
ehsh. T[;/ dk Bkw wro'A nk e/ fjzdh oZy fbnk frnk. fjzdh fe;/ ;{p/ dh
p'bh BjhA ;h, Bk j?.
nrbh fJZe Gkosh p'bh ;h T[Vd. feT[Afe nzrq/IK dk oki d[BhnK
Go ftZu c?fbnk j'fJnk ;h. e[dosh j? fe d[BhnK d/ e'B/ e'B/ ftZu'A B"itkBK
c"i ftZu Gosh ehsk iKdk ;h. J/Phnk wjKdhg d/ c"ih nkg; ftZu rZb
pks eoB bZfrnK, nkgD/ fJbke/ d/ PpdK dh pj[sks tkbh cko;h p'bD
dh e'fPP efonk eod/ ;B. cko;h ftZu T[Vd c"ih nkfynk iKdk
j?. T[Vd pikoh c"i efjzd/ jB. fJ; soQK c"ihnK dh nkg;h ;zgoe
p'bh T[od{ fejk ikD bZr fgnk. T[od{ fJ; bJh fe fJzrfbP ftZu
V nZyo BjhA j[zdk. T[E/ o Bkb ezw ubdk j?. id'A fjzd{nK B/, fjzd{
;fGnkuko pukT[D bJh d[jkJh fdZsh, sd'A jh (1835 ftZu) w[;bwkBK
(38)
B/ Gh, nkgDh ;zgoe p'bh T[Vd{ ;theko eotk bJh. fJj :kd oj/, nZi
sZe T[Vd{ fe;/ ;{p/ fyZs/ dh wkso p'bh BjhA j?. d/P d/ pNtko/ s'A pknd
Gkosh jkewK B/, gkobhw?AN ftZu, fJZe GkPk pko/ fpb gk; eotkD bJh
fbnKdk. we;d fJj ;h fe d/P dh ;zgoe p'bh fjzdh j't/ iK fJzrfbP.
gkobhw?AN w?Apo nZX' nZX tzv/ rJ/. fe;/ gk;/ c?;bk Bk j'fJnk. pVh id'A
ifjd s'A pknd ;oekoh ;kXB tose/ frL r[ow[y f;zx w[;kfco s'A
fjzdh d/ jZe ftZu fJZe fBoDkfJZe t'N gtke/ Gkos Go ftZu fjzdh ;zgoe
p'bh pDk fdZsh rJh.
;z;feqs dh g[oksBsk fpnkB eoB s'A gfjbK, fJsBk e[ fgS'eV
dZ;Dk Io{oh ;h. j[D d[pkok fJ; B[es/ s/ fXnkB e/Ados eo', fe cko;h
p'bh fgnko eoB tkb/ oki;h skes tkb/, w[;bwkB b'e,fJZe jIko ;kb
sZe, Gkos ftZu oki eod/ ofjD d/ pkti{d cko;h p'bh b'eK dh o'IkBk
p'bukb tkbh p'bh BjhA pDk ;e/. fbysh ezw Gkt/A ;kok jh cko;h ftZu
j[zdk ;h. cko;h d/ Ppd b'e p'bh ftZu gqt/P Gh eod/ ik oj/ ;B, go wK
p'bh dk doik cko;h gqkgs BjhA j' ;fenk. fe;/ Pfjo e;p/ iK fgzv
ftZu ;w[Zu/ b'eK dh o'iawok dh p'bukb tkbh p'bh cko;h Bk pD ;eh.
ekoD < feT[Afe fJj Gkosh b'eK dh nkgDh p'bh BjhA ;h, pd/P s'A nkJ/
b'eK dh p'bh ;h. ;zB 1600 ftZu Jh;N fJvhnk ezgBh ebZes/ ftZu
;Ekgs j' u[Zeh ;h. ;kY/ fszB ;" ;kb sZe pzrkbh b'e fJzrfbP d/ y{p
wkfjo pD rJ/, cokN/dko nzrq/Ih p'bd/ ;B. go fe;/ fJZe Gh pzrkb tk;h
dh wks p'bh fJzrfbP BjhA pD ;eh. fJ;/ soQK pkeh Gkos ftZu nzrq/Ih
pko/ ;wMDk ukjhdk j?.
pqkjwD B/ gouko d/ i'o Bkb gZEo d/ N[efVnK GrtkB pDk
e/ ;dhnK sZe b'eK w{oy pDkfJnk s/ T[jBK dh g{ik eotkJh. ;dhnK
s'A ekbgfBe d/tfsnK G'b/ b'eK d/ wB w;sZe ftZu m'f;nk s/ b[ZN e/
ykXk. jikoK ;kb s'A ;z;feqs d/t pkDh j? dk Y'b pj[s T[FZuk fgZfNnk
frnk. fit/A d/ts/ ebfgs jB, fst/A T[jBK dh pkDh dh g[oksBsk ebfgs
j?. Gkos ;oeko B/ ekbiK, :{Bhtof;NhnK ftZu, ;z;feqs ftGkr y'jb/
(39)
j'J/ jB. eo'VK o[g? dk pZiN gqtkB ehsk iKdk j?. ;z;feqs ftZu g[;se$b/y
fbyD tkb/ ftP/P fJBkw ;BwkB fdZs/ iKd/ jB. o/vhU NhHthH s/ yk;
;fwnK s/, ;z;feqs ftZu ypoK s/ j'o gq'rokw fdZs/ iKd/ jB. fJsBk e[ZM
eoB d/ pkti{d, ;z;feqs nkyoh ;kj frD ojh j?. g[okD/ rqzE gVQ ;eD
tkbk e'Jh ftobk ftnesh bZGdk j?. w/o/ nkgD/ iZdh fiab/Q, gfNnkb/ ftZu,
d' fgzv nfij/ jB, fiBQK dh p'bh m/m gzikph BjhA j?. pj[s jZd sZe
jfonkDth p'bh Bkb fwbdh i[bdh j?. ;dhnK phs rJhnK fJjBK d't/A
fgzvK (ebtkD{z d/XBk) dh wks p'bh BjhA pdbh. feT[AFe iBw s'A jh pZfunK
wksk fgsk d[nkok fJjh p'bh ;[DB fwbdh j?. gzikp d/ ftZueko
ofjzfdnK Gh, fJjBK dh nkgDh p'bh nZi sZe m/m gzikph BjhA pDh. gsk
BjhA fezBk tes gfjbK, fJjBK fgzvK d/ tv/o/ fe;/ nfij/ fyZs/ ftZu'A nke/
gfNnkb/ fIb/ ftZu fJjBK d' EkJhA fgzv t;k bJ/. p'bh T[jh, fiE'A T[FZm e/
nkJ/ ;B, nZi sZe gquZbs j?.
gzikph gSkVB d/ p/nzs isB j'J/, gfjbK fJZe jIko ;kb sZe
dcsoh p'bh cako;h pDkJh rJh. nzrq/Ih oki d"okB dcsoh ;oekoh p'bh
fJzrfbP pDkJh rJh. i' nZi sZe Gh dcsoK ftZu tosh fbyh ik ojh j?.
d/P tzv s'A pknd gzikph fjZe d/ skD fjzdh dh d[p/b pDkfJnk ik fojk
j?. gkfe;skBh gzikp ftZu gzikph e'Jh wkBsk BjhA. r[ow[yh fbZgh
gkfe;skB' d/; fBekbk fwfbnk j'fJnk j?. fco Gh T[j b'e gzikph p'bd/
jB. nfij/ pdso jkbks ftZu Gh d'tK gzikpK dh gzikph p'bh ihts j? s/
ihts oj/rh. b'V tes Gkos ftZu pj[s ;ko/ b'e fJzrfbP p'bd/ jB.
fJzrfbP gVd/ fbyd/ jB, pj[s ;ko/ nypko o;kb/ s/ g[;seK nzrq/Ih ftZu
SgdhnK jB. fco Gh ;ko/ Gkos ftZu fe;/ fJZe Gh fgzv iK ftnesh dh
wks p'bh fJzrfbP BjhA j?. ekoB < fJj Ugoh p'bh i[ j'Jh.
nZi sZe g{oh skes bk e/ goukfonk frnk j? fe Gkos dh ;G s'A
g[oksb p'bh ;z;feqs j?. ;z;feqs g[oksB GkPk sK Gkt/A j't/ go Gkosh p'bh
sK jofrI BjhA j?. i/ fJj p'bh Gkosh j[zdh sK Gkosh fyZs/ ftZu e'Jh fJZe
;{pk sK nfijk pfunk j[zdk, fiZE'A dh fJj wks p'bh j[zdh. e'Jh fJZe
(40)
Pfjo, iK fJZe fgzv sK ;ko/ ftPkb d/P ftZu j[zdk, fiZE/ t;d/ ;ko/ b'e,
o'IkBk ;z;feqs p'bd/, gVQd/ fbyd/. d[BhnK Go ftZu fJZe Gh wB[Zy nfijk
BjhA fwb/rk, i' ;z;feqs wks p'bh d/ s"o s/ p'bdk j't/. feT[Afe ;z;feqs
ftZu pqkjwDh eoweKvh rqzE fby/ j'J/ jB. i/ ;z;feqs E'V/Q pj[s ;kj b?Adh
ojh sK gkyzvhnK dk gkyzv ubdk oj/rk. GftZy d/ wB[Zy ;z;feqs e[ZM Gh
d/D s'A n;woE j?. t/bk ftjk u[Ze/ ftuko, ;z;feqs rqzEK ftZu pE/o/ fwb
ikDr/. fit/A i/s{ w[;bwkBK B/ Gkos ftZu ofj e/ g[;seK fbyhnK noph
cko;h ftZu. T[j feskpK ikDekoh sK e'Jh d/ ;edhnK jB. go ;kvh
nkgDh p'bh ftZu BjhA jB. fJ;/ soQK pj[s ;ko/ r'fonK B/ nzrq/Ih ftZu
feskpK fbyhnK. T[jBK ftZu frnkB fwbdk j?, go ;kvh p'bh ftZu BjhA
jB. fJ;/ soQK ;z;feqs fJ; d/P dh p'bh BjhA j?. jikoK ;kb gfjbK fi;
fyZs/ ftZu'A jwbkto ephb/ T[FZm e/ nkJ/ ;B, nkgD/ Bkb e[ZM ohsh fotki
s/ e[ZM ezw ubkT{ ;z;feqs fbysh rqzE fbnkJ/. i/ ;z;feqs T[jBK b'eK dh
wks p'bh j[zdh sK T[j wodh ed/ BK. d[BhnK ftZu e[ZM ephb/ nfij/ Gh jB
fiBk dh nkpkdh e[ZM jIko sZe jh ofj rJh j?. fco Gh T[jBK dh wks
p'bh ihts j?.
g[oksBsk dk Y'b pj[s tZi frnk j?. fit/A d/ts/ edh Xosh s/ BjhA
nkJ/, fst/A Gkosh Xosh dh d/t pkDh ;z;feqs nkgDh BjhA j?. r[o{
BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ d/tfsnK dh pk^dbhb n;bhns ;kv/ ;Bw[Zy oZy fdZsh
j?. pqkjwD d/ gkyzv ns/ ;dhnK s'A ehsh ik ojh nzBQh b[ZN dk GKvk u"okj/
ftZu GzB fdZsk j?. t/dK dh ftukoXkok B/ wB[Zysk ftZu tzvhnK s/ ftjbVg[Dk
gk fdZsk j?. nfijh f;Zfynk dh nZi e'Jh ehws BjhA j?. ;fsr[o{ ih B/
nkgDh gktB pkDh r[ow[Zyh$gzikph ftZu T[ukoD eoe/ d/t pkDh ;z;feqs
rb'A bkj fdZsk j?. d[BhnK ftZu gzikph p'bD tkb/ bZrGr thj eo'V wB[Zy
jB. s/ d/tpkDh p'bD tkbk e'Jh fJZe gfozdk sZe BjhA. ;z;feqs dk Mzvk
u[Zeh fco oj/ b'e Gh fJ; wksp'bh tKr BjhA p'bd/. eK;h dh ftfdnk
pko/ r[o tke ^
! eKPh s/ X[fB T[gi? X[fB eK;h ikJh]
(41)
[[[[
(42)
nzfwqs eh j? <
;z;ko ftZu g?dk j'fJnk e'Jh iht woBk BjhA ukj[zdk. nDfrDs
e'fPPK eoe/ j'o tX/ok ;wK fiT[Dk b'udk j?. iht izs{nK B/ nfijh ;'u
iK ftXh fte;s BjhA ehsh fe T[j fpwkoh iK w"s Nkb ;eD. wkBf;e
gZXo ewI'o j'D eoe/ (PkfJd) iht izs{ w"s s'A wB[Zy fizBK vod/ Gh BjhA
jB. fJB;kB B/ w"s NkbD dh wB;k Bkb ikd{ wzso jE"b/ N{D/ nkfd s'A
ftek; eoe/ dtk dko{ dk ;jkok fbnk. wkBf;e gq/PkBhnK s'A puD tk;s/
Xow dk nk;ok fbnk. Pkwh XowK ftZu nkp/j:ks dk fynkb T[FZGoe/
;kfjs ftZu Sk frnk. fjzd{ g"okDe rqzEK ftZu d/tfsnK s/ okyPK ob e/,
;w[zdo foVfenk s/ nzfwqs eZfYnk. fJj ghDk fe;/ B;hp Bk j'fJnk.
nzfwqs dh tzv eofdnK d'tK fXoK dh y{Bh izr j'Jh s/ ;kok nzfwqs v[Zb
frnk. id'A ;oho dh Bk;tkBsk o'eh Bk ik ;eh sK nkswk dh nwosk
dk ;zebg g?dk j'fJnk. g[Bo iBw d/ ftZuko fgZS/ Gh fJj' fJZSk ezw eodh
;kc BIo nkT[Adh j? fe eh j'fJnk i/ w?A j[D ;oho eoe/ wo fojk jK, w/oh
nkswk nwo j?, S/sh jh fe;/ j'o ;oho okjhA d[pkok iBw bt/rh. nfij/
j'o Gh pj[s ;ko/ N[ZNt/A ftuko ;z;ko ;kfjs ftZu'A fwb iKd/ jB.
;fsr[o{ BkBe ;kfjp d/ gqrN j'D Bkb o[e/ j'J/ ftukoK , ;kfjs
, fJfsjk; , XowK , wB[Zyh ihtB gZXsh fJZe Bt/ebh rshPhbsk
gqkgs j'Jh. yV's dk fPeko j' uZ[e/ wB[Zyh tosko/ fiZE/ ;fsr[o{ ih B/ j'o
pj[s e[ZM T[FZsw doi/ dk pyfPP ehsk, T[E/ nwosk pko/ Gh Bt/ebk
fdqPNhe'D g/P ehsk. r[opkDh B/ vze/ dh u'N Bkb n?bkB eo fdZsk ^
i?;k ;[gBk o?fB ek s?;k ;z;ko]
fdq;fNwkB ;G[ fpBf;n? fenk brfj rtko]
fJfe ukb/ fJfe ukb;fj ;fG ngBh tko]HHH (808)
nzfwqs dh gfoGkPk r[opkDh ftZu pky{ph w"i{d j?. ftP/ tzv w[skpe
nzfwqs d/ pj[s ;ko/ tZy' tZyo/ noE ;fsr[o{ ih B/ ;wMkJ/ jB. nkT[ fJZe
(43)
fJZe eoe/ r[opkDh dh neZN rtkjh gqkgs eoe/ nzfwqs pko/ ikBD dh
e'fPP eohJ/ ^ ekfJBks d/ wkbe r[opkDh dh p'bh ftZu nzfwqs fejk
frnk j?, Gkt fe T[;dk Bkw jh nzfwqs j? ^
1H
nzfwqs Bkw[ fBXkB[ j? fwfb ghtj[ GkJh]
fi; f;wos ;[y gkJhn? ;G fsyk p[MkJh] (318)
r[opkDh i' ;fsr[o{ ih B/ gqG{ dh f;cs ;bkj ftZu T[ukoD ehsh
j?, fi; d[nkok wB[Zy wkso fIzdrh fiT[D dk tZb nkT[Adk j?, T[;
r[opkDh Gh nzfwqs dh ;zfrnk fdZsh j? ^
2H
nzfwqs pkDh jfo jfo s/oh]
;[fD ;[fD j't? gow rfs w/oh]
(103)
i' ;fsr[o{ gftZso T[gd/P okjhA wB[Zysk ;'Mh d/t/ ;oho okjhA
goT[geko eo/ T[j y[d Gh nzfwqs dk ;'wk j?. gktB tke jB ^
3H
;fsr[o ftfu nzfwqs Bkw[ j? nzfwqs[ ej? ejkJ/]
nzfwqs pkDh ss[ j? r[ow[fy t;? wfB nkfJ] (1423)
r[opkDh dh p'bh ftZu oZph j[ew Gh nzfwqs fejk frnk j?. fit/A
X[o dorkj'A r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp nekb g[oy d/ xZb/ nkJ/ ;B. fJ;/ soQK nZr'A
y[dkJh ofjws ;dek f;ZyK r[osk gqkgs j[zdh ojh s/ T[j r[o{ pD ftZuo/.
fw;kb bJh^
4H
nwodkf; nwos Ssq r[o okwfj dhnT[] (1408)
id'A ifrnk;{ fJZe wB nekb g[oy :kd eodk j?, nkgDh
nkswk s/ gJ/ fteko X' d/D bJh r[o{ s'A ;'Mh gqkgs eodk j?, sd'A T[j
t/bkt\s Gh nzfwqs tKr j[zdk j?^
5H
nzfwqs t/bk ;u[ BkT[ tfvnkJh thuko]
eowh nkt? egVk Bdoh w'y[ d[nko[]
(2)
ub oj/ goeoD ftZu d[ZX Gh nzfwqs ;zfrnk fdZsh rJh j? ^
6H
;'fJB eN'oh nzfwqs Goh] b/ Bkw/ jfo nkr? Xoh] (1163)
fco wZyD sK dZ[X Bkb'A Gh fInkdk ehwsh j?, wZyD Gh nzfwqs
fejk frnk j? ^
(44)
7H
o;Bk Bkw igj[ sp wEhn? fJB fpfX nzfwqs gktj[] (728)
fJB;kB dh nZy pj[s e[ZM t/ydh rfqjD eodh j?, uzrk Gh s/ p[ok
Gh. ;fsr[o{ p[okJh s'A o'e e/ B/eh tZb bkT[Dk b'Vd/ jB. j/ wB[Zy` s/oh
fdqPNh nzfwqs torh pD ikt/^
8H
;{e/ jo/ ehJ/ fyB wkj/] nzfwqs fdq;fN ;zfu ihtkJ/] (191)
eoskg[oy ihtK s/ ;dk ofjws eodk ofjzdk j?, j'o nB/e poesK
d/ Bkb Bkb ;'e/ s'A pknd whAj g?Dk Gh nzfwqs dh poyk j' ojh gqshs j[zdh
j? ^
9H
fMfw fMfw to;? nzfwqs Xkok] wB[ ght? ;[fB ;pd[ phukok] (102)
y[dktzd eohw B/ feogk ehsh nzdo'A jh T[;d/ doPB j' rJ/. puB
jB ^
10H
nzdo[ bGk okw Bkfw nzfwqs Bdfo fBjkb]
(48)
nrb/ jtkb/ ftZu nBzs r[DK tkb/ T[Fu
Z / oZp ih ;dk :kd oZyD pko/
j[ew j? ^
11H
fijt/ nzfwqs jfo r[D rkT[]
(1219)
fwZm/ puBK Gh nzfwqs nkfynk frnk j? F
12H
fij gq;kfd p'bfj nzfwqs o;Bk]
(269)
;[nkdb/ gdkoEK Gh nzfwqs ;zfrnk fdZsh rJh j? ^
13H
fij gq;kfd Sshj nzfwqs ykfj]
(269)
t/yDk ;[DBk s/ ykDk gftZso nzfwqs tork jh j't/. ;r'A ;fsr[o{ ih
sK ;k ;w{bfunK jh, nzfwqs pDk d/D bJh feogk eo oj/ jB ^
14H
nzfwqs p'b? ;dk w[fy t?Dh] nzfwqs t/y? goy? ;dk B?Dh]
nzfwqs eEk ej? fdB[ oksh ntok nkfy ;[BktfDnk] (118)
uzr/ r[D XkoB eoe/ ;w[Zuk ;oho jh nzfwqs pD iKdk j? ^
15H
nzfwqs ekfJnk oj? ;[ykbh pkih fJj[ ;z;ko']
wB[Zy f;Zfynk b? e/ ftek; eo ;edk j?. fJ;/ soQK ;[:'r sohe/
uhiaK dh tos'A nzrK dh tos'A eoBh f;Zy ikJhJ/. fJ; ftek; Yzr
nzfwqs nkfynk j? ^
(45)
(46)
f;Zy fJ; p/p; n"os Bkb BhthA gZXo d/ wike eoB bZr gJ/. tv/oh T[wo
d/ f;ZyK B/ rGo{nK tofink. T[j nZr'A j'o r[Z;/ ftZu nk rJ/. ny/
w[;bwkB ;kvhnK XhnK G?DK Bkb i' ;b{e eod/ jB, T[j fe;/ s'A G[Zfbnk
j'fJnk BjhA j?. i/ n;hA pdbk b?Dk ukjhJ/ sK ;k o'fenk feT[A iKdk j?
< f;nkD/ f;ZyK ;bkj fdZsh fe MrVk BK eo', ub' d;w gksPkj ji{o s'A
c?;bk eotk b?Ad/ jK. ;fsr[o{ ih nZr/ nke/ ;koh j'Jh phsh nky ;[DkJh.
GkJh ;zs'y f;zx ih fbyd/ jB^
g[fB f;zxB p[M? r[BykBh. ;rb s[oe G[rt/A fjzdtkBh.
f;zx pdbk b/ Gbk iDkt?A. r[o ;k;so feT[A toi jNkt?A <
;[D p'b/ ;fsr[o fs; p/o/. jw b/ ikD' gzE T[u/o/.
Bkfj nX'rsh fpy? g[ukt?A. sK s/ ebwb eoB jNkt?A.
gokJ/ o{g ftZu roe j'e/ fJB;kB fIzdrh spkj eo b?Adk j?.
nkgD/ xo dk u?B, gotkfoe ;[Zy ysw j' iKdk j?. J/vi torhnK
fGnkBe fpwkohnK w"s d/ w{zj ftZu XZe fdzdhnK jB. nZi ;z;ko dk jo
f;nkDk wB[Zy gokJ/ sB s'A puD dk T[gd/P d/ fojk j?. d[BhnK Go dhnK
;oekoK nkgD/ b'eK J/vI dh fGnkBesk s'A ikD{ eotk ojhnK jB.
;zB 1971 ftZu pzrbkd/P dh izr ;w/A f;Zy c"iK B/ nkgD/ T{FZu/ ;[Zu/
feodko dk gorNktk ehsk. gke;skBh c"ihnK tZb'A nkgD/ jh Xow
tkbhnK (w[;bwkB) itkB n"osK dh PowBke jZd sZe p/gsh ehsh. T[jBK
d/ pzeoK ftZu'A t;sojhD nXw'JhnK bVehnk fwbhnK. f;Zy c"ihnK B/
nkgDhnK d;skoK gkV e/ T[jBK phphnK d/ sB Ye/. :'r EktK s/ ;BwkB
g{ote g[ukT[D dk gopzX ehsk. fJZe nkw f;Zy Gh fJ; rZb s'A Gbh GKs
ikD{ j? fe w/o/ r[od/t ih B/, w? e[eow eoB'A ;ysh Bkb tofink j?.
GNe/ j'J/ GkJh i'rk f;zx tKr{ ;fsr[o{ dh f;Zfynk ;k popkd j'D' puk
b?Adh j?. fJ; gftZso nkuoD ;dek f;Zy :'fXnK dk d[PwDK B/ Gh r[D
rkfJB ehsk. fJ;/ ekoB T[jBK ;wki ftZu ;fseko:'r EK fwbh. jo
pj{ p/Nh fB;zr j'e/ f;ZyK dh ;/tk eoBh nkgD/ tZv/ Gkr ikDdh ;h. f;ZyK
dh okyh ftZu d/P dhnK p/NhnK fJZis Bkb ofjD i'r j'JhnK. go eh nZi
(49)
wB[Zysk dk e'Jh Gbk BjhA ehsk. ftfrnkB dhnK e'Jh ekYk BjhA eZYhnK.
;z;ko ftZu g;o/ j'J/ nB?se tosko/ ftoZ[X edh e'Jh ijkd BjhA S/fVnk.
BPJh dh p[ZXh ewI'o g? iKdh j?. T[;dh iwho wo w[Ze iKdh j?. BPJh
nkgD/ BP/ dh gqkgsh tk;s/ g?;k f;js s/ fJZis, ;G e[ZM rtk b?Adk j?.
T[j nkgD/ pZfunK, gsBh, wksk fgsk Gh u{zv u{zv e/ ykD s'A Pow BjhA
eodk.
szpke{ Gkos ftZu w[rbK d/ Bkb jkbh BtK BtK nkfJnk ;h. b'eK
fJ;d/ d[PN goGkt pko/ e'Jh frnkB BjhA ;h. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ fiZE/ j'o
;ko/ BfPnK dh tos'A s/ f;Zy bJh wBkjh ehsh, T[E/ szpke{ dk ftP/P fieo
ehsk. Gkt fJj fe fJ; BP/ wkw{bh BK ;wMDk, fJj Gh d{i/ BfPnK tKr
jh wB nkswk s/ ;oho bJh spkj e[B j?. BfPnK ekoB MrV/ j[zd/ jB,
n?e;hv?AN j[zd/ jB, jikoK gqtko T[FZiV iKd/ jB. w[eZdw/ G[rsfdnK i/jbK
eNfdnK T[woK phs iKdhnK jB. fJ; tes ;oekoh nzefVnK w[skpe,
gzikp J/;hnk ftZu'A gfjb'A doi/ dk Pokph ;{pk j?. b[fXnkDk fibk d[BhnK
ftZu'A gfjb/ doi/ dk BPJh fIbk j?. fiBQK f;ZyK e'b gktB r[opkDh dk
nzfwqswJh yikBk j't/. fiBK f;ZyK e'b nw'be dks yzv/ dh gkj[b (nzfwqs)
tork Bk:kp s'jck j't/. fJ; fto;/ d/ wkbe f;Zy BfPnK ftZu v[Zp oj/
j'D, nsh d[ydkJh j?. fco BP/ yk gh e/ f;Zy nytkD tkb/ ;G s'A fInkdk
yo{d eod/ jB. i/ bVB tk;s/ e'Jh j'o BK fwb/ sK pZfunK ns/ gsBh d/
jZv ;/eD/ Gh osh Pow BjhA eod/. BfPnK s/ popkd j' fojk nopK
o[fgnk ;KG e/, nro wB[Zysk d/ T[EkB tk;s/, ewI'o f;Zy gotkok d/ Gb/
tk;s/ f;Zyh d/ pj[gZyh gouko tk;s/ ;zGkb e/ yofunk ikt/ sK f;Zy gzE
d/ d[BhnK ftZu vze/ tZi ;ed/ jB. go nc;';, ;kv/ tZv/ tZv/ u"Xoh s/
T[jBK d/ i[zvhdko y[d jh Pokp d/ dfonktK ftZu u[ZGhnK bk oj/ jB, nkw
ftnesh eh nkyhJ/ < u'Dk tes tZv/ nekbh (<) r[o{ eh r'be dk g?;k
Pokp nchw s/ o'VQd/ gosZy t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. nfij/ jkbksK ftZu f;Zyh
dk GftZy ;'u e/ o{j ezp T[FZmdh j?.
(51)
d;w gkfs;akj jI{o B/ nkgD/ tZbA' fsnko ehsh nekbh c"i B{z
;ysh Bkb j[ew fdZsk fe s[;hA ;kfonK r[o{ dh pkDh d/ ukBD ftZu ihtB
pshs eoBk j?. jkew fXo iK g[ikoh N'b/ e[M
Z Gh nkyh ikD fe;/ dh N?A BjhA
wzBDh. T[Fm
Z ojh fJ; BthA skes , T[FG
Z o ojh BthA u/sBk , ;t?wkD Bkb
fiT[Dk ukj[d
z / b'eK oki wZd ftZu nzB/ j' u[e
Z / b'e podkPs BjhA eoBr/.
fjzd{ ;wki dh (f;ZyK dh Gh) g[ikoh PqD
/ h Gh T[Fm
Z ojh skes d/ ftoZX
[
G[rs/rh. g{ik dk XkB yk yk e/ g[ikohnK dh Iwho wo ikfJnk eodh j?.
fJ;/ bJh nZi sZe edh g[ikohnK B/ fJBebkp dk okj nyfsnko BjhA
ehsk. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ f;ZyK i' wkBf;e nkIkdh pyP fdZsh sK fco oki;h
r[bkwh T[j fet/A podkPs eo b?Ad/ < ;fsr[o{ ih s'A nkfrnk b? e/ f;ZyK
oDihs Brko/ pDkJ/ tikJ/. x'fVnK d/ Pkj ;tko pD/. Mzv/ M[bkJ/, s[ob/
cob/ d;skoK ;ikJhnK. phphnK d/ f;o eZi,/ Gkt&n"os ipo dk
fPeko j'D' pukfJnk. p/gs j'Jh n"os uzB
[ h bZE rJh, iK f;o' Bzrh j'
rJh fejk iKdk j?. Xow n;EkB jh BjhA pDkJ/ ;r'A Bro e;p/ s/ Pfjo
p;kJ/. T[go tofDs ofjwsK Bkb wkbkwkb eoe/ ;fsr[o{ ih B/ c[owkB
ikoh eo fdZsk^ w/o/ fgnko/ f;Zy pZfuU` id'A s[jkv/ jZe e'Jh y'jD dh Bhu
joes eo/, sK jZeK dh okyh tk;s/, d[;wD ;pe f;ykT[D bJh w?A s[jk
fJZe Bk:kp s'jck pyP fojk jK^ feogkB. fJ; dk ft;kj BjhA eoBk
J/esk d/ ;{so ftZu go'J/ ofjDk. tke jB ^
fpBk ;;so e/;z Boz G/v ikB'. rj' ekB ske' fes? b? f;XkB'.
;jh w/oh nkfrnk ;[B' j/ fgnko/. fpBk ;;so e/;z d/t' Bk dhdko/.
(r[LgqL;{L)
ip jwo/ do;B e' nktj[. pD ;[u/s sB ;;so ;iktj[.
ewo e;k eo d/tj[ fdykJh. jwoh y[;h j'fJ nfXekJh.
(r[LgqL;{L)
iK ^ ;;so rohp dh oZfynk. iotkD/ dh GZfynk.
i' b'e fPeko eoB d/ pjkB/ jfEnko oZyd/ ;B, je{ws B/ T[jBK s/
Gh o'e bk fdZsh. nro fe;/ B/ wk; ykDk jh j? sK ;oeko tZbA' gqtkfDs EktK
(54)
s'A wk; yqhd e/ ykXk ikt/. fJjBK d[ekBK s/ fteD tkbk wk; eZm
[ k (jbkb) jh
fwbdk ;h. feT[Afe ;oeko ikDdh ;h fe i' wB[y
Z fPeko y[d eo/rk, T[j
jfEnkopzd j'tr
/ k. fPeko eoB bJh izrbK ftZu N'bhnK pDk e/ jh ikfJnk
ik ;edk j?. PPsoXkoh ftnesh PPso dh jo gZy'A tos'A Gh eoBh
f;Zyr
/ k. fBoG?sk Gh T[; ftZu nkt/rh. wB ns/ ;oho eoe/ pbtkB j'tr
/ k.
nfij/ ;{ow/ edh Gh w"ek w/b pD ikD s/ je{ws d/ fto[X
Z prkts yVh eo
;ed/ jB. wIp{s iE/pd
z h pDk fe;/ Ikbw nc;o, tIho ehs/ dh ;ik
d/ ;ed/ jB. tes nkT[D s/ j' ;ed? nfij/ f;o fco/ b'e oki gbNk jh
eo d/DHHH. MNe/ iK jbkb ehs/ wk; ftZu T[;dh pDso w[skpe e'Jh coe
BjhA j?. gqwy
Z[ w;bk nkgD/ ;t?wkD Bkb fiT[D dk j?. Bkw d/t ih geV
e/ pkdPkj B/ nkfynk ;h, y[dk nky. Bkwd/t ih efjD bZr/ y[dk s/ gqwP
/ o
fJZe' jh jB, w? gsk j?. s[jkv/ dpkT[ ftZu vo e/ w? ikBpyPh bJh y[dk BjhA
nkyKrk. nkgDh y[Ph Bkb Gkt/A jo o'i nkyK.
yzv/ eh gkj[b okjhA, jo ftnesh (fJ;soh, g[oy) f;Zy iE/pzdh
dk w?Apo pD ;edk j?. fit/A c"i dh fJZe ftP/P todh j[zdh j?. i' c"ihnK
J/esk d/ ;{so ftZu go'Jh oydh j?. fJ;/ soK g[fb; ftZu, ;e{bK ftZu,
y/v d/ w?dkB ftZu, e[ZM todhnK fBPfus jB. fJ;/ soQk f;Zy bJh gzi
eekoh todh Io{oh eo fdZsh rJh j?. ;G s'A gqw[Zy f;Zy dh fIzdrh dk
nkXko nrtkJh dk ;'wk gktB r[opkDh j?. f;Zy dh pkjoh gSkD bJh
todh j?. yzv/ eh gkj[b b? e/ gzE dk w?Apo pDBk j?. ihtB Go f;Zyh
ewkT[Dh j?. e[ZM Bk ;wM b'eK B/ yzv/ eh gkj[b Gh nB/e eokwksK Bkb
i'V fdZsk, sK jh sK ;kvk p/Vk rofenk j?.
[[[[
(55)
fojk. fJ;/ bJh wBwoIh d/ j[ewBkw/ ikoh eoh ik oj/ jB. d; jIko
;kb sZe e'Jh vo BjhA. fJjBK Ne;kbh fbysK dh Ekt/A r[opkDh dk
fJbkjh c?;bk ^ sK fJT[ j? ^
u'o[ ;bkj/ uhs[ B Ghi?] i/ pdh eo/ sk s;{ B Shi?]
u'o eh jkwk Go/ B e'fJ] u'o[ ehnk uzrk feT[ j'fJ]
w^^662
fJj sK wzfBnk BjhA ik ;edk fe frnkBh i'frzdo f;zx B/ e'Jh
gkm BjhA ehsk, Bk jh fJj ;theko ehsk ik ;edk j? fe T[; r[opkDh
d/ noE Bk nkT[Ad/ j'D. feT[Afe T[j g[oksB fbysh feskpK dh ;zgkdBk
eodk j?. s/ wjkB ;fsr[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp ih d/ s\s dk ;/tkdko
(n;b ftZu r[o{ Bkb'A tZvk j'D dk gkg Gow) nytkT[Adk j?. i' e{V epkV
Ne;kb tkfbnK B/ ipkBh ns/ fbysh f;Zyh d/ g/N/ gkfJnk j?, T[j frnkBh
ih B/ Bk gfVQnk j't/ fJj n;zGt j?.
fJjBK Ne;kbhnK B/ i' j'o nB/e py/V/ gzE ftZu g?dk ehs/ jB,
T[jBK ftZuA' Bk ekpb/ podkPs, gzE dh ;w[u
Z h j'Ad yso/ ftZu gk d/D tkbk
pZio gkg fJj ehsk j? fe gktB gftZso r[o{pkDh P[ZX ;'Bk o{g, f;Zy ;wki
d/ ihtB dh nXko fPbk T[FZgo Gh e'Mk tko ehsk j?. fJjBK dh feskp
r[opkDh gkm doPB d/ gzBk 260 s/ frnkBh r[opuB f;zx, r[owfs
wkoszv (frnkB dk ;{oi) Po/nkw fby fojk j? fe dwdwh phV Bkb'A
eoskog[oh phV ftZu eohp gzdoK ;" s'A tZX gkm G/d jB. Gkt fe dwdwh
phV mhe j? feT[Afe fJjBK B/ nkgDh iE/pzdh dk fgS'eV dwdwk ;kfjp
Bkb BZEh eo fbnk j?. fJ;/ ekoB dwdwh phV P[ZX j?, go eoskog[oh
phV i' r[o{ noiB ;kfjp ih B/ fbytkJh s/ GkJh r[odk; B/ fbyh T[j
gzdoK ;" Ekt/A rbs j?. eh t/dKsh ih B/ fJj e[co gkm fJjBK dh feskp
ftZu edh BjhA gfVQnk < Io{o gfVQnk j? ;?AeV/ tko gfVQnk j?. go
r[opkDh f;XKsK s'A T[FZgo t/dKsh ih Ne;kb dhnK fbysK wkBsk d/ oj/
jB. BjhA sK eh ekoB j? fe ekbk ncrkBk ih r[opkDh d/ eJh eJh
gowkD d/ e/ nkgDh rZb mhe f;ZX eo oj/ jB, T[jBK cK;h bkT[D dk
;kok nvzpo ofunk ik fojk j?. d{i/ p/JhwkBh dh f;yo t/y' Ne;kbhJ/
(59)
r[ows n;{bK dhnK XZihnK T[vk oj/ jB, gktB eoskog[oh phV dh P[ZXsk
u?bzi eo oj/ jB T[j fco Gh n;bh r[of;Zy rodkB/ ik oj/ jB. y[d
t/dKsh ih Gh T[;/ pqkjwDh Ne;kb ftZu'A f;Zy e/ nkJ/ jB fe fe;/ f;Zy
fBo'b ;Zu p'bD ekoB f;Zyh u'A ykoi eo d/Dk, fbysK s/ gkpzdh bk d/Dh,
fJjh sK ehsk frnk j?.
nekb s\s ;kfjp tZbA' gqtkfBs f;Zy ofjs wfonkdk d/ w[ekpb/
s/ fJjBK (1994) nkgDh tZyoh ofjs wfonkdk pDk bJh j?. nDfrDs
tko fJjBK gzEe j;sh u?bzi ehsk j?. ;/tk d/ pjkB/ s/oK ;kb sZe
nekb s\s ;kfjp dh ;/tk d/ Bkw s/ d/P ftd/P s'A f;ZyK b[ZfNnk frnk
j?. pkeh uko ;kEh ;/tk tkb/ pkp/ p/fJIs eoe/ fjZe d/ skD ;/tk *u'A bKG/
eo fdZs/ rJ/, sK fe wBwkBhnK ehshnK ik ;eD. nZi sZe pkpk ioB?b
f;zx ihts j?, uVQdh ebk ftZu j?, nkye/ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh ji{oh ftZu,
jikoK d/ fJeZm ;kjwD/ pVh p/ j:kJh Bkb e[co s'fbnk ik fojk j?. s/
t/dKsh ih fco Gh PKs B/. p; fJjBK r[Z;k nkT[Adk j? sK T[d'A id'A fJjBK
tZb'A ;zgkde ehsh g[;se r[ofpbk; gkL 6 s/ e'Jh T[Arb T[mkt/. fJj
nkgDh g[;sZe ftZu ;fsr[o{ ih dh niws xZN/ o'b d/D, ;fsr[o{ ih e"bK
dk nkfPe f;ZX eo d/D, pkpk p[ZYk ih s'A to ;okg d[nKd/ ofjD, r[odtko/
dopko ;kfjp johwzfdo (joh ftP dk wzfdo) n?bkBh ikD, f;Zy
bte[P dh n"bkd pD/ ofjD fJj ;G mhe j?. go i/ e'Jh r[ows dk ikD{z
fJjBK o'e/ N'e/ sK gzE d[PwD nkye/ S/e d/Dr/.
;{oi gqekP (GkJh ;zs'y f;zx ofus) gzMh go;?AN s'A fInkdk
r[ows s'A T[bN fbys j?. nB/e EkJhA ;fsr[o{ p/fJIs ehsk frnk j?.
d/thnK d/ g[ikoh, BP/ yKd/ ghAd/ ns/ j'o gkg eod/ fbfynk j'fJnk j? fco
Gh T[jBK rqzEK dh r[odtkfonK ftZu jo o'I eEk j[zdh j?. d;w rqzE
ftubhnK nPbhb ekw T[si
/ Bk Gog{o eEktK fJjBK eVkj tKr fgnkohnK
jB. fgqzH ;fspho f;zx dhnK g[;seK ftZu'A Y/o ;kok r[ows fto'Xh e{Vk
fwb iKdk j?. EK EK s/ ;kX ;zs r[ows s'A T[bN wfonkdktK ubk oj/ jB.
pkDh s'V wo'V oj/ jB. ;kv/ gzEe bhvo Po/nkw r[ows dh fyZbh T[vk
(60)
oj/ jB. fit/A uj[D iE/dkoK d/ ezB wo'V e/ j[ewBkw/ ikoh eotk b?Ad/ jB.
BP/ gfssg[Dk gzikp ftZu tpk dh soQK c?bdk ik fojk j?. r[odtko/ f;yK
;'Mh d/D dh Ekt/A tgkoe ndko/ pD u[Ze/ jB. d/P ftd/P ftZu dki ekoB
f;Zy bVehnK esb ehsk ik fojk j?. Go{D jZfsnk ia'oK s/ j?, s/ ;kv/
iE/dko u?B dh pz;oh tik oj/ jB. iK fco ftdtkBK fto[ZX nkok fsZyk eo
oj/ jB.
Ne;kb tZb'A Sgh j'Jh frnkBh r[opuB f;zx dh fbyh j'Jh fJZe
j'o feskp j?, ;qh r[ow[y gqekP. fJ; ftZu Gh oZi e/ M{m fbfynk frnk
j? s/ gzE d/ G'b/ pZfunK r[wokj ehsk frnk ;koh fJpkos gzB/ tkJhi Bkb
c'N' ekgh eotk e/ G/i fojk jK. eh t/dKsh ih B/ T[j Gh BjhA gVQh Io{o
gVQh j?, fJ;/ eoe/ sK phphnK dopko ;kfjp ftZu ;ckJh ;/tk ftZu
Pkwb BjhA j'D fdZsk iKdk. feT[Afe fJj b'e nkgDh Ne;kb ftZu phphnK
ehosB gkm, nodk;, j[ewBkwk, gzi fgnkfonK dk gqPkfd BjhA b?D
fdzd/. f;Zy ofjs wfonkdk d/ T[bN phphnK nzfwqs SekT[D dh fvT[Nh
(gzi fgnkfonK dh ;/tk) ftZu Pkwb BjhA j'D fdzd/. PkfJd Ne;kb tkb/
phphnK fJB;kB wzBD s'A Bkpo j' u[Ze/ jB t/dKsh ih fJj ;G gqtkB
j?.
PkfJd ;kv/ iE/dko G[Zb rJ/ jB fe Gkosh ;zftXkB ftZu fJZe wd
fJj Gh doi j? fe fe;/ ftnesh Bkb, iks, Xow, p'bh, fbzr d/ ekoB
ftseok BjhA ehsk ikt/rk. ftseok eoB eokT[D tkbk ;Ik dk Gkrh
j't/rk. t/yDk fe;/ gzE ftZu'A ykoi ehs/ ftnesh B/ i/ ndkbs dk p{jk
yVek fdZsk sK iE/dkoK b[eD bJh EK BjhA bZGDh. f;ZX/ jh i/jb ikUr/,
feT[Afe ftukoK d/ wsG/d ekoB fe;/ f;Zy gzE ftZu'A S/eD dh nfijh ;Ik
fdZsh jh BjhA ik ;edh.
ni/ Gh tes j? gzE dh uVQdh ebk tk;s/ ;e{b ekbi y'jb',
fwPBoh g?dk eo'. tZX s'A tZX r[ows ;kfjs Skg e/ tzv'. nkgDk nypko
xN' xZN sq? Gk;h (gzikph, fjzdh, nzrq/Ih) ukb{ eo'. r'beK dh ;jh tos'A
eo'. r[o{ xoK ftZu ;[bM/ j'J/ f;Zy skfJBks eo'. ;[bM/ j'J/ eEktkueK
(61)
okjhA NhH thH u?BbK s/ r[ows ftnkfynk eotkT[D. fdZbh ew/Nh, Pq'wDh
ew/Nh ns/ pkeh Xow n;EkBK okiBhsh d/ nZv/ pDB s'A pukUHHHHH.
fJj s[jkvh pj[s tZvh ;/tk j't/rh. ftdtkB r[of;ZyK gzE ftZu'A ykoi
eoB Bkb e"w dk e'Jh Gbk BjhA j'Dk. ;r'A iE/dkoK d/ wZE/ s/ fJZe ekby
dk j'o fNZek bZr ikt/rk. wkw{bh wsG/dK ekoB j[ewBkwk o{gh e[jkV/ Bk
tos'A. i/ fJ;/ soQK eod/ oj/ sK s[;hA jh gzE d[PwD frD/ ikUr/. ;w/A B/
gfjbK Gh nfij/ jkbks t/y/ jB s[jkvhnK ehshnK dk c?;bk Gh GftZy
eo/rk.
BkBe nzXk j'fJ e? d;/ okj?, ;G; w[jkJ/ ;kE?]
nr? rfJnk w[j/ w[fj gkfj, ;[ n?;k nkr{ ikg?]
(140)
[[[[
(62)
s/ okiBhsh rZv/ d/ d' pbd jB, fJj nkokw Bkb rZv/ ftZu p?m/ Psozi dhnK
r'NhnK ub oj/ jB. go i/ g[ZS t/yhJ/, wjK g[oy' s[jkvk oki feZE/ j? <
r[odtko/ dh gqXkBrh sZe < s[jkvk Xow feZE/ j?, r[o{ eh r'be sZe < eh
fJj' jh Xow s/ okiBhsh j? < n;b ftZu Bk gZb/ Xow fojk Bk oki fojk,
e/tb ;[gB/ t/y/ ik oj/ jB. e/tb pZfunK dh y/v y/vh ik ojh j?. edh
t/fynk i/ ;Zso ;Zso ;kb d/ pZu/ nfijh Bht/A gZXo dh y/v y/vD < Xow
d/ Bkw s/ okiBhsh d/ Bkw s/, wjkB r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih d/ Bkw s/, pj[sh
tkoh r[o{ dh jI{oh ftZu jhHHHHH. nkU j[D gzSh Mks s\sK d/ iE/dkoK d/
ftjV/ ftZu Gh wko bJhJ/. fgSb/ gzi S/ ;kbK s'A ;kv/ ;fseko:'r ;fsr[o{
ih d/ gktB n;EkB s/ p?m e/, i' ir j;kJh fJjBK iE/dkoK B/ ehsh j?,
T[j fe;/ s'A G[Zbh ft;oh BjhA. fet/A E'e ftZu j[ewBkw/ ikoh ehs/ rJ/,
fet/A fto'XhnK gzE ftZu'A S/fenk frnk. oki;h b'eK B/ fet/A iE/dkoK dh
;zxh BZg e/ wB woIh d/ j[ewBkw/ ikoh eotkJ/. fijV/ j[ewBkw/ oki;h
b'eK ok; nkT[Ad/ ;h, T[j oZy bJ/ rJ/, pkeh tkg; eotk fdZs/. j[D fco
p/jh eVQh ftZu T[pkb nkT[D bZrk j?. GkJh oDihs f;zx tZb'A 1999 ftZu
ikoh ehsk frnk j[ewBkwk gzi ;kbK fgS'A wzBD tk;s/, G[Zb pyPkT[D
tk;s/, oki;h b'eK B/ fco v[rv[rh tik fdZsh j?. s\sK d/ iE/dko fco
emg{sbhnK tKr BZuDr/, ;kfonK swkPk ftykDr/. pkdb N"jV/ dh
J/esk gzEe J/esk dk iknbh ;koNhche/N fdZsk ikt/rk. XzB f;Zyh
skJ/ dh Xh uZbh w?A feT[A ojh fJeZbh d/ eEB w[skpe frnkBh
fJepkb f;zx gNBk ;kfjp sys d/ iE/dko B/, T[E/ d/ jh goXkB wfjzdo
f;zx o'wkDk , e[ZM fJbIkw sok;h eoe/ j[ewBkw/ okjhA gzE ftZu'A S/e
fdZsk j?. feT[Afe o'wkDk ih B/ efEs s"o s/ d;w rqzE d/ fto[ZX wzd/ Ppd
tos/ ;B. Bkb jh iE/dko fJepkb f;zx pko/ Gh e[ZM rbs fpnkB fdZs/
;B. fpbe[b mhe ehsk j? GkJh fJepkb f;zx B/, jZE ftZu seVk ;'Nk j't/
s/ fco pzdk tes g?D s/ tos'A Bk eo/, fJj fet/A j' ;edk j? < nekb sys
;kfjp tZb'A gotkfBs f;Zy ofjs wfonkdk ftZu ;kc fbfynk j'fJnk j? fe
r[od[nko/ ftZu r[o{ rqE
z ;kfjp d/ s[b
Z fe;/ g[;se$rqE
z n;EkgB$goekPB
(64)
dh ;\s wBkjh j?. bzw/ no;/ s'A T[jBK EktK s/ (gNBk s/ ji{o ;kfjp) r[o{
rqzE ;kfjp ih d/ pokpo d;w rqzE n;EkgB ehsk j'fJnk j?. gkm j'
fojk j?, ns/ j'o nDfrDs r[ows s'A T[bN ezw j' oj/ jB. sd'A ;kv/
t/dKsh ih x{e ;Z[s/ oj/, Pq'wDh ew/Nh d/ gqXkB ;kfjp oki;h y/vK y/vd/
oj/. j[D id'A gNB/ s'A j[ewBkwk ikoh j' frnk j?, sK fJjBK B/ ;Z[s^T[BhAd/
fij/ ftZu T[pk;hnK b?D tKr fpnkB fdZs/ jB. U Gb/ wkD;' i/ s[;hA nkgDh
b'V tk;s/ E'e ftZu j[ewBkw/ ikoh eo ;ed/ j', iE/dkoK E'e ftZu pdb
;ed/ j', fco GkJh fJepkb f;zx rqzEh B/, T[jh ezw eo fdZsk sK T[j p[ok
fet/A j'fJnk <
fiBQK gkg Go/ okjK s/ ;kv/ nkr[ N[o oj/ jB T[jBK pko/ f;Zy ;wki
pj[s e[ZM ikD u[Zfenk j?. e[ZM j'o dh w'Nh fijh ikDekoh jkIo j? ^ gzikp
ftZu f;Zy i[nkBh BfPnK ftZu roe j?, gfssg[Dk f;yoK S'j fojk j?,
nBgVsk ftZu gzikp ;ko/ ;{fpnK s'A nZr/ ik fgnk j?. nekbh db dh th
gzikph gkoNh pD u[Zeh j'Jh j?. sysK d/ iE/dko bZrGr nzr{mk Skg jh
jB. f;Zy ;wki wVQhnK epoK g{iD d/ okj g? uZ[fenk j?, wBws dh
Gowko j?, ;kX bkDk G'b/ f;ZyK fBu'V fojk j?, eko ;/tk d/ Bkw s/ f;Zy
ftok;s wbhnk w/N ehsk ik fojk j?HHHHHH. s/ ;kv/ iE/dko s/ bhvo u?B
dh pz;oh tik oj/ jB. nZX/ s'A tZX r[odtko/ gkfe;skB ftZu ofj rJ/ jB,
gNB/ tkbk s\s ns/ j'o r[odtko/ Pqw
' Dh ew/Nh s'A pkjo jB. BKd/V (ji{o
;kfjp) ew/Nh nbZr j?. fjwkub ew/Nh tZy j?. fdZbh r[odtkok ew/Nh
pj[s d/o s'A nbZr j?. jfonkD/ d/ f;ZyK B/ Pq'wDh ew/Nh Bkb'A s'V ftS'Vk
eoB dk n?bkB eo fdZsk j?. gkfe;skB ftub/ r[oXkwK bJh Pq'L ew/Nh dk
J/eknfXeko y'j e/ gkfe;skB r[L ew/Nh tZyoh pD uZ[eh j?. EkT[A EK fBih
wbehns tkb/ v/o/ r[odtko/ XVkXV T[;o oj/ jB. nkb fJzvhnk r[odtkok
n?eN y{jyks/ ftZu g? u[Zfenk j?HHHHs/ ;kv/ ;fseko :'r iE/dko rcbs dh
BhAd ftZu x{e ;[Zs/ j'J/ jB. XzB f;Zyh.
nkU sysK pko/ fJZe j'o gfjb{ s'A ftuko eohJ/. S/t/A BkBe
;fsr[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp ih B/ nekb p[zrk (nZi eZbQ nekb s\s)
(65)
pDkfJnk ;h. fJ;d/ Y/o ;ko/ ;p{s g[oksB fJfsjk; ftZu gqkgs jB.
fJE/ jh nB/e tko ;opZs ykb;k i[Vdk fojk j?, c?;b/ j[zd/ oj/ jB, go
pkeh uko sysK dh g[oksBsk pko/ iE/dko ;p{sK d[nkok dZ;D dh y/ub
eoBr/ < edh T[jBK s\sK s/ ;opZs ykb;k i[fVnk < edh j[ewBkw/ ikoh
ehs/ rJ/ < eh T[jBK s\s wzfBnk ik ;edk j? < pj[s g[okDh rZb BjhA
j? sbtzvh ;kp'Q (dwdwk) fBjzr f;zxK d/ dpkn nXhB 1966 ftZu s\s
s;bhw ehsk frnk j?. fJZe j'o gfjb{ tb fXnkB fdU^;fseko:'r nZm
r[o{nK Bkb ;pzXs e'Jh s\s BjhA j?. r[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp ih Bkb fJZe
s\s (nekb s\s) ;pzXs j?. pkeh uko s\s ^ gNBk, e/;rV, sbtzvh
;kp'Q s/ ji{o ;kfjp, d;w gkfsPkj r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih Bkb ;pzXs jB.
edh fJekro fuZs ftuko eo t/yDk fe d;w gkfsPkj Bkb uko s\s feT[A
jB <
nkU nZr/ N[o', gNBk ;kfjp s\s feT[A j? < fejk ik fojk j? fe
T[; n;EkB s/ (r[o){ r'fpzd okJ/ ih dk gzi G{se ;oho gqrfNnk ;h. e/tb
fJ;/ ekoB s\s j?< go eh (r[o{) r'fpzd okJ/ ih iBw s'A jh ;kv/ r[o{ ;B
< eh T[jBK r[o{ BkBe i's dh Io{os BjhA ;h < T[jBK r[o{ rZdh gqkgs
j'Jh j? 1675 ftZu, eohp ;kY/ B" ;kb dh T[wo/. iBw tes sK T[j r[o{
BjhA ;B. sK T[jBK d/ iBw ekoB s\s fet/A pfDnk < ;fsr[o{ BkBe
;kfjp iBw s'A jh ;kv/ r[o{ ;B, fJ; soQK sK BBekDk ;kfjp gfjbk s\s
j'Dk ukjhdk ;h. fco T[j gfjbk s/ tZvk s\s feT[A BjhA pfDnk < fJ;/
soQK pkeh r[o{ ;kfjpkB fiZE/ fiZE/ iBw/ ;B T[j ;ko/ n;EkBK Gh s\s
gotkB eo b?Dk ukjhdk ;h. fco nZr'A dbhb fdZsh iKdh j? fe fiZE'A
;fsr[o{ ih j[ewBkwk ikoh eoB T[j' ;EkB s\s j[zdk j?. fJj rZb Gh
dbhb s/ yoh BjhA T[sodh. feT[Afe ;fsr[o{ ih d/ w[ykofpzd s'A T[ukfonk
jo Ppd jh j[ewBkwk o{g j?. fco sK fi; Ekt/A fBtk; eoe/ ;fsr[o{
ih B/ T[gd/P ehsk, T[jh s\s j't/rk. nZmt/A gkfsPkj fiZE/ ehosg[o
fty/ r[orZdh fdZsh rJh ;h, fiZE/ S/t/A s/ ;Zst/A gkfs;kaj T[gd/P eod/ oj/
;B T[; r[odtko/ Gh s\s ;kfjp nkfynk iKdk j?. fiE/ p?m e/ oZph pkDh
(66)
dh ouBk ehsh T[jh EK sys j?. i' ys ;fsr[o{ ih B/ ;zrsK d/ Bkw fby/ T[jBK
Gh ;fseko Bkb f;Zy j[ewBkw/ efj fdzd/ jB. dhB/ eKrV s'A d;w
gkfsPkj B/ n"or
z I/p tZb ys fbfynk ;h dhBk eKrV Gh s\s j' frnk. vkH
rzvk f;zx d[nkok ;zgkds g[;se j[ewBkw/ w/o/ ;Bw[y j?. fJ; feskp ftZu
gNB/ s'A nZi sZe e/tb fJZe j[ewBkwk ikoh j'fJnk fwbdk j?. fJ;dh
skohy j? cotoh 4, ;zB 1862 JhL. fJj j[ewBkwk g[ikohnK tZbA' fJbke/ dh
;zrs tZb eko G/N fbnkT[D pko/ j?. ;kc doi j? fe fBPkB ;kfjp ns/ coP
dh ;/tk ftZu fjZ;k gkU. fJ; s'A fJbktk j'o e'Jh j[ewBkwk gNB/ s'A ikoh
BjhA j'fJnk.
w/oh e"w d/ wbkj' iE/dko', so; eo' fJ; f;Zy ;wki s/, e'Jh
fBZro ;/X fdU nkgDh T[FZws . e'Jh ftXh ftXkB xV' s\s d/ wkB
;BwkB tk;s/. iE/dko bkT[D jNkT[D tk;s/, ns/ ftZfdne :'rsk pko/
e'Jh m'; n;{b fsnko eo'. fBo/ j[ewBkfwnK d[nkok f;Zy ;wki dk
;ztoBk e[ZM BjhA fprV pj[s e[ZM ikt/rk. f;Zyh o;ksb tZb fBZxo ojh j?,
i/ ;Zu/ jwdod j' sK fJ; T[Gko'. fJ; rZb I'o Bkb T[GkoB dh b'V
j? fe s\s e/tb fJZe' jh j?. i/ d{finK u"jK s\s Gh wzBd/ j' sK fco
T[j j[ewBkw/ ikoh eoB bJh Gh ;[szso wzB/ ikDr/. i/ T[j uko/ s\s
S'N/ jB sK dZ;' fet/A S'N/ jB < feogk eoe/ gzE d;/ok nkr{ pD' toBk pj[s
d/o j' u[Zeh j't/rh. nkr{ pko/ r[o c[owkB j? L^
e{V[ p'fb w[odko[ ykfJ] ntoh B' ;wMktfD ikfJ]
w[mk nkfg w[jkJ/ ;kE?] BkBe n?;k nkr{ ikg?] w^^139
go ftuko/ iE/dko ;[szso c?;bk fet/A b? ;ed/ jB, emg[sbhnK
dh v'o fe;/ j'o jZE j[zdh j? ^
ekm eh g{soh ejk eo? pg[oh fybktB jko' ikB?]
i?;k b/y[ eokt? pkihro[ Uj[ s?;' jh ;ki[ nkB?] w^^206
[[[[
(67)
y{j ftZu ;[ZN fdZs/. e[opkBhnK bJh ;BwkBs eoB dh Ekt/A f;ZyK fpBk
tikj ngwkBs ehsk frnk. ;fjw tkbh s/ d[p/b fIzdrh fiT[D bJh
wIp{o ehsk frnk. fJj Gkt/A je{ws eoB tkbh gkoNh eKro; ;h, iK
Gkigk. iK fJjBK tZb'A ;Ekgs ehs/ ozr pozr/ efwPB. f;sw fJj gJh
Gkosh ndkbsK ftZu'A Gh f;ZyK fJB;kc BjhA fwbdk. feT[Afe ndkbsK
dk Gh ed/ dk fjzd{eoD j' u[Zek j?. ekB dh sZeVh dk soki{ jw/PK jh
fJZe gk;/ M[Zfenk j'fJnk j[zdk j?. f;ZyK d/ ;opBk; T[FZs/ Gh ekB dh w'jo
brtk bJh iKdh j?. fJT[A efj bJhJ/ fe f;Zy e"w fJZe tZv/ i/jb ykB/ ftZu
pzd j?. nkgDh fJZSk w[skpe, fJjBK s'A r[bkwh eotkJh iKdh j?. fi;
fdb ukj/ geV e/ w[ekpbk pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?, cK;h dk czXk rb ftZu
gkfJnk ik ;edk j?. esbrkj ftZu pZMk p/p; pZeok, i/ ikB pyPh dk
sobk eo/ Gh, sK f;oc e;kJh e'b< e;kJh ofjw dh nghb gotkB
eofdnK esb ehs/ ik oj/ iht bkJhB ftu'A pkjo eZY e/, e[ZM fdB j'o
y[PhnK wkBD dk tes d/ d/t/. fJ; d/ N'e/ dh wko ftZu e'Jh nrbk
gqkDh nk ikt/.
;zB *84 ftZu f;ZyK s/ i' I[bw dh jB/oh M[Zbh, T[; edh Gh fpnkB
BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. Bk jh ed/ T[; G[bkfJnk ik ;e/rk, s/ fJj i[bw
ehsk Gh nkgDh ;oeko B/. o;wh s"o s/ iowB d/ okPNogsh, j?bwN
e'b B/ eJh ;kb j'J/, fJIokJhb ns/ ;wZ[u/ :j{dhnK s'A y[Zb/Q nkw w[nkch
wzrh. ikgkBhnK B/ Gh ;z;ko ftZu ehsh spkjh bJh w[nkch wzr bJh. go
nwqhek B/ nkgD/ n?Nw pzpK tZb'A ehsh rJh spkjh dh, ni/ sZe w[nkch
BjhA wzrh. fJjBK gd fuzBK s/ ubfdnK, Gkos d/ j?AeVpki jkewK tZb'A
Gh f;ZyK s/ ehs/ i[bwK bJh w[nkch BjhA wzrh rJh. fiBQK ewhD/ jkewK
B/ gzikp d/ p/nzs jZeK d/ vkek wkfonk, ;KswJh ;fsnkrqj ftZu bZyK f;ZyK
B/ frqcskohnK d/ e/ i/jbK Go fdZshnK, nkgDh e"w d/ tv/fonK tZb'A
ehshnK e[opkBhnK dh :kd dokBh eokJh, ;zftXkB ftZu f;ZyK dh tZyoh
gSkD jh ysw eo fdZsh rJh j?, T[jBK j?AeVpki j[ewokBk s'A fBwosk
;fjs w[nkch wzrD dh stZe' fet/A ehsh ik ;edh j? < f;ZyK d/ wZeko f;Zy
(69)
nkr{nK B/, Gkos dh gkobhw?AN ftZu iK gzikp ftXkB ;Gk ftZu (ftofbnK
fJZeV d[ZeVK SZve/) fJwkBdkoh Bkb f;ZyK d/ dod dk gZy jh g/P BjhA
ehsk. fdZbh (j'o PfjoK dk fIeo eoBk f;Zy bhvoK ft;ko jh fdZsk j?)
ftZu j'J/ tfjPh f;Zy esbkw dh gVskb tk;s/ nB/e efwPB pD u[Ze/ jB.
gVskb eofdnK B/ thj ;kb r[Iko fdZs/ jB. ni/ sZe bZyK isBk d/
pkti{d Gh d'PhnK dk y[ok BjhA bZfGnk. f;Zy izsk G'bh j? s/ bhvo b'b/,
jB.
23 wJh 04 tkb/ fdB fJZe f;Zy ;{os tkb/, noE Pk;so d/
wkfjo, ;tZS ihtB tkb/ vkH wBw'jB f;zx B/ Gkos d/ gqXkB wzsoh d/ nj[d/
dk jbc fbnk. pj[s jh T[sPkj iBe xNBk j?, fe fJZe dkjVh e/;K
tkbk, d;skoXkoh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp d/ ftPtkP oZyD tkbk f;Zy, Gkos tor/
ftPkb go fcoe{ Ifjo Bkb bpo/i d/P dk gqXkB wzsoh pD ;fenk j?.
oki;h bkjk b?D dh bkb;k nXhB, nkgDk Bkw nypkoK ftZu Sfgnk t/yD
dh roi nXhB, pj[s fpnkB Sg u[Ze/ jB. wDk w{zjh ekri ekb/ ehs/ ik
u[Ze/ jB, b'VhAdk ;koEe Bshik e'Jh BjhA gkqgs j'fJnk. ;w/A ;w/A s/
ftneshnK ns/ iE/pzdhnK tZb'A nypkoh wzr ehsh rJh ^ dopko ;kfjp
s/ ehs/ rJ/ tfjPh Bhbk skok ;ke/ bJh, d/P dh gqXkB wzsoh fJzdok rKXh
gkobhw?AN ftZu w[nkch wzr/. T[j ;z;ko s'A e{u eo rJh w[nkch wzrD dh
EK woe/ Gh, pj[s ;ko/ f;ZyK wotk rJh. T[;dk g[Zso okiht wK tkbh
rZdh s/ p?mk. T[;B/ f;Zy esbkw s/ nc;'; eoB dh Ekt/A whvhJ/ okjhA
nkgD/ toeoK ;zd/P fds ^ ip pVk g/V frosk j? s' Xosh eKgsh jh
j?. f;ZyK fto[ZX Ifjo T[rb e/, okiht d/P ftZu j{zMk c/o{ fiZs gqkgs
j'Jh. T[j feT[A w[nkch wzr/ < okiht d/ esb j' ikD s'A pknd, eJh gqXkB
wzsoh nkJ/ s/ ub/ rJ/. w[nkch tkbk wrowZS dk jzM{ Gh fe;/ dh nZy ftZu'A
Bk fvZfrnk. e/Ado ftZu eKro; dhnK nBhshnK ekoB Gkigk dh
rmi'V ;oeko ;Zsk s/ ekpi j' rJh. gzikp ftZu eKro; ;oeko tZb'A y{B
d/ dfonk tjkJ/ rJ/. i[bw dh ekbh p'bh jB/oh ftZu, gzikp dk nkw eoe/
ns/ f;ZyK dk yk; eoe/, ;ZG eZ[M T[FZv frnk. fJ;/ bzw/ ;zskg s'A pknd
(70)
gzikp ftZu c"i G/iD dh, dopko ;kfjp ftZu'A ykVe{ eZYD dh p/Bsh ehsh
;h, eh T[j Gh ed/ ;fsr[o{ ih nZr/ ;h; M[ek e/ fywk bJh sobk eoBr/
< fiBK bhvoK nekb sys s/ r[o{ jkio Bkio ikDe/, wo fwND dhnK
e;wK ykXhnK ;B, f;Zy ;oXkb{nK dhnK bkPK , g?oK j/m o'bd/ pkjtK
yVhnK eoe/, ;jh ;bkws ikB puke/, ehs/ e"b ft;ko e/, ;oekoh
rZvhnK ftZu p?m e/ r?;N jkT[;K ftZu e?dh pD rJ/. eh fJjBK gkg
eowK bJh ;fsr[o{ ih s'A w[nkch wzrD tk;s/ T[jBK dh wo u[Zeh iwho
edh nzrVkJh bt/rh < fiBK w[Zy rqzEhnK ns/ tZv/ iZE/dkoK dh fIzw/tkoh
wfonkdk ekfJw oZyD dh ;h. T[j nkgDh fizw/tkoh s'A w{zj w'V rJ/,
dopko ;kfjp nzdo Xow s'A T[bN wzd eos{sK j[zdhnK t/ye/ Gh I[pkB Bk
y'jb ;e/. edh T[j wjK g[ikoh Gh, ;fsr[o{ ih s'A, fBwosk ;fjs w[nkch
wzrDr/ < ;qh gqekP f;zx pkdb B/ ;oekoh w[bkiwK ns/ f;Zy c"ihnK
p?oeK SZvD bJh T[e;kfJnk. fi; ekoB p/nzs c"ih tho b/y/ bZr rJ/.
bzwhnK e?dK eZNhnK, s;hj/ MZb/. T[;/ ;qL pkdb B/ w[Zy wzsoh pDe/, c"ihnK
ns/ f;Zy jZeK dh g?otJh Bk ehsh. eh ;qL pkdb edh fJjBK x'o gzE d'yh
ezwK ekoB ;fsr[o{ ih s'A ofjw dh nghb eoBr/ < Pq'wDh ew/Nh w?Apo,
nkgDh Iwho fsb fsb esb j[zdk ;fjzd/ j'J/, Xow gquko dh ;/tk
fBGkT[D dh Ekt/A, Xow s'A T[bN wzd eos{sK eod/ t/yhd/ jB. pVh p/dodh
Bkb r[o{ eh r'be fBZih n?P gq;sh bJh, ns/ oki;h e[o;hnK dh
gqkgsh bJh popkd eod/ ns/ eokT[D d/ Gkrhdko pDd/ jB. eh nfij/
Pq'wDh ew/Nh w?Apo edh p/ j'P j' u[Zeh nkswk irkT[D dh y/ub eoBr/
< edh ;fsr[o{ ih nZr/ jZE i'Ve/, fBwosk ;fjs w[nkch bJh nodk;
eoBr/ < fBs fdB tckdkohnK pdbd/, f;Zy f;nk;h bhvo, wZekoh Go/
fpnkB d/D' pki nkT[Dr/ < co/p fsbKibh d/ e/, ;Zu d/ gfjo/dko pBDr/
< f;Zyh ;o{g ftZu nDfrDstko Sb BkNe eoB tkb/, edh nkgDhnK
gZEo nZyK ftZu'A gSskt/ d/ d' jzM{ e/o ;eDr/ < gZEo tor/ fdb ftu'A
nodk; dh sVg g?dk j'tr
/ h < w[nkch wzrD dh fjzws eo ;eDr/ fJj gkg
d/ g{sb/ <
(72)
;qh gqekP f;zx pkdb B/ vkH wBw'jB f;x f;Zy Gok j'D d/ Bks/
fdZbh ftZu T[jBK d/ fBtk; ;EkB s/ ike/ tXkJh fdZsh j?. nekb s\s d/
iZE/dko dh fizw/tkoh y[Zd jh ;zGkbd/ j'J/, fJj fpnkB Gh dkr fdZsk fe
dopko ;kfjp nkT[D s/ gqXkB wzsoh ;kfjp f;o'gkT[ Gh fdZsk ikt/rk.
i/ vkH wBw'jB f;zx f;Zy tho j?, sK xZN frDsh rmi'V tkbh wBw'jB f;zx
;oeko , pkdb db fpBk Pos Bk ;jh, e[ZM PosK Bkb jh ;jh, ;woEB
feT[A BjhA fdzdk < tkigkJh ns/ nvtkBh dh RSS dh fcoe{ ;'u pkdb
fpBk Pos jwkfJs fdzdk fojk. f;Zy Gok wBw'jB f;zx T[jBK Bkb'A
fInkdk p[ok sK BjhA j? < dopko ;kfjp s/ ehsk jwbk nfsnzs fxBkT[Dh
ekotkJh ;h. T[; bJh Gkos ;oeko w[nkch Gh wzrDh ukjhdh j?, ns/
popkd j'J/ gzikp nkpkd eoB bJh, m'; edw Gh u[ZeD/ ukjhd/ jB.
T[FZiV/ gqtkoK t;kT[D d/ g[ysk gqpzX Gh eoB/ ukjhd/ jB. gzikp f;o
izrh i[owkB/ d/ s"o s/ m'f;nK frnk eoik Gh w[nkc eoBk ukjhdk j?.
e/Ado ftZu GkJhtkb ofje/ ;L pkdb B/ tkigkJh s'A Bk w[nkch wzrtkJh,
Bk gzikp dk eoik w[nkc eotkfJnk. wBw'jB f;x ih ;oekoh s"o s/
nc;'; gqrN eo d/D sK pj[s nZSh pks j?. go eh ;qh pkdb ns/ T[;d/
nekbh (<) tiho, bhvo, ;zrh ;kEh f;ZyK d/ j'J/ xkD bJh w[nk|h wzrDr/
< r[o{ ;Bw[y g;ukskg eoBr/ < iE/dko fJ; soQK eotk ;eDr/ <
i/ wkT[ g[s? ft;[ d/ fs; s/ fe;[ fgnkok]
i/ xo[ GzB/ gkjo{ eT[D[ oyDjkok]
p/Vh v'p? gksDh feT[ gkfoT[skok]
nkr{ b? T[MfV gt? fe;[ eo/ g[ekok]
i/ efo y/s? ykfJ tkfV e' bj? B ;kok]
i/ r[o GowkJ/ ;kr efo fenk f;y[ ftukok] tko 35$22 GkHr[H
[[[[
(73)
400 ;kbk
fpbNh eotk e/ phVK G/i fdZshnK iKdhnK jB. fgSb/ ;w/A NoZe dk
n?e;hv?AN j' frnk, phVK dh p/ndph j'Jh, nypkoK ftZu uouk j'Jh, go
iZE/dkoK dh ikD/ i[Zsh. nfij/ ezw eoB tkb/, fe;/ gqekPe ;ik BjhA
fdZsh rJh. r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh jZE fbys g[oksB phV, ;zB 2000 ftZu
e?B/vk, gzi f;zx b?e/ rJ/. nfijh d[obZG t;s{ pkjo G/ih jh BjhA ik
;edh. go y[d fJj fJZe iE/dko B/ fGitkJh. T[Xo rJ/ gzi fgnko/
ep{so pD T[vkoh wko rJ/, nZi sZe BjhA bZG/. phV G/iD tkbk iZE/dko
j'o T[FZu/ nj[d/ s/ g[Zi frnk j?, fJj eko/ eoB tkb/ fe;/ g[ZS/ e"D <
fJZe' tys d' sysK dh ;KMh ;/tk fBGk oj/ iZE/dko Bkb, ftuoB
dk w"ek fwfbnk. fiZE/ iE/dko ;oXkb{nK d/ xoK ftZu d[ZX wbkJhnK,
fg;s/ eki{ pdkw Se fojk j?. vZBbg d/ rZfdnK T[FZgo A.C. tkb/ ewo/
ftZu phphnK ;/tk ftZu jkIoHHH. d{i/ pzB/ iE/dko d/ pkvh rkov vokJhto
nkfd pkjo o[Zy j/mK b'n ftZu ;Vd/ oj/. gkDh sZe fe;/ Bk fgnkfJnk,
bzro tes nzdo'A iE/dko dk j[ew nk frnk, fe ;ko/ ;/tkdko B/V/ d/
r[odtko/ ftZu'A goPkdk Se nkT[D. iE/dko fwbD tk;s/ fJikIs b?
e/ nzdo ikDk j[d
z k j?. oks ;"D bZfrnk iE/dko ;koh ;[y
Z ;j{bsK tkbk
tZvk ewok, fJeZb/ ukjhdk j?. go fJ;/ jh xo ftZu, r[o{ rqE
z ;kfjp fJZe
S'N/ fij/ ewo/ ftZu ;[GkfJwkB j?. fJ;/ S'N/ ewo/ ftZu oks tes, uko
;/tkdkoK s[zB fdZsk frnk. fJZe e'B/ ftZu r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp, pkeh y{zfinK
ftZu dV/ j'J/ ;/tkdko. gkme iB'` fBoDk eoe/ dZ;' fe gosZy BIo nk oj/
tosko/ w[skpe, fJj iE/dko tZv/ jB, fe r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp tZv/ jB < fJZe'
p?FZv$gbzx s/, gzi d; ;o{g fNek fdZs/ iKd/ jB. eh gzi ;Zs iE/dko
fJeZm/ fJZe gbzx s/ ;"A ;ed/ jB < fco tZvk e"D j'fJnk < w? fJ; rZb
dk nfj;k; j? fe Ppd r[o{ dk ;fseko fet/A eoBk j?. go iE/dkoK dk
n;bh feodko s[jkv/ ;kjwD/ fbT[D bJh fJj fw;kbK d/DhnK Io{oh j'
rJhnK ;B. fJZe EK s'A d{ih EK s/ phV fbikD tk;s/ eJh tko eko ftZu
p?me/ ;fsr[o{ ih dk ;o{g gZNK T[go oZy fbnk iKdk j?. go eh e'Jh
iE/dko fJ; soQK fe;/ d/ gZNK s/ p?mDk ;theko eo/rk < T[; sk fJeZb/
(77)
wfjzrh eko ukjhdh j?, fco d'tK ftZu'A tZvk e"D j'fJnk < dopko ;kfjp
dhnK gqeowK ftZu, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih d/ fJZe ;o{g e'mk ;kfjp s'A
dopko ;kfjp sZe fbikD bJh, w'Yk d/D tkfbnK dk e'Jh nzs BjhA. ;zy
xfVnkb, oD f;zx/, Y'beK, S?D/, s/ nZr/ nZXk xzNk ;tZJhJ/ gVQB/, ;Zs
o[wkb/ B\o/ Bkb T[skoB/, o[wkfbnK dh o[wkbK Bkb jh ;ckJh dk BkNe,
fco fes/ j[ew (tke) fbnk iKdk j?. fJ;/ dopko ;kfjp dhnK goeowK
ftZu, edh fBrkj rJh j?, fezB/ ;o{g S'N/ S'N/ ewfonK ftZu fNekJ/ j'J/
jB. T[jBK gftZso ;o{gK gqekP eoB s/ ;[Zy nk;D eoB bJh, edh
gkbehnK fuwN/ S?D/, s/ ;/tkdkoK dhnK GhVK t/yhnK jB < fJeZb/ gkmh s'A
f;tkJ/, j'o e'Jh T[FZE/ ;zrs i[Vh t/yh j? < dopko ;kfjp ftZu'A pkjo nk
ikU, T[;/ nzfwqs;o fIbQ/ ftZu jIko d/ eohp fgzv jB. T[jBK ;ko/ fgzvK
ftZu fJZe d' jo EK r[odtko/ Gh jB. T[jBK EktK s/ ;t/o/ fJeZbk rqE
z h f;zx,
nkg/ nodk;, nkg/ f;o s/ wjkokik dk ;o{g, fJZe jZE ftZu u"o s/, fJZe
jZE wjkoki d/ ;o{g , fJeZbk jh ;fsBkw tkfjr[o{ dk ikg eodk j'fJnk
fbnk e/ gqekP eo fdzdk j?. y[d j[ewBkwk gVQdk j? s/ y[d jh fJeZbk
;[Ddk j?. eh fJj ;ko/ ;o{g T[jh d;K gkfsPkjhnK dh i's BjhA jB, i'
dopko ;kfjp fty/ j? < eh nwho rohp tKr iK T[FZuh BhthA iks tKr r[o{
rqzE ;kfjp ih Gh tZv/ S'N/ jB < iE/dko dZ;D dh feogkbsk eoBr/, fe
fJj tyo/tK feT[A ehsk ik fojk j? < dopko ;kfjp ftZu pj[s wjkBsk
ftyke/, G'b/ PoXkb{nK nkT[D bJh fyZu g?dk eoe/, wkfJnk yhf;nK
ftZu'A eYtke/, r[o{ d/ Bkw s/ fJeZso eo b?Dh s/ iE/dkoK tZb'A nkgDh
wBwoIh bJh tos b?Dh. eh fJ;/ dk Bkw r[owfonkdk j? < eh fJjh
n;b wfonkdk j? <
nZi eZb fJZe tpk pj[s g;o u[Zeh j?, dopko ;kfjp s'A nkfJnk
nZi dk j[ewBkwk. fJ; j[ewBkw/ eJh NhHthH u?BbK tkb/ N?bhek;N
eod/ jB. pj[s ;ko/ d/P ftd/P d/ o/vhU ;N/PBK s'A Gh ;[fDnk ik ;edk
j?. nypkoK tkb/ Gh nZi dk j[ewBkwk Skg e/ ;/tk eo oj/ jB. eJh
;kohnK c'B ezgBhnK c'B s/ Gh j[ewBkwk G/i ojhnK jB. fJzNoB?ZN
(78)
jB. ;kX d/ woB sZe T[; e'Jh v/o/ ftZu'A fjbk BjhA ;edk. fJjBK
v/o/dkoK dh ofjs wfonkdk nkg' nkgDh wBwoIh dh j?. go wikb j?
fe;/ iE/dko dh, gJh fJjBK tZb'A ehshnK ik ojhnk r[ows s'A T[bN rZbK
mZb gk ;eD. ;r'A iE/dko fJjBK dhnK wBwsh ekotkJhnK ftZu y[d
Pkwb j[zd/ jB, T[jBK dh gq;z;k eod/ jB, wfonkdk gt/ YZm/ y{j ftZu. e[ZM
skesto oki;h b'eK B/ r[odtkok ew/NhnK Gzr eoe/, nkgD/ gfotkfoe
w?Apo gke/, coih NoZ;N pDk e/, r'beK s/ gZek epik iwk fbnk j?.
iE/dko fco Gh u?B dh pz;oh pik oj/ jB. XzB ;/tk, XzB f;Zyh, XzB
iE/dkoh.
GfoPNkuko d/ e/; ftZu T[bfMnk ;qh gqekP f;zx uko fdB i/jb
dh jtk SeD ubk frnk. d{yfBtkoB r[odtkok gfNnkb/ ftZu, pkdb
;kfjp dk iBw fdB wBkfJnk frnk. pkdb d/ ;/teK r[o{ xo dh r'be
ftZu'A ;g?Pb bzro (<) ytkfJnk frnk. pkdb ;kfjp nZ;h bZy o[g? dh
IwkBs s/ fojk j'e/, id'A dopko ;kfjp fty/ g[Zik, gfjbK jh gZpk Gko yV/
iE/dkoK B/ gzE dhnK T[FZsw otkfJsK fBGkT[AfdnK Xkn e/ pkdb
;kfjp d/ rb ftZu f;o'gkT[ pyfPP eo fdZsk. fit/A ;qh pkdb gzikp dk
gkDh, fpibh, okiXkBh iK j'o wzrK dhnK gzvK b?e/ gos/ j'D. nekbh c{bk
f;zx d/ tkfo; eh fJj' fij/ jh j'fJnk eod/ jB < eh fJjh n;b f;Zyh j?
<
j[D b'e ;Gk dhnK u'DK f;o nk gJhnK jB. T[FZXo Pq'wDh ew/Nh
dhnK u'DK ;wK T[go'A bzx fojk j?. fgSbhnK ykBdkBh otkfJsK dh
gkbDk eofdnK, iE/dko, bhvo b'e, nypkoh fpnkB pj[s dkrDr/.
p/nzs fe;w d/ gq'rokw T[bheDr/. nypkoK ftZu bzw/ fJPfsjko SgDr/.
ykb;k wkouK d/ Bkw j/m, PoXktkB f;ZyK ;VeK s/ d[VkT[Dr/. Bt/A ;e{b
ekbi y'jbDr/HHHHH. u'DK s'A pknd fpod pkD/ dh bki gkbfdnK, ;G ehs/
tknd/ T[bhe/ gq'rokw, dkr/ rJ/ nypkoh fpnkB, G[bk fdZs/ ikDr/. ;zB
1995 dk ;kb, ;szpo wjhB/ dk nkyoh jcsk, ftPt f;Zy ;zw/bD. p/nzs
f;zx w[Zy wzsoh gzikp d/ i[bw s'A sfofjzfdnK ;kok gzikp ;kj^;Zs jhD
(80)
j'fJnk fgnk ;h. r[o{ eh tvkbh s'A nBzdg[o ;kfjp sZe, s/ jfor'fpzd g[o/
s'A sbtzvh ;kp' sZe d/, d' ykb;k wkouK B/ b'E pD uZ[e/ nekbh dbK s/
x[ofBnK ftZu tVhnK c?vo/PBK ;VeK s/ nkT[D dk pjkBk fdZsk. fJj
;h 1994 dk ;kb. fco ehsk ftPt f;Zy ;w/bB fi;s/ bZrGr gzikj
eo'V o[g? r[o{ eh r'be ftZu'A T[vk fdZs/ rJ/. Bshi/ d/ s"o s/ u'DK ftZu fiZs
:ehBh pD rJh. fco ;wK nkT[D s/ ftPt f;Zy e"A;b dk fBowkD ehsk
frnk. i;fN; e[bdhg f;zx tork ;{MtkB f;zx T[;dk w[Zy ;/tkdko
Ekfgnk frnk. ;kv/ neb d/ e'N iE/dkoK pj[s d{o dh ;[ZMh. T[jBK
;'funk, Pq'wDh ew/Nh S'N/ fij/ gzikp sZe ;hws, fdZbh ew/Nh fdZbh sZe,
gzikp dk w[Zy wzsoh nkgDh ;zftXkBe ;hwK nzdo. go nkj iZi, eZbQ dh
G{sBh ;k ;kfonK eZu/ bkj frnk, pD p?mk ftPt Go d/ f;ZyK dk
gqXkB. fJj sK fco S.G.P.C. d/ w?ApoK s'A Gh T[go, iwKdo{ gqXkB
S.G.P.C. ;qL N"jVk s'A Gh TFZ[go s/HHHH. fJj tZvk ubke pfDnk fcod?,
bkj' fJj gqXkBrh s'A, N[eV/ N[eV/ eo fdU fJj dh ftPt f;Zy e"A;b
d/HHHH. f;Zy eh j'fJnk i/ neb dh rZb eo ikt/ <
j[D fco fJj PskpdhnK nkT[DrhnK, ekoK d"VBrhnK, fpnkB
SgDr/, i?eko/ r{ziDr/, bzro pBDr/, d/rK ;iDrhnK, thvhU fcbwK
pBDrhnK, eo'VK nopK o{g? d/ fpb gk; j'Dr/HHHHH. fJjBK ;ko/ wjkB
gq'rokwK ftZu f;Zy gzE dh uVQdh ebk s'A fpBK j'o ;kok e[ZM j't/rk. f;ZyK
dk nypko, NhHthH u?Bb (r[ows f;XKsK bJh) fgzv gZXo s/ r[ows
f;Zfynk e/Ado, ofjs wfonkdk dh fJZe;kosk, fJfsjk;e rqzE ;'X e/ xZN
ehws s/, i/jbK ftZu'A f;Zy B"i[nkBK dh fojkJh, gzikp ns/ f;ZyK d/ j'o
Io{oh w;b/ ;oeko s'A jZb eotkT[D/, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ;z;ko dhnK wZ[y
p'bhnK ftZu Skge/ tzvD/. pj[s ezw jB, go BkjfonK i?ekfonK s'A fpBK
PkfJd j'o e[M
Z ;kv/ gZb/ Bk gt/. n? iE/dko ih. feogk eoe/ gzE dh pj[Vh
eo', ;L r[opy; f;zx iK ;L i'frzdo f;zx ;g'e;w?B gzE ftZu'A S/e
d/D Bkb e"w dk e[ZM BjhA ;ztoBk. n;hA ;ko/ T[jBK d/ Bkb jK, i/ ckj/
bkT[Dk j? sK ;k T[jBK d/ jw?sh nZm d; jiko, 26 dh eBt?PB tkb/
(81)
f;ZyK ;kfonk jh S/e fdU. fJjh s[jkvh gzEe ;/tk wzBh ikt/rh,
;k e'Jh }w BjhA j't/rk.
w[okd g{oh j'Jh 21^10^06 B{z iE/dko B/ v/oktkdhnK d/ nky/
ssekb ;/tk eofdnK b/ye fto[X Gh j[ewBkwk ikoh eo fdsk j?. fpBk
;[DtkJh s'A fJe sock c?;b/ e'Jh n"ozri/p iK uzr/i ykB jh eo ;edk j?.
Xowh g[oy edh nfijk gkg BjhA eo ;edk.
[[[[
(82)
rZb eh irB BkE g[oh, ekPh, bzek, fjwkbk gops, fsZps, B/gkb, wZek
wdhBk, fiZE/ Gh ;fsr[o{ rJ/, goukoe Ekg/. wzihnK p\PhnK, eh T[j
;ko/ n;EkB s\s wzB bJ/ ikDr/ < edh Gh BjhA, fco sK ;fsr[o{ BkBe
;kfjp dk iBw n;EkB sbtzvh jh ;G s'A gfjbK s\s ;theko eoBk
gt/rk. fJZE/ jh rZb BjhA w[e/rh, ;r'A ;fsr[o{ nwodk; ih B/ j'o pkJh
wzihnK dh pyfPP TFZ[sw ihtB tkb/ f;ZyK ehsh s/ tZy'^tZy fJbkfenK
ftZu gqukoe Ekfgnk. fco fJj pkJh f;Zy ;/te Gh iE/dko nytkT[Dr/ <
s/ fJjBK d/ ;ko/ n;EkB sys ;kfjp pD ikDr/ < T[jBK pkJh f;ZyK d/
Bkw wjkBe'P d/ gzBk BzL 847 s/ t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. fi; Ppd dk fIeo
GkJh fJepkb f;zx B/ ehsk j? T[; ftZu (990 tkbk) wzih s\s iK iE/dkoh
dk feXo/ fIeo BjhA j?. fizadrh d/ ;[Xko tk;s/ jh ;koh r[opkDh T[ukoD
ehsh rJh j? fe;/ s\s s/ fpmkT[D Bkb x;hN e/ BK i'Vh ikt/. fJ;/
soQK d/ Ppd eK;h, rfJnk, bzek, s[bzp/, ;?dg[o, bkj"o nkfde nB/e EktK
s/ ;fsr[o{ ih B/ T[ukoD ehs/ jB. eh T[j ;ko/ EK s\s pDk bJhJ/ <
;fsr[o{ ih fe; n;EkB s/ fezBk ;wK oj/ fJ; Bkb e'Jh coe BjhA g?D
bZrk. sbtzvh eohp thj ;kb oj/, ;[bskBg[o nmkoK ;kb oj/. eoskog[o
Gh bZrGr ;fsr[o{ thj ;kb fpoki/ sK eh fJj ;ko/ s\s pD rJ/ <
;/tkdko sK ;ko/ jh f;Zy jB. ;fsr[o{ ih d/ fJfsjk;e ;EkB ;ko/ jh Gb/
jB go s\s s/ iE/dko fJ; soQK BjhA pDkJ/ ik ;ed/. fco Yke/ dk
G{whnk u'o, e"vk oky;, B{oPkj ikd{roBhHHHH fJj Gh ;ko/ s\sK d/
iE/dko ;B <
r[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp ih B/ gNB/ dh ;zrs dk ekpb dh ;zrs tk;s/
w/ok ykb;k \sK ftZu fbfynk j?. eh \s ftZu ykb;k fbyD Bkb jh
s\s pD iKdk j? < T[jBK B/ s/ j'o Gh pj[s \s fby/ ;B <
GkJh fdnkb dk; B/e fJB;kB gftZso ihtB tkbk ikDe/
;fsr[o{ ih B/ w[Zy ;/tkdko gNBk fty/ bk fdZsk mhe j?. go GkJh fJepkb
f;zx ;fsr[o{ B/ B/e ubDh dk e'Jh ;koNhche/N BjhA fdZsk. fdnkbdk;
dh gdth nkgD/ Bkw fyZu e/ i'VBh fejVh fdnkBsdkoh j? <
(84)
j[D d/y' M{m d/ g?o BjhA j[zd/ tkbh rZb, fJ; s\s dk Bkw eoD
d;w gksPkj B/ ehsk GkJh fJepkb f;zx fbydk j?. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp
s'A b? e/ d;w gksPkj sZe fJj EK fpBK fe;/ Bkw s'A jh ubh nkT[Adh ;h <
nrbh rZb fJepkb f;zx fbydk j? fe wksk ;[zdoh ih B/ GkJh bkb gkbk
s/ GkJh ;zr' ih j[ewBkwk d/ e/ G/fink. eh r[o{ BkBe s/ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx
ih tkb/ j[ewBkw/ ;wK ftjk rJ/ ;B < wksk ;[zdoh ih gzE dh r[osk BjhA
fdZsh rJh, fco T[jBK j[ewBkw/ ikoh eoB dk nfXeko gqkgs fet/A j'
frnk < efjzd/ jB iK sK pzdk M{m p'b/ jh Bk i/ p'bD bZr jh fgnk sK tZv/
s'A tZvk M{m p'b/ wkVk XhVk feT[A p'b/ < GkJh fJepkb f;zx B/ sK fJj Gh
fby wkfonk fe nekb s\s ;kfjp e/tb gzikp sZe ;hws j?. pkeh ;koh
d[BhnK sK gNBk ;kfjp d/ nXhB j?. tkj GkJh ih tkj. fiZE/ ;opZs
ykb;/ i[Vd/ oj/, fiE/ t?oh pko pko jwb/ eod/ oj/, fiZE/ S/tA/ gksPkj c"iK
s'A BIokB/ b?Ad/ oj/, fiE/ tZv/ tZv/ Btkp pkdPkj M[Zed/ oj/, T[j s\s S'Nk
j' frnk s/ gNBk ;kfjp fi;dh e'Jh ;orow G{fwek BjhA ojh T[j ;koh
d[BhnK dk e/Ado X[ok <
GkJh fJepkb f;zx dh nrbh fbyh gzesh gV'Q ^ r[o{ s/r pjkdo
;kfjp ih T[; ;w/A jfowzdo ;kfjp nzfwqs;o d/ ;/tkdkoK B/ dopko
;kfjp ftZu dkyb Bk j'D fdZsk. Bk jh nekb s\s nkT[D fdZsk, 50 ri
dh d{oh s/ p?m e/ tkg; ub/ rJ/.
r[o{ dh wjkB gdth d/ wkbe'` eh fJ;/ ekoB nekb sys S'Nk j'
frnk fe r[o{ s/r pjkdo nzdo BjhA ik ;e/ < gNBk ;kfjp r[o{ nzrd,
r[o{ nwodk;, r[o{ okwdk;, r[o{ jfor'fpzd, r[o{ jfookfJ, r[o{ jfo feqPB
ftZu'A e'Jh Gh ;fsr[o{ BjhA nkfJnk. id'A (r[o{) r'fpzd okJ/ dk iBw
j'fJnk ;h sd'A T[j f;ZyK d/ r[o{ BjhA ;B. ;kY/ B"A ;kb dh T[wo ftZu 1675
T[j r[o{ pD/ ;B s/ r[o{ pDB s'A pknd ed/ gNB/ nkJ/ BjhA eh itkp j?
fJ; rZb dk < i' e[ZM nekb s\s s/ j' fojk j?, T[jd/ ftu'A pj[s e[ZM rbs
j' fojk j? go gNBk ;kfjp fty/ Gh sK pj[s e[ZM rbs j' fojk j?, ;'u' <
frnkBh fJepkb f;zx ih gNBk ;kfjp sZe ;hws ofjzd/ sK pj[s
(85)
uzrk ;h. T[j sK jI{o ;kfjp d/ Gh wkbe pDd/ BIo nkT[Ad/ jB. fiZE/
d;w fgsk e[ZM wjhB/ oj/ T[j s\s fet/A pD frnk < e'Jh ;p{s BjhA fdZsk
frnk. ;G f;yB e' j[ew j? r[o{ wkfBU rqE
z p; fJzBK tke efj d/D Bkb
jh s\s pD frnk. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ fiZE/ p?m e/ Gh T[gd/P ehsk fco sK T[jh
sys pD ikt/rk. gfjbK ;ko/ gk;/ jh nBzs r[odtko/ w"i{d jB. j[D fco
fJjBK ;kfonK dk Bkw pdb e/ s\s oZy d/JhJ/ < mhe j? < go GkJh
fJepkb f;zx sK ;koh f;Zy e"w gzE ftZu'A S/eD bJh fsnko BIo
nkT[Ad/ jB.
fezBk uzrk j[zdk i/ GkJh fJepkb f;x fe;/ nfij/ g[oksB j[ewBkw/
dk fIeo eod/ i' gNBk ;kfjp d/ iE/dko B/ ykb;k gzE tk;s/ ikoh ehsk
j[zdk. iK fe;/ gzE ftZu S/eD tkb/ g[okD/ j[ewBkw/ dk jh fIeo eo fdzd/
go BjhA eo ;e/. T[;/ feskp ftZu vkH rzvk f;zx B/ nZi sZe fJZe
j[ewBkwk ikoh j'Dk fbfynk j?. ;r'A T[j T[rokjh dh nghb j?, j[ewBkwk
BjhA j?. ;zB 1862 cotoh 4 fJbkek fBtk;h ;zrsK fejk frnk j? fe
coP ns/ fBPkB ;kfjp dh ;/tk ftZu fjZ;k gkU. j'o e'Jh j[ewBkwk fJZE'A
(gNBk) iK ji{o ;kfjp s'A ed/ ikoh BjhA j'fJnk. g[oksB fbysK ftZu
iE/dko fw;bK d/ w[yh fejk iKdk ;h r[o{ xo d/ rqzEh iE/dko BjhA
fejk iKdk ;h. ;G s'A tZvh ;[gqhw e'oN d/P ftZu fJZe jh j'fJnk eodh
j?. s/ jkJhe'oNK pj[shnK j' ;edhnK jB. gsk BjhA GkJh fJepkb f;zx
gzE dk eh ;ztkoBk ukj[zd/ jB fJjBK j[ewBkfwnK d[nkok. nDfrDs ys
(j[ewBkfwnK d/ Bkw nXhB) nekb sys ;kfjp s'A nkgD/ fto'XhnK
BhtK fdykT[D tk;s/ ikoh j' uZe
[ / jB. oki;h b'eK B/ iE/dkoK ns/ nekb
s\s nkgDhnK fBih b'VK tk;s/ tofsnk j?. r[ows s'A ;ZyD/ nDgVQ
ftnesh f;ZyK d/ g"g pD/ BIo nkT[Ad/ jB. r[o wfonkdk s'A T[bN uZbD
tkb/ okiBhse pdfdnkBsdko bhvoK , ns/ gkyzvh bkD/ ;kXK BZE
gkT[D tk;s/ ny"sh iE/dkoK B/ ed/ e'Jh m'; ekotkJh eoB dh i[noZs BjhA
ehsh. Xow gquko tZb edh fXnkB BjhA fdZsk iKdk. gzE o;ksb tZb
roedk ik fojk j?, nkg' Xkgh gJh j'Jh j?. tZy' tZyohnK wfonkdktK pDk
(86)
bJhnK jB. BP/, gfss g[Dk, pqkjwDh eoweKv nkfd o'eD tk;s/ edh
fe;/ g[ikoh (iE/dko) B/ fXnkB jh BjhA fdZsk. go id'A e'Jh f;Zy neb
dh rZb efj d/t/ sd'A jh g[ikohnK pj[s r[Z;k nkT[Adk j?. ;pzXs
ftnesh gzE ftu'A S/e e/ pj[s tZvh ;/tk eo oj/ j[zd/ jB. ekP fe
sys fJe' j't/ ykb;k gzE B{z fJwkBdko okiBhsh dk gkm gVkt/. iE/dko
Xow dk w[i;wk ns/ ;z;ko gEo dh okiBhsh dk wkfjo j't/. p/JhwkB
nkuoDjhD oki;h b'e f;y Xow dh d[otos'A Bk eo ;eD. ;ko/ f;Zy
fJZe' wfonkdk ftZu pZM ikD. Xow gquko dh BthA bfjo ubk d/D. gzE
dh J/esk tk;s/ ;koEe T[gokb/ eoB s/ i' rZb eoBh j't/ dbhb ftuko
Bkb eoB. fJj' i'dVh j? fJj' nodk; j?.
[[[[
(87)
Xow Bkb i'V fdZsk. ftjbVK dh r[o{ xo ftZu edh ;'Gk BjhA ehsh rJh.
r[opkDh r[oT[gd/;K s'A nrtkJh b? e/ f;Zy fjzwsh, feosh, go T[gekoh,
iKpkI i'X/ pDe/ T[FZGo/. bzwh izr bVh, w[;hpsK d/ jV okj o'ed/ oj/, go
f;Zy nZr/ jh nZr/ tXd/ ub/ rJ/. ;fsr[o{ ih dk Ppd gV'Q^
;/t ehsh ;zs'yJh fiBh ;u' ;u fXnkfJnk]
UBh wzd? g?o B ofyU efo ;[feqs Xow ewkfJnk]
UBh d[Bhnk s'V/ pzXBk nzB[ gkDh E'Vk ykfJnk]HHHHH
tfvnkJh tvk gkfJnk]
(467)
jo o'I t/fynk ik ;edk. i'V/ ;KGD/ ;kc eoB/, eZgV/ X'D/ Gh ;/tk dk
jh fJZe fjZ;k ;theko ehs/ rJ/ jB. r[opkDh gVQBh ftukoBh sK f;Zy bJh
j? jh nsh Io{oh. ;/tk eoB dh gq/oBk r[opkDh ftZu'A jh sK gqkgs j[zdh j?.
xo ftZu iK r[o{ xo ftZu fes/ Gh w"ek pD nkt/, f;Zy B/ r[opkDh dk gkm
eoBk iK ;[DBk jh j?. ;fji gkm, nyzv gkm, ehosB eEk, eVkj gqPkd
s/ fBsB/w dhnK pkDhnK, fJj ;G sK f;Zy dh fIzdrh dk nfBZyVtK nzr
jB. g[oksB ;w/A s'A jh f;Zy pkDh gVQd/ j'J/ ;fseko Bkb ;/tk eod/ nk
oj/ jB.
brgr 1960 s'A P[o{ j'e/ fJZe ni/jh wko{ jtk ubk fdZsh rJh fe
f;Zyh ;/tk dhnK BhjK fjZb rJhnK. id'A ;zs cfsj f;zx s/ wk;No skok
f;zx B/ fJZe d{i/ gSkVB dh Bhns Bkb, gzEe wzu s/ Sb BkNe ehsk
s/ nekb s\s, ns/ T[;d/ ;/tkdko fit/A fdb ehsk BukfJnk. fJj
fJZe bzwh d[ydkJh dk;skB j?. ;zB 1960 s'A pknd jh wk;No skok f;zx
s/ ;zs cfsj f;zx B/ tkoh tkoh woB tos oZy/. pVh p/j:kJh Bkb fpBk
e[ZM gqkgs ehs/ nXtkfNT[A tos s'V fdZs/. fco nekb s\s s/ nrB e[zv
pDkJ/ rJ/. d't/A bhvoK ;w/A ;w/A ;V woB dk r[ows fto'Xh eow ehsk,
n?bkD eoe/ w[Zeo woB s'A iKd/ oj/. f;Zy gzE d/ r[Z;/ s'A puD tk;s/ nekb
s\s d/ iE/dko tosd/ oj/. iE/dko ih ;k posB ;kc eoB, i'V
MkVB, MkV{ c/oB s/ gkm eoB dh ;Ik bk fdT[. pj[sh Bk bkT[Dh p;
gzdoK thj fdBK s'A tZX Bk j't/. fJ; soQK ;kv/ r[Bkj w[nk| j' ikDr/ s/ G'b/
Gkb/ f;Zy mzY/ mko j' e/ fco ;kv/ wro i?eko/ rikT[Ad/ uZb g?Dr/.
emg[sbh B[wk iE/dko ih B/ fJjh e[ZM ehsk. fJZe B"eo, wkbe ;ik
bkT[D dk y/yD eo fojk ;h. go wkbe g[ZS g[ZS e/, fJj gzEe otkfJsK
s'A Gr"V/ b'e (bhvo) ;Ik G[rs oj/ ;B, dopko ;kfjp ftZu posB ;k|
eoe/, pkDh gVQ ;[De/.
T[d'A s'A b?e/ nZi sZe fJjh toskok r[ows dk b/pb bke/ fBozso
toskfJnk ik fojk j?. ;zB 1977 ftZu gzikp dh nekbh ;oeko ftZu fJZe
(90)
f;o eZYt/A f;Zy ;qL nkswk f;zx wkb wzsoh d/ fXnkB ftZu fbnKdk frnk
fe gNtkoh s'A b? e/ T[FZgo sZe wfjew/ dk jo tZvk S'Nk nc;o$eowukoh
fo;ts ftZu v{zxk XZf;nk j'fJnk j?, fJjBK BZE gkT[ fGqPNK ;Ik
fdT[HHHH.
;qL nkswk f;zx dk i[nkp ;h ^jK s[;hA mhe efj oj/ j', w?A
Xkowe nkdwh jK, fJ; bJh fJjBK Xkowe ;Ik jh fdnKrk. nZr'A
tk;s/ fJjBK s'A gqD eotKtkrk fe p/JhwkBh, foPtsy'oh s'A pki nkT[D.
g[ZSD s/ nkyD bZr/ tIho ;kfjp fe fJjBK ;kfonK w?A nghb eodk
jK fe dopko ;kfjp nzfwqs;o ikD, ;wZoEk w[skpe d/r eokT[D, gqeowk
ftZu ;/tk eoB s/ gkm ;[BD. jcsk d; fdBK dk gq;ukskg eoe/ fco gqD
eoB fe nZr'A foPts BjhA btKr/, sK w?A ;kfonK d/ fgSb/ ehs/ j'J/ r[Bkj
w[nk| j'J/ ;wM btKrk. fJ; puekB/ nypkoh fpnkB ekoB ;qL nkswk
f;zx dh bzw/ ;w/A sZe fyZbh T[FZvdh ojh ;h. gZsoekoK fJj Gh nkfynk ;h
gJh fco g[bh; ns/ ndkbsK dh eh b'V j?, bZ[NK y'jK eo', foPtsK bJh
ikT[, d[BhnK Go d/ e[eow eoB s'A pknd edh edkJhA dopko ;kfjp ik
e/ d/r eokT[, fJPBkB eo', pkDh ;[D', s/ ;ko/ r[BkjK s'A w[esh gkT[.
fpbe[b fJ;/ soi s/ uZb oj/ jB ;kv/ bhvo s/ iE/dko. fgSb/
bzw/ no;/ s'A t/yd/ nk oj/ jk, fizB/ tZv/ woIh pZio gkg eod/ ikT[, r[o{
ehnK r'beK bZ[N', Xow d/ BK s/ f;ZyK e[okj/ gkT[, b[ZN e/ ykT[ t'NK wzr'.
r[odtkfonK oki;h nykV/ pDk fdT[, u"XoK s/ r'beK pdb/ fJZe d{i/ d/
f;o gkV', gZrK T[sko', dkjVhnK g[ZN', ndkbsK ftZu r[o{ ehnK r'beK
o'jVd/ ub/ ikT[. M{m p'b', PokpK ghT[, PokpK fgnkT[, n|hw G[Zeh dh
pb?e eo' s/ t'NoK SekT[. ;ko/ r[oXkwK s/ c"iK ukjV fdT[, jIkoK
B"itkBK e'j e'j e/ wko fdT[.nekb s\s Ykj fdT[ (p{Nk f;zx, frL i?b
f;zx) nekb sys pDk fdT[ (;zsk f;zx fBjzr w[yh) nekb sys d/ Bkw
s/ wkfJnk pN'o bt' (Ne;kb) nekb sys dh d[otos'A eo bt'. nodk;K
eoe/, e;wK yke/ (nekbh db d/ woihtV/) w[Zeo ikT[, r[o{ fgZm d/
(91)
ikT[, gzE y{j ftZu ;Z[N fdT[, ;G w[nkc j' ;edk j?. Gkt/A e'Jh ;zs pkD/
ftZu pbkseko eo/ (XBtzs f;zx, PwP/o f;zx ir/Vk, wkB f;zx gj'tk)
Gkt/A ;zs b'e y[d v/o/ d/ nzdo (BkBe;o eb/oK tkb/) epi/ tk;s/ r'bhnK
dh tkSV Bkb d{i/ ;zs G[zB d/D. ;G w[nk| j' ;edk j?, p; fJZe tkoh
dopko ;kfjp nkT[ iE/dko ih nZr/ g/P j't'. T[j d'Ph eoVh ;ik
d/Dr/. Gbk eh < ikT[ goeowk ftZu MkV{ bkT[, posD wKi', i'V/ ;kc eo',
gkm ;[D' eo', brksko fJZeh fdB iK fJeZsh fdB. fco d/r eokT[Dh, r'be
ftZu wkfJnk gkT[Dh s/ gzE ftZu tkg;h dh nodk;, G[ZbK pyPD dh
nodk; eoe/ ;ko/ r[Bkj X' fdZs/ ikDr/.
nkfyo ftZu rzGho j'e/ Mksh wko'. P[o{ ftZu fIeo ehsk frnk ;h,
fe r[o{ fgnko tkb/, wkJh GkJh jEhA ;/tk eoBh XzB Gkr ikDe/ efonk
eod/ ;B$jB. fJjBK nzdo r[o{ fgnko r[opkDh dk ;fseko, ;/tk dk
T[sPkj mkmK wkodk gosZy t/fynk ik ;edk j?. GkJh r[odk; ih ;/tk pko/
fby oj/ jB ^
r[of;yK r[of;y ;/tk bkfJnk]
;kX ;zrs efo ;/t ;[y cb gkfJnk]
sgV MkfVnk ftSkfJ X{Vh BkfJnk]
e'o/ wN nDkfJ Bho GokfJnk]
nkfD wjK gq;kfd tzfv y[nkfJnk] (Gkr[ L 20$10)
;zg{oD r[o{ rqzE ftZu fes/ fJZe fsb wkso fIeo BjhA fwb/rk fe
r[opkDh gVQBh ;[DBh e'Jh ;ik j?. ;r'A nfij/ j[ew p/nzs jB fe f;Zy
B/ ;dk jh r[opkDh s'A nrtkJh ;/X b? e/ fIzdrh p;o eoBh j?. fco ;kv/
ny"sh iE/dko G[Zb pyPD bZfrnK pkDh gVQB dh sBykj feT[A bkT[Ad/ jB
< r[o{ xo ftZu ;/tk eoBh gftZso ekoi j?, wkJh GkJh PoXk nXhB y[Ph
Bkb fBZs eod/ t/yhAd/ jB. go G[Zb py;kT[D tkfbnK fJjh ;/tk eoB
dh ;Ik feT[A fdZsh iKdh j? < eVkj gqPkfd ;zrsK o'IkBk jh eokT[AdhnK
jB, fco d/r eokT[D dh ;Ik fet/A j'Jh < n;b ftZu f;Zyh dhnK
(92)
[[[[
(94)
u[ZehnK jB. fiBQK ftZu'A nZi dh fiazdrh pko/ e'Jh ;koEe ;/X BjhA
fwbdh. fJj ;kyhnK ftfrnkBe BiaohJ/ Bkb t/fynK th yohnK BjhA
T[sodhnK. pkDh ou?sk wjKg[oyK dh tfvnkJh sK fes/ ojh, ;r'A fJjBK
dh s"jhB eoB s[Zb jB. r[o{ ehnK ;zrsK, gqpzXe s/ gqukoe jB fe
nfrnkBsk ekoB, Xkowe ;N/iK s/ ;G e[ZM r[o{ ek gqPkd ;wM e/ gqtkB
eoh ik oj/ jB. r[opkDh sK wB[Zy wkso B{z Gog{o frnkB pya;a ojh j?,
nfrnkBsk B{z T[vk ojh j?. c[owkB j?L^
d/y" GkJh rQkB eh nkJh nKXh..
;G? T[vkBh Gow eh NkNh oj? B wkfJnk pKXh..
(331)
epho ih ;wMk oj/ jB ^ t/y' GkJh ` nkswe wzvb ftZu frnkB
dh jB/oh tr gJh j?. id'A mkmK wkodk frnkB dk ukBD T[FZwv gt/ fco
nfrnkBsk, tfjw Gow ns/ jo gqeko d/ pzXB, frnkB eh nKXh nZr,/ eZyK
ekfBnK tKr T[FZv iKd/ jB.
T[AR sK r[opkDh ou?sk wjKg[oyK pko/ pj[s ;kohnK xNhnk s/
n;aoXe eEktK gquZbs jB. ;w/A f;o T[jBK pko/ th ftuko ehsk
ikt/rk. nZi epho ih d/ fJZe ;apd dh ftuko ehsh ikt/rh. nZr'A nfij/
rbs noEK ekoB i' wko{ gqGkt f;Zy ;wki s/ g? fojk j?, T[j fpnkB s'A
pkjo j?. nkT[ gfjbK ;apd ns/ noE gVQhJ/ L^
rzr r[;kfJfB rfjo rzGho.. iziho pKfX efo yo/ epho..
wB[ B fvr?, sB[ ekj/ eT[ vokfJ..
uoB ewb fus[ ofjU ;wkfJ..
ojkT[..
rzrk eh bjfo w/oh N{Nh iziho.. fwqrSkbk go p?m/ epho..
efj epho e'T{ ;zr Bk ;kE.. ib Eb okyB j? ox[BkE.. (1162)
fJ; ;apd d/ noE eoB tes gq'H ;kfjp f;zx ih fe;/ wiap{oh
ekoB Gkt noE ;gZ;aN eoB s'A y[zM rJ/ iK feBkok eo rJ/. nZyoh noE
T[jBK fJT[A ehs/ jB L^
(j/ GkJh`) fi; wB[Zy dk wB gqG{ d/ uoBK ftZu bhB oj/, T[; dk
wB (fe;/ ePN t/b/) v'bdk BjhA, T[;d/ ;oho B{z (e;aN d/ e/) vokT[D s'A
(96)
eoB s/ tZvh s'A tZvh ;Ik fdZsh ik ;edh j?, Xow eosp ikDe/. ;ko/
p'b/ rzrk wJhnk eh i?, i? wJhnk eh.
fJ; eowksh phph rzrk ftZu nDfrDs b'e v[Zp e/ wo u[Ze/ jB.
po;ks d/ w";w ftZu pkeh dfonktK tKr fJ; ftZu Gh y{p jVQ nkT[Ad/ jB.
p/nzs ikBh wkbh spkjh jo ;kb j[zdh j?. PfjoK dk rzd wzd (wbw{so)
ns/ nDfrDs ekoykfBnK dk d{f;as gkDh, rzrk ftZu fvZrdk j?. fi; dh
pd"bs fJj gkDh ghD i'rk sK fes/ fojk t/yD B{z fdb BjhA eodk. pkeh
;ko/ dfonk T[FZu/ gjkVK ftZu pV/ gftZso jB.
fJ;/ soQK rzrk Gh foPh e/P d/ n;EkB sZe gftZso (;kca) tfjzdh
j?. nr'A fJ; ftukoh dh pj[s d[ors j[zdh j?. eJh EktK s/ Gkos ;oeko
B/ PoXkb{nK B[z w[esh fdtkT[D bJh gkDh ;kca eoB d/ nfsnzs wfjzr/
fcbNo nkfd bkJ/ j'J/ jB. fco th fJj b'eK dh w?b gkg X'Adh j'Jh
fJzBh w?bh j' rJh j? fe ftd/;ah ;kpDk (izsoK) Bkb o'I fJ;aBkB eodh
j?, p/ukoh rzrk wksk.
gq'H ;kfjp f;zx ih B/ fJ; ;apd dh rfjokJh ftZu ik e/, goy BjhA
ehsh. T[jBK dhnK wiapo
{ hnK e'Jh Gh j' ;edhnK jB. izihoK ftZu iefVnk
ftnesh i/ gkDh ftZu ;[N
Z fdZsk ikt/, T[j ntZ;a jh v[Zp wo/rk. gkDh Gkt/
A rzrk, iwBk, r'dktoh iK okth dk j't/, jo EK gkDh dh sk;ho fJZe' jh j?
H2O. rzrk ftZu nfijh fejVh goT[gekoh or cVe gJh fe epho ih
dhnK izihoK s'V d/t/. fco fe;/ uwseko d[nkok fwqr nk;D (fwqr dh
yZb) xZb d/t/. epho ih u"AeVk wko e/ T[; eokwksh yZb T[go p?m rJ/.
T[j fjoB dh yZb Gh sK e'Jh p/Vh iK fePsh BjhA ;h fe nkokw Bkb gko
eotk fdzdh. fJZe wB[Zy dk Gko u[Ze e/ fwqr dh yZb jofri gkDh s/ BjhA
s?o ;edh. fco i' b'e epho ih B{z v[p' e/ wkoB bJh jh fbnkJ/ ;B,
T[jBK d[pkok v'pD dk feT[A isB Bk ehsk< eh rzrk d/ noE e/tb rzrk
dfonk jh jB.
r[o{ noiB ;kfjp ih B{z nB/e s;hj/ d/D s'A pknd, okth dfonk
ftZu o'jfVnk frnk. T[j gkDh ftZu v[Zp rJ/, gkDh B/ e'Jh fbjkI Bk
(98)
ehsh. gkDh nkgD/ nNZb fBnw w[skfpe ezw eodk j?. T[; B{z tZv/ S'N,/
nwho^rohp, ;kX iK u'o Bkb e'Jh b?Dk d/Dk BjhA j?. fiBQK ihtK d/ nzdo
;kj b?D bJh c/cV/ bZr/ j'J/ jB, gkDh ftZu v[ZpD s/ T[jBK d/
c/cfVnK ftZu gkDh Go iKdk j?. e[dos tZb'A y[;ae EktK s/ ofjD tkb/
ihtK d/ ;oho ftZu c"oh s"o s/ gkDh pkjo eZYD dk e'Jh gqpX
z BjhA j?. fJ;/
ekoB gqkDh dh w"s jz[dh j?. gkDh ftZu ofjD tkb/ ihtK d/ ;oho ftZu c/
cV/ Bjh, rbcV/ bZr/ j'J/ jB. fiBQK okjh nzdo frnk tkX{ gkDh, Bkb'
Bkb pkjo fBebdk ofjzdk j?. b'VhAdh nke;hiB gkDh ftZu'A b? e/ tos
bJhdh j?. r[o{ noiB ;kfjp B{z gkDh B/ Bk pyfPnk, epho ih ;akfJd tZX
eokwksh ;aeshnK tkb/ ;B< d;w/ gkfs;akj ih dk ;kok gfotko ns/
f;Zy, fJZe po;ksh Bkb/ nZr/ p/pZ; j' rJ/. ;o;k Bdh feBko/ nZr'A gkDh
dh wko, fgZS/ d[;awD dh wkoHHHH. fJZe S'Nk fizBk Bkbk d;t/A BkBe ih s'A
ekp{ Bk nkfJnk< fJ; s'A wro'A th izrK :[ZXK ftZu f;Zy bVd/ oj/. id'A
dfonk gko eoB dk ;pZp pDdk sK pj[s ;ko/ (i' s?oB d/ wkjo BjhA ;B)
vZ[p e/ wo iKd/. nZi sZe gkDh dh sk;ho BjhA pdbh, pdbD dh ;zGktBk
th e'Jh BjhA j?. gkDh B{z nkgDhnK b'VK bJh tosD dh iKu f;ZyD s'A fpBK
fJ;B/ ;ztkoBk e[ZM BjhA, ftrkV pj[s d/t/rk.
nkT[ j[D n;b w[Zd/ tZb goshJ/` T[j fejVh iziho ;h i' epho ih
B/ s'V fdZsh< T[j fejVhnK p/VhnK ;B i' epho ih B{z ieVB bJh
toshnK rJhnk< T[j fejVh rzrk ;h fi; ftZu epho ih B{z v'fpnk ik
fojk ;h< HHHH jikoK ;kb s'A pqkjwD B/ fJ; Gkosh G{yzv ftZu j'o e'Jh
;[szso ftukoXkok gBgD BjhA fdZsh. id'A fe;/ B/ pqkjwDh ;'u Bz{ tzrkoB
tkbh Iok e[ ;[o T[FZuh ehsh sK gzfvs ih dk gkok ;Zst/A nkek;a sZe ik
g[Zfink. nkgDh wkD fgqfsPmk Gzr j[zdh BiaohA nkJh. g{iD i'r T[FZuk
wokspk fwZNh ftZu o[bdk fd;dk. yhoK, eVQkj, frohnK pdkw jZEK ftu'A
y[Z;d/ fdZ;d/. ftjb/ ofj e/ gkb/ j'J/ ;oho y/sK ftZu fwjBs eod/, fwZNh
Bkb fwZNh j[zd/ fd;/. g{ik dk nfwDtk XkB nb'g j[zdk BiohA nkfJnk.
;aoXktkB ;/teK dhnK pj[^p/NhnK Bkb wBw'je Biako/ T[FZvd/ fd;/HHH.
(99)
;aKsh d/ g[zi pqjw foyh, Xosh T[FZs/ oZp ih dk ;keko o{g gzfvs ih d/ e'wb
j'mK ftZuA' nrBh d/ GKpV fBebD bZr.
/ Xow dh wfonkdk B{z tzrkoB tkb/
B{z jkEhnK nZr/ ;[NtkfJnk frnk, nZrK ftZu ;kfVnk frnk, gkDh ftZu
v'fpnk frnk, ezBK ftZu f;Zek Ykb e/ gkfJnk frnk, nZyK d/ v/b/ eZY fdZs/
rJ/, jZE g?o eZND/ sK wkw{bh eow ;h. id'A ih ukj/ f;o ebw ehsk ik
;edk ;h. ;D/ pZu/ e'jb{ ghV/ ik ;ed/ ;B. jw ;akg d/ eo G;w eo
d/Ar/A n?t/A efjD wkso BjhA ;h. fJ; dk noE Gkt ;h fe Xkowe g[ikoh
fe;/ ftnesh fto[ZX i' puB w{zj'A eZYdk ;h ;w/A dk jkew (okik) T[;B{z g{ok
eodk ;h. n;b ftZu ;aokg Bkb T[At fe;/ dk tkb th ftzrk BjhA j'fJnk
eodk. id'A Xow w[yh efj d/t/ ^ w?A fJ;/ G;w eo d{zrk ;pzfXs
nfXekoh dk fJj Xkowe coI ;h fe T[; ftnesh B{z ;Zu w[Zu jh nZr
ftZu ;kV e/ G;w (;[nkj) eo d/t/. id'A g[ikoh fe;/ yk; ekoB ;/te s/
y[;ah gqrN eodk ;h sK fJsBk efjDk jh ekcah ;h. fuoziht oj', s[wQ/ nzB
XzB eh eGh ewh Bk nkJ/, f:j w/ok todkB j?. e/tb E'E/ todkBK Bkb
edh GV'b/ BjhA God/, fJ;dk f;ZXk wsbp ;h nwe/ pzd/ B{z okik ;koh T[wo
r[ikoB i'rk XB d/t/ s/ okik d/ fdzdk ;h, fJjh ;h todkB.
pqkjwD, t/d ns/ gZEo d/ GrtkBK fto[ZX Gkt/A pj[s gfjbK
wjkswk p[ZX ih B/ prkts ehsh ;h. pqkjwDh b[ZN B{z eokoh ;ZN wkoh
rJh ;h. go fJj sK phs/ :[Zr dhnK rZbK j' fBZpVhnK ;B. p[ZX wZs jko
u[Zfenk ;h pqkjwD dk fPezik fco T[;/ soQK wB[Zy wkso s/ eZf;nk ik
u[Zfenk ;h. B/Vb/ fJfsjk;e ;w/A ftZu gfjb/ fBoG? :'X/ Grs Bkwd/t ih
B/ prkts dk Mzvk u[fenk. Bkwd/t ih dh Bt/ebh ;'u, ;w/A s'A pj[s nZr/
;h. pVk fto'X j'fJnk, go T[jBK dh fbys (pkDh) nkgDk ozr ftyk ojh
;h. fJB;kBhns d/ gfjo/dko oftdk; ih epho ihHHH fJ;/ ;'u B{z b? e/
nZr/ tXD bZr.
/ r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ ;kfonK B{z fJZe' wzu godkB eoe/, fJ;
wZXw ;[o B{z p[bzdhnK s/ gj[zuk fdZsk.
rzrk ib dhnK bfjoK Bkb Bk edh jEeVhnK p/VhnK N[ZNhnK
jB. Bk jh nZr'A edh N[ZNDrhnK. i' b'e fJ; soQK ;'ud/ jB T[jBK dh
(100)
neb s/ so; jh ehsk ik ;edk j?. n;b ftZu T[so gqd/P (:{HghH)
pqkjwDh ;fGnsk d/ gqc[Zbs j'D dk fJj pj[s jh ;[yktK fJbkek ;h. Bk
pj[sh ;odh Bk rowh, egV/ gkU iK Bk gkU, e'Jh coe BjhA g?Adk. fizB/
pqkjwDh ntsko j'J/ dZ;hd/ jB, ;ko/ jh :{HghH ftZu gqrN/ jB. dfonktK
d/ ftueko ^ rzrk, iw[Bk, ;[jktDk w";w, ykD ghD bJh fJE/ ;G e[ZM fwb
iKdk ;h. fJ;/ ft;akb T[gikT{ fJbke/ B{z rzrk dh xkNh iK rT{ xkNh
th nkfynk iKdk fojk. ;dhnK gfjbK i' nkohnB jwbkto ephb/ Gkos
ftZu ;G s'A fInkdk fes/ fNe/ sK fJjh ;[jktDh rT{ xkNh iK rzrk xkNh
;h. fJ;/ xkNh d/ T[gob/ gjkVK ftZu fJjBK nkohnkBK d/ bVke/ ioB?b
gBkj b?Ad/ ;B s/ nkT[D tkb/ ;w/A bJh izr dh fsnkoh eod/ ;B. fiBQK
B{z nZi d/ts/ fejk ik fojk j? fJj n;b ftZu c"ih ioB?b, Xkowe w[yh
iK fJbkfenK d/ u"Xoh jh ;B. pj[sk g"okDe ;kfjs fJ;/ ;EkB s/
fbfynk frnk. wzB{z f;fwqsh th fJXo jh fe;/ EK fbyh rJh. g[oksB
;fwnK ftZu nkgD/ nkg B{z ;[oZfyns oZyD dh fJjh fJZe uzrh EK ;h. ghD
bJh ;kca gkDh, b'V w[skpe ykDk. d' BdhnK (rzrk^iw[Bk) ykJh dk ezw
eoB. fgZS/ T[FZso tZb gjkVK dh nfiZs ezX. ;kjwD/ e/tb fJZe' pkjh pkeh
ofj rJh. nkT[D tkb/ d[;awD B{z fJZe pkjh s'A o'e b?Dk, e'Jh w[;aeb BjhA
;h. fJE'A jh nkgD/ fto'XhnK B{z dpkT[D tk;s/ w[fjzwK uVQdhnK ;B. fJE/
jh r[bkwK B{z e[ubD tkb/ c[owkB ikoh j[zd/ ;B. fJ;/ jh ;{p/ ftZu pqkjwDh
ftZfdnk dk e/Ado ek;ah pDkJh rJh. skes ns/ neb d/ ia'o fJE'A d/ w{b
fBtk;hnK B{z pVh p/ofjwh Bkb e[ufbnk iKdk fojk.
jIko pzd;aK d/ pkti{d epho ih B/ T[FZu ftZfdnk gVQh. ;ko/
pqkjwDh rqzEK dk v{zxk nfXn?B ehsk. g[ikohnK dhnK ukbkehnK B{z uzrh
soQK ;wfMnk. fJjBK tZb'A ehsh ik ojh b[ZN ns/ fJB;kBhns gqsh
p/ofjwh tkbk tshok gofynk. t/dK Pk;soK ftZu fbyh spkje[B ftukoXkok
B{z ;wM e/ vze/ dh u'N Bkb n?bkB eo fdZsk^
epho pkwB[ r[o{ j? irs ek GrsB ek r[o Bkfj..
nofM T[ofM e? gfu w{nk ukoT[ p/dj[ wkfj.
(237)
(101)
nefj I[bw ehs/ rJ/ epho ih B/ T[jBK B{z pVh p/pkeh Bkb Bzr/ ehsk j?.
y{B ghDhnK o;wK B{z g{oh soQK oZd eo fdZsk j?. c[owkB jBL^
epho v{pk Ek g? T[pfoT[ r[B eh bfjo Mpfe..
ip d/fyU p/Vk ioiok sp T[sfo gfoU jT[ cofe..(1368)
;ko/ Grs ;kfjpkB B{z (nS{s j'D eoe/) pqkjwDh rqzEK ftZu Bcos
Goh fBrkj Bkb t/fynk iKdk ;h. fiE/ pokpo dk ;fseko jh Bk j't/, T[;
Bkb'A s'V ftS'Vk jh fpjso j?. fJ; bJh epho ih B/ ;kc efj fdZsk ^
fJj pqkjwDh ftuko o{gh p/Vk pj[s d/o sZe uZb uZ[fenk j?. fJ; tes
fJj v[ZpD B/V/ jh j?. w?A fJ; vZ[p oj/ p/V/ ftZu feT[A ;tko ojK< fJ;/ bJh
w?A pkjo SbKr brk fdZsh.
epho ih B/ n?t/A o'; gorN BjhA ehsk m'; dbhbK s/ ;p{s g/P
ehs/ jB. j/ gzfvs ih ;[D' fXnkB Bkb` n;hA fwjBs wiad{oh eoe/, jZe
jbkb dh o'Nh ykJhJ/ sK Bhu s/ P{do rodkB/ ik oj/ jK. go s[;hA jokw
dhnK yk e/, iks gksh tzvhnK gk e/, edh jEhA fwjBs Bk eoe/, g/N
g{osh eoB tkb/ uzr/ s/ T[Fu
Z / fet/A pD p?m<
/ s[;hA b'e sK Xow n;EkBK ftZu
Xow g[;seK ftZu'A Xow wzso gVQe/, wB[ZyK B{z nkfonK Bkb uho e/ d'ckV
eo fdzd/ j'. fco th nkgD/ nkg B{z T[FZu/ o[sp/ tkb/, w[Bh d/ts/ nytk oj/
j'. uzr/ pDB bJh uzr/ ezw eoB/ iao{oh jB. c[owkB jBL^
gzvhnk etB e[wfs s[w bkr/..
p{vj[r/ gotko ;eb f;T[ okw[ Bk igj[ nGkr/..
p/d g[okB gVQ/ ek fenk r[B[ yo uzdB i; Gkok..
okw Bkw eh rfs Bjh ikBh e?;/ T[sof; gkok..
ihn pXj[ ;[ Xow[ efo Ekgj[ nXow[ ejj[ es GkJh..
nkg; eT[ w[fBto efo Ekgj[ ek eT[ ejj[ e;kJh.(1102)
epho ih g[eko g[eko e/ efj oj/ jB fJjBK pqkjwDh rqzEK B/ Gkos
tk;h ;ko/ fJB;kBK d/ g?ohA p/VhnK, jZEK B{z jZEeVhnK gk e/, g{oh soQK
r[bkwh ftZu ieV fdZsk j?. Bkwd/t ih s'A b? e/ d;w gkfs;akj jI{o sZe,
fJ; wkBf;e r[bkwh d/ ;zrb s'VB tk;s/ pj[s isB ehs/ rJ/. fJzB/ izr
(103)
oki;h r[bkwh B{z yasw eoB bJh BjhA bV/ rJ/ fizB/ Xkowe r[bkwh yasw
eoB tk;s/ bV/ rJ/ jB. go fJj r[bkwh ni/ th fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftZu
fiT[A dh fsT[A poeoko j?. j'o fe;/ ;p{s dh b'V BjhA j?, epho ih s'A jh
g[ZShJ/L^
p/d eh g[sqh f;fwqfs GkJh.. ;Keb i/toh b? j? nkJh.
eNh B eN? s{fN Bj ikJh.. ;k ;kgfB j'fJ ir eT[ ykJh..
jw d/ys fifB ;G[ ir[ b{fNnk.. ej[ epho w? okw efj S{fNnk.. (329)
fJj pqkjwDh ftukoXkok dh nwo t/b fJzBh ysoBke j? fe
r[opkDh torh bk;kBh ftukoXkok ;Bw[Zy j'D d/ pkti{d f;Zy gzE g{oh soQK
fJ; dh ieV geV ftZu cf;nk j'fJnk j?. pj[s fte;s :{oghB w[beK
ftZu ofjD tkb/ f;Zy th fJ; pqkjwDh eoweKv ftZu g{oh soQK T[bM/ j'J/ t/
y/ ik ;ed/ jB. gzikp d/ fi; fJbke/ ftZu'A e'Jh ftnesh gotk; eoe/
pd/P frnk j?, j'o tiB sK Gkt/A ijki ftZu bZd e/ BjhA fbik ;fenk, go
v/od
/ koh ;kXtkd Bkb iaoo
{ b? e/ frnk j?. :{oghB w[beK ftZu ofj oj/ f;ZyK
s'A T[whd ;h fe gzikp B{z p"fXe nrtkJh d/Dr/. ;r'A T[bNk uZeo fJj uZb
frnk j? fe pd/;ak ftub/ pj[^frDsh f;Zy, p"fXe gy'A gzikp Bkb'A pj[s
gSV rJ/ jB. ykb;/ d/ fBnko/gD dhnK vhrK wkoB tkb/ r[opkDh dh
ftukoXkok B{z fgZm d/ e/, d;w rqzE d/ g[ikoh pD rJ/ jB. ny"sh dwdwh
Ne;kb (wfjs/ u"e tkb/) nkgD/ nDG'b pZfunK s'A jtB eokT[Ad/ oj/ jB.
fJjBK d/ pqjw frnkBhnK tZb'A fbyhnK g[;seK f;ZyK B{z yko/ ;w[zdo ftZu
v'pD bJh ekcah jB. gzikp ftZu rZvhnK d[VkJh x[zw oj/, nDfrDs pqjw
frnkBh Ne;kb dk M{m Bzrk eoB bJh ;Zu Bk p'b ;e/. e'Jh fJZe
pqjwfrnkBh jh fJzBh db/oh eoe/ nky fdzdk fe GkJh ioB?b f;zx
;ajhd j' uZ[fenk j?. s[;hA e[co Bk s'b', iK dZ;' fe; G{nk dh e[ZSV ftZu
p?mk j?<
ekch ;wK gfjbK w[;bwkBK ftZu nkJh froktN B{z t/yfdnK fJepkb
B/ fJZe jT[ek Gfonk ;h. fi; d/P ftZu w[;bwkB dkyb j'J/ T[E/ jh nkgDh
je{ws ekfJw eo bJh. jo jhbk tos e/ ;ko/ b'eK B{z iK s/ w[;bwkB pDk
(104)
epho ih B/ s'V fdZs/. fJjBK t?fde ns/ wB{z f;fwqsh ftZu i' Xow b/pb
bk e/ wko{ nkd/P s/ b[ZN e/ ykD tkb/ j[ew fby/ j'J/ jB T[jh jB wB[Zysk
d/ rb gJ/ pzXB fiBQK B{z epho ih B/ s'V fdZsk j?, ;kB{z g{oh soQK w[es wkor
s/ uZbD dk okj gZXok ehsk j?. nrb/ gzB/ s/ p/dK dh n;bhns fpnkB
eod/ e[ZM gowkD fby/ ik oj/ jB, sK fe fe;/ B{z
G[b/yk Bk oj/ fJj p/dK s/ ntskoK pko/ r[opkDh dk eh c[owkB j?L^
!
;k;s f;fwqs p/d ukfo w[ykro fpuo/..
sg/ sgh;o i'rhnk shofE rtB eo/..
yN[ eowk s/ d[rD
[ / g{ik eosk BkfJ..
ozr[ B br' gkopqjw sk ;ogo Boe/ gkfJ..
(71)
!
pj[ ;k;sq pj[ f;fwqsh g/y/ ;op YzYf' b..
g{if; Bkjh jfo jo/ BkBe Bkw nw'b..
(265)
!
n;w/X irB/.. s[bk g[oy dkB/.. gqkr fJ;BkB/..
sT[ B g{ifj jfo ehofs Bkwk..
rfJnk fgzv Gosk.. pBkof; nf; p;sk..
w[fy p/d us[o gVsk.. ;rb Xow nfSsk..
(873)
!
ukfo p/d fijt GB/.. d; n;N yN; ;qtB ;[B.
/
BjhA s[fb r'fpzd Bkw X{B/
(229)
!
wfjwk B ikfBfj p/d.. pqjw/ BjhA ikB? G/d..
ntsko Bk ikBfj nzs.
[ . gqw;
/ o
[ [ gkopqjw p/ns
z .
[ . (894)
!
g[B
z gkg[ ;G[ p/fd fdqVkfJnk, r[ow[fy nzfwqs[ ghi? j/. (1050)
!
;k;sq p/d g[zB gkg phuko.. Bofe ;[ofr fcfo fcfo nT[sko.. (385)
!
d; nm bhy/ j'tfj gkf;.. uko/ p/d w[ykro gkfm..
fpB[ p{M/ ;G yVhnf; pzfX..
(1169)
!
eEk ejkDh p/dh nkDh gkg g[B
z phuko..
d/d/ b?Dk b? b? d/Dk Bofe ;[ofr ntsko.
(1243)
t?fde ftukoXkok iK pqkjwDh Gowikb B{z r[opkDh g{oh soQK oZd
eodh j'Jh wB[Zy wkso B{z ;[szsosk godkB eodh j?. fJj p/VhnK s/
(106)
[[[[
(107)
(794)
f;zx G'iB
;fsr[o{ ;kfjp ih B/ gftZso r[opkDh okjhA i' T[gd/P fdZs/, T[j
;opd/Ph s/ ;opekbh jB. e'Jh ftuko r[opkDh ftZu nfijk BjhA
fwb/rk i' fJZe wB[Zy dh fizdrh B{z ok; nkT[Adk j't/, s/ d[i/ B{z w[nkce Bk
p?mdk j't/. fw;kb bJh t/y' r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ b'V tes T[dk;hnK t/
b/ gfjbK r/o{J/A (Grt/A) p;so gfjB/. fjwkbk gops tZb dh c/oh tes,
feT[Afe pockBh fJbke/ dh :ksok eoBh ;h, uwV/ d/ ;{N p{N fsnko
eotkJ/, gfjB/. wZe/ tZb dh :ksok tes Bhb p;so Xko/ pBtkoh, Gkt
jkih w[;bwkBK tkbk gfjoktk gfjB fbnk. jZE ftZu wip{s vKr, w'Y/ s/
;kwkB tkbk E?bk, fBtki gVQB tkbk w[;Zbk (egVk) nkfd. tkg; gos
e/ gfjo ;z;koh egV/ wzih p?m ehnk ntskok, d/ tke w[skpe nkw
d[Bhnkdko frq;sh b'eK tkb/ egV/ gk bJ/, s/ wzih s/ fpokiwkB j' e/ ;zrsK
B{z T[gd/P eoB bZr gJ/. fJ;/ bJh f;ZyK T[go gzi eekoK dh todh dk
XoBh j'Dk sK bkiwh j?, go pkeh gfjokt/ pkps e'Jh gkpzdh BjhA j?. i/
nfijh gkpzdh nkfJd eo fdZsh ikt/, sK d[BhnK d/ g"D gkDh w[skpe,
w";w nB[;ko, f;Zy bJh ihtB pshs eoBk efmB j' ikt/rk. fJ;/ soQK
ykD ghD s/ ;fsr[o{ ih B/ e'Jh gkpzdh BjhA bkJh. jK Bf;anK dh ;ys
wBkjh ehsh rJh j?, feT[Afe fJj fiazdrh spkj eo fdzd/ jB. ykD ghD
pko/ ;G s/ bkr{ j'D tkbk ;fsr[o{ ih ek c[owkB j?L^
nfXe ;[nkd o'r nfXekJh, fpB[ r[o ;ji B gkfJnk.. (1255)
r[opkDh Bkb ;pzXs ns/ fJfsjk; pko/ ;?AeV/ ft;a/ nDS'j/ gJ/
jB. fiBK dh ftnkfynk bJh nDfrDs feskpK fbyhnK ik ;edhnK
jB. fw;kb bJh ^ r[opkDh ou?sk GrsK wjKg[oyK pko/ shj g[;seK,
ekw, e'qX, b'G, w'j, jzeko, fo;as/ ns/ n"os dh pokpoh. Xow gquko
pko/, f;Zy okiBhsh pko/, d/P ftd/P ftub/ f;ZyK d/ w;fbnK pko/, ;z;ko
(108)
B{z r[opkDh eh ;KMk T[gd/P fdzdh j? nkfd< nc;'; fe fJ; gk;/ fe;/ B/
y/ub BjhA ehsh. jK wk; pko/ jZe ns/ fto'X ftZu eohp gzi g[;seK
fbyhnK ik u[ZehnK jB. fJT[A gqshs j[zdk j? fe f;Zy ;wki (BjhA f;Zy
b/ye<) ;ohoh gZXo s'A T[FZgo BjhA T[FZm ;fenk. fJZehthA ;dh, ezfgT{Noh
i[Zr, d[BhnK okeN dh ;ghv Bkb nZr/ tZX ojh j?, s/ n;hA jkbh sZe g[okD/
rZv/ s/ jh ;tko jK. f;Zy gqukoeK s'A g[ZS/ ikD tkb/ ;tkb Gh pV/ p"D/ fij/
jh j[zd/ jB. fco T[jBK d/ i[nkp d/D tkb/ feZE'A r[owfs gVQe/ nkJ/ jB<
Xkowe ns/ d[BhnkthA ftZfdnk fe; gZXo dh j?< fJj gZy BK jh S'fjnk
ikt/ sK fpjso oj/rk.
;fsr[o{ ih dh ftukoXkok B{z Ugoh Bio/ BjhA rfjokJh ftZu T[so
e/ ;wMD dk isB eohJ/. wjKg[oy B/e ihtB tkb/ Grs oftdk; iks gZy'A
uwko, wo/ gP{ Y'D tkb/. T[jBK pdp{ wkod/ w[odk gP{nK dhnK yZbK
T[skod/ b'eK dhnK i[ZshnK pDkT[Ad/, w[odk gP{nK dh ofjzd y{zjd, jZvhnK
nkfd b/y/ bkT[D tkb/. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B{z T[j Bhu Biao BjhA nkJ/,
fgnko ebkt/ ftZu fbnk, T[jBK d/ puBK (pkDh) B{z nkgDh pkDh Bkb
T[skok eoe/ fjZe Bkb bk fbnk. Grs ;XBk ih ikBto wko e/, wk; t/
uD dk ezw eod/ ;B, wk; dh d[ekB, b'eK B{z wk; t/ud/ j'D, s/ y[d Bk yKd/
j'tD< ;fsr[o{ ih B/ fJ; feZs/ ekoB ;XBk ih Bkb e'Jh Bcaos BjhA
ehsh. ;fseko ;fjs T[jBK dh pkDh dk T[skok eoe/ ;KG fbnk. pkpk
P/y cohd ih, gZe/ w[;bwkB, jbkb ehsk wk; ykD tkb/, ;aoQk d/ gkpzd,
;fsr[o{ ih B{z pj[s uzr/ brd/ jB, T[jBK dh pkDh Gh nkgD/ e'b ;KG bJh.
P/y GhyB ih gZe/ ;aoQJh w[;bwkB T[j Gh ;fsr[o{ ih Bkb fpokiwkB jB.
;wK nkT[D s/ fJjBK dh gftZso ouBk r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih dk ns[ZN nzr
pD ;eh. ;kJhA whnK who ih (gqubs otkfJs w[skpe) r[o{ xo ftZu
;fseko:'r jB. fJZe gZe/ w[;bwkB jbkb ehsk wk; ykD tkb/, gzit/A
BkBe B/ p/ns
z ;fseko fdZsk T[jBK B{,z dt?s okJh wkso Gh BjhA. g?Ad/ ykB
S/t/A BkBe ih dk Biao/ eow fojk, T[jB{z ;kohnK w[;bwkBh ohsK fBGkT[D
dh g{oh nkiakdh ;h. w[fj;BckBh S/t/A ;fsr[o{ ih dk pj[s ;fseko eodk
(109)
;h. ;fsr[o{ ih T[; Bkb uzr/ d';s tork ftjko eod/ ;B. Gkos dk
;wokN nepo s/ ijKrho r[o{ xo ftZu wkD gkT[Ad/ oj/ jB. eJh tkoh
T[jBK tZb'A r[o{ xo B{z G/NktK Gh nogD ehshnK iKdhnK ;B. o'gV B/V/
fgzv e'Nb/ dk tk;h fBjzr yK, B"t/A ;fsr[o{ ih dk ;/te ;h. d;t/A gks;akj
dh ;bkwsh tk;s/ fJ; B/ pV/ ezw ehs/. fBjzr yK d/ g[Zso d/ ftnkj tes,
d;w gks;akj eJh fdB fJ; d/ xo mfjo/, f;ZyK d/ iZE/ ;w/s. GkJh
pfuso f;zx ih 1705 d;zpo ftZu, ;o;k feBko/ izr ftZu ;yas iaywh j'
rJ/ ;B. fBjzr yK d/ xo eJh fdB sZe fJZE/ jh fJbki eokT[Ad/ oj/,
gqPkdk gkDh Sed/ oj/. ;aZe g?D s/ r;ash N'bh B{z nkgDk dkwkd dZ; e/ fJ;
dh ikB pukJh. fJ;/ gq/wh fBjzr yK d/ ;e/ GkDi/, Bph yK rBhyK d;w
gks;akj ih B{z ysfonK ftZu'A ;jh ;bkws puk e/ b? rJ/ ;B.okJ/ e'N fty/
fiZE/ ;fsr[o{ eJh fdB mfjo/ ;B, T[j okJ/ ebk fBjzr yK d/ pfjB'Jh ;h.
;fsr[o{ ih fJjBK Bkb fgnko Gfonk ;b{e eod/ oj/. gho p[ZX{ ;akj ;fsr[o{
ih dk nfBB ;/te, nkgD/ g[ZsoK ns/ ;/teK B{z toQdh nZr ftZu M'e fdzdk
j?. ;fsr[o{ ih T[; B{z (nZXh d;sko d/ e/) Gok pDk b?Ad/ jB, Bcos dk
fes/ Bkw' fB;akB BjhA. B/e fJB;kB P/o w[jzwd yK, wb/oe'Nbk, ;fsr[o{
ih bJh ns/ ;ko/ f;Zy irs bJh g{ik dh jZd sZe gotkB j?, feT[A i' T[;B/
I[bw d/ fto[ZX ia'odko ntkia p[bzd ehsh ;h. T[; tZb'A ehs/ rJ/ j'o nB/
e I[bw Biao nzdki eo fdZs/ rJ/. fJj ;ko/ ns/ nDfrDs j'o w[;bwkB
r[o{ xo ftZu ;fseko gkT[Ad/ oj/. nZi dh f;sw iohch t/y'` wk; Bk ykD
tkbk f;Zy, wk; ykD tkb/ f;Zy B{z Bcos Gh eodk j? s/ T[;B{z f;Zy Gh BjhA
;wMdk. j? Bk fBo'b Bk ;wMh ns/ XZe/;akjh dk toskok<
;kvk ;kok fJfsjk; ;{oi ts o";aB j? fe ;fsr[o{ ;kfjpkB y[d
f;aeko eod/ oj/. ikBtoK B{z wko ;[ZNDk e'Jh P"e BjhA ;h, nfijh
;w/A dh b'V ;h T[; s'A pknd f;Zy :'X/ f;aeko eod/ oj/. wjhfBnK pZXh
st/ dh gZeh o'Nh B;hp BjhA jz[dh ;h. i' Gh izrbh iht jZE nkfJnk G[zB
e/ yk b?Dk, fJZe nkw toskok ;h. wkX' dk; B/ d;w gks;akj nZr/ fJZe
f;aetk ehsk ;h, fe w/o/ gkbs{ ikBto, fjoB pZeo/ f;ZyK B/ MNek bJ/
(110)
jBHHH fJj pj[s tZvk gkg j' frnk. j[D w?A fJ; Xow n;EkB ftZu Grsh
fet/A eoKrk< iht jZfsnk j' rJh, nfijh ngftZso EK Bkw ftZu wB fet/
A fNe ;edk j?< ;fsr[o{ ih nkyD bZr/, wkX' dk; j';a eo, ikr`
s/o/ v/o/ ftub/ gkbs{ ikBto woB ekoB gkg j' frnk, go Gkos ftZu tr
ojhnK y{B dhnK BdhnK s?B{z Biao jh BjhA nkJhnK< ;koh Xosh y{B Bkb
ozrh j'Jh s?B{z BjhA fdZ;h< pZfunK p[ZfYnK phphnK dk v[ZfbQnk y{B s?B{z y{B
jh gqshs BjhA j[zdk< bZyK b'e nikJhA wko fdZs/ rJ/, Xow ;EkB Yfj Y/
oh eo fdZs/ rJ/, s{z fJ; v/o/ dh gftZsosk dk Gow gkbh p?mk j?A<HHH wkX'
dk; dk fjodk ezp T[FZfmnk, jZE i[V rJ/, ;fsr[o{ ih d/ uoBhA Yfj fgnk.
;fsr[o{ ih B/ r[owfs gVQkJh, yzv/ eh gkj[b SekJh, jfEnko gfjBkJ/,
f;ZyK dk ioB?b Ekg e/ Bkw pzdk f;zx oZye/, iakbwK B{z ;'XD tk;s/ gzikp
tZb ftdk eo fdZsk.
nro Bk ;wMh ekoB ikBto wkoB tkb/ gkg g[B
z d/ uZeoftT{ ftZu
c; rJ/ sK fBeb BjhA ;eKr/. r"o eo'` w[;bwkB b'e ;{o B{z SZve/ pkeh
;G soK dk ykD i'r wk; yk b?Ad/ jB. d[BhnK dk ;G s'A tZvk d{ik Xow
fJ;bkw j?. ;kv/ nB/e Gok nop d/;aK ftZu o'iah ewkT[D iKd/ jB, jbkb
wk; ykD tkfbnK d/ nXhB. T[;/ ewkJh ftZu'A r[odtko/ G/Nk nogD eod/
jB, fi; G/Nk ftZu'A nZr/ j'o eJhnK dhnK b'VK g{ohnK j[zdhnK jB. T[;/
ewkJh ftZu'A pZfunK dh gkbDk eod/ jB, fco fet/A nkyhJ/ fe fJj fBo'b
;akekjkoh jB< d{i/ pzB/ r'o/ b'e ;{o ns/ rT{ ;w/s ;G soQK dk wk; yk b?Ad/
jB. wk; B{z Bcaos eoB tkb/,bZyK o[g? you eoe/ nB/e gkgV t/b e/, wk;
ykfDnK d/ d/;aK tZb BZ;/ ub/ ik oj/ jB, ;w/s ny"sh ;zsK pqjw frnkBhnK
d/. ftd/;aK ftZu pj[s tZv/ tZv/ ;N'o jB, fJZe' d[ekB ftZu'A jo soQK dk ;wkB
fwb iKdk j?. T[jBK d/ ;N'oK ftZu pj[s fe;w dk wk; fsnko eoe/
oZfynk j[zdk j?. eJh EkJhA fiT[Ad/ e/eV/ wZShnK nkfd Gh oZy/ j[zd/ jB,
s[ozs jh b'VhAdk ;wkB yohdd/ jB. wk; ykD tkb/ r'fonK d/ d/P ftZu sK
wk; fto'XhnK B{z ikDk jh BjhA ukjhdk. r'fonK d/ nXhB B"eoh sK ed/ Gh
BjhA eoBh ukjhdh. wk; ykD tkb/ fJ;kJh b'eK dh frDsh d[BhnK ftZu
(111)
;G s'A fiankdk j?. wk; ykD tkfbnK jh d[BhnK s/ oki ehsk j?. i/ wk;
ykDk gkg j? sK fJjBK b'eK B{z fJj gkg feT[A BjhA bZrdk< fJjBK wk; ykD
tkfbnK B/ jh ftfrnkB dhnK p/nzs bZGsK bZGhnK jB. wk; fto'XhnK B{z
fJjBK dh tos'A Gh fco BjhA eoBh ukjhdh.
Gkos d/ b'e jIkoK ;kbK sZe jo soQK dk wk; yKd/ oj/, ;w/s rT{
wk; d/. fort/d wzB{z f;wqsh, wjKGkos, owkfJD nkfd fJ; rZb d/ fbysh
;p{s jB. :Zr eoB tes rT{ wko e/ wzso gVQfdnK, T[j wk; fsnko
ehsk iKdk ;h. fco gq;akd o{g ftZu ;kfonK B{z toskfJnk iKdk ;h. fJ;
B{z efjzd/ ;B rT{ w/X :Zr. fJ;/ soQK x'Vk wko e/ i' :Zr ehsk iKdk ;h
T[j n;atw/X :Zr nytkT[Adk ;h. j'o f;sw t/y' wB[Zy B{z wko e/ T[; dk
wk; fsnko eoe/ ;kfonK B{z y[nkfJnk iKdk ;h Bow/X :Zr. nzrq/ih
;oeko tZb'A 21 BzH Xkok okjhA ;zB 1845 ftZu Bo pbh s/ gkpzdh bkJh rJh
;h, go fJj ekB{zB g{oh soQK bkr{ BjhA j' ;fenk. nZi sZe fjzd{nK d/ p/
nzs wzdoK ftZu eZ[eV, G/v{, pZeo/, M'N/ nkfd dh pbh fdZsh ik ojh j?. nZi
sZe fBZehnK pkbVhnK wzdoK B{z nogD eo fdZshnK ik ojhnk jB.
nfrnkBsk d/ u;aw/ T[sko e/ edh t/yDk, fijBK tos'A tkbhnK uhiK B{z bzw/
;w/A sZe tos'A :'r oZyDk j[zdk j?, sK eh eohdk j?< N[ZE g/;NK, eohwK,
gkfb;aK, g/AN;, dtkJhnK, ;kpDK, s/b nkfd ftZu gP{nK dh uoph
fwbkJh iKdh j?. wB[ZyK T[go dtkJh N?;N eoB s'A gfjbK, gzShnK,
gP{nK s/ niwkJh iKdh j?. fJj iht pj[s ;ko/ wo iKd/ jB, Beko/ iK
nzrjhD j' iKd/ jB. nkgD/ ofjD bJh wB[Zy d/ irQk pDkJh, izrb eZN/ s/
izrbh iht ysw. fJj gkg fe; B{z bZfrnk< g?ohA i[Zsh, p?bNK, nN?uh,
e'N, Y'beK i'VhnK, ;kozrh nkfd ;G gP{nK dh yZb s'A jh pDd/ jB. i'
r[o{ xoK ftu toshd/ jB.
nkT[ j[D nkgD/ xoK nzdo Gh Mksh wko t/yhJ/. gfjb/ ;fwnK
ftZu fJZe n"os eJh eJh pZfunK B{z iBw d/ fdnk eodh ;h. nZi eZbQ
fJZe d' pZfunK s'A tZX feT[A iBw BjhA b?Ad/< c?wbh gbkfBzr. :kBh
pZfunK B{z iBw b?D s'A o'eD dk ftfrnkBe Yzr. pZu/ B{z iBw jh Bk b?D
(112)
d/Dk, eh fJj wB[Zyh esb tork ngokX BjhA< wk; d/ fto'Xh G?D Gok, oZp
dh oiak ikDe/ pZfunK B{z iBw fdzd/ ikDr/< edh ;'ue/ sK t/yhJ/. f;Zy
nytkT[D tkfbnK ftZu fJZe j'o pVh fGnkBe fpwkoh tpk tKr c?b u[Zeh
j?. roG ftZu N?;N eotk e/ gsk bk b?Dk, bVek j? fe bVeh. i/ g/N
nzdo bVeh j? sK ysw eo fdU. pZio gkg. sT[A feT[A w[orh wko/,
nky e/ wk; dk fto'X ehsk iKdk j?, go d[BhnK ftZu edw oZyD s'A gfjbK
jh pkb ezfBnktK B{z e[ub fdZsk iKdk j?. nro epho ih nZi w[V e/ nk
ikD sK ;akfJd fJ; soQK nkyD bJh wiap{o j' ikD ^ fsT[A feT[A bVeh
wko/< pqkjwD tZb'A e{V gqukfonk frnk fe wk; ykD tkbk BoeK ftZu r's/
ykt/rk. d{i/ gk;/ pqkjwDh rqzE wk; ykD dh jwkfJs eod/ jB. d/ts/ nky/
ik oj/ ;ko/ jh wk; yKd/ jB. w[;bwkBK d/ oki ftZu fJjBK B/ e[ZN yk e/
wk; dk fto'X P[o{ ehsk. fJ;/ goEkfJ wbQko dh tko ftZu r[o{ BkBe
;kfjp ih dk fJZe pj[s bzwk ;apd$;b'e j?. e[ZM gzeshnK jB
^ fJ;sqh g[oy fBgifj wk;j[, gkfs;kj[ ;[bskBk.
i/ UfJ fd;fj Bfoe iKd/, sK T[BQ ek dkB[ B b?Dk..
d/Adk Bofe, ;[ofr b?Ad/, d/yj[ J/j[ fXCkDk..
nkfg B p{M?, b'e p[MkJ/, gKv/ yok f;nkDk..
(1290)
n"os wod oki/ wjkoki/ ;ko/ fJB;kB, iht, wk; s'A g?dk j[zd/
jB. fJjBK nwhoK tiahoK okfinK s'A dkB dZSDk d/ pjkB/, nzB XzB b? e/
yk fojk j?. i/ oki/ wk; ykD eoe/ BoeK ftZu ikDk wzB bJhJ/, sK T[jBK
s'A g{ik dk XkB b? e/ s{z fet/A ;[orK B{z ubk ikt/Ark< fJ; bJh s?B{z T[jBK
s'A osk wk;k dkB BjhA b?Dk ukjhdk. j/ gKv/ s/ok fJj XZeVg[Dk BjhA uZbD
bZrk. s{z y[d e[M
Z BjhA ikDdk, s/ b'eK B{z T[gd/P eoB uZb fgnk j?< eh wk;
fto'Xh f;ZyK B/ fJjBK rfjokJhnK sZe ;'u ftuko ehsh j?< eh ;z;ko Bkb'A
wk; d/ tyo/t/A ekoB Bksk s'fVnk ik ;edk j?<
fiZE'A sZe r[opkDh ftZu'A nZX/ nX{o/ ;apd uZ[e e/ gowkD fdZs/ iKd/
jB, T[j ikfJia BjhA feT[Afe g{ok ;apd gfVQnK jh n;b wiaw{B ;kjwD/
nkT[Adk j?. i/ r[opkDh okjhA iht jZfsnk fto[ZX gowkD d/ e/ nfjz;k gow'
(113)
Xow dk e'Jh XkoBh pDB dk :sB eo/ sK BjhA pD ;e/rk. f;Zy P/o (f;zx)
j?, s/ P/o dh y[oke ;ko/ b'e uzrh soQK ikDd/ jB. f;Zy B/ rkso/ feogkB
gkJh j'Jh j?, e/tb g{ik eoB bJh BjhA tos'A bJh j?. c;bK s/ ;pihnK
s/, ehV/ wko dtkJhnK dh nkw tos'A ehsh iKdh j?. i/ T[jBK ihtK B{z Bk
wkfonk ikt/, sK T[j ;kohnK c;bK uZN ikDr/, wB[Zy B{z G[Zyk ofje/ woBk
gt/rk. xoK ftZu nB/e ehV/ ekY/, u{j/, fNZvhnK nkfd g?dk j' iKd/ jB,
i/ T[jBK B{z Bk wkfonk ikt/, sK wB[Zy bJh e[ZM BjhA pu/rk. fco Gh i/ fe;/
ftnesh dk wB wk; ykD bJh okiah BjhA sK e'Jh rZb BjhA, T[j Bk ykt/.
b/feB wk; ykD tkb/ Bkb Bcos Bk eo/. r[opkDh sK wB[y
Z K B{z wkoB s'A Gh
o'edh j?, Gkt I[bw fe;/ s/ BjhA eoBk. fjzd{ ws dh fJZe gozgok dk jtkbk
d/ e/ ;fsr[o{ ih ;wMkT[Ad/ jB^
dkBz gok g{op/D G{uz s/ wjhg s/..
fpgohs p[Xz wkos b'ej BkBe fuozekb d[y G'rs/.. (1356)
Gkt (fjzd{ ws w[skpe) dkB eoB eoe/ nrb/ iBw ftZu uzr/ o[sp/, oki
fwby gqkgs j' iKd/ jB. nwhoh ekoB n?P tkbh fiazdrh pshs eofdnK,
neb B;aN j' iKdh j?. fco T[jh nkdwh wB[Zysk B{z nB/e sohe/ b[ZNDk gq/
;akB eoBk, wkoBk P[o{ eo fdzd/ jB. fJjBK gkg eowK ekoB fco Boe
ftZu ik fvZrd/ jB.
fJj Gh ftuko bJhJ/ fe e/tb wk; dk fsnkr eoe/ eh Xowh
pfDnk ik ;edk j?< j'o pj[s ;ko/ fteko fit/A ekw eq'X b'G w'j jzeko,
d{Jh dt?P nkfd yzG bk e/ T[Fv
Z iKd/ jB< wk; ykD tkb/ b'e Gh pV/ fwjBsh
(fJ;kJh w[;bwkB) fJwkBdko, jo soQK d/ fJB;kBh r[DK Bkb Gog{o jB.
e/tb wk; dh tos'A ekoB Bcos eoBh ikfJia BjhA j?. d{ik gZy ftuko'`
yho ykD tkbk pqkjwD (ftofbnK B{z SZv e/) pVk Ikbw j?. jZEhA feos BjhA
eodk, d{finK dh ewkJh s/ gbdk j?. b'eK B{z e[okj/ gkT[Adk j? b[ZN e/ Gh
yKdk j?, g{iD:'r Gh pfDnk p?mk j?. ftofbnK B{z SZv e/, d[ekBdko
(pkDhnK) w{zrh dh dkb ykD tkbk, ;"dk xZN s'bdk j?. fwbktN Gh eodk
j?, tZX Gkn Gh bkT[Adk j?. i/ e'Jh o[gJ/ ftnki s/ b? bt/ sK ;G e[ZM b[ZN
(114)
e/ nkgD/ g/N/ gk b?Adk j?. w{zrh dh dkb ykD tkbk pj[s em'o fuZs j?, osk
so; BjhA eodk, fe;/ dk tYKrk eoB bZfrnK.
bZrdk j? fe f;Zy ;wki dk pj[sk fjZ;k, jkbh sZe ;ohoh sb s'A
nZr/ ;'uD d/ ;woZE BjhA j'fJnk. ykD ghD gfjBD sZe jh ;[os B/ ;co
s?j ehsk j?. r[opkDh ftZu'A T[FZusw ftukoK gqkgs eoe/ frnkBtkB pDBk,
ihtB ftZu'A ftekoK dk ykswk eoBk, n;b we;d ;h f;Zy dk. e'Jh
ftobk gq/wh j? fi; B/ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp, noEK ;w/s ftuko e/ gfVQnk j't/
. pkeh sK o;w g{osh ehsh ik ojh j?. wk; fto'Xh Gh T[jBK jh n"rDK
ftZu v[Zp/ t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB, fiBQK ftZu wk; ykD tkb/ skohnk bk oj/ jB.
T[;/ soQK MrV/, f;o gkND/, gZrK bZEDhnK, r'beK dh d[otos'A eoBh ;G
pkd;s{ o ikoh j? . fez B k uz r k j[ z d k nro fJ; ci{ b fij/
Mw/b/ dk fsnkr eoe/ gzE dh uVQdh ebk bJh ;koEe T[gokb/ ehs/ iKd/.
;fsr[o{ ih n;bh t?;aB{z T[;B{z wzBd/ jB, i' ;ko/ ftekoK dk g{oB fsnkr
eo d/t/. tke j? ^
;' p?;B' j? ngo ngko.. ej[ BkBe fsB si/ fpeko.. (199)
i/ wB[Zy B/ p[okJhnK s/ ekp{ Bk gkfJnk sK T[j fJ; ftekoK dh i[nkbk ftZu
;Ve/ ;[nkj j' ikt/rk c[owkB j? ^
jz; j/s[ b'G[ e'g[ uko/ BdhnK nfr..
gtfj dMfj BkBek sohn? eowh bfr..
(147)
fiBK pjkdoK dk f;Zy nodk; ftZu cyo Bkb jo o'ia Bkw gVQd/
jK, fiBQK eJh ghjVhnK izrbhA tk; ehsk, fijBK dh pd"bs n;hA oki
Gkr d/ wkbe pD/, T[j ;ko/ f;Zy ;{ow/ wk; ykD d/ MrV/ edh BjhA gJ/. Btkp
eg{o f;zx, iZ;k f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk, ;qH uVQs f;zx, joh f;zx Bb{nk, P/
o/ gzikp wjkokik oDihs f;zx, ;akw f;zx nNkoh tkbk,;ko/ jh wk; yKd/
;B. gzE gqtkBs f;Zy ofjs wfonkdk ftu e[Zmk wk; ykD dh wBkjh j?.
fBjzr f;zxK d/ S"fDnK ftZu nZi sZe wk; dh nkw tos'A ehsh iKdh j?.
nkgD/ xo ftZu pZfunK Bkb XZek, gsBh B{z fcNekoK, wksk fgsk dk
fBokdo eoe/ wB nzdo dfJnk nfjzdk g?dk BjhA j'Jh, peoh dk b/bk
(115)
e[eVh dk u{uk t/y dfJnk dk BkNe pj[s EktK s/ j[zdk t/fynk ik ;edk
j?.
r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih wZe/ dh gquko c/oh bJh uZb gJ/. e'Jh r?o
w[;bwkB, jkihnK d/ G/y XkoB eoe/ BwkiaK ndk eofdnK jh jZi bJh ik
;edk ;h. ;' ;fsr[o{ ih B/ jkiahnK tkb/ Bhb/ t;so gfjB bJ/. jZE ftZu
;'Nk geV fbnk, ;wkB tkbk E?bk w'Y/ s/ bNek fbnk. Bwkia tes tos'A
ftZu nkT[D tkbk eZgVk (w[;Zbk) th Bkb b? fbnk. w[;bwkB jkiahnK d/
fJZe ekcab/ ftZu ;akwb j' rJ/. id'A w[;bwkB Bwkia ndk eod/ ;B, sK
;fsr[o{ ih fJBeko BjhA eo ;ed/ ;B, fe w?A Bwkia ndk BjhA eoKrk.
Bwkia th y[dk dh pzdrh dk fJZe Yzr j?. nkw b'ehA fJjBK ekcab/ tkb/ b'eK
dk pVk ;fseko eod/ ;B. fJjBK dh sB'A wB'A ;/tk eoBh ngDk Xkowe
coi ikDd/ ;B. T[; bzw/ ;cao ftZu ;fsr[o{ ih B{z d' ;kb s'A tZX ;wK
r[ikoBk fgnk. fJj Gh :kd oj/, fe T[jBK fJbkfenK, d/;aK ftZu e'Jh
fjzd{ f;Zy sd'A BjhA ;h, i' ;fsr[o{ ih bJh nbZr G'iB dk gqpzX eo fdzdk.
;kXkoB fijh rZb j? fJzB/ bzw/ ;w/A tk;s/ gkDh gq;akdk Bkb pzBQ b?Dk n;zGt
;h. eh fJj wzB fbnk ikt/ fe r[o{ ih B/ ykDk ykXk jh BjhA, fJzBk ;wK<
w[;bwkB b'e jkiahnK d/ ekcfbnK B{z oks tes, ;woZEk w[skpe
gzi^gzi, d;^d; B{z nkgD/ xoK ftZu fbik e/, ;/tk eod/ ;B. fJ;aBkB,
p;so, ;ckJh o;s/ bJh ykD ghD bJh e[ZM d/Dk, g[zB (;tkp) ikDd/ ;B.
wk; ykDk w[;bwkBK ftZu Xkowe s"o s/ gqtkB j?. id'A ;aoXkb{ xoK ftZu
fJjBK jkiahnK B{z ykDk go';d/ ;B, sK ;ko/ fJeZm/ p?m e/ ykDk yKd/ ;B.
fJ; tes ykD/ ftZu wk; dk ;akfwb j'Dk nkw rZb j? s/ T[j wk; i' jbkb
sohe/ Bkb fsnko ehsk iKdk ;h. v{zxkJh sZe ;'uhJ/. eh T[; tes
;fsr[o{ BkBe ;kfjp fJj rZb efj ;ed/ ;B, fe w?A wk; BjhA yktKrk<
w?A w[;bwkB BjhA jK. fJ; bJh jbkb ehsk wk; sK fpbe[b BjhA yktKrk.
fi; we;d bJh ;fsr[o{ ih, bzw/ g?Av/ bJh uZb/ ;B, fco T[j g{ok BjhA
j'Dk ;h. i/ r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp b'V tes w[;bwkBK Bkb p?m e/ wk; tkbk
ykDk yk ;ed/ jB, sK nZi d/ wk; fto'Xh fJ; dbhb dk eh i[nkp
(116)
d/Dr/< GkJh wodkBk ih ;fsr[o{ ih Bkb gzikj ;kb s'A tZX ;wK fojk ;h,
eh ;fsr[o{ ih T[; Bkb GoktK (GkJh) tork fgnko Gfonk toskn BjhA
eod/ j'Dr/< T[;B{z nbZr GKv/ u[ZeD bJh oZyD bJh wiap{o eod/ j'Dr/<
fco p/Bsh j? fe fJjBK tkX{ Mw/fbnK s'A feBkok jh ehsk uzrk j?. r[opkDh
noEK ;w/s gVQhJ/ ;ko/ ;aze/ nkg/ jh d{o j' ikDr/.
yk; B'N L gzBk 1289 s/ r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp d/ ;b'e dk noE
eofdnK P'qwDh ew/Nh tZb'A Sgh PpdkoE g'Eh u"Eh s/ fJ; soQK noE
ehs/ rJ/ jB ^ fJj ;b'e e[oy/so d/ shoE s/ gzfvs BkB{ gqsh T[uko/` r[o{
;kfjp B/ T[; ;w/A wk; fozfBnk. gKv/ Bkoki j' e/ r[o{ ih s/ jwbk eoB
bJh nkJ/. r[o{ ih pV/ Xhoi s/ ftuko Go/ Yzr jk;^o; ftZu T[jBK d/
c'eN fB;funK d/ pyhJ/ T[X/Vd/ jB.
;w[uk GktL T[FZgo j'Sh ws B{z SZve/ ;jh wZs nyfsnko eoBk
dZf;nk ;h. i' ;Zu/ r[o{ s'A fwbdh j?. fJZE/ gzfvsK d/ fJZe G[b/y/ B{z d{o eod/
jB. T[j wk; ykD B{z p[ok ;wMd/ ;B. r[o{ ih T[jBK B{z dZ;d/ jB fe wk;
fJZe nfijh t;s{ j?, fi; Bkb ;kB{z jo t/b/ tk;sk g?Adk j?.n;hA fJ; B{z
fe;/ Bk fe;/ ;aeb ftZu iao{o tosd/ jK. fco gzfvsK dhnK Xkowe
g[;seK ftZu fJ; d/ ykD dk fiaeko nkT[Adk j?. fJZe fBzds uhI d/ s"o s/
BjhA, ;r'A d/tfsnK dh wB g;zd uhia d/ s"o s/. i/ fJj dbhb wzB bJh
ikt/ fe wk; ykD Bkb iht jZfsnk j[zdh j? ns/ ;kr ykD Bkb BjhA sK th
mhe BjhA feT[Afe fizadrh dk w{b wkdh ekoD sK gkDh j?. fi; s'A nzB cb
nkfd ykD dhnK uhiK g?dk j[zdhnK jB. i/ g{oB t?;aBt pDBk j? sK fJj
uhiK Gh SZvDhnK g?DrhnK. ;pdkoE L g'Eh u"Eh gzBk 1289 Skge
gqek;ae Pq'wDh r[od[nkok gqpzXe ew/Nh, nzfwqs;o, Skg 1979H
frnkBh r[opuB f;zx dh fbyh, Ne;kb tb'A Sgh feskp r[opkDh
gkm do;aB ftZu wk; ykD pko/ fJ; soQK fbfynk j'fJnk j? ^ ykb;k
fjzd{ w[;bwkB e;kJh (fJ;kJh<) t?PB' ;G s'A ofjs j?. ykb;k nekb
g[oy eh c"i j?, i/ fes/ Xow dh oZfynk eod/ j'J/ izr ftZu nzB nkfd BK
fwb/, sK gqKDK dh oZfynk tk;s/ ykDk gt/ sK jZEhA MNek eoe/ yk bt/, gqkD
(117)
pukJ/. T[j ph sK i/ fuZs ukj/ sK. T[AM th SeDk j't/ sK th jZEhA MNek
eoe/ ykt/. (gzBk 74 Skg 1969)
GkJh ;zs'y f;zx ;{oi gqek;a rqzE ftZu fbyd/ jB fe r[o{ nzrd
;kfjp ih d/ ;w/A bzro ftZu wk; pDdk ;h fpBK ;ze'u ykXk iKdk ;h.
fbys fJ; soQK j? ^
gjfs Gks (dkb u"b) pos:' gqEw, g[B nkfwy (wk;) nktk.
fJe fd; gzefs wfj d:', sp fJB do;ktk.(gzBk^1375)
wfjwk gqek;a g'Eh dh fbys w[skpe wk; ykDk nkw rZb ;h. r[o{
nzrd ;kfjp d/ ihtB pko/ fbfyfdnK ;o{g dk; GZbk fJT[A fbydk j? L
uo poB T[jK ;w;o/. wkNh posB G'iB eo/.
ftfX fBy/fX (wk; fto'Xh Gowh b'e) ike/ wB j'Jh.
n?;' sjK B ikt? e'Jh.
nik (pZeok) wk; G:' f;ZX o;'Jh. nto? dkb Gks Gh j'Jh.
rKt s/ f;Zy e'T{ sfj nkfJnk.
nkfrnk GJh wSbh sb fbnkfJnk.
;fsr[o sjK ehB go;kd. d:kb j'fJ ej:' Gb' ;[nkd.
(jtkbk g[;se r[ows wkovzv, gzBk^763, GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk)
fe;/ fjzd{ d/ ifrU gths (izi{) o;w t/b/ nkJ/ ;e/ ;pzXhnK
bJh, wk; fozBQ e/ ykDk ytkT[Dk nkw toskok ;h. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp fJ;dh
rtkjh God/ jB ^
pqkjwD nkg wk; yke/ fco ;G B{z fJikis fdzdk ;h fe j[D
;kfonK B{z tosk fdU.
sr[ egkjj[ eshn? pkwD[ tN/ nkfJ..
e[fj peok fozfB ykfJnk ;G[ e' nky? gkfJ..
(471)
pqkjwD b'e wk; s' e'Jh goj/i BjhA eod/ ;B. ;r'A jbkb ehsk
wk; Gh nkw jh yKd/ jB. fJ; wk; tkb/ G'iB B{z gftZso G'iB nkyd/ ;B.
r[otke fJT[A jB ^
nGkfynk ek e[mk peok ykDk.. uT[e/ T[gfo fe;/ Bk ikDk.. (471)
(118)
T[jh ykDk, ghDk, gfjBDk, ;tkoh eoBh, s/ ;"Dk Gbk j?, fi; Bkb
;oho B{z sebhc Bk j't/. wB nzdo p[o/ ftuko g?dk Bk j'D. r[o{ c[owkB
j? ^
pkpk j'o[ ykDk y[;h y[nko[..
fis[ ykX? sB[ ghVhn? wB wfj ubfj fteko..
(16)
wk;[ g[okDh wk;[ es/ph uj[ ir wk;[ ewkDk]
izR eki thnkj[ ;[jkt? T[E? wk; ;wkDk]
(1290)
[[[[
(119)
s"o s/ ysw eoB tkb/ d[BhnK Go dhnK ndkbsK ;Ik fdzdhnK jB, go
fijV/ fe;/ nksfwe s"o s/ wko fdzd/ jB, T[BQK ;Ik sK eh fwbDh j?,
;r'A XowhA, nkr{, ;fseko:'r, iK goT[gekoh eoe/ ikD/ iKd/ jB. jB/
o ;kJhA dk.
wZX dhnK nodk;K eoB tkb/ fJj b[ZNd/ Gh wZX tor jh jB,
feT[Afe T[gobk (ftdtkBh) spek fJBQK dhnK ukbK ftZu BjhA c;dk, s/ EZb/
tkb/ (rohpK) e'b fJBQK d/D bJh e[ZM BjhA j[zdk. fJj ftdtkBK Bkb
ftuko r'PNh BjhA eo ;ed/, ns/ rohpK dh nfsnksfwe s"o s/ e'Jh
wZdd eoBh BjhA ukj[zd/. eJh ;ZiD fJj Gh efjzd/ jB, fe ih fJj th
gouko sK f;Zyh dk jh eod/ jB. fJ; n;hA fJ; soQK ;wM ;ed/ jK
fe eVkj gqPkd sK eVkj gqPkd jh j?, go ftdtkB eVkj gqPkd gotkB
eoke/ r[o{ dh fwjo, r[o{ dh p\fPP, r[o{ dh feqgk ;wMe/ Sed/ jB. go
id'A T[;/ eVkj gqPkd ;hs^gqPkd (i{m) ftZu spdhb ehsk iKdk j?, sK
nZyK whNh Gkt/A e'Jh yk bt/, go d/y e/ wZyh fBrbDh pj[s emB j?.
;kv/ r[o{ ih eokwks efjo efjzd/ jB, iK tZX s'A tZX BkNe u/Ne
;wMd/ jB. ubhj/ eZND/, row iK mzY/ sg ;kXD/, w'B XkoB eoBk,
fJZSk^g{osh bJh (gkm) wzsq ikg, nzB dk fsnkr, ;wkXhnK bkT[DhnK,
;_or dk bkbu, BoeK dk G?, to iK ;okg wzBDk, Pqhoe gftZsqsk, gqsZy
doPB, fppkB uVQe/ ;Zu^yzv fgnkB/, rqfj;s XkoB Bk eoBk, jtBK
tke[o ;g?Pb ;wZrohnK dh wzr, fe;/ yk; irQK tZ;D eoe/ w[esh b'uDh,
e[M yk; ozrK dk fsnkr, r[o{ rqE
z ;kfjp ih ftZuA' wB woIh Bkb gzB/ d/ nZr/
fgZS/ iK ftueko'A Ppd tXhnK iK eoVk wzB e/ u[DBk iK gVQBK, r[o{nK,
f;ZyK iK wksktK fgSb/ iBwK d/ ntskoh f;ZX eoBk, rqfj;sh ihtB
fsbKibh d/Dk, r[opkDh f;o| s/ f;o| gVQBk go ftukoBk BjhA,
nkoshnK T[skoBhnK, d/jXkoh doPBK d/ cb fwbD/, ;Zuyzv doPB,
f;o| nzfwqs^gkB eoB d/ ;z;eko ;w/A jh nksw frnkB j' ikDk, wzr e/
ykDk ns/ ;qh r[ow[y gqekP dhnK j'o pj[s ;kohnK T{DskJhnK fJj wzr
eodhnK jB fe ;k j'o fiZE/ fes/ Gkt/A fcZN eo fdT[, go r[o{ d/ f;ZyK
(122)
tkbh nt;Ek wkDd/ j'J,/ ihtB^w[es j'Dk b'ud/ jB T[j ;qh r[ow[y gqekP
tkbh d{fPs ;wZroh Bkb esJh ;fjws BjhA j'Dr/.
!!!!!!
;qh r[ow[y gqekP d/ e[ZM gzL BzL fiZE/ d{fPs ;wZroh d/yh ik
;edh j?.
r[od[nko/ dk fBPkB ;kfjp ;[Bfjoh yzv/ dk L^
10
r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dk iBw eZs/ dh g{oBwkPh L^
16, 244
r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ ;kEh wodkBk ns/ pkbk L^18, 528
uoBK Bkb wZek c/oBk L^
18
nzs ;w/A r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh d/j BjhA fwbh L^
19
pkb/ B/ iBw ;kyh fbyh L^
22
wksk rzrk ih B/ pkp/ p[Y
Z k ih gk;'A g[s
Z o gqkgsh dk to fbnkL 31, 36
;tk bZy ig[ ih L^
49, 123, 152, 153, 227, 422, 449, 599,
601, 603, 620, 621
SZsh bZy w{bwzsq L^
48, 123, 128, 129, 449, 601, 619, 620, 624
r[o{ jfo feqPB ih ns/ okw okfJ ih dh goy ;w/A wzi/ d/ gkt/ ftZu ;{Jh y[G
Z Dh L^
54
n"or
z / ;fsr[oK d/ doPBK dh irQk Xosh ftu s/V fd;Dh L^ 59
wZyD Pkj b[pkD/ dk ijkI L^
62
fpnk; ftZu'A 13 fdBK pknd r[opkDh d/ gzB/ ;[Ze/ fBebD/ L^
63
d/ru/ ftu'A ;{o fBebD/ L^
69
s/r dk tko uZbD s'A gfjbK f;o XV Bkb'A i[dk j'Dk L^
70
d;w/P ih B/ gkDh GodhnK BkoK dhnK rkroK s'VBhnK L^
73
SZsh nZyok ikg (wjK^wzso) L^
76, 267, 326
G/N ehs/ nzpK fco fpqSK Bkb i'V d/Dk L^
77
fPeko ehs/ ihtK fco fIzdk eoBk L^
77
ehoshnk d/ fgsk foZS i{B s'A S[vkT[Dk L^
77
nzfwqs$gskfPnK tkbk fuVk fuVh :[ZX L^
78
(125)
[[[[
(129)
b? e/ (r[o fpbk; gkL S/thA) gfjbK S/t/A ;fsr[o{ iBw tes pkpk p[ZYk
ih d/ to Bkb iBw/ fbfynk. fco ftP d/ ntsko pDk Xfonk. fiBQK
pqjwk ftP fPt r[opkDh Brko/ dh u'N Bkb Beko ojh j?, T[jh ftP
S/t/A gksPkj ftZu dkyb eo fdZsk frnk. gVQ' r[opkDh c[owkDL^
e'fN fp;B ehB/ ntsko.. e'fN pqjwzv ik e/ Xow;kb..
e'fN wj/; T[gkJ/ ygkJ/.. e'fN pqjw/ ir[ ;kiD bkJ/.. (1156)
izrK :[ZXK ftZu fJZe sbtko, fJZe Ykb s/ nkw toshAdh j?, nkj
d' sbtkoK tkbk nihp GkDk tosk fdZsk. ftP B/ nkfynk ;h gJh fJZe
w/oh sbtko bVkJh ftZu BjhA tosDh, i' Grsh tkbh j?. j? Bk nihp
ejkDh< edh sbtko Gh Grsh ns/ Pesh dh nZv' nZv j'fJnk eodh j?<
sbtko fe;/ soQK dh j't/, tko eoB s/ T[jB/ ;oho ftZu X; jh ikDk j?.
fco j'o ejkDh xV bJh fe nekb sys d/ ;kjwD/ d' fBPkB ;kfjp bZr/,
Grsh s/ Pesh d/ gqshe jB. nZyK y'jb e/ t/yD s/ T[E/ jh fbfynk gVQ
bJhdk j?, fe fJZE/ gfjbK bZrk j'fJnk fBPkB g[okDk j' e/ fvZr fgnk ;h.
;zB 1843 ftZu wL P/o f;zx Gow gk fdZsk frnk fe fBPkB fvZrDk, f;Zy
oki bJh nP[ZG j?. T[; B/ f;Zy oki dhnK iVQK gZehnK eoB d/ ftuko
Bkb d' wIp{s fBPkB rvtk fdZs/. pJh nZr'A Bk edh fBPkB fvZrD s/ Bk
f;Zy oki v'b/. nc;'; fe fBPkB d't/A yb's/ j'J/ jB, oki dk sd'A (1849)
jh G'r g? frnk ;h. fJZE/ e/tb dopko ;kfjp dhnK goeowK ftZu, Grsh
s/ Pesh whoh s/ ghoh dk y{p P'o gkfJnk iKdk j?. pkeh Xow n;EkBK
ftZu Iok xZN j?. Grsh s/ Pesh i/ fJeZmh ;theko eoBh jh j't/ sK fJj
f;ZyK d/ nkfd r[o{, r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp s'A ;theko eoBk jh r[ows j?.
nkgD/ IwkB/ d/ oki i'r d/ XkoBh, f:P{ w;hj Gh ;B. T[jBK ;w/A
dh Ikbw je{ws ns/ gkyzvh Xkowe nkr{nK fto[X
Z I'odko nktkI T[mkJh.
fJ;/ ekoB T[jBK Pjhd ehsk frnk. fJ;bkw d/ pkBh jIos w[jzwd
;kfjp, w[;bwkBK d/ Xkowe w[yh Gh ;B, ns/ oki;h w[yh Gh ;B. eJh
izrK ftZu T[jBK w'joh j' e/ feogkB tkjh. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih pko/, Gkt/A
fJfsjk; ykw'P j?, go T[jBK dh fBXVe P\;hns s'A ;fji/ jh ftPtk;
(131)
ehsk ik ;edk j?, fe ;fsr[o{ ih feogkB Io{o jh oZyd/ ;B ns/ sd'A ;w/A
dh gqEw b'V ;h, jfEnkopzd j'Dk. gfjb/ gziK ;fsr[o{nK pkps r[opkDh
ftZu oki i'r ;gZPN fbysK nk u[Zehnk jB. fco e/tb S//t/A ;fsr[oK Bkb
jh xNBktK i'VB dk e[u/PNk Gfonk we;d ;gZPN BIo nk iKdk j?. r[o{
jfo r'fpzd ;kfjp r[o{ BkBe ftukoXkok s'A, nS'gb/ fij/ Yzr Bkb,
nbZr eoBk s/ ftP Bkb fugek d/Dk feT[Afe r'fpzd Bkw ftP dk j?,
fJZXo Gh jfor'fpzd j?. fJ;/ soQK dh d;w gkfsPkj r[o{ BkBe bVh s'A
tZy eo fdZsk frnk j?. fiZE/ fjwkbk gops dh u'Nh s/ ftP fBtk; eodk
ebfgnk frnk j?, T[E/ jh d;w gkfsPkj jI{o fgSb/ iBw ftZu
sgZf;nk eofdnK d;w rqzE ftZu fby wkfonk. Bkw th r'fpzd, ftP s/
r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx. p; ftP Bkb Gkt/A fgSb/ iBw ftZu jh ;jh, go BZEh
Io{o eo fdZsk frnk.
ojh rZb Grsh s/ Pesh dh, ;ko/ jh r[o{ ;kfjpkB Grsh s/ Pesh
d/ wkbe ;B. ftP/P jkbks ekoB ;ohoe pb dk gq:'r eoB dh Gkt/A e[M
;wK Io{os BjhA gJh. Grsh s/ Pesh rJh fes/ BjhA. eh r[o{ BkBe
;kfjp ih dh db/oh s'A fJBeko ehsk ik ;edk j?< T[j jo ysoBke
ftnesh e'b rJ/. fBvosk Bkb nkgD/ ftuko oZy/. pkpo bbekfonk.
gkg eh izR nky bkjDsK gkJhnK. y{B d/ ;'fjb/ rkJ/. d{;o/ gkfsPkj
r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih B/ P/o Pkj ;{oh s'A jko yk e/ tkg; w[V oj/ fjwk:{z
, tes f;o yohnK efj ;[DkJhnK. r[o{ nwodk; ;kfjp, nepo Bkb
fBvosk Bkb g/P nkJ/. r[o{ okwdk; ih d' tko nepo d/ dopko ftZu,
f;Zy f;XksK p/^y"c g/P eofdnK t/fynk ik ;edk j?. gzit/A ;fsr[o{ ih
sK n;{bK s/ gfjok fdzfdnK, Pjhdh sZe gk rJ/. r[o{ jor'fpzd ;kfjp ih
;kjwD/ wZE/ uko izr bVB/ gJ/ sK ikbw jkewK dh BhAd T[FZv rJh. B"t/A
;fsr[o{ ih B/ wIb{w dk gZy g{fonk, n"ozrI/p dh eZNVsk nZr/ Bk M[e/.
nzs fszB f;ZyK ;w/s, uKdBh u"Ae, fdZbh fty/ Pjhdh gk rJ/. d;w
gksPkj ih dk ;kok ihtB ;zxoP ns/ db/oh dh nB'yh fw;kb j?. d;/
gksPkjhnK Grsh ns/ Pesh fet/A gq:'r ftZu fbnkT[Dk j?, wB[Zysk d/
(132)
Gb/ fjZs, fe; tes fejVh oDBhsh nyfsno ehsh ikt/, uzrh soQK ikDd/
;B. ;fsr[o{ ;kfjpkB ih d/ rrB u[zGh ;'u wzvb ns/ p/UVe ;ohoe
;woZEk pko pko Bw;eko j?. T[j sK fJZe fBwkD/ ;/te Gh ;B s/ sys
d/ PfjBPkj Gh. T[j fJZe ;kXkoD f;gkjh th ;B ns/ nkgDhnK f;Zy c"iK
d/ ewKvo fJB uh| (ioB?b) Gh ;B. T[jBK e'b jo ekoi B/go/ ukVQ
d/D dh ;woZEk bki[nkp ;h.
j[D t/yDk fJj j? fe eh ;ko/ f;ZyK e'b fJj ;{M ;woZEk j?< eh nZi
dk f;Zy, Grsh s/ Pesh dk ;zs[bB poeoko oZyD d/ :'r j?< eh nZi d/
f;Zy e'b Grsh (Xkowe ihtB) d/ r[D w"i{d jB< eh f;Zy Pesh ftj{Dk
j'fJnk e/tb jzM{ e/o fojk j?, uheK wko fojk j? fe ;Zuw[Zu T[; Pesh
ftj{Dk j'D dk T[do/tK j?< fJj ftuko eoBh fBjkfJs Io{oh j? fe Grsh
(Xow) ns/ Pesh (oki) dh w[V gqkgsh tk;s/ f;Zy nkr{ ;[fjod ;{MtkB
s/ db/oh oZyd/ jB< fiBQK d/ fjod/ ftZu Xow jh Bk j't/, T[jBK s'A fe;/ B/e
ezw dh nk; ehsh ik ;edh j?< nkU fJjBK B[efsnK fJZe^fJZe eoe/
ftukohJ/L^
fjzd{ ;wki ftZu okw uzdo (dPoE g[Zso) dk pVk wkD ehsk iKdk
j?. T[j nkgD/ fJbke/ n:[ZfXnk dk oki w[yh Gh ;h. pkbh s/ oktD Bkb
izr bVdk j?, jfEnkoK dh y{p tos'A eodk j?. ftP (ny"sh) dk ntsko
j'D eoe/ Xow w[yh Gh ;h. d[nkg[o d/ fJZe oki/ feqPB ih , ftP dk
ntsko j'D dk wkD gqkgs j?. d{i/ pzB/ T[jh feqPB izrK :[ZXK ftZu w'joh j'
e/ bVdk j?, Xow w[yh j?. jios w[jzwd ;kfjp w[;bwkBK d/ Xow w[yh
;B, id'A izr bVBh j[zdh sd'A y[d izrh ioB?b Gh j[zd/, w'joh j' e/ d[PwD
d/ nkj{ bkj[zd/. T[jBK ;GBK B/ nkgD/ fIzw/ bZrh ;/tk pk^y{ph fBGkJh.
;fsr[o{ ;kfjpkB Grsh s/ Pesh dk soki{ ;ktK oZyD d/ ;woZE jB.
pknd ftZu fw;bK d/ ;w/A Gh f;Zy w[yhnK B/ :'r Yzr Bkb, nkgD/ coIK
fBGkfJnk. go nZi feZE/ j? f;ZyK dh Grsh s/ Pesh< IwhB d/ fJZe
fJzu N[ZeV/ s/ f;ZyK dk epIk BjhA j?, fi; fJj nkgDk efj ;eD. fco
fe; oki iK Pesh dh rZb ehsh ik ojh j?< fJT[A efj bJhJ/ fe r[odtkok
(133)
ew/Nh dk e'Jh nj[d/dko pD ikDk, r'be s/ epIk iwk b?DkHHH fes/ fJjh
sK BjhA j? f;ZyK dh Grsh s/ Pesh< ;t/o Pkw (wPhBh Yzr) e[M pkDh dk
gkm eo b?Dk. r[odtkfonK ftZu fpBK ;zrs s'A ;gheoK dh T[FZuh ntkI
Bkb xo'A xohA pkDh g[Zidh eo d/Dh. e[M ;fji gkm, nyzv gkm, ;zgN
gkm, gkmK dhnK bVhnK, ehosB dopko, ykb;k wkou, Bro ehosB,
bzro nodk;HHH fes/ fJjh sK BjhA j? f;Zy ;wki dk wzfBnk ik fojk
Xow< r[opkDh d/ r'ji Gkt, b{z ezv/ yVQ/ eo d/D tkbk ;{owrsh dh rkEk
tkbk fJfsjk;, fes/ gfVQnk gVQkfJnk ik fojk j? fe BjhA< ;e{bK,
ekbiK, r[odtkfonK, xoK ftZu'A ;w/A dk jkDh yIkBk BjhA fwbdk. BP/
gfssg[Dk, eoweKv f;yoK S'j oj/ jB. bhvo b'e Grsh s/ Pesh dhnK
cVQK wko oj/ jB. T[; dodBke nt;Ek t/y$wfj;{; eoe/ jzM{nK dh
Xkok tfj N[odh j?. wB e[obkT[Adk j?, nkswk ftbedh j?, id'A pd/PK
ftub/ ykfb;skBh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp f;o s/ u[Ze e/, (;[y nk;D ;w/A)
Y'behnK S?fDnK Bkb Ppd Gh gVQd/ jB s/ ;[y nk;D ;EkB nZr/ yb' e/,
nkgD/ v/Y ;" ;kb gfjbK y[Z; rJ/ oki tkiK wkod/ jB. fpbe[b T[;
:shw s/ nBG'b pZu/ tKr, fi;dk d[BhnK ftZu e'Jh ;jkok BjhA. pkjo
d[PwDK dhnK tkjoK jB. xo ftZu ykD bJh r[iko/ bkfJe e[ZM BjhA j?.
Bk fJj ;wM j? fe nZr'A eh ehsk ikDk ukjhd?< fJj d[ydkJh nt;Ek j?
;kv/ ykfb;skB fIzdkpknd d/ nzdo tVe/ i?eko/ bkT[D tkfbnK dh. id'A
GftZy pko/ nfBPusk j't/, o{g o/yk T[bheD dh :'rsk Bk j't/, Xow pko/
v{zxk frnkB Bk j't/. ;z;ko ;kfjs ftZu'A fJBebkph bfjoK s'A oki;h dkT[
g/u Bk gVQ/ ngDkJ/ j'D. fco nfijh nt;Ek ftZu fJB;kB, wfwnk
;edk j?, vfvnk ;edk j? jzM{ e/o ;edk j?, s/ ;wK gk e/ r[bkwh Bkb
;wM"sk eo b?Adk j?.
Xow d/ n;{b wB[Zysk d/ Gb/ tk;s/ j'fJnk eod/ jB. nkw t/yD
ftZu fJjh nkfJnk j? fe Xow wB[Zysk dk xkD eoB tk;s/ Gh pj[s tkoh
tofsnk frnk j?. fjzd{nK d/ ny"sh Xkowe rqzE, wB[Zysk T[FZs/ Ykj/ rJ/
efjo, ehs/ rJ/ I[bwK dk w{zj p'bdk gZek ;p{s jB. i' GftZy ftZu Gh fJ;/
(134)
soQK ehs/ rJ/ nDwB[Zyh i[bwK Xow dk Io{oh nzr rodkBd/ ofjDr/.
w[;bwkB jkewK B/ r[o{ noiB ;kfjp ih Pjhd ehsk, sK e[onkB
Ykb ti'A tofsnk frnk. r[o{ s/r pjkdo ;kfjp ih s/ fszB f;ZyK p/nzs
s;hj/ d/ e/ Pjhd ehsk frnk. T[; tes Xow g[;se e[onkB ftZu'A jtkbk
d/ e/ ;Ik sIthi ehsh rJh. S'N/ ;kfjpikfdnK Pjhd eoB tes,
e[onkB s/ ekIh Pkwb ;B. fJ; s'A pknd th id'A id'A f;ZyK x'o s;hj/
fdZs/ rJ/, esb ehsk frnk, sK jw/PK Xow dh ukdo T[Zgo skD bJh
rJh. nkw w[;bwkB , izr ftZu Pkwb j' e/ fto'XhnK \sw eoB
tk;s/ id'A Gh T[e;kfJnk frnk sK ijkd dk (Xow:[ZX) Bkjok p[bzd
ehsk frnk.
nDfrDs gkg eowK ftZu v[Zp/ oki;h b'e, nkgD/ frod, r[bkw
ifjBhns tkb/ Xow d/ u'b/ gkJh p?m/, fteD bJh fsnko ny"sh (n;b
ftZu Xow d/ d[PwD) Xkowe N[ZeV p'uK , gkb b?Ad/ jB. fJj Xowh
oki;h r[zfvnK dh gqPz;k d/ ;zx gkV e/ p/;[o/ rhs rkT[Ad/ jB. fJjBK
fBjebze dZ;d/ jB, fgSb/ ehs/ ikg, dkB g[zB dh pd"bs oki ;[y G'rD
dk, okr nbkgd/ jB. fJjBK s'A w'NhnK oewK gqkgs eoe/, ehs/ rJ/ gkgK
dh Bftosh bJh wzso gVQd/ jB, gkm ikg eod/ jB. B/sk ih fJjBK d/
ikjok s"o s/ uoB S{zjdk j?. fJj ewhD/ Xowh nzdoyks/, B/sk ih d/
uoBK s/ f;o oZy fdzd/ jB. fJ;/ bJh oki dopkoK ftZu Pkjh ekih, Pkjh
fJwkw, oki gq'fjs, oki r[o{ s/ oki eth nkfd dhnK T[gkXhnK Bkb
Btkfink iKdk j?. Gkos d/ fJZe okPNogsh vkH okfizdo gq;kd B/ Xowh
j'D dk y/yD eofdnK okPNogsh GtB ftZu frnkoK pqkjwDK ;Zd e/,
fsBQK d/ g?o X' e/ y[d uoB^nzfwqs ghsk. neb d/ nzBQ/ b'eK B/ okPNogsh
tZvk Xowh g[oy wzB fbnk. nypkoK B/ ;'fjb/ rkJ/. tkj okiBhsh s/o/
o{g jIko. nDfrDs pZio gkg eoB tkb/, gkyzvh okiBhfse ftnesh,
eow uzd rKXh Xowh g[oy g/P eoB tk;s/ nDfrDs gkgV t/b/. bZyK
o[g? youD/ gJ/, bzr'Nh XkoBh gJh, g{ik nouDk, shoE :ksok nkfd
eoBh gJh, fco fes/ T[; wjkswk pDkfJnk ik ;fenk. go fdbh
(135)
go w/oh fIzdrh pj[s o[M/ftnK Goh j?, w/o/ bJh nkT[Dk w[Peb j?, tZv/
pzd/ B/ i[nkp fdZsk. s[jkv/ d' xzN/ fezB/ e[ ehwsh jB< d' xzfNnK d/ thj
jIko o[g?. mhe j? w? gotkB j?, s[;hA ;zroKd tkb/ fdB r[opkDh ;[D'
ihtB ;cbk eo'HHH. ;"dk s?j j' frnk, s/ ;zs ih d/ rkjeK ftZu Y/o ;kok
tkXk j' frnk feT[Afe fJZe u'Nh dk tZvk ftnesh pkpk ih Bw;eko eoB
nkT[Adk j?, b'eK dhnK tjhoK feT[A Bk nkT[D< d't/A ckfJd/ ftZu, :koh
gZeh.
fJZe j'o ;odko ih d/ uko fJZNK d/ GZm/ jB, d; e[ NoZe Gh fJZNK
g[ukD bJh oZy/ jB. pV/ gZe/ r[of;Zy jB, fe;/ ;kX nZr/ BjhA M[ed/.HHH
pkpk ih B/ fwbD dh fJZSk gqrN ehsh. eJh tko c'B eoB s'A pknd
;odko ih nk rJ/, ezw g[ZfSnk. ;zs ih p'b/ r[ow[y fgnko/ ihU, n;hA
r[odtko/ dh BthA fJwkos fsnko eo oj/ jK, d' NoZe fJZNK dh ;/tk eo'.
d' NoZe sK eh w?A frDsh dhnK d' fJZNK Gh fe;/ ;kX BjhA fdnKrk.
w?A ikDdk jK s[jkv/ ;[Gkn . d' NoZe fJZNK dh ehws fezBh pDdh j?<
fJjh e'Jh gzdoK e[ jIko< w?A s[jk d' NoZe fJZNK dk shj jIko o[fgnk
fdnKrk, s/ Bkb s[jkvh ;/tk dh go;z;k eoKrk. Go/ dhtkB ftZu ;o'gk d/
e/ n?bkB eoKrk ;qH ih B/ r[o{ xo tk;s/ d' NoZe ;/tk eokJh j?, p'b/ ;'
fBjkbHHHH. ;kX ;zrs s[;hA Gh y[Zb/ fdb ;/tk eo'. ;/tkdkoK dk sKsk P[o{
j' frnk, fJZe dh gq;z;k d{i/ dh nkwdBh
s[w gfts gktB g[oy gqG ;[nkwh, jw feT[A efo fwbfj i{mkoh..
jwo? ihfJ j'o[ w[fy j'o j's j?, jw eowjhD e{fVnkoh..
jwoh w[dq Bkw[ jfo ;[nkwh, fod nzsfo d[;N[ d[;Nkoh..
(528)
bzw/A ;w/A s'A G'bh fijh ;kX ;zrs nB/e Yzr sohe/ tos e/ y{p
b[ZfNnk j?. r[ows dk frnkB sK T[FZek jh BjhA fdZsk frnk. Iok ;'u'`
nro dkB g[zB Bkb ;wki dk e[M ;ztoBk jzdk, sK ;dhnK s'A dkB g[zB j[zdk
nk fojk j?. j[D sZe sK ;G gqeko dhnK p[okJhnK fteko \sw j' ikD/
ukjhd/ ;h. jK g[ikohnK dk pj[s e[M pD ;zto frnk j?. vZek d{jok eoB
s'A fpBK, fizadrh dhnK ;G ;j{bsK G'r oj/ jB. nkw fJB;kB ;\s
(137)
fwjBs s'A pknd w;hA oZithA o'Nh B;hp j[zdh j?. ftjbV g[ikoh N'b/, d[ZX
wbkJhnK, frohnK pdkw Se oj/ jB. fJj g[ikoh s/ Xow n;EkB
oki;h r[zfvnK d/ epI/ ftZu jB. fJj fJZe pj[s ftPkb skDk pkDk j?, fe;
B/ feZE/ fPeko dh T[vhe ftZu czdk bk e/ p?mDk j?, gfjbK jh fBPfus
j'fJnk j[zdk j?. gof;ZX eth fJepkb dk fJoPkd j?L^
jt; e/ pzd/ tck e' p/u d/s/ j?A.
y[dk e/ xo eh fenk ejhJ/, f:j y[dk e' p/u d/s/ j?A.
r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ ;?AeV/ ;kbK dk gbkB fsnko eoe/, nkgDk
ezw P[o{ ehsk ;h. bzwh xkbDk s'A pknd fes/ ;wki dk w{zj wZEk ;ztfonk
;h. ;fsr[o{ ih d/ fJZe fJPko/ s/ ;G e[M tko d/D tkfbnK dk ekcbk wzIb
tZb uZb fgnk ;h. f;oK dh pkIh bk e/ I[bw dk ykswk ehsk ;h. nZi
d[ZX ghD/ wi, J/H;hH dhnK jtktK ftZu ;tor d/ fwZm/ ;[gB/ b?D tkb/,
r[ows dh jo gqhfynk ftZu'A c/b b'ehA, jZEhA m{m/ cVhA, dhB JhwkB t/u e/
e[o;hnK bJh bkbQK ;[ZNd/, ;k| BIo nk oj/ jB. g[oksB ;fwnK ftZu w?A
gfjbK ;h; tko fdnK dh gftZso ;'u ;h. nZi w?A gfjbK e[o;h s/ p?mK,
fJjh fBZxfonk j'fJnk okr ;[DkJh d/ fojk j?. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/
Xosh d/ N[ZeV/ s/ oki BjhA ehsk, go eo'VK b'eK d/ fdbK s/ ;dhthA oki
ehsk j?. nZi f;Zy bhvo Xosh d/ N[ZeV/ s/ oki eoB bJh sob'wZSh fdZ;d/
jB. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp tZbA' pyP/ T[s
Z w r[DK s'A ykbh ;ZyD/. nro Xow pu
frnk, fjod/ ftZu fNe frnk, sK oki dh nk; ehsh ik ;edh j?. Xow
jh Bk fojk s/ oki e?;k s/ fet/A nkt/rk< Xow ftj{Dk< Xow s/ okiBhsh
fJeZmh dh v"Avh fgZND tkb/, Xow pdBkw eo oj/ jB, oki fJjBK e'b
nkT[Dk e'Jh BjhA. e/tb Xow e[u/PNk Go/ Yzr Bkb tosfsnk ik fojk
j?. gktB pkDh dk p'X j'Dk sK d{o dh rZb, fJZE/ sK f;ZyK d/ w[yhnK B/ f;Zy
j'D dh gfjbh Pos ^ yzv/ dh gkj[b Gh g{oh BjhA ehsh. fiBQK nD;od/
rb feogkB bNekJh j?, T[j Gh gkyzvh r[o{nK, v/fonK s/ BZe orVd/
t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. fsbe, w[eN, jtB, rb bkb u[zBhnK gkJh, p/Powh
Bkb x[zw oj/ jB. tkfjr[o{ ih ek ykb;k, okw ih eh cs/, p[bk e/ r[o{
(138)
r'fpzd f;zx ih dk ngwkB eo oj/ jB. j? e'Jh o'eD tkbk< r[otke jBL^
ekdh e{V[ p'fb wb[ ykfJ.. pqkjwD Bkt? ihnk xkfJ..
i'rh i[rfs Bk ikD? nzX[.. shB/ T[ikV/ ek pzX[..
(662)
n;b rZb sK fJj ;h fe okiBhsh ns/ Xow, d't/A jh b'ekJh d/
Gb/ fjZs j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. jkbks dh wIp{oh ekoB ;theko eo b?Ad/ jK fe
oki;h b'eK s'A jZe ;Zu dh T[whd BjhA oZyh ik ;edh. fJjBK oki;h
r[zfvnK Xow n;EkBK dh d[otos'A eoB'A sK o'fenk ik ;edk j?. go
id'A u'o s/ e[Zsh nzdo yks/ fJZe j'D sK xo ;[oZfyns fet/A ofj ;edk j?<
ny"sh Xow w[yh b'e Gh sK ftuko/ fJ;/ ;wki ftZu izw/ gb/, s/ gotkB uVQ/
jB. fco ;wki ftZu tos oj/ tosko/ s'A, T[j fet/A nfGZi ofj ;ed/ jB<
coI eo' fJZe f;Zy vkeNo j?, T[j tekbs BjhA eo ;edk, GtB
fBowkD iK j'o nfij/ ezw BjhA eo ;edk, fi;dh T[;B/ f;Zfynk Bk bJh
j't/. eo/rk sK rbs eo/rk. tehb fe;/ wohI dk fJbki BjhA eo ;edk,
feT[Afe T[; dh f;Zfynk nbZr fe;w dh j?. nDfrDs feZfsnK ftZu wkjo
f;Zy fwbDr/, go f;Zfynk ekoB ezw nZv' nZv j'Dr/. fJ;/ soQK ;kv/ g[okD/
;w/A d/ pI[orK B/, Pq'wDh r[od[nkok gqpzXe ew/Nh, r[o{ xoK dh ;/tk ;zGkb
tk;s/ pDkJh ;h. Xow gquko bJh B"itkB fsnko eoB/, f;Zy ;kfjs Skg
e/ tzvDk, d/P ftd/P d/ f;ZyK dhnK w[PebK d{o eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBh.
nypko o;kb/ ukb{ eoB/, f;ZyK fJZe e/Ado, fJZe' ftukoXkok ftZu go'
e/ oZyDk nkfd. Pq'wDh nekbh db dh fIzw/tkoh ;h, fe f;ZyK d/ oki;h
jZeK tk;s/ isBPhb ofjDk. i/ edh w"ek fwb/ sK gzikp ftZu nekbh
;oeko pDkT[Dh. j? sK d't/A fXoK f;Zy ;B, go ekoi y/so dh tzv ehsh
rJh ;h. ;w/A B/ eotN pdbh fe d't/A fxT[ fyuVh j' rJ/. r[o{ xoK ftZu
PoXk Bkb nogD ehsk g?;k, oki;h ezwK s/ c{fenk ikD bZrk. Pq'L ew/Nh
w?Apo n?wHn?bHJ/H s/ n?wHghH pDB bZr/. y[d r[ouoB f;zx N"jVk, nkyoh
;[nk;K Bkb, Xow s/ okiBhsh fJeZmh fBG/ s/ g{ok T[sfonk. i' d[odPk
Xow s/ T[Zsw n;{bK dh, p/JhwkB oki;h b'eK B/ ehsh j?, T[; s'A j[D e'Jh
nDikD BjhA j?. fJjBK y[droI b'eK B/, fiZE/ okiBhsh fJZe i{nk pDk
(139)
[[[[
(141)
jB. p'dh tkb/, X'sh tkb/, pqkjwDK dk o{g pdb frnk, e/;K i{V/ tkb/
pqkjwD, eSfjo/ tkb/, u'fbnK tkb/ pqkjwD, s[jk E'e ftZu fwb ikDr/,
feZE'A < Ne;kb ftZu'A. nkT[ fJjBK dh g[;sZe ftZu'A r[ows s'A T[bN e{V
;wZroh d/ y[Zb/ doPB dhdko/ eohJ/^
1H
frnkBh r[opuB f;zx B/ nkgD/ Bkw Bkb i' e[M fbfynk j'fJnk
j? gVQ'^ eosk^;qhwkB, gzE osB, ftZfd:k wkoszv, ;zs,
frnkBh, r[opuB f;zx, ih, ykb;k. j? Bk fBowkDsk dh
f;yo, nZm ftP/PD nkgD/ Bkw Bkb y[d jh bk bJ/.
ftZfdnk wkoszv dk noE j? frnkB dk ;{oi. ;{oi Bkb'A tZX
ukBD fe;/ dk BjhA, s/ fJjBK Bkb'A tZX frnkB fe;/ dk BjhA,
j? Bk < (gzBk^1)
2H
r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ nkgD/ fgsk, wfjsk ekb{ dk Gh nkgDh
fbys r[opkDh ftZu fIeo BjhA ehsk. T[j ;op f;qPNh dk eosk,
;KMk fgsk nekb g[oy wzBd/ ;B. okw uzdo d/ g[Zso e[P{ Bkb
T[jBK edh nkgDh ;KM BjhA do;kJh, go Ne;kbhJ/ r[o{ BkBe
e[P{ dh n"bkd rodkB oj/ jB. gzBk^1
3H
;kohnK fbysK ftZu (pkb/ s'A f;tkJ/) r[o{ BkBe dk iBw ft;ky dk
jh fbfynk j? (;w/s GkJh wBh f;zx dh iBw ;kyh d/, eh GkJh
wBh f;zx th rbs jB <) go Ne;kbhJ/ eZse dh g{oBwk;h bJh
pfiZd jB, feT[A <
9
4H
r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih okwuzdo d/ Gok, bSwD d/ p/N/, sZy d/
ykBdkB Bkb i'V fdZsk frnk, feT[A <
10
5H
r[o{ nwodk; ih okw d/ Gok, GoE d/ g[Zso GZbD dh pz; ftZu'A g?dk
j'J/ fby wkfonk, feT[A <
11
6H
r[o{ okwdk; ih bT{ d/ g[Zso, ekb okJ/ dh pz; ftZu'A ;B, fet/A gsk
bZrk < ;p{s < nZrA' ;ko/ r[o ftneshnK fJ;/ ;'Yh pz; Bkb BZEh
eo fdZsk.
12
7H
r[o{ jfo okfJ ih d/ nZm ftnkj j'J/ fby wkfonk, feT[A < 15
8H
r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih B/ r[orZdh fdZbh s'A G/ih ^ fet/A < (fJfsjk; s'A
(143)
9H
10H
11H
12H
13H
14H
15H
16H
17H
18H
19H
20H
21H
;ZyD/)
18
ykb;k gzE d;w gksPkj B/ ubkfJnk < (gfjb/ B"A r[o ftnesh fco
eh eod/ oj/ <) BkBe fBowb gzE ubkfJnk < dk eh i[nkp j? < 19
GkJh dfJnk f;zx (fgnkok) bT{ d/ ntsko ;B <
19
GkJh Xow f;zx (fgnkok) XzBk ih d/ ntsko ;B <
19
GkJh fjzws f;zx (fgnkok) us[oG[ih d/ ntsko ;B < (ebgs us[oG[ih) 19
GkJh w'jew f;zx (fgnkok) Bkwd/t ih d/ ntsko ;B <
19
GkJh ;kfjp f;zx (fgnkok) ;?D ih d/ ntsko ;B <
19
wkJh ;/tK gsh pqsk Pesh dh tos'A eoe/, jo o'I ekp[b s'A
r'fJzdtkb ;/tk eoB nkfJnk eodh ;h < (Uj UE'A jh Pesh Bkb
;/tk feT[A BjhA eodh ;h <)
21
fJZe phph dk gsh wo frnk, T[; gshpqsk Pesh tos e/ ;{oi
uVQBA' o'eh oZfynk id'A GrtkB B/ gsh ihts ehsk sK jh ;{oi uVQB
fdZsk <
22
;fsr[o{ ih B/ bkb ozr d/ eZgV/ gkT[D s'A wBkjh ehsh j?. fJj
Ne;kbh efjzd/ jB.
go r[o c[owkB sK fJj j? ^
Bk w?bk Bk X[zdbk Bk Grtk Bk eu[]
BkBe bkb' bkb j? ;u/ osk ;u[] (1089)
23
w{b wzso (wzrb) BkBe j';h Gh ;u[ sZe j?, (rbs, fJj r[o
gq;kfd sZe j?, nkfd ;u ;b'e j?)
24
id'A pZuk roG ftZu j't/ sK fJj ftP/P Ppd gVQB Bkb oZfynk j[zdh
j? < (wBws)
25
woki fgzv (fibQk pfmzvk) fty/ GkJh i?d fJ; eoe/ pj[sk pbtkB
;h, feT[Afe wksk B/ P/o dk ne; gkDh ftZu t/fynk. ;t/o/ ;[Zsh
T[FZmD tes ;{oi wZE/ bZrk < (tkj` feZvk M{m fco sK ikBto jh
izwDk ukjhdk ;h).
25
i?d Bkw/ f;Zy s/ ekb/ yK B/ tko ehsk, sK S/t/A gksPkj B/ eokwksh
(144)
22H
23H
24H
25H
26H
27H
28H
29H
30H
31H
32H
33H
Pesh Bkb tko o'e fbnk < (eokwks Bkb r[o{ ih B/ d[PwDK
wkfonk feT[A BjhA<)
25
pkpk ;[zdo f;zx d/ fgsk yikB f;zx g[Zso dh gqkgsh tk;s/ jo o'I
fJZe g?o s/ yb' e/ ;[ywBh ;kfjp dk gkm efonk eod/ ;B sK ;zd
[ o
f;zx dk iBw j'fJnk (gkyzv eow Bkb<)
26
yikB f;zx dh gsBh ;[zdo f;zx dh wksk, gzMh gkm ig[ih d/
o'IkBk efonk eodh ;h < (wBws)
26
;[zdo f;zx d/ iBw tes ukbh gT[VhnK nBzd ;kfjp dh ehosB
ehsk, fJj j[ew shi/ gksPkj dk j? < (;p{s d/ ;e'r/ < Ne;kbhnK
dh wBws j?)
27
;[zdo f;zx d/ iBw tes, xo ftZu gkm oykfJnk, pZu/ wZEk
fNekfJnk, Bkw oZfynk, fco wK dk d[ZX fgnkfJnk frnk < (t/yh
ub', fpBK f;o g?o d/ T[gd/P)
27
;[zdo f;zx izwD;ko ;zg{oD ;fji gkm ;[Dke/, ukbh fdBK ftZu
G'r gkfJnk < (nDj'Dh rb)
27
nykV/ fgzv fJZe gqtko d/ pZu/ wo iKd/ ;B, fJZe f;Zy B/ feogkB
dk nzfwqs SekfJnk pZu/ iBw d/ e/ wksk wo rJh pZuk BjhA
wfonk < (tko/ tko/ ikJhJ/ neb d/)
28
pZu/ d/ iBw tes dkJh f;ZyDh jh j'Dh ukjhdh j? < (Ne;kbhJ/ j[D
eh eod/ jB < eh j;gskbK ftZu BjhA iKd/ <)
28
Bkod w[Bh B/ 75 jIko ;kb ftZfdnk gVQh < (tZvk rg"Vk) 30
t/d ftnk; frnkoK jIko ;kb sg eodk fojk < (rg"Vk) 32
;s/ pbtzv ns/ GZNK eKPh d/ pqkjwDK tZb'A ;okg fwfbnk
j'fJnk ;h < (x'o gkg fby wkfonk)
33
nk;k eh tko pkDh 84 d/ r/V ftZu'A eZYdh j? < (s/ j'o pkDh eh
eodh j? <)
34
;[ywBh ;kfjp d/ 24 jIko nZyo jB, u"th xzfNnK d/ 24 jIko
;[nk; jB, u"th n;NgdhnK jB, fJ; soQK gkm eoB Bkb u"th
(145)
34H
35H
36H
37H
38H
39H
40H
41H
42H
43H
44H
45H
46H
47H
48H
49H
50H
51H
52H
53H
54H
55H
56H
57H
58H
59H
60H
61H
62H
63H
64H
65H
66H
67H
68H
69H
70H
71H
72H
73H
74H
75H
76H
77H
78H
79H
80H
81H
82H
83H
84H
85H
86H
87H
88H
89H
90H
91H
92H
93H
94H
95H
96H
97H
98H
99H
100H
101H
102H
103H
104H
105H
106H
107H
108H
109H
110H
111H
112H
113H
114H
115H
116H
117H
118H
119H
120H
121H
122H
123H
124H
125H
126H
127H
128H
129H
130H
nkfd.
150
gkmh f;zx eZuk fgnki iK bZ;D Bk ykD, i/ yk b?D sK uko gfjo
ji{oh ftZu Bk ikD f;ZyK gkyzvh pDk fdZsk.
151
gkmh Ne;kbh j'D, e/;h fJPBkB eoe/ ji{oh ftZu ikD < (gkyzv) 151
fizBh tkoh gkmh gykB/ ikD T[sBh tkoh fJPBkB eoB < (gkyzv)
i' rzd jo tes nzdo j? T[;dk eh eo'r/ <
151
eVkj gqPkfd wfonkdk Bkb Bk pDkfJnk ikt/ sK gkm dk cb BjhA
fwbdk. (gkyzv)
152
i's bJh d/;h fxU tofsnk ikt/, X{c jo tes X[ydh oj/ <
(gkyzv)
152
X{c ;wZrohHHHHHH (eJh jiko o[g? dh ci{b youh) fbyDh ;zGt
BjhA j? < (nzBh b[ZN)
152
nyzv gkm Bkb ig[ih oZyDk Io{oh (gkyzv)
153
fizB/ nkyzv gkm oZy/ T[B/ jh ig[ih Bkb oZy/ < (gkyzv) 153
nyzv gkm ns/ j'o ;ko/ gkmK Bkb fBsB/w s/ ehosB Io{oh j't/ <
(gkyzv)
153
G'r gk e/ nkosh Io{o eoBh < (gkyzv)
153
wZX dh nodk; Io{o eoBh < (gkyzv)
153
gkm Bkb i's, X{c, Bkohnb, c[Zb Io{o oZyD/ < (gkyzv) 154
d/r mzYh eoe/ G'r bkT[Dk row BjhA < (gkyzv) fes/ feogkB dk w{j
z
Bk wZu ikt/ <
154
r[o{ noiB ih B/ r'fJzdtkb s'A g'EhnK fbnkT[D tes IwhB s/ p?m
e/ ehosB ehsk < (M{m)
155
r[o{ noiB ih r'fJzdtkb g'EhnK b?D Bzr/ g?ohA nkJ/ s/ tkg; Bzr/
g?ohA rJ/ <
155
r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh ji{oh ftZu gikwk gk e/ BjhA ikDk, (gkyzv ohsh
fpBK dbhb ukb{ ehsh rJh j?) eh n"osK th nkgD/ gow fgsk ih
dh ji{oh ftZu T[go'es nB[;ko jh ikD <
160
(153)
131H
132H
133H
134H
135H
136H
137H
138H
139H
140H
141H
142H
143H
144H
145H
146H
147H
148H
149H
150H
151H
152H
153H
154H
(155)
155H
156H
157H
158H
159H
160H
161H
162H
163H
164H
wo/ gqkDh Bfws gkm ehfsnK T[j ;Zu yzv iKdk j?, T[; ;[y fwbdk
j? < (gkyzv)
182
wo/ gqkDh Bfws G/Nk, eZgV/, fp;sok, posB i'Vk nkfd d/t/,
bzro ubkt/ < (ro[V g[okD ftZu fbyh pqkjwDh b[ZN dh jwkfJs,
r[opkDh s'A T[bN)
183
r[o{ s/r pjkdo ;kfjp B/ g[Zso gqkgsh bJh fsqp/Dh gq:kr fty/
nyzv gkm eotkfJnk sK g[s
Z o iBfwnk (wsbp fe B"tA/ r[o{ oZp
s/ Go';k BjhA ;h, T[jBK e'b y[d e'Jh ;woZEk BjhA ;h, pqkjwDk s'A
g[Zso fbnk <)
184
d{ih tkoh d;w gksPkj B/ sbtzvh ;kp' nyzv gkm eotkfJnk <
(ebgDk)
185
r[opkDh dk nZyo brK, ezBk, fpzdh, r[o{ ih d/ nzr jB, id'A e'Jh
nP[ZX gkm eodk j? sK ;fsr[o{ ih sebhc j[zdh j? (id'A g'EhnK
r[Ne/ ;o{g ewI'o j' iKd/ jB, nrB G/N j[zd/ jB sd'A eh nkyhJ/
eh j[zdk j? <)
185
nkgD/ n;bh r[o{ j'D dk ;p{s d/D tk;s/ d;w gksPkj B/ ezm s'A
pkDh T[ukoB ehsh. fes/ f;Zy PZe Bk eo b?D. (i/ PZe j' frnk
w[es BjhA j' ;eDr/, ;fsr[o{ ih dk ngwkB) 186
fJZe d'fjok r[o{ rqE
z ;kfjp ftZu d;t/A gksPkj dk j?< pb j'nk pzXB
S[N
/
186
okik i? f;zx dh ;z;k Bftosh bJh, dwdw/ fty/ d;w gksPkj B/
nyzv gkm eotkfJnk, r[o{ ih B/ ;kok gkm yVQ/ j' e/ ;[fDnk.
(Ne;kbhJ/ yVQ/ j' e/ gkm feT[A BjhA ;[Dd/ <)
187
gkm ;[Dd/ j'J/ d;w r[o{ yb' e/ jh T[go gkDh g[nk b?Ad/ ;B. (r[o{ ih
gkrb Bk pDkU)
187
ji{o ;kfjp BKd/V fty/ d;w r[o{ ih B/ ;kok nyzv gkm fJZe' u"AeV/
;[fDnk < fJPBkB bJh T[E/ jh T[go gkDh gtk fbnk eod/ ;B< (r[o{
ih dh s"jhB)
189
(156)
165H
166H
167H
168H
169H
170H
171H
172H
173H
174H
175H
(157)
176H
177H
178H
179H
180H
181H
182H
183H
184H
185H
186H
e[G
z oZyD dk wjksw i/eo i'sK s'A nZr bZr ikt/, sK gkDh gk e/ p[Mk
b?Dh < (gkyzv)
203
e[zG tkbk ib SeD Bkb o'r d{o j[zd/ jB < (frL) r[opuB f;zx s/
eosko f;zx B/ feT[A BK Sfenk <
203
nzfwqs;o fty/ ;q'to dk ib nzfwqs pD frnk j?, fJ;/ soQK e[zG dk
ib nzfwqs pD iKdk j?. (f;ZyK r[wokj ehsk frnk j?, xVk e?Bh,
;o'to tkbk gkDh nzfwqs BjhA pDdk.
203
Bkohnb ;h; G/N eoB pokpo j? < fco b'V g?D s/ Bkohnb jh
G/N eohJ/ <
204
d[opk;k foPh B/ o[ZyK pzd/ bk fdZs/, Bk ykD Bk ghD < oZp B/
o'fenk. (ioQk ;'u' edh o[yK pzd/ bZr ;ed/ jB cbK tKr < fJj
w{oysk dh fJzsjk BjhA sK j'o eh j? <)
204
i/ gkm ftXh g{ote j'fJnk j't/ sK Bkohnb dh froh ;VQ e/ ;[nkj
j' iKdh j? <
204
okr wkbk s'A fpBK phV fbyD tkb/ dh ihG ftZu nZm fdBk nzdo
ehV/ g? rJ/, fco okr wkbk fbyh s[ozs okih j' frnk (nkyzv
ehosBh iZE/ tkfbnK dk ed/ tkb ftzrk BjhA j'fJnk) 212
fEo[ xfo p?;j[ Ppd dk fSbk eZfYnK ekoi ok; nk iKd/ jB <
(gkyzv)
214
okr wkbk pko/ GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk B/ rbs fbfynk j? < 216
s/ik f;zx G;"V tkbk id'A wfonk sK r[gs EK ehV/ g? rJ/ ;B, nZyK
ftZu ;[zvhnK g? rJhnK, ;ko/ ;oho ftZu'A pdp{ nkt/, feT[Afe okr
wkbk dk fto'Xh ;h < (M{m dh f;yo ;hwk) s/ frL r[opuB f;zx
13 ;kb fpwko ofje/ feT[A wfonk ;h <
216
;zfBnk;h, fBowb/ ;kX ;zs wjzs v/o/dko gfjbK g{oh ofjok;
gVQd/ ;B, fJj rVQ rZi nekbhnK B/ xNk fdZsh < (wBwoIh dh
j?AeVpkIh s/ XZek)
222
(158)
187H
188H
189H
190H
191H
192H
193H
194H
195H
xZN pkDh gVQB eoe/ g[zB dh EKt/ gkg d/ Gkrhdko pDd/ jK < 222
;'fjb/ s'A gfjbK uko Ppd gVQ', nodk; eo', uko/ gk;/ b'j/ dk
febQk pD iKdk j?, ;t/o/ fJPBkB eoe/ ig[ih gfVQnK febQk jN
iKdk j? <
226
ig[ih ;kfjp f;ZyK dk wkbk wzso j? (r[opkDh wkbk s/ wzsoK dk
yzvB eodh j? fJj ihtB iku j?)
230
;fsr[o{ ih B/ t/dK ns/ pqkjwDK d/ ntsko GZNK T[gd/P ehsk,
tkfjr[o{ T[ukoB ehsk. (eg'b ebgDk)
234
eosk g[oy ih B/ t, j, r, o dk B"A^B"A i[Zr ikg ehsk, sk tkfjr[o{
wzso fsnko j'fJnk. (s"pk s"pk)
235
ekwo{g dhnK fJ;sohnK B/ wodkB/ G/v{ pDkfJnk ;h < (wodkBk ih
dh s"jhB)
238
w{b wzso xNkT[D eoe/ f;ZyK dh skes xN rJh j? (Ne;kbhJ/
nkgDh skes feT[A BjhA tXk b?Ad/)
241
r[opkDh gkm doPB feskp ftZu fbfynk j? fe Ne;kb GkJh
wBh f;zx s'A uZbh j?. (gzBk 253), go j[D pkpk dhg f;zx s'A
Ne;kb uZbD dk g?AsVk pdb fbnk j?. id'A fe fJj d't/A rZbK e'ok
M{m jB. fe;/ fJfsjk;e rqzE s'A fJ;dh g[PNh BjhA j[zdh fe
Ne;kb dwdw/ s'A r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx B/ ubkJh. T[jBK XV/pzdhnK,
;zgodktK ysw eoe/ ykb;k pDkfJnk ;h. fe;/ tZX nfXeko
BjhA fdZs/. fJj f;ZyK Bkb Po/nkw X'yk j?.
eoskog[oh jZE fbys phV s/ Gh frL r[opuB f;zx s/ T[; d/
g?o'eko, wko{ tko eoB'A pki BjhA nkJ/. fJj ;G fBtkDk gko
eoe/ fJ;/ feskp d/ gzBk 260 s/ fbyd/ jB^ eoskog[oh phV
ftZu seohpB 1500 s'A tZX rbshnK jB, fJzBk tZvk e[co < gkg
eow < r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih f;Zy Xow dh nkXko fPbk jB.
Ne;kb tkfbnK f;Zyh f;XKsK n;{bK T[Zs/ sK e'M' tko ehs/ jh ;B,
fJjBK d; r[o{ ;kfjpkB Gh ngwkfBs ehsk j?. f;ZyK d/ f;ow"o
(159)
ekpi jB. f;Zyh dhnk iVK ftZu s/b d/ oj/ jB. ;fsr[o{ jh puk b?D sK
puk b?D toBK fJjBK r[ows yko/ ;w[zdo ftZu v'pD dk g{ok gqpzX ehsk
j'fJnk j?. T[go tofDs 200 s'A tZX B[es/ gzBktko fJjBK dh g[;se
r[opkDh gkm doPB ftZu'A frL r[opuB f;zx d/ fby/ g/P ehs/ jB.
Ne;kb tkb/ fJjBK feskpK Skg e/ t/ud/ nk oj/ jB. fJj g{oB pqjw
frnkBh, ykb;k, ;zs, gzE osB, ftZfdnk wkoszv d/ gftZso ftuko
jB. tkj w/oh e"w d/ wbkj' fJjBK dhnK wBwkBhnK edh o'e'r/ <
pqkjwDh dbdb ftZu'A e"w edh eZY/r' <
fGzvoK Ne;kb tkb/ thj ;kb s'A ekoiekoh iZE/dko pkpk mke[o
f;zx, fet/A r[opkDh dk ngwkB eodk fojk j?, nZyhA t/fynk tkfenk ;[D'.
GkJh mke[o f;zx id'A fes/ iKdk j? sK fJZe rVtJhA b'Nk gkDh s/ s"bhnk
b? e/ Bkb ubdk j?. pkp/ B/ i[Zsh gkJh j[zdh j? s/ rVtJh Bzr/ g?oh uZbdk
j?. fJZe B"itkB jZE ftZu r[Nek b? e/ Bzr/ g?ohA ubdk j'fJnk, r[Ne/ ftZu'A
r[opkDh gVQdk j'fJnk pkp/ d/ fgZS/^fgZS/ N[fonk fcodk j?. pkpk gP{nK
ftZu ikt/, y/sK ftZu ikt/, ;?o eoB ikt/, fJj r[Nek gVQdk B"itkB Bkb
Bkb ofjzdk j?. pkpk fe;/ Bkb rZbK eo/, e'Jh ezw eo/, sK Gh gkmh gkm
eodk ofjzdk j?. j[D Iok ;'u/ fJZe pzdk pkDh ;fseko ;fjs ;[D jh BjhA
fojk, eJh o[M/ftnK ftZu j?, T[;d/ fgZS/ fgZS/ r[Nek b? e/ gkm eod/ ofjDk
feZE'A dh r[ow[yskJh j? < ;r'A gktB r[opkDh dk fJ; soQK tZvk ngwkB j?.
go fJj b'e bzw/ ;w/A s'A jh r[opkDh dk ngwkB eoB d/ nkdh j' u[Ze/ jB,
f;Zy' ikr' s/ ;'u'.
1H fJE/ ;fsr[o{ ih d/ puB fby d/Dk jh fpjso j't/rk, i' nfij/
b'eK bJh tZvh tzrko jB ^
gkyzv gkyzv efo efo Gow/ b'G[ gkyzv[ ifr p[fonko/]
jbfs gbfs d[ydkJh j'tfj, iwekb yVk f;fo wko/]HHHHH
ebo[ y/s[ b? e{V[ iwkfJnk ;G e{V? e/ ybtko/]
;kes Bo ;fG G{y G[ykB/, dfo mkY/ iw izdko/] (981)
(161)
(162)
pkeh Ne;kb tkfbnK B/ p'fbnk. r[o{ eh ji{oh ftu. fJ; p'b/ rJ/ M{m
bJh oZp e'b'A, ;fsr[o{ e'b'A fJjBK w[nkch BjhA wzrh. gzE e'b'A w[nkch BjhA
wzrh. ny"sh iE/dko nfij/ M{m/ b'eK B{z yZp/ ;Zi/ bJh fcod/ jB. r[o{ rqzE
;kfjp ih d/ pokpo fJjBK B/ n;bhb ejkDhnK tkbk pfuZso BkNe
fNekfJnk ns/ T[;dk nyzv gkm ehsk. fJj b'e fBowb gzE B{z fwZNh ftu
fwbkT[D bJh g{oh tkj bk oj/ jB. fJjBK dhnK SkghnK feskpK e'Jh gVQ
e/ t/y/ sK ;jhHHHH.
[[[[
(163)
jo sohe/ G'b/ b'eK b[ZN e/ ykD tkb/ fJj ;B g[ikoh g[o'fjs. d{i/ i'rh
ns/ j'o ;fBnk;h ;kX{ fsnkrh p?okrh Gh fJ;/ okj ub oj/ ;B. fJj xo
gqtko oZp nk;o/ SZv e/, izrbK gjkVK r[cktK ftZu ik p?m/. fJj ;z;ko
wkfJnk j? d[ZyK dk xo j/, gqb'e ;ztkoB dh e{Vh nk; Bkb, fIzw/tkoh s'A
GZi T[Zm/ ;B. sh;o/ ;h yZsoh b'e fiBQK nkgD/ fIzw/ bZr/ Xow
fBGkT[AfdnK jfEnkopzd j' e/ d/P dh okyh eoBh ;h, fJj th coIK s'A w{zj
w'V p?m/. ;w/A d/ pkdPkj Ikbw pD u[Ze/ ;B, s/ T[jBK d/ nfjbeko oZs
ghD/ dfozd/. fJB;kc dh e[o;h s/ fpokiwkB ekIh (iZi) foPtsy'o j' u[Ze/
;B. fJj ;ko/ nkg' nkgDh Ekt/A ;wki T[ikV oj/ s/ e[okj/ gk oj/ ;B
gktB puB jB L^
ekdh e{V[ p'fb wb[ ykfJ] pkjwD Bkt? ihnK xkfJ]
i'rh i[rfs B ikD? nzX] shB/ T[ikV/ ek pzX[]
(662)
ns/
ysqhnk sk Xow S'fvnk wb/S Gkfynk okjh]
f;q;fN ;G fJZe toD j'Jh Xow eh rfs rjh]
(662)
wB[Zyh GkJhuko/ fJZe pZMt/A, ;[bM/ j'J/ sohe/ Bkb fiT{D tk;s/
;fsr[o{ ;kfjpkB B/ i' wkor doPB r[opkDh okjhA ;k ;[MkfJnk j?, T[;
pko/ r[opkDh d/ ukBD ftZu'A e[M ftuko fJ; soQK jB L^
1H
> ^ ;G s'A gfjbK ;fsr[o{ ih B/ oZph ;zebg s/ T[;dk
;o{g ;gZPN ehsk. fe n? w/o/ pZfuU` gqwkswk bk Pohe fJZe tkfjd
j;sh j?. T[;d/ w[ekpb/ j'o e'Jh Bk j? Bk j' ;e/rk. pZ; fJZe T[;/ wzB'
fXnkU s/ T[; d/ wjkB r[DK XkoB eo'. gP{nK gzShnK dh g{ik pzd eo
fdU. o[ZyK, fpoyK g{iDk w{oysk j?, gZEoK w{oshnK oZp nkyDk s/
wzBDk e[|o j?. oZph PeshnK ;kvh ;/tk ftZu jkIo j' e/ ;[y d/ ojhnk jB,
fco fJjBK dh g{ik feT[A eoBh j'Jh < wB[Zy Gh ;ko/ gzi sZsK d/ pD/ j'J/
jB, fJjBK ftZu'A e'Jh g{iD i'rh t;s{ BjhA j?. fJZe' gqwkswk d/ ;ko/ g?dk
ehs/ j'J/ jB, fJ; bJh e'Jh ftP/P s"o s/ g{iD :'r BjhA j?.
B d/t dkBtk Bok] B f;X ;kfXeK Xok]
(165)
dodBke gZy tZb ;fsro{ ;kfjp ih B/ ftP/P fXnkB fdZsk. T[jBK gsh
gsBh d/ ihtB ;kE wkD fdZsk. frq;s Xow ftZu ofjzfdnK, B/e ewkJh
eofdnK, ;G fizw/tkohnK fBGkT[AfdnK jh Xowh pDB dk T[gd/P ehsk.
Grsh sgZf;nk iK w'eP izrbK r[cktK shoEK s/ GNeD Bkb gqkgs BjhA
j't/rh. ;r'A pZfunK dhnK b'VK g{ohnK eo' B/e fJB;kB pDkU. p; nkgD/
nkg p[okJhnK ftekoK s'A puk e/ oZy'. fJjh ;Zuk Xow j? L^
;s[ ;zs'y[ ;dk ;u[ gb? ;u p'b? fgo GkJ/]
BkBe ftS[fV Bk d[y gkJ/ r[owfs nzfe ;wkJ/]
(764)
BkBe ;fsr[fo G/fNn? g{oh j't/ i[rfs]
j;zfdnk y/bzfdnK g?Bzfdnk yktzfdnK ftZu/ j't? w[efs](522)
5H
;wki gqsh tuB pZXsk ^ ;fsr[o{ ih wjkB T[geko
eofdnK jo fJB;kB nkg' nkgDh fIzw/tkoh g{oh fJwkBdkoh Bkb
fBGkT[D dh skehd eod/ jB. T[d'A s'A b? e/ nZi sZe ;ko/ pzB/ jcVk dcVh,
p/JhwkBh, foPtsy'oh dk pkIko row BIo nk fojk j?. j/mb/ S'N/ w[bkIw
s'A b? e/ T[Zgo f;o/ sZe jo e'Jh foPtsy'oh ftZu rofenk BIo nkt/rk.
nkgD/ jh G?D GoktK dk y{B pVh p/ofjwh Bkb, vheK bk e/ ghsk ik fojk
j?. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ GkJh bkb' ih, fJZe rohpV/ f;Zy Sksh Bkb
bkfJnk ;h. wbe Gkr' d/ ;[nkdb/ gdkoEK ftZu'A ;fsr[o{ ih rqhpK d/
jT[e/, jzM{ s/ T[jBK dk y{B BIo nkfJnk ;h. tZv/ fJeZm ftZu p/fJwkBh
tkb/ yho g{fVnK dk fGnkBe fgS'eV, ;G d/ ;kjwD/ p/god ehsk ;h.
;fsr[o{ ih B/ roIthA nktkI ftZu ;kfonK ;ktXkB ehsk ;hHHHHHHHH
je[ gokfJnk BkBek T[; ;{no T[;[ rkfJ]
r[o{ gho[ jkwk sK Go/ ik w[odko Bk ykfJ]
rbh fG;fs B ikJhn? S[N? ;u[ ewkfJ]
wkoD ykfj jokw wfj j'fJ jbkb[ B ikfJ]
BkBe rbh e{VhJh e{V' gb? gkfJ]
(141)
6H
ezw gqsh tckdkoh ^ g[oksB ;fwnK s'A uZb e/ nZi skJhA
;wki iK oki ftZu u[D/ j'J/ ftP/P ftneshnK fIzw/tkoh tkb/ pj[s jh
(168)
wjZstg{oB nj[fdnK s/ bkT[D tes e[M fJZe gqD eotkJ/ iKd/ ;B. ;w/A
d/ c/o Bkb gqD G[bk fdZs/ rJ/, e[M o;wK ohsK ofj rJhnK. nZi Gh tZv/
nj[d/ jk;b eoB tes o;wh s"o s/ d/P s/ ;zftXkB gqsh tckdkoh dh
e;w u[ekJh iKdh j?, gqD eotkfJnk iKdk j?. eJh tkoh jZE ftZu gkDh
gk e/ tZv/ fJeZm ;kjt/A, e[ZM wzso gVQ e/, o;w g{osh ehsh iKdh ;h.
;fsr[o{ ih fJjBK o;wK ohsK dh Ekt/A, gqwkswk dk fBowb GT[ d/ e/,
ngD/ fIzw/ bZrh ;/tk B/e Bhsh Bkb fBGkT[D dh jdkfJs eod/ jB ^
Xowh wB[Zy nzX ftPtkPh Bk j't/, frnkB Bkb Gog{o j't/. gsh gsBh
fJZe d{i/ gqsh tckdko ofjD. fJjh T[jBK dk ish j'Dk gqtkB j?. pqkjwD
;zs'yh j't/ b'eK d/ xo b[ZND tkbk Bk j't/. frq;sh wB[Zy ngDh feos
ewkJh ftZu'A d;tzX o{g ftZu, b'VtzdK dh b'V g{oh eo/. d/P dk okik (ns/
T[;d/ efozd/ nc;o iZi) ;jh wkfjfBnK ftZu goik fJB;kc d/D.
T[jBK d/ d[Zy d{o eoB s/ b'eK ngDh n"bkd tKr ;wMD. gfVQnk wB[Zy,
o[Zyk frnkB Bk u[Zeh fco/, fBoh jzeko dh gzv jh Bk pD ikt/. ftZfdnk
jZe ;Zu dk gfjo/dko pDkt/, ;wki uzrh wZs d/t/. fJ; soQK s[jkvk gqD
g{ok j'fJnk wzfBnk ikt/rk s/ ;wki dk w{zj w[jKdok ;zto ikt/rk. tke
fJT[A jB ^
BkBe u[bhnK ;[uhnK, i/ Gfo ikD? e'fJ]
;[os/ u[bh frnkB eh i'rh ek is[ j'fJ]
pqkjwD u[bh ;zs'y eh, frojh ek ;s[ dkB[]
oki/ u[bh fBnkt eh, gfVnk ;u[ fXnkB[]
gkDh fus[ B X'gJh, w[fy ghs? fsy ikfJ]
gkDh fgsk irs ek fcfo gkDh ;G ykfJ]
(1240)
(170)
[[[[
(fJj y'i gZso 29^8^04 ;?eNo 46, uzvhrVQ, ykb;k gzukfJs tZb'A
eotkJ/ rJ/ ;?whBko ftZu gfVQnk frnk)
(171)
;fseko Bkb ;zGkb e/ oZyd/ jK. s'jc/ dh p/ndph gq/wh dk fsq;eko wzBh
iKdh j?. pZ; fJ;/ soQK nekb g[oy ih tZb'A fdZsk frnk fJj nw[Zbk s'jck,
ns/ ;fsr[o{ ih tZb'A fJ; dh ;zGkb eoB dk fdZsk frnk j[ew, ;kv/ bJh
f;o wZE/ gotkB j't/. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ e/;K dh ;zGkb eoB dk nkd/P fdZsk
j?, fco n;hA nkgD/ fgnko/ d/ j[ew dh T[bzxDk fet/A eo ;ed/ jK <
i' b'ehA f;Zy gzE Bkb ;pzfXs BjhA jB, fiBQK T[jBK d/ Xow
w[yhnK B/ e/; oZyD dh ;ys jdkfJs BjhA ehsh, T[j Gh nkg' nkgD/ sohe/
e/;K dkjVh ftZu e[M spdhbh Io{o eod/ jB. Iok fJZe fJZe eoe/ r?o
f;ZyK d/ e/;K pko/ tsho/ t/yhJ/ ^
;kv/ r[nKYh fjzd{ Gok fe;/ nkgD/ Xow ftZu gqt/P eokT[D
bZfrnk fiZE/ izi{ nkfd gkT[Ad/ jB, T[ZE/ e/; eZN fdzd/ jB. f;o d/ ftueko
e[ZM tkb oZyd/ jB, fi; f;yk iK p'dh fejk iKdk j?. fjzd{nK ftZu jh e[ZM
no;/ s'A pknd, Bt iBw/ pZu/ e/ e/; eZNe/ fe;/ wzdo ftZu G/N ehs/ iKd/
jB. id'A fjzd{ gqtko ftZu'A e'Jh w?Apo ubkDk (woBk) eo ikt/ sK T[;d/
B/Vb/ foPs/dko nc;'; ftZu g{oh soQK orVt/A Yzr dkjVh e/; eNtk fdzd/
jB. g[oksB ;fwnK ftZu tZvh rbsh eoB s/ p/Powh dh f;yo s/ g[ukT[D
tkbh ;Ik fdZsh iKdh ;h, dkjVh e/; eZN d/D/. t?;/ fjzd{nK d/ g[oksB
pI[or ntsko ;ko/ jh e/;kXkoh j'fJnk eod/ ;B. fJ;sohnK dk sK e/;
eZND dk ;tkb jh BjhA ;h. jK e/tb T[; nGkrD shthA d/ e/; eZN
fdZs/ iKd/ ;B i' ftXtk j' ikt/.
d{i/ ;kv/ r[nKYh Gok w[;bwkB jB. fJjBK ftZu n"osK e/; BjhA
eNtkT[AdhnK. wod f;o d/ e/; eNtk fdzd/ jB. go w[ZSK ns/ dkjVh dh
fJZe ftP/P pDso pDkT[Ad/ jB, fi; PoJh w[ZSK fejk iKdk j?. Gkt
w[;bwkBK dh ofjs ofjDh d/ Yzr dhnK w[ZSK. fJj fBnw yk; eoe/
Xkowe w[yhnK *s/ bkr{ j[zdk j?. fJ;/ soQK ;kv/ i?B Xow wzBD tkb/ Gok,
id'A fe;/ nkgD/ Xow ftZu dk\b eod/ jB, sK fwZE/ j'J/ fdB *s/ yk;
;wkrw ouke/, dk\b j'D tkb/ ftnesh (fizB/ j'D) d/ dkjVh e/; ;[nkj
gk e/ y[odo/ eo b?Ad/ jB. T[gqzs fJZe fJZe eoe/ ;ko/ tkb iV'A T[ykV fdzd/
(173)
jB. i?Bh ;kX{nK s/ fJj n;{b ;koh T[wo bkr{ ofjzdk j? i' Gh tkb T[Zr
g?D fJ;/ soQK iV'A T[ykV fdZs/ iKd/ jB. fJ;kJhnK ftZu Gkt/A e/;K pko/ gZeh
otkfJs sK e'Jh BjhA j?, go fJj gosZy j? fe fJjBK d/ Xow r[o{ f:;{
ih, dkjVh e/;K dh ;zGkb eod/ ;B. g[oskB ;fwnK d/ ;ko/ fJ;kJh Xow
w[yh Gh e/;K dh ;zGkb eod/ oj/ jB. i'rh b'e dkjVh e/; BjhA eNtkT[Ad/
;r'A e/;K ftZu ;[nkj gk e/ iNK pDke/, f;o T[Zgo i{Vk eoe/ oZyd/ jB.
fJj b'e feT[Afe gqtkfoe fIzdrh dk fsnkr eo fdzd/ ;B. fJ; bJh
n"osK tk;s/ fJjBK dk e'Jh fbysh n;{b BjhA j?. j'o t/y'` pj[ frDsh
tkb/ b/ye, fcbk;|o, ftfrnkBh, GiB pzdrh eoB tkb/, goT[gekoh b'e
dkjVh e/; BjhA eNtkT[Ad/. T[jBK nzdo' uzub fposh PKs j' u[Zeh j[zdh j?,
s/ oZph oIk ftZu ofjzd/ j'J/ e/;K dh ;zGkb eod/ jB.
j[D d[pkok f;Zy ws ftZu e/;K d/ ndp ;fseko tZb gos nkT[Ad/
jK. id'A f;Zy yzv/ dh gkj[b SZedk j? sK gfjbk gqw[Zy eeko e/; dZf;nk
iKdk j?, Gkt T[; fdB s'A pknd dkjVh e/;K dh ;zGkb eoBh j?. id'A gkj[b
b?D tkfbnK wfonkdk dZ;h iKdh j? sK skVBk ehsh iKdh j? fe fJjBK
uko tZvhnK G[ZbK ftZu'A e'Jh fJZe G[Zb Gh i/ j' ikt/ sK f;Zyh wzvb ftZu'A ykoi
wzfBnk ikt/rk. T[j jB^e/; eNkT[D/, go^sB rkwh, e[Zmk wk; s/ szpke{
dh tos'A. fJE/ Gh gfjbh Ekt/A tZvh rbsh (pZio e[ofjs) e/;K dh
p/^ndph fejk frnk j?. nZr'A nodk; ftZu e/;K dk d' tkoh fIeo eoBk
fJ; rZb dk gZek ;p{s j? fe e/; pj[s wjZstg{oB jB. HHHHHXow Bjh
jkfonk, f;Zyh e/;K ;[nk;K ;zr fBpkjhHHHHHH. nZr/ gVQ' ^ f;ZyK f;Zyh
dkB e/; dkBHHHHH. eh ni/ Gh e'Jh PZe ;[Gk pkeh j? <
id'A n;hA ;kvk PkBk wZsk fJfsjk; gVQd/ jK sK gsk bZrdk j? fe
frq|sko ehs/ rJ/ f;ZyK nZr/ Pos j'fJnk eodh ;h, e/; eNtk fdU, ikB
p\; fdZsh ikt/rh. Gkt/A GkJh sko{ f;zx B/ y'goh T[sotk bJh, GkJh wBh
f;zx ih B/ pzd pzd eNtk bJ/, wktK pZfunK d/ N[eV/ eotk e/ M'bhnK ftZu
gtk bJ/. j'o nf;j s/ nfej s;hj/ d/ e/ ikbw je{wsK tZb'A f;ZyK
wkfonk frnk. go f;ZyK B/ e/; eNtke/ ikB puk b?Dh gqtkB Bk ehsh.
(174)
nkgDh ikB s'A tZX e/; fgnko/ ;B. Gkt/A e/; eNkT[D s'A pknd fco T[Zr
g?Ad/ jB, ikB ubh ikt/ tkg; BjhA nkT[Adh. go f;ZyK fJ; soQK p/fJish
tkbk ;wM"sk edh Bk ehsk. T[jBK ikB s'A tZX e/;K ;fseko fdZsk.
j'o wzrK wBkT[D d/ Bkb f;ZyK B/ d[BhnK dhnK ;oekoK s'A nkgDhnK
Xkowe wzrK Gh wBtk bJhnK jB. nwqhek, e?B/vk, fJzrb?Av nkfd d/PK
ftZu, ;oekoK tZb'A f;ZyK s/ e'Jh gkpzdh BjhA j?. dkVQh e/; fit/A ukj[D oZy
;ed/ jB, feogkB, eVk, d;sko ;ik ;ed/ jB. g[fb; ns/ c"i ftZu Gh
;kps ;{os f;ZyK Gosh j'D dh ekBh gqtkBrh fwbh j'Jh j?. p;
ewI'oh j? sK ;kvh nkgDh j?. c?eNohnK ftZu, ;e{bK ekbiK nzdo s/
nkw iB^ihtB ftZu f;Zyh fuzBQK eekoK s/ e'Jh gkpzdh BjhA j?. i/ o'e j?
sK ;kv/ nkgD/ ewI'o wB dh, fJjBK ;oekoK tZb'A e'Jh o'e BjhA j?.
phphnK B/ fiE/ nkgD/ e/;K dh ;zGkb eoBh j?, T[E/ Bkb jh e[M
Z ;wK pZfunK
d/ e/;K dh ;zGkb tk;s/ Gh eZYDk j?. nkg/ tZv/ j' e/ e/; oZy b?Dr/
nkye/ ezw BjhA ;oBk. i/ g?;k nk frnk, xo ftZu f;Zyh Bk ojh, y[Ph Bk
ojh fco g?;k eh ezw , pZfunK B/e fJB;kB pDkT[D tk;s/ nsh Io{oh
j? fe T[jBK r[opkDh, fJfsjk; s/ f;Zy wfonkdk dh g{oh ikDekoh fdZsh
ikt/. T[jBK tk;s/ ;wK eZfYnk ikt/, e/;kXkoh pDB bJh nrtkJh fdZsh
ikt/. nkgD/ xoK$r[odtkfonK ftZu pZfunK dh ;wM ns/ wkBf;e gZXo
w[skpe fbNo/uo oZfynk ikt/. pZfunK r[opkDh ns/ gzikph gVQkT[D
tk;s/ T[FZu ftfdne :'rsk tkb/ nfXnkge fB:[es ehs/ ikD. xoK d/
wkj"b r[owfs tkbk pDkfJnk ikt/. r[odtkfonK dhnK nkbhPkB
fJwkosK pDkT[D s/ g?;k Bk yofunk ikt/ ;r'A pZfunK sZe f;Zyh dk ;zuko
eoB d/ tZv/ T[gokb/ ehs/ ikD. toBk nkT[D tkb/ thj shj ;kbK sZe
r[odtko/ ykbh j'fJnk eoBr/. r[odtkfonK d/ Bkb pZfunK, B"itkBK,
bVehnK dh fdbu;gh ns/ T[wo w[skpe nkX[fBe IwkB/ tkb/ ekoi
T[bhe/ ikD. PoXk ;fseko ;fjs r[o{ xo fdZsk frnk XB, e"wh T[;koh
bJh f;nkDg ns/ d{onzd/Ph Bkb tofsnk ikt/. fJ;/ ftZu gzE dh uVQdh
ebk j't/rh, ns/ r[o{ ehnK y[PhnK d/ gkso pD ;eKr/. fJ; ;odkoh fuzBQ
(175)
[[[[
(176)
;gZPN PpdK ftZu ;[D bU` s[;hA r[o{ T[sBh d/o j', id'A sZe n;hA s[jkv/
Bkb jK. n;hA fe;/ j'o Gh r[o{ pDk ;ed/ jKHHHHHH. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ v{zxh
;'u ftuko s'A pknd, ;kok w;zd gqpzXeh YKuk, oZd eo fdZsk. fJjBK d/
;ko/ nfXeko tkg; b? bJ/. f;ZyK f;ZXk r[o{ Bkb ;pzX oZyD dk wkD d/
fdZsk. r[o{ e/ ykb;/ pDk fdZsk frnk, ;ko/ ftu'b/ \sw eo fdZs/ rJ/.
d;w gkfsPkj ih s'A pknd f;zxK s/ nfsnzs ;\sh dk ;wK
nk frnk. T[ikV/ PjhdhnK, xZb{xko/ tkgod/ oj/. pu/ j'J/ f;Zy,
izrbh tk; eoB bJh wIp{o j' rJ/. fJ; fpyV/ d"o ftZu fco ;zs
wjzs bkDk r[odtkfonK s/ ekpi j' frnk. jo soQK dhnK pqkjwDh
ohsK, r[odtkfonK ftZu gqubs eo fdZshnK rJhnK. oDihs f;zx
d/ oki ftZu, ;ko/ f;Zy ;odko, pqkjwD (gosZy iK gq'y) ngDk
r[o{ ;theko eo u[Ze/ ;B. y[d oDihs f;zx (wjkokik) ngDh neb
s/ f;Zy oki dh n;hw skes pqkjwDK d/ g/N/ gk u[Zfenk ;h. pj[s jh
ysoBke, f;Zyh dhnK iVQK tZYD tkbhnK ohsK o;wK, fJ;/ ;w/A ;[o{
j'JhnK jB. Gkt/A fe bzwh ;'u w[skpe pqkjwD B/ feskpK gfjbK jh
fbyDhnK P[o{ eo fdZshnK ;B, go nwbhikwk oDihs f;zx d/ oki tes
s/ wro'A jh g[nkfJnk iKdk fojk j?. fJjBK ykBdkBh w;zdK , r[odtkfonK
ftZu'A p/dyb toB tk;s/, f;zxK pj[s bzwh bVkJh bVBh gJh. fGnkBe
NeokT[ s'A pknd Gkt/A ;kjwD/ wZE/ f;Zy fiZs rJ/, go fJj nX{ok ;Zu
j?. ;zB 1925 dk r[odtkok n?eN gqpzX f;ZyK d/ jtkb/ eodk j?. go ;ko/
f;Zy gzE d/ wB w;se nzdo i' pqkjwDh ohsK o;wK v{zxhnK X; u[ZehnK
;B, T[j sK n?eN pDB Bkb BjhA fBebD bZrhnK ;koh f;Zy e"w r[opkDh
G[bk u[Zeh ;h. ;fsr[o{ ih d/ T[gd/P ft;ko u[Zeh ;h. Ppd s'A
nrtkJh gqkgs eoB dh Ekt/A, ;kXK, pqkjwDK, i'rhnK, ;zfBnk;hnK,
ghoK cehoK d/ g?oK s/ fvZr u[Zeh ;h. wkB' ;w[Zuh f;Zy t;'A pqkjwDh yko/
;kro ftZu m/b fdZsh rJh ;h. d/jXkoh r[o{nK dhnK XkVK g?dk j' u[ZehnK
;B. r[odtko/ sK Gkt/A ;q'wDh ew/Nh d/ gqpzX ftZu nk u[Ze/ ;B, go ;kXK
;zsK gqsh nzBQh PoXk sK b'e wBK ftZu'A ysw BjhA ;h j'Jh. fJ; ewI'oh
(178)
GKgfdnK, ;kXK ;zsK B/ nkgDh fBZih wkbeh tkb/ v/o/, Ne;kbK, mkm,
Xkw, fNekD/ nfde pDkT[D/ P[o{ eo fdZs/, fijV/ nZi sZe fBozso tXd/ ub/
nk oj/ jB.
;fsr[o{ ;fjpkB iK gqw[Zy f;ZyK Bkb ;pzXs fJfsjk;e r[odtko/
sK Pq'wDh r[odtkok gqpzXe ew/Nh e'b ub/ rJ/. nDfrDs v/o/dkoK
GftZy dh fuzsk tZY tZY ykD bZrh. nfij/ ukbpkI b'eK B/, nZr'A tk;s/
IwhB wekB ;KM/ ;zrs d/, Bk ofjD d/D dk fJokdk Xko fbnk. fbysh
foekov ftZu'A fJjBK dk Bkw pdb fdZsk frnk. v/ok, mkm, Ne;kb, Xkw
iK nfijk jh e[M j'o Bkw oZy fbnk. e[ZM fJZe B/ ;kjwD/ wjZst g{oB
;EkB s'A, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih dk ;o{g u[Ze fdZsk, fgSb/ ewo/ iK G'o/ nkfd
ftZu b[ek fdZsk frnk. eJh v/o/dkoK B/ f;Zyh ;o{g gfjbK jh fsnkfrnk
j'fJnk ;h. eJhnk B/ pknd ftZu fsnkr fdZsk. wfonkdk ftZu fJZe;kosk
sK gfjbK jh BjhA ;h. gzE tZb'A fsnko ehsh, wfonkdk wzBD s'A Gh fJj
b'e Bkpo j' rJ/. nkgDh d[ekBdkoh (v/o/) gZe/ g?ohA eoB tk;s/,
nfijh ;'u tkb/ b'eK B/, e[M fJfsjk;e s"o s/ BkwD/ tkb/ r[of;ZyK dk Bkw
Gh ngDh iE/pzdh bJh tosDk Io{oh ;wfMnk. fJjBK ftZu'A e[M e[ Bkw
fJj jB^ GkJh fpXh uzd dk Bkw^fJZe fBjzr iE/pzdh, fgzv ;[o f;zx, fIbQk
nzfwqs;o. GkJh xBZJhnk ih dk Bkw^;/tk gzEh iE/pzdh, fiBQK dh gqw[Zy
pqKu r'fBnkDk wzvh, fIbQk pfmzvk fty/ j?. dwdwh Ne;kb tkb/^gfjbK
(1970 sZe) fJj b'e nkgDh iE/pzdh GkJh wBh f;zx ih s'A uZbh fbyd/
gqukod/ oj/. ;zB ;Zso s'A pknd pkpk dhg f;zx ngDk w[yh rodkBD
bZr gJ/. fJZe j'o iE/pzdh (v/ok) BkBe;ohJ/ j'D dk dw GoB bZr/.
fco sK fJZe fpwkoh fJZe tpk pD e/ T[Goh, i' tXdh jh ubh rJh. ;'Yh
s/ p/dh T[Zm yb's/^ny/ n;hA ;fsr[o{ ih d/ ykBdkB ftZu'A jK, ;kvk fJ;/
ekoD ftP/P ;BwkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?. eh fJj BjhA ikDd/ gJh fgoEh uzd,
Xhowb, okw okJ/, f;oh uzd nkfde ;ko/ jh ;'Yh p/dh ;B. go ;fsr[o{
ih B/ y{B d/ foPs/ e'Jh wjZst BjhA fdZsk, r[DK gqw[Zysk fdZsh j?. fJ;
s'A wro'A sK wkB' fJj w[ekpbk jh ub fgnk. ;ko/ GrsK d/ Bkw s/ nkg'
(179)
;w[Zu/ gzE y/o{z y/o[z eo fdZsk j?. fpBK fe;/ fJfsjk;e ;p{s s'A GkJh
wodkBk ih d/ ykBdkB tkb/, wodkBk ih tkbk o[spk gqkgs eoB bJh
ekjb/ jB. ;kJhA whnK who dk ykBdkB fJjBK s'A nZr/ fBebDk ukj[zdk j?,
ny/ ;kv/ e'b gzit/A BkBe dh wkbk i{ j?. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih dh
;skjothA e[b ftZu'A T{B/ tkb/ v/o/dko, ;opi's f;zx (p/dh) nkgD/ nkg
;fsr[o{ ih dk n;bh fpzdh g[Zso d; fojk j?. id'A fe r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp
ih B/ fpzdh g[ZsoK e'Jh nfjwhns BjhA fdZsh. fgzv ;[o f;zx, fIbQk
nzfwqs;o fty/, pkpk dfJnk f;zx dk gqtko eo'VK BjhA nopK gsh pD
u[Zfenk j?. feT[Afe T[j S/t/A BkBe d/ pjkdo f;Zy GkJh fpXh uzd d/ Bkw
nkgD/ v/o/ Bkb BZEh eo u[Ze/ jB. fJ;/ pkpk dfJnk f;zx B/ ;zB 2000
ftZu nkgD/ pd/PK ftZu v/o/ d/ g?;/ Bkb r[bSoo/ T[vk oj/ bkvb/ ;g[Zso dk
;kdk fijk ftnkj ehsk ;h. ;fsr[o{ dh G? GktBh ftZu ofjzfdnK r[o{
eh r'be ftZu'A, fsb c[b b? e/, g[Zso d/ ftnkj s/ f;oc u"dK eo'V o[fgnk
you ehsk ;h. XzB f;ZyhHHHHHH. XzB ;zsrhoh.
GkJh xBZJhnk ih B/ nkgD/ ihtB ekb ftZu e'Jh ;z;Ek iK v/o/dkoh
BjhA ubkJh. Bk jh r[o{ xo ftZu m/ed
/ koh e'Jh wkBsk j?. go nZi T[jBK
d/ Bkw s/ y{p v/o/ uZb oj/ jB. gzE Bkb'A tyo/tK (gkVk) gkT[D dk N[efVnK
ftZu tzvD dh ;/tk ewk oj/ jB. fGzvoK Ne;kb (wfjs/ u"Ae) tkb/
ngDh v/o/dkoh , d;w/A BkBe r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih Bkb fXCkD/ d/ I'o BZEh
eo oj/ jB. ny/ ;kvh dwdwh Ne;kb dwdwk fty/ P[o{ j'Jh. ;zB
1970 sZe r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh ji{oh ftZu, ;zx gkV gkV e/ p'bd/ oj/, fe
r[o{ d;w gkfsPkj s'A pknd rZdh fwbh GkJh wBh f;zx ih . fXnkB oj/
fJjh e{V gquko ;Zs'tkbh rbh (nzfwqs;o) tkb/, nwho Gzvko tkb/ pkp/,
wZyD f;zx Gh p'b oj/ jB. fJjh X'yk fGzvoK fgzv ftZu ofj oj/ frL w'jD
f;zx Gh (Ne;kbhJ/) eo oj/ jB. ;zB ;Zso s'A pknd iEk wfjsk u"e
tkfbnK (Ne;kbhJ/) nuBu/sh X'ph gNek wkofdnK, M{m p'bD d/ ;ko/
foekov s'V fdZs/. fjZe d/ skD, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih dh jI{oh ftZu, p/y"c
j' e/ e[co s'bDk P[o{ ehsk. ;kvh wjkB iE/pzdh ;h; sbh s/ oZy, bVB
tkb/ bk;kBh :'X/, Pjhd pkpk dhg f;zx s'A uZbh j?. GkJh wBh f;zx ih
(182)
dh Pjhdh g;zd Bk nkJh < pkjtK T[bko T[bko e/, jIkoK d/ fJeZmK ftZu,
g?Ash ;kb s'A ny"sh pqjw frnkBh M{m p'bd/ nk oj/ jB. i' ni/ Gh fBo
fpxB ikoh j?. stkohyh feskpK, fit/A gqkuhB gzE gqekP, ;{oi gqekP, ;qh
r[o;'Gk, frl frnkB f;zx, wjkB e'P GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk, nkfd fe;/
Gh feskp ftZu fJjBK dh Ne;kb dk Bkw' fBPkB BjhA j?. fco Gh nkgD/
nkg d;w/ ;fsr[o{ d/ tkfo; rodkB oj/ jB. nfij/ b'eK, v/fonK
ekoB, gzE yZyVhnK eo/b/ j'fJnk j?. d/jXkoh r[o{nK, ;kXK dh wkBsk
gqc[bZs j'Jh j?. nfij/ M{m/ v/o/dkoK s'A ;ktXkB` pu'`` r[otke jB ^
;sh gjoh ;s Gbk pjhn? gfVnk gkf;]
T[E? gkg g[zB phukohn? e{V/ xN/ okf;]
(146)
fJjBK N[efVnK ftZu'A bZGD dh y/ub eo' ih fe ykb;k gzE feZE/
j? < iK fJj ;ko/ jh gzE jB <
fJjBK s'A fJbktk gzikp d/ jo fIbQ/^Pfjo ftu" n";sB 2000
;/te iE/pzdhnK s/ nekbh db jB. r[odtkok ew/NhnK j'o nDfrDs.
fi; ykb;k gzE iK r[o{ gzE dk T{uk Y'b tikfJnk ik fojk j?, feE/ j? T[j
n;bh gzE < fJj sK ;ko/ fJZe d{i/ d/ d[PwD pD/ BIo nkT[Ad/ jB. fco
ftZu/ Pokph, ftGukoh, r'be u'o, foPtsy'o, gzE nzdo'A pkjo'A, t/u tZN
e/ veko ikD tkb/ Gh n;bh gzE jh jB< jo fJe dh YkJh gk fyuVh
tZy' tZyo/ u[bQ/ s/ foZM ojh j?. r[o{ fgnko tkb/ r[of;Zy'` j'P eo'`` gzE dh
uVQdh ebk dk e'Jh gq'rokw T[be'``` toBk ;kvk p/Vk sK rofenk jh
j'fJnk j?. r[otke jB ^
o/ w{V/` nBekj/ es ikJh <
;zfr wB'jo nzfwqs j? o/ G{fb G{fb fpy[ ykJh]
(1212)
[[[[
(183)
fpBK ;ze'u ehs/. jo wB[Zy wkso nkgD/ fizw/ bZrh, fJwkBdkoh Bkb
;/tk ;wMe/ eoB dh jdkfJs ehsh. Bt/A t;kJ/ f;Zfynk e/Ado eoskog[o
fty/ fJ; sohe/ dh nwbh ihtB iku dk wkvb ;fsr[o{ y[d ;B. pj[s/
b'ehA g[oksB pqkjwDh ;'u ftZu Yb/ j'D ekoB r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih Gh
fJZe v/o/dko ;kX jh ;wMd/ ;B. id'A fBZs dh fefonk (NkJhw N/pb)
t/yd/ sK T[jBK e[M tyo/tK BIo g?Adk. ;t/o s'A b? e/ Pkw sZe, jo ezw
;fsr[o{ ih dh fBrokBh ns/ fJZSk w[skpe j[zdk. ;kfonK ;ohoe
;woZEk ns/ w[jkos w[skpe ezw (;/tk) fdZs/ iKd/. fpBK ftseo/ s'A obe/
bzro pDkT[Ad/ s/ tzv e/ Sed/. ;fsr[o{ ih dh BIo ftZu MkV{ dh ;/tk s'A
b? e/ Xow T[gd/P eoB sZe, jo ezw pqkpo dh ;/tk ;h. r[o{ xo ftZu
jo gqeko dh feos ;fseko fdZsk frnk, s/ feosh wB[Zy BhtK Bk
ofje/, pqkpo dk fJB;kB ;wfMnk ikD bZrk.
;wK nkgDh ukb/ ubdk frnk. nkw b'eK ftZu f;o/ dh nDgVQsk
ns/ nfrnkBsk ;h. v{zx/ frnkB ;kro (r[opkDh) ftZu T[soBk jkoh;koh
d/ t; ftZu BjhA ;h. r[o{ dh BIo ftZu gqtkD j'D dk ;kdk fijk sohek ;h,
jZEhA feos tZX s'A tZX ;/tk eoBh. ;wK phsD Bkb frnkB tkbk gZy
ewI'o g?Adk frnk, ;/tk Gko{ j[zdh ubh rJh. Gkt/A fJj Gh ;" gqshPs
mhe j? fe frnkBtkB wB[y
Z neb dh tos'A okjhA ;r'A j'o uzro
/ h ;/tk eo
;edk j?. ;/tk dk n;b wzst jh frnkB okjhA ;wM nkT[Adk j?. GkJh
bfjDk ih eoskog[o fty/ r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih dh PoB ftZu nkD Y[Ze/.
fit/A dh ;/tk ;"Agh rJh T[j g{oh f;de fdbh Bkb eod/ rJ/. fiZE/ fes/
wB ftZu e'Jh ;tkb T[sgB j[zdk ;h, GkJh bfjDk ih ;fsr[o{ s'A g[ZS b?Ad/.
fJj Gh g{oh soQK ;zGt j? fe r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp fe;/ g[ZS d/ T[Zso ftZu nky
fdzd/ j'Dl GkJh ih i' ;tkb s[;hA ehsk j?, w?A nkgDh fbyh pkDh ftZu
fJ;dk ft;Eko ;fjs i[nkp d/ u[Zfenk jK. pkDh fXnkB Bkb gV',
ftuko', nkgD/ nkg i[nkp fwb ikt/rk. fit/A fit/A ;wK phsdk frnk GkJh
fbjDk ih jZEhA ;/tk Gh eod/ ofjzd/, ns/ Bkb jh r[o{ frnkB (r[opkDh) dk
fJekro fuZs j' e/ nfXn?B Gh eod/. fJ; soQK T[jBK dk wkBf;e wzvb
(185)
ftPkb j[zdk ubk frnk. fJ; ;otgZyh xkb s'A y[P j' e/ r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp
ih B/ T[jBK fBowb gzE dh tkr v'o ;"Ag fdZsh. nZi sZe dhnK gqkgs
fbysK ftZu, GkJh bfjDk ih dh ehsh ;/tk dk T[xVtK ;EkB j?. T[jBK
dk frnkB fezBk e[ ;h < ;G fbysK u[Zg jB. GkJh bfjDk ih B/ fuZeV
Go/ xkj dh gzv u[Zeh. ;zrs ftZu'A woh u{jh u[Ze e/ pkjo ;[ZNh. oks ;w/A
fvZrh ezX T[;koBh. oks jh egV/ X' fbnkT[D/. rzd/ Bkb/ ftZu'A b'Nk eZY
fbnkT[Dk. izv s/ uVQe/ ib/phnK bkj b?DhnK. iK w[odk ykD bJh
fsnko j' g?DkHHHHH. ;Zs ;kb s'A tZX ;wK r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih dh ji{oh
ftZu ofj e/, GkJh bfjDk ih B/ e/tb ;/tk ehsh < r[o{ BkBe ftukoXkok,
Grs pkDh, r[o{ BkBe ih dhnK bzwhnK :ksoktK dk siopk, r[ows
;zrhs ebk, ftuko uoukHHHHHHfet/A s/ ed'A f;Zyh < fJ;dk e'Jh fbysh
fIeo BjhA fwbdk. eh fJj wzB bJhJ/ fe r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih B/ r[opkDh
dk w[skfbnk ehsk jh BjhA < nro r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp r[o{ BkBe ih d/
T[gd/P , Bk ;wMd/, sd T[jBK d/ ftuko r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih Bkb'A tyo/tA/
tkb/ j'D/ ;[Gkte ;B. ;r'A d{i/ BkBe dh pkDh fJzB fpzB gfjb/ BkBe dh
pkDh dh ftnkfynk jh eo ojh j?. i/eo r[o{ nzrd jh BkBe o{g ;B sK
;oho eoe/ BjhA, ;r'A frnkB eoe/. feT[Afe wjbk (;oho) sK d{ik ;h
go frnkB (i's) T[jh ;h.
gquZbs fJfsjk; w[skpe pkpk nwodk; ih ;Zm pkjm ;kb dh
T[wo ftZu r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih dh jI{oh ftZu nkJ/. bzwk ;wK fBofpxB
nEZe ;/tk ehsh. gkDh Y'Dk, r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih dk jo o'I fJPBkB
eokT[Dk, MkV{ d/Dk, bzro fsnko eoBk, i{m/ posD wKiD/, gZyk MZbDkHHHHH.
fJjBK pkoK s/oK ;kbK d"okB pkpk nwodk; B/ f;yobh jZd sZe ;/tk
ehsh. m'jeoK ykXhnK, skjB/ ;j/, f;o ftZu w'NhnK i{znK g? rJhnK. e/;
T[ZyV rJ/ skb{J/ s/ i\w j' rJ/. r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih (;fsr[o{ w[nkc
eoBk, GkJh ;zsy
' f;zx tb'A fbfynk ;{oi gqekP rqE
z fi;dh ;ko/ r[odtkfonK
ftu joo'i eEk ehsh ik ojh j?. fgqzL ;fspho f;zx tb'A fbyh g;se
e[dosh B{o ftu Gh ;fsr[o{ ih dh s"jhB ehsh rJh j?. gqubs ejkDhnK
(186)
dk fIeo eo fojk jK) e'jV bZfrnk j'fJnk ;h. ghV Bkb sVcd/ t/y
e/, pkpk nwodk;, d{i/ BkBe d/ ghe Go/ iywK w{zj Bkb u{;d/, w?bk y{B
pkjo eZYd/. wjb/ d{i/ d/ p;so rzd/ y{B Bkb fbZpV iKd/ ;B. pkpk nwo{
(nwodk;) fco w{zj Bkb uZN u{; e/, w?bk ;kc eod/. fJjBK ;/tktK s'A
so[Zm e/, pkpk nwo dk; ih r[orZdh gqkgs j'Jh ;h. gkme iB'` iok
rfjokJh Bkb ;'u'`` fJjBK ;kohnK gquZbs ehshnK eEk ejkDhnK ftZu,
;fseko:'r T[u P\;hns pkpk nwodk; (Bkb jh r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp) dh,
Bhusk dhnK ;G jZdK gko eoe/ s"jhB ehsh rJh j?. pkpk ih T[iZv,
w{VQ, rzdk rbhu, i{znK Bkb Gfonk, e'jV tkbh rzdh ghe u{;fdnK
ftykfJnk frnk j?. eh r[o{ xo ftZu fJ; soQK dh ;/tk f;ykJh iKdh
;h < d{;o/ BkBe B/ edh Bk nkfynk, g[oyk` s/o/ ftZu'A sK pdp' nkT[Adh
j?. feow (i{znK) g? rJ/ jB, iywK Bkb s/ok ;oho Go frnk j?. ikj
gfjbK fJbki eotk, ;kc ;[Eok j' e/ nkthA, fco ;/tk eohAHHHHH. r[o{
nzrd feT[A nkyD, gfjbK T[jBK s'A Gh sK ;kyhekoK B/ fJ;/ soQK dh ;/tk
eotkJh ;h. r[orZdh sK Gkt/A fwb rJh go r[o{ BkBe d/ j'Djko ;g[Zso
;qh uzd d/ ;okg ekoB e'jV Gh s'jc/ ftZu fwfbnk. fJ; e'jV dk ;okg
r[o{ okwdk; ;kfjp ih B/, ;qh uzd d/ g?ohA fvZr e/, dkjVh Bkb uoB g{zM
e/, jIko sob/ eoe/, fes/ w;hA w[nkc eotkfJnk ;h. (fJjh e{V e[co
;kv/ ny"sh fJfsjk; ftu Gfonk fgnk j?)
sh;o/ BkBe dh gktB pkDh ;skoK okrK ftZu T[ukoD ehsh j'Jh
r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp ftZu ;[GkfJwkB j?. T[jBK B/ fJj okr ftZfdnk feE'A f;Zy
bJh < nkgDh bzx u[Zeh T[wo d"okB, pkpk nwodk; ih B/ edh eftsk dh
fJZe gzesh sZe BjhA fbyh ;h. nkj fJsBh ;koh pkDh fbyD dh ;'Mh
T[jBK feZE'A gqkgs j'Jh < nBzd ;kfjp torh Pkjeko pkDh fet/A
nuBu/sh fby fdZsh < nDfrDs p[okJhnK d/ fto[ZX fet/A I'odko nktki
p[bzd eod/ oj/ < r[o{ BkBe ftukoXkok s'A okJh wkso coe BjhA bZG/rk,
fJe;kosk fet/A pD nkJh < feT[Afe ;ko/ gquZbs fJfsjk; ftZu'A, bZy
e'fPP eoB d/ pkti{d pkpk nwodk; , gktB r[opkDh gVQdk fes/
(187)
fbfynk BjhA fwb/rk. r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih s'A f;Zyh dh f;Zfynk b?Ad/
BIo BjhA nkt/rk. eh r[opkDh gVQBh ftukoBh, T[; w[skpe ihtB ubB
pDkT[Dk, ;/tk ftZu Pkwb BjhA j? < r[opkDh ftZu'A ;/tk dh iku f;Zye/
jo gqkDh wkso dh, ;woZEk ns/ b'V w[skpe ;jkfJsk eoBh ;/tk BjhA
j? < e/tb N'eoh Y'n e/, f;oc gkDh fgbk e/, iK MkV{ d/e/, i'V/ ;kc eoe/
r[ows dh ;wM nk ;edh j? < ih BjhA.
u"E/ BkBe pko/ Gh brgr fJ;/ soQK dk fJfsjk; gVQB fwbdk
j?. pkbe i/mk ih S'Nh T[wo/ :shw j' rJ/ wzB ;ed/ jK. rohph ekoB
BkBh ih Bkb obe/ fwjBs wId{oh eod/ j'D, tkip j?. wB sd'A e[obk
T[mdk j? id'A ;fsr[o{ nwodk; ih dh T[Zsw fBrokBh ftZu ofje/ Gh, e/tb
N'eoh Y'Ad/ jh fd;d/ jB. bzro MkV{, bZeVK EVQ/,HHHHnkfd dh ;/tk
ftZu shj ;kb s'A tZX fpsk fdZs/. r[opkDh ed'A f;Zyh, r[o{ BkBe Xkok
ed'A ;wfMnk, shj okrK dh emB f;ybkJh feZE'A gqkgs ehsh < e'Jh BjhA
dZ;dk, feT[A < r[o{ nwodk; ih d/ bkfJe r[of;Zy, j'Djko p/Nh GkBh ih
d/ gsh, ;fsr[o{ ih d/ dkwkd, o{g ftZu (;zB 1554 s'A 1574 sZe) thj ;kb
ftuo/. fszB g[ZsoK d/ fgsk pD rJ/. bkj"o fty/ nepo Bkb ftuko uouk
Gh eo nkJ/. fdZshnK ;/XK w[skpe nzfwqs;o (sd'A uZe okwdk;) Bro
p;kT[Ad/ oj/. pkpk ;qh uzd d/ uoB MkVd/ oj/. p; brksko ;/tk eod/
oj/. frnkB jk;b ed'A ehsk, e'Jh fIeo BjhA fwb/rk. jK ikd{Jh Yzr
Bkb id'A sh;o/ BkBe B/, r[o{ BkBe i's i/mk ih ftZu fNek fdZsh sK T[;/
tes T[j, nZy d/ c'o ftZu BkBe o{g j' rJ/. ;'X e/ fJfsjk; fbfynk
ikDk ukjhdk j?.
T[go tofDs xNBktK tKr jh gzit/A BkBe ih dk ihtB fJfsjk;
gVB fwbdk j?. fgsk r[o{ ih dh nkfrnk wzB e/ bj"o ub/ rJ/.
ftnke[bsk dhnK fuZmhnK (<) w/ok wB[ b'u?HHHH) fbyd/ oj/. fgoEh uzd
dhnK finkdshnK PKs fuZs podkPs eod/ oj/. p; r[orZdh d/ jZedko
pD rJ/. BkBk r[o{ nwodk; ih s'A r[ows feT[A Bk gVQh < fgsk r[o{
okwdk; s'A r[ows frnkB feT[A gqkgs Bk ehsk < ;kohnK g[;seK ykw'P
(188)
jB, feT[A < gZe/ ;p{s j'D ekoB Gkt/A fJfsjk;ekoK fJj fbyD bJh
sK wIp{o j'Dk fgnk j? fe r[o{ noiB ;kfjp B/ r[opkDh dh ;zgkdBk eoe/,
g'Eh ;kfjp fsnko ehsh. pkDh fbyD pko/ ;?AeV/ Pze/ yVQ/ eo fdZs/. edh
ewb/ w'jD d/ fbnk g?ohA gkfJnk. ny/ T[jd/ e'b r[opkDh dhnK g'EhnK
b?D rJ/ ;B. gzikj feb' whNo Bzr/ g?oha, gzit/ BkBe N'o e/ r'fJzdtkb
fty/ T[; u[pko/ bkr/ IwhB s/ p?m e/ Ppd rkfJnk^w'jB s/o/ T{u/ wzdo
wjb ngkok] fJ;dk wsbp fJj j'fJnk fe gzit/A BkBe e'b r[opkDh
dk yIkBk BjhA ;h. T[jBK s'A gfjb/ r[oftneshnK B/ nfijh e'Jh rbsh
ehsh fe r[opkDh w'jD tor/ rbs pzfdnK d/ epI/ ftZu ubh rJh. fi;
ekoB gzit/A BkBe ewb/ ;kX (w'jD) d/ sob/ eoB/ gJ/. fco gzit/A
;fsr[oK pkDh fJeZso ehsh pko pko fbfynk ik fojk j?. gfjb'A pkDh
feZE/ fyboh gJh ;h < ;ko/ r[o ftneshnK f;ZXV fij/ ;/tkdko pDke/
sk y{p g/P ehsk ik fojk j?. frnkBtkB, d{onzd/P, ;w/A dh ukb
gSkBD tkb/, fJZe Bt/A Xow, BthA e"w, BthA ;fGnsk dh T[;koh eoB
tkb/, jofrI g/P BjhA ehsk frnk.
S/t/A BkBe dh f;Zfynk pko/ e'Jh ft;Eko BjhA fwbdk. ;Zst/A
nZmt/A BkBe pko/ fJfsjk; ykw'P j?. B"t/A BkBe Bkb y{p Xq'j ewkfJnk
frnk j?. ny/ ih pkpk s/rk SZph ;kb s'A G'o/ ftZu tV e/ sgZf;nk eo
fojk j?. Gbk j't/ B/e r[of;Zy GkJh wZyD Pkj ih dk, fi;B/ :[esh
tos e/ r[o{ dh gSkD eo bJh. i/ fes/ T[j r[o{ bZGe/ BK fbnkT[Adk f;Zyh
dk sK ;wM' G'r jh g? frnk ;h. r[o{ jfofeqPB ih Gh rbsh eo rJ/, id'A
T[jBK, f;ZyK ;gZPN Bk dZf;nk fe nZr'A r[o{ e"D j?. id'A fe n;bhns
fJj j? fe pkpk s/r pjkdo 21^3^1664 y[d fdZbh ftZu nZmt/A BkBe
fwb/ ;B. T[E/ jh ;kohnK ;zrsK d/ ;kjwD/ r[orZdh dk c?;bk ;[Dk fdZsk
frnk ;h.
pkbe r'fpzd okJ/ dh f;Zfynk dh e'Jh N'j BjhA fwbdh. r[opkDh,
noph, cko;h, ;z;feqs, x'V ;tkoh, sho nzdkIh, B/Ik pzd{e s/r sbtko
ed'A f;Zy/, e'Jh fIeo BjhA. ;G e[M f;ZyD tes, i' e[M T[j eod/ do;kJ/
(189)
rJ/ jB, T[j j? B"itkB bVehnK d/ xV/ GzBD dk P[rb. wksk r[ioh ih e'b
fJ; Pokos dh PekfJs j'D s/ wksk ih B/ nkgD/ eke/ ;wMkT[D
dh EKt/, p/p; e[VhnK b'j/ dhnK rkroK yqhd fdZshnK. ny/ fJjBK s/
r[b/bK wko BjhA eo ;eDrhnK. e[okj/ gJ/ pkbe r'fpzd okJ/ B/ sho
ewkB b? e/ rkroK ftzBDhnK P[o{ eo fdZshnK. fco T[jBK phphnK B/ eh
ehsk < fJfsjk; w'BXkoh j?. Pow dhnK wkohnK PkfJd pkjo jh
fBebD'A jN rJhnK j'D. jK wksk r[ioh ih B/ y{j dk gkDh ykok j'D dk
;okg d/ fdZsk ;h. bVehnK gkDh b?D nkT[D' jh jN rJhnK. go
r'fpzd okJ/ Bk jN/HHHHH. nuBu/sh r'fpzd okJ/ ih rZdh ;zGkb e/ B"t/A
BkBe Pjhdh d/D bJh (<) fdZbh ub/ rJ/. fJ; ;ko/ ny"sh gqubs
fJfsjk; ftZu e/tb ;/tk iK PokosK dk pVk fIeo j?. r[orZdh s/
fpokiwkB r[oftnesh ngD/ T[Zso nfXekoh dh fsnkoh tk;s/ e'Jh T[u/u/
isB BjhA eod/ ;B < e/tb posD ;kc eoB Bkb, MkV{ g'uk d/D Bkb,
bzro gekT[D BkbHHHHH fJsBh nkswe T[Zusk j' ;edh j? fe ;/tk s'A so[Zm
e/ r[o{ BkBe gkfsPkj dh oZph pyfPP (r[orZdh) f;Zy gzE dh tkr v'o ;"Agh
ik ;e/ < fJZe ;kXkoD ftnesh jb tkj bt/, wZMK ;KG bt/, bzro pDk e/
Sek bt/, izr :[ZX ftZu s/r tkj ;e/HHHHHH. go fJjBK ezwK eoe/ T[j fJzBk
wjkB j' ;edk j?, ;op gZyh fgqspk dk wkbe j' ;edk j? < tZv/ tZv/ Xkowe
n;EkBK d/ w[yhnK Bkb ftuko uouk eoBh, nkgD/ Xow d/ n;{bK
gqGktPkbh sohe/ Bkb d{finK ;wMkT[Dk eh S'Nh fijh rZb j? < ;wki
d/ soQK soQK d/ ;[Gkn tkb/ b'eK ;zs[PN eoe/, nkgD/ Bkb ;fjws eo
b?Dk eh wkw{bh fijh rZb j? < oki/ oitkfVnK ;Bw[Zy BtkpK u"XohnK
;kjwD/, p/pkeh Bkb ftuko uouk eoBh, nkgD/ Xow pko/ dZ;Dk, ;wki
s/ j' oj/ I[bw jkew ;Bw[Zy oZyDkHHHHHHeh fJj wkw{bh rZbK jB < nfij/
T[Zu/ fdwkr, ;[Zu/ ihtB tkb/ ftnesh e/tb ;/tk dh pd"bs fsnko ehs/
ik ;ed/ jB < Bt/A Bt/eb/ nrKj tX{, ;{ow/ goT[gekoh (;zs f;gkjh iK
r[ow[y) PKsh d/ g[zi, uoyVhnK s/ uVQB tkb/, ekpb ezXko d/ s\sK skiK
eKpk S/V d/D tkb/, fJB;kBhns d/ wkvb f;oc e[M e[ ;/tk eoe/
(190)
gqtkB uVQ ;ed/ jB < ih BjhA` fJ; tZvh gbkfBzr (o{g o/yk) bJh jIkoK
wB[ZyK pj[gZyh f;ybkJh fdZsh rJh. ;w/A ;w/A s/ nDfrDs fJwfsnkB
bJ/ iKd/ oj/. ;ko/ ftfPnK ftZu'A Pq'wDh doik jk;b eoB tkbk (Nkg iK
r'bv w?vfb;N) r[ow[y iB r[o{ BkBe dh rZdh dk tkfo; Ekfgnk frnk.
e[ZM xZN Bzpo b?D tkfbnK d/P ftd/P ftZu, Xow gqukoeK dh fIzw/tkoh
p\Ph iKdh ;h. r[o{ BkBe goT[gekoh ih B/ i' wB[Zysk bJh bk;kBh ekoi
ehs/ eh T[j ;/tk BjhA ;h < jZEhA ;/tk eoBh fIzdrh dk fJZe gfjb{ j?,
;G e[ZM jh BjhA j?. ;dhnK s'A ftZfdnk tZb'A ;ZyD/, frnkBtkB pDkT[Dk eh
;/tk BjhA j? < gP{nK tork r[bkwh tkbk, r?osjhD ihtB pshs eoB
tkb/, nsh gSV/ ;wki , Xowh g[oP goT[gekoh, ;{ow/, nDy ;t?wkD
pdb/ jZ; jZ; ikBK e[opkB eoB tkb/, ;zu/ ftZu spdhb eo d/Dk eh wjkB
;/tk BjhA j? <
bzwk ;wK nDgVQ s/ vog'e fe;w dh fposh tkb/ ;kXK ;zsK dk
Xow n;EkBK s/ rbpk fojk. T[jBK fiZE/ fjzd{ g"okDe eEktK dk e{VQ epkV
tZv/ gZXo s/ r[ows ftZu dkyb ehsk, T[E/ ;/tk dk ;zebg jh xZN/ o'b
fdZsk. e[ZM wkfJnk iK nzB p;so r[odtko/ nogD eoB/, iK bzro nkfd
dh fsnkoh ftZu :'rdkB gT[Dk jh ;/tk n?bkBh rJh. i/ fe;/ d' edw
nrKj g[ZN/ sK ;zs pkp/ dhnK bZsK pkjtK x[ZNDhnK, fJPBkB eokT[Dk iK
wkbPK eoBhnK, sZe g[Zi rJ/. pkpk ih d/ p;so X' d/D/, wzik fp;sok ;?ZN
eo d/Dk, tXhnk getkB Sek d/D/, tkbh ;/tk gqw[Zysk XkoB eodh
rJh. r[opkDh gVQBh ftukoBh, r[DK Gog{o ihtB pDkT[Dk ;/tk tkb/ ykB/
ftZu'A nb'g j[zdk ubk frnk. fJ;dk Bshik fJj fBefbnk fe nZi dk f;Zy
wkJh GkJh bzro ftZu g;hB' g;hBh j'fJnk fwb ikt/rk. ;kJheb ;e{No
;KGD/ i'V/ gkfbP eoB/, gkDh fgbkDk, MkV{ c/oBk nkfd dh gftZso ;/tk
eodk sK E'e ftZu fwb ikt/rk. r[opkDh ;wMD ;wMkT[D tkbk, f;Zy
f;ZXKsK dh ;jh soiwkBh eoB tkbk e'Jh ftobk iB bZG/rk. fJ;/ bJh
frnkBtkB pjkdoK dh f;Zy e"w, nZi w{VQsk ftZu roe j'Jh, ekfJosk
ftZu v[Zph, ;z;ko ;kjwD/ so; dh gkso pDh t/yh ik ;edh j?. i' f;Zy gzE
(191)
frnkB s/ pjkdoh d/ Bt/A ehoshwkB ;Ekgs eodk fojk ;h, nZi T[jh
d{bk gzE wVQhnK epoK dk g[ikoh, iK nZyK whNh G/vK tKr f;o ;[ZNh
;kXK d/ v/fonk tZb tjhoK pzBQh ik fojk j?. Xkr/ sths ikd{ wzso, G{s gq/s
Boe ;[or, shoE tos, PqkX, wZf;nk g[zfBnk, gP{nK gzShnK o[ZyK s'A b?
e/, pzfdnK sZe ;G dh g{ik eod/ w{V f;Zy nkw t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB.
nfijh ;[osh fposh tkb/ ;/te fe;/ y{j ftZu XZek d/ fdT[, T[j e'Jh
T[Zio BjhA eo/rk. feT[Afe T[;d/ nzdo'A ftt/ePhbsk \sw j' rJh j?. nDy
r?os wo u[Zeh j?, fJB;kBhns (r[of;Zyh) B/V/ s/V/ Gh BjhA j?, fJ; bJh
T[; fi; y[obh s/ pzB e/ gZm/ gk fdT[, T[E/ jh ;[Phb pfDnk yb'sk
oj/rk.
;wK phsD Bkb frnkB s'A ykbh ;/tkdko P{do (Bhu) pD
frnk. ftjbV pzdk ;/tk eotkT[D tkbk, ukbke g[ikoh (;kX ;zs) T[u
Z k pD
p?mk. Bk ;wM ;/teK dh feos ewkJh, ukbke g[ikohnK d/ fYZvh g?Adh
ubh rJh. Bk ;wM ;/teK d/ pZu/ G[Zy/ ftbeD bZr/ s/ Pkso ;kX bkD/ dhnK
;Zs/ y?oK. feoshnk dh ;koh ewkJh b[ZN e/, pkfpnK B/ T[; nrb/ iBw
d/ ;[ZyK dk gotkBk d/ fdZsk. y[d ;zs ih, fJ;/ iBw ftZu fpBK vZek d'jok
ehs/, ;torK tork ;[Zy fJ;/ Xosh s/ wkBD bZr/. i/ ;/tk pj[s uzrh j? s/
;kX ;zs sK ;oho sZsh jtk BjhA brD d/ oj/. fJj ;ohoe ;/tk T[jBK
ftjbVk tk;s/ Io{oh BjhA ;h < ;/tk pko/ ;fsr[o{ ih B/ pj[s e[ZM fbfynk
j?. e[M gowkD jkIo jB ^
;/t ehsh ;zs'yJh fiBh ;u' ;u[ fXnkfJnk]
UBh d[BhnK s'V/ pzXBk nzB gkDh E'Vk ykfJnk]
UBh wzd? g?o[ B ofyU efo ;[feqs[ Xow[ ewkfJnk]HHH(467)
;fsr[o{ ih ;wMk oj/ jBl ;/te ;zs'yh ihtB XkoB eo/ s/ ;Zu d/
wkor s/ uZb/. ;/te d[BhnK d/ rbs pzXBK o[ektNK s'V d/t/, ;'uDh
nkikd eo bt/, ;ohoe ;[nkdK fgZS/ jh Bk fgnk oj/. fIzdrh wzd/ okj
uZb e/ popkd Bk eo bt/, fJZe edw Gh rbs gk;/ Bk N[o/. ;/te T[j j?
i' ;[feqs, B/e ewkJh eofdnK nkgD/ gqtko dh ;zGkb eodk j?. fJ; B/eh
(192)
tkb/ okj s/ ubD tkbk g{oh soQK Xowh fJB;kB wzfBnk ikt/rk.
j'o c[owkB j? L^
;'Jh ;/te i' ;fsr[o[ ;/t/ ub? ;fsr[o{ GkJ/]
;uk ;pd f;cs j? ;uh ;uk wzfB t;kJ/] (753)
n;bh ;/te T[j j? i' ;fsr[o{ d/ T[gd/P ;dk u/s/ oZydk j?. fJ;/
bJh T[j ;fsr[o{ ih dh dZ;h fpXh w[skpe fIzdrh fiT[Adk j?. r[o{ dk
T[gd/P ;Zuk j? T[j f;Zy e[okj/ BjhA gkT[Adk, fJjh ;fsr[o{ dh ;Zuh
tfvnkJh j?. fco ;Zuk nekb g[oy ;dk tk;s/ ;/te f;Zy d/ fjod/ ftZu
p; iKdk j?. ;/te fEVedk BjhA j?, fIzdrh ;cbh eo b?Adk j?.
j'o^
;/ iB ;u/ fBowb/ fiB ;fsr[o Bkfb fgnko[]
;fsr[o[ ek GkDk ewktd/ fpy[ jT[w? sfi fpeko[] (65)
j/ GkJh T[j wB[Zy ;Zu/ jB ftekoK dh w?b s'A ofjs jB, fiBQK
;fsr[o{ Bkb fdbh fgnko j?. feT[Afe T[j ;fsr[o{ dk j[ew wzBe/ fIzdrh
pshs eod/ jB. ftekoK tkbk Ifjo Gfonk ihtB fsnkr fdzd/ jB. j'o
t/y' ^
;fsr[o eh ;/tk rkyVh f;o[ dhi? nkg[ rtkfJ]
;pfd wofj fcfo Bk wofj sk ;/tk gt? ;G EkfJ] (649)
;fsr[o{ tZb'A pyPh ihtB ;/X pj[s n"yh j?, nkgDh wZs, nkgDk
nkgk g{oh soQK SZvDk g?Adk j?. r[o{ d/ j[ew wzB e/ ftekoK tZb'A wB
wko b?D, fco T[jBK dh nkswe w"s BjhA j't/rh. nfij/ r[of;ZyK dh ;/tk
fco gotkB j'Jh wzBh ikt/rh. GkJh r[odk; ih dk tke ^
ir G'r BJht/d by, r[ow[fy w[fy fJe[ dkDk gkfJnk]
r[o GkJh ;zs;
[ N efo, r[ow[fy ;[y cb[ fgow oykfJnk](7^13)
GkJh ;kfjp ih dZ; oj/ jBl fe b'eh iZr eod/ jB, d/tfsnK
Bfws, w{oshnK , g[ikohnK , G'r btkT[Ad/ jB. nfij/ bZyK Gow o{g
ezw eod/ jB. wB[Zysk bJh nkgk tkoB tkb/, goT[gekoh r[of;Zy , fJZe
dkDk (Gkt E'Vk fizBk) SekfJnk, j'o ;G eowK s'A T[Zsw j?. nkgD/ nkb/
(193)
d[nkb/ ofj oj/ r[of;ZyK dh jo soQK ;jkfJsk ehsh ikt/. b'VtzdK dh ehsh
rJh fBPekw ;/tk, gqG{ gqwkswk dh jh ;/tk j?. fJjh ;/tk j? i' gow ;[y
fdzdh j?.
nB/eK v/fonk s/ frnkB ofjs PoXkb{ wjhfBnK pZXh, ;kbK pZXh,
eJh tkoh T[wo Go eko ;/tk s/ ihtB ftnoE rtkT[Ad/ t/y/ ik ;ed/
jB. IwhBk, e'mhnK, pkr, ;kXK dh fBZih wkbeh j[zd/ jB. beho d/
ceho PoXkb{, fdB oks fwZNh Bkb fwZNh j'e/ ;/tk eofdnK iBw ;cbk
eo oj/ j[zd/ jB. f;o Pow Bkb M[e iKdk j? id'A PoXktkB phphnK g[Zso
dh dks gqkgs eoB tk;s/ nkgDhnK G'bhnK jK, XhnK v/o/dkoK dh
;/tk ftZu ik jkIo eodhnK jB. fdB oks bzwk ;wK v/o/dko ;kX
(n;b ftZu ;kBQ) dh gftZso ;/tk eofdnK, g[Zso dh gqkgsh eo, y[Ph
Bkb M'bh Go b?dhnK jB. nfijh ;/tk ftZu roe j'J/, tZv/ tZv/ Xowh
w[y"fNnK tkb/, ;oeko/ dopko/ n;o o;{y oZyD tkb/, tZv/ XB e[p/o
wZmkXkoh v/o/dko nzBQ/ PoXkb{nK dh jo gqeko, p/dodh Bkb b[ZN eod/
jB. ;fsr[o{ ih sK r[o T[gd/P w[skpe fIzdrh pshs eoB jh ;op'sw
n?bkBd/ jB. Ppd gVQ' ^
e'fN wiB ike? ;[fD Bkw] e'fN g{ik ike? j? fXnkB]
e'fN g[zB[ ;[fD jfo eh pkDh] e'fN cbk r[o s/ fpfX ikDh]
wB[ ng[B/ wfj fcfo fcfo u/s] fpBf; ikfj wkfJnk e/ j/s](238)
gkfsPkj ;wMk oj/ jB ^ eo'VK shoEK dk g[zB ;fsr[o{ d/ frnkB
ftZu j?. eo'VK gqeko dh g{ik nouDk r[o T[gd/P fXnkB Bkb ;[DB ftZu
j?. eo'VK jh g[zB dkB Bkb'A fInkdk wjksw joh i; (r[oT[gd/P) ;[D b?D
ftZu jh j?. eo'VK jh cbK dh gqkgsh ;fsr[o{ ih s'A, ihtB fiT[D dh iku
f;Zy b?D ftZu j?. j/ wB[Zy w[V w[V nkgD/ nzdo Mksh wko, fe s{z eh eo
fojk j?A. id'A s? nkgD/ ehs/ rbs ezwK dh ;wM nk ikt/rh, fco s{z ;Zuk
okj nyfsnko eo bt/Ark. nfrnkBsk ftZu Xow eow ikDe/ i' e[ZM
s{z eodk nk fojk j?A fJj ;jh BjhA j?. w[V w[V rbsh Bk eo, r[o{ dh
pkDh, gVQ ftuko e/ frnkBtkB pD. fi; s{z ;/tk wzBh p?mk j?, fJj
(194)
n;bh ;/tk BjhA j?. tZv/ tZv/ ;Jhnkd (fPekoh) EK EK ikb bkJh, u'r
fybko e/ G'b/ iht tKr s/oh T[vhe eo oj/ jB. s? gsk Gh BjhA brdk
fe s{z ;ko/ gkf;nK s'A iefVnk ik u[Zek j?.
nkyoh fBu'V ^
r[of;ZyK nzdo ;fsr[o[ tos? i' f;yK B' b'u? ;' r[o y[;h nkt?]
ftD[ ;fsr[o e/ j[ew? fi r[of;yK gk;j[ ezw[ eokfJnk b'V/,
fs;[ r[of;y[ fcfo B/fV B nkt?]
fi mrh nkt?, mrh T[fm ikfJ, fs;[ B/V/ r[of;y[ w{fb B nkt?] (317)
;fsr[o{ ih f;o/ dh ftuko pyPfdnK ;'Mh d/ oj/ jB, fe GkJh
;fsr[o{ dh fJZSk s'A fpBK, i/ e'Jh ukbke nkdwh PoXktkB f;ZyK s'A trko
eokt/, nkgD/ fBZih ckfJd/ tkb/ ezw eokt/, T[; nkdwh s'A ;[u/s oj', pu'.
nfij/ mZr b'e soQK soQK d/ Xkowe G/y pDke/ G'b/ f;ZyK p/ofjwh Bkb b[ZN
oj/ jB, fJjBK d/ B/V/ Bk ikfJU. i' goT[geko dh GktBk Bkb wB[Zysk dh
;/tk y[d eodk j?, s/ fgnko Bkb d{finK ;/tk bJh gq/odk j?, T[j B/e
fJB;kB j?. T[;s/ ;fsr[o{ y[Ph gqrN eodk j?. i' f;ZyK fgnko eo/rk,
;fsr[o{ T[;/ fgnko eo/rk, fJj nkyoh |?;bk j?.
;/tk pko/ fJe j'o Ppd fby e/ ;wkgs eod/ jK. gVQ' ^
;k ;/tk ehsh ;cb j?, fis[ ;fsr[o ek wB[ wzB/]
ik ;fsr[o ek wB wzfBnk, sk gkg e;zwb GzB/]
T[gd/;[ fi fdsk ;fsr[o{, ;' ;[fDnk f;yh ezB/]
fiB ;fsr[o ek GkDk wzfBnk, fsB uVh utrfD tzB/]
fJj ukb fBokbh r[ow[yh, r[o dhfynk ;[fD wB[ wzB/](314)
[[[[
(195)
pko/, T[Bh fJZeh d/ coe Bkb, bZrGZr ;ko/ b/ye fJZe' fijk fbyd/ jB. T[;
dhnK PkBdko fiZsK, :[ZX d/ nB'y/ dkn g/u, xZN frDsh f;ZyK Bkb, E'V/
;kXBk Bkb, tZvh s'A tZvh oki;h Pesh , Ioioh eoB d/ ;woZE j'Dk.
nZm ;kb sZe gzikp ftZu brksko, fiZs d/ Mzv/ M[bkT[Ad/ ikDk, wB[Zysk d/
d'yhnK u[De/ eokohnK ;iktK d/DhnK, nkfd pko/ Gh fJfsjk;ekoK ftZu
e'Jh rzGho wZsG/d BjhA jB.
pkpk ih dh ;[Zuh P\;hns dkrdko eoB tk;s/, i' ewhB/
fJbikw bkJ/ rJ/ jB, T[jBK ftZu fInkdk T[jh jB, fiBQK dk gquko ;w/A
dh w[rb je{ws tZb'A I'o P'o Bkb eo fdZsk frnk. id'A fe pzdk f;zx dh
fJZe Gh fbys nfijh BjhA fwbdh fi; s'A fe;/ d'P dh g[PNh j[zdh j't/.
do n;b pkpk ih dhnK fiZsK s'A, ;oeko p[oh soQk p"ybk rJh ;h.
pkdPkj pjkdo Pkj, y[d pzdk f;zx fto[ZX c"iK dh fBrokBh eodk fojk.
fJE'A d/ ftrV/ jkbks t/ye/, f;ZyK dh uVQs wfj;{; eoe/, T[; v'p{ g? oj/
;B. fJ;/ ;w/A bj'o ftZu, ;hnk s/ ;[zBh w[;bwkBk d/ c;kd GVe gJ/.
pjkdo Pkj fJzBk p/u?B j'fJnk, fe T[;B/ jk;'jhD/ j[ew d/D/ P[o{ eo fdZs/.
fit/A ^ ;ko/ Pfjo bj"o d/ e[Zs/ wko fdU. ;ko/ fes'A wzrfsnK s/ cehoK
cVe/ i/bQK ftZu pzd eo fdU, iK esb eo fdU. fJ; gkrbgD dh
jkbs ftZu jh T[j 27 Btzpo 1712 bj"o fty/ wo frnk.
s\s gqkgsh tk;s/, pjkdo Pkj d/ uko/ g[soK ftZu, y{p sbtko
uZbh. nzs fszB GoktK esb eoe/ ijKdkoykB s\s s/ p?mk. go pj[s
S/sh fJ; wkoe/, co[Zy;hno pkdPkj pD p?mk, i' 1719 sZe ihts fojk.
co[y;hno B/, f;ZyK \sw eoB tk;s/, ;koh ;oekoh Pesh M'e fdZsh.
fdZbh s'A b? e/ w[bskB sZe dhnK ;kohnK c"iK , pkpk pzdk f;zx , fiT[Adk
iK w[odk cV fbnkT[D d/ j[ew ukVQ fdZs/. fJjBK ;kohnK ;z:[es ;?BktK
dh, e[b frDsh fJZe bZy s'A e[M fInkdk jh ;h. nZm wjhB/ d/ bzw/ ;w/A
sZe, fJj c"i r[odk; Bzrb dh rVh d[nkb/, fiE'A pkpk ih ;\s w[ekpbk
eo oj/ ;B, x/ok gkJh p?mhnK ojhnK. fJjBK G{so/ f;gkjhnK B/ nkb/
d[nkb/ fgzvK gzikj gzikj whb sZe T[ikV fdZsk. p/P[wko b[ZN wko ehsh
(197)
rJh, c;bK x'fVnK yZuoK ytk fdZshnK. pj{ p/NhnK dhnK fJZisK
o[bdhnK ojhnK. fco Gh fJB/ tZv/ bkT[ bPeo tk;s/, ;kohnK ;j{bsK
gqdkB eotkDhnK, ;"yk ezw BjhA ;h. fJ; ;w/A ftueko, nkb/ d[nkb/
rzdrh c?b rJh. fpwkoh Bkb bZr/ c"ih XVk XV woB. c"ih ioB?b jkbks
dh rzGhosk t/ye/, fdb SZv p?m/. fJZXo pkpk pzdk f;zx ;h fe e[M Gh
BK j[zfdnK, ;h; sbh s/ oZy e/, p/y"c bV fojk ;h. npd[;wZd yK B/,
;kohnK fog'NK co[ZyPhno fdZbh G/ihnK. pkdPkj \s gVQe/ pj[s
fuzsks[o j'fJnk. T[;B/ wfj;{; eo fbnk fe fJ; soQK f;ZXh NZeo ftZu,
n;hA f;ZyK s/ g{oh fiZs jk;b BjhA eo ;eKr/.
wksk ;[zdoh ih fdZbh ftZu ofj oj/ ;B. w?ekb| ns/ yikB f;zx
fbyd/ jB, fe co[Zy;hno B/ wksk ih sZe gj[zu ehsh, s/ fejk, pzdk f;zx
B/ r[o{ xo dk B[e;kB eoB tkb/, ;ko/ b'eK ;ik d/ fdZsh j?. T[j j[D j'o
jwb/ eoB/ pzd eo d/t/. T[; tes wksk ih , je{ws tZb'A r[ikok GZsk
fwb fojk ;h. iK fJT[A ej' wksk ih ;ys ;oekoh fBrokBh ftZu ;B.
pkjo dh ;koh mhe ypo T[jBK sZe BjhA gj[zudh ;h. feT[Afe ofjzdh ;koh
T[wo wksk ih fdZbh s'A feXo/ pkjo BjhA ikD fdZsk frnk. e[M e[ f;ZyK
Gh pkdPkj B/ Bkb ;fjws eo fbnk. fJjBK ;kfonK d/ i'o gkT[D s/
wksk ih B/ pkpk pzdk f;zx tZb, izr pzdh dh fuZmh fby fdZsh. go jkbks
dh Bikes ;wMfdnK, pkpk ih B/ izrpzdh s'A BKj eo fdZsh. feT[Afe
T[j fJ; fJZe ;oekoh ;kfiP ;wMd/ ;B. wksk ;[zdoh ih B/, gsk bZrD
s/ w[V fJZe gZso (je{ws d/ dpkU ekoB) fby e/ f;ZyK pzdk f;zx Bkb'A
;pzX s'V b?D bJh fejk. fJj Gh ;zGt j? fe fJj ys ;ko/ ikjbh jh j'D,
wksk ih dk Bkw tose/ ;oeko B/ fby/ j'D. e[M th j't/, co[Zy;hno wksk
ih okjhA f;ZyK ftZu gkV gkT[D ftZu ekw:kp j' frnk. ;oeko gZyh f;ZyK
B/, pzdk f;zx s/ j/m fby/ fJbIkw bkJ/, s/ wksk ih B/ j[ewBkwk ikoh eo
fdZsk. fJbikw fJj ;B ^
TL1H pzdk f;zx B/, r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih d/ c[owkBk fto[ZX, ngDk ws
ubkfJnk j?.
(198)
2H
s'A ed/ BjhA o'fenk. f;Zyh frq;s gqXkB Xow j?. y[d r[o{ ftnesh
Pkdh P[dk ;B.
2H
pzdk f;zx B/ r[o{ j[ewK s'A fto[ZX e'Jh BtK Xow BjhA ubkfJnk.
fJ; dh g[PNh bJh T[; tZb'A fsnko w'joK s/ f;Ze/ t/y/ ik ;ed/
jB.
3H
T[;B/ uoB gkj[b edh Gh BjhA ukb{ ehsh. cfsj doPB efjD dk
e'Jh ;p{s BjhA j?.
4H
T[;B/ edh Gh fe;/ f;Zy pzdJh f;Zy BjhA fejk. fJ;dk e'Jh
;p{s BjhA j?.
5H
Pkjh fbpk; iK mkm s'A ;fsr[o{ ih B/ edh fe;/ f;Zy BjhA
o'fenk.
6H
T[;B/ jzeko ftZu edh fe;/ f;Zy , wzdk puB BjhA p'fbnk. fJj
s[jwsK fpBK ;p{sK s'A jh bkJhnK rJhnK jB. j[D nrbk fjZ;k
sZs ykb;/ tkbk ftukohJ/ ^
n L 1H ykb;k pkdPkj d/ fJbkfenK, s/ ezw ftZu feT[A dyb BjhA d/tr
/ k<
id'A fe jkew pd/Ph ;B. Ikbw ;B, eh fw;bK tes je{ws s'A
d/P y'j e/, f;Zy oki ekfJw BjhA ehsk <
2H
sZs ykb;/ dh B/e Bkwh tb fXnkB wko'. x'o w[;hpsK ftZu fxo/,
nZm wjhfBnK s'A bV oj/ f;Zy GoktK dh, sZs ykb;k wdd BjhA
eo/rk. n?vk jB/o <
3H
;r'A b'V g?D s/ ny"sh sZs ykb;k ;oeko dh wdd eo/rk. GoktK
wotkD bJh <
4H
pdb/ ftZu 5000 ;kbkBk, dopko ;kfjp dk epik, 500 nkdwh
c"i ftZu Gosh eoB dk fJBkw fwfbnk, fJ; sZs ykb;/ .
fJ; nkg;h c[ZN Bkb, ykb;k gzE dk, ns/ ;w[Zu/ d/P dk pj[s
B[e;kB j'fJnk. pkpk ih e'b f;ZyK dh frDsh pj[s xN rJh. n;bk
pko{d w[ZeD B/V/ g[Zi frnk, go fjzws BjhA jkoh, e'Jh r?osjhD ;wM"sk
BK ehsk.
(200)
pkjo ofj rJ/ f;ZyK (r[odk; Bzrb dh rVQh s'A) B/, co[Zy;hns ,
ftPtk; d[nkftnk fe n;hA, pzdk f;zx dh ;jkfJsk sK eh eoBh ;h, ;r'A
t; bZr/, rVQh ftZu fxo/ f;yK , j";bkjhD eoB dk g{ok isB eoKr/.
fJ;/ soQK ehsk frnk, fwZE/ gq'rokw w[skpe, pkpk fpB'd f;zx, pkpk ekjB
f;zx B/, pkpk pzdk f;zx fto[ZX ngwkB iBe Ppd tosD/ P[o{ eo fdZs/.
pzdk f;zx ih B/ pj[s ;wMkfJnk, go T[j pki Bk nkJ/. B"ps fJzBh tX
rJh fe T[jBK pzdk f;zx wkoB tk;s/, sbtkoK X{j bJhnK. nyho
;oekoh Pfj T[s/, gzi ;" ;kEhnK dk bPeo b? e/, pkpk p'B'd f;zx, pkjo
fBeb rJ/. ;oekoh c"i tZb'A frDh fwZEh ;kfiP sfjs, T[jBK ;jh
;bkws bzx ikD fdZsk frnk.
f;ZyK ftZu gkV g? ikD s'A, co[Zy;hns nsh gq;zB j'fJnk. T[;B/
bkj"o d/ ;{p/dko npd[b ;w[Zd\kB , Bt/A f;foT[A i'odko jwbk eoB dk
j[ew ehsk. Bkb jh T[; dh ;jkfJsk tk;s/, ePwho dk ;{p/dko ipod;s
ykB, tZvh c"i ;w/s g[Zi frnk. vkL rzvk f;zx w[skpe gzikp d/ ikrhodkoK
ns/ c"idkoK Gh, nkgDhnK okythnK c"iK, pzdk f;zx fto[ZX ukVQB tk;s/
fby G/fink. fJ; soQK r[ioks dk ;{pd
/ ko fwoIk nfjwdykB, nwhBkpknd
dk c"idko fJokds ykB, n"ozrpknd s/ g;o{o d/ B{o wj[zwdykB, gZNh s/
ebkB"o nkfd d/. eN'u d/ okik Ghw f;zx, i;o"sk d/ okik jz;d/t B/ Gh,
nkgDhnK ;;sopZX ;?BktK , bkj'oh ;?Bk d/ Bkb fwbk fbnk. ;KMh fjzd{
w[;bwkBK dh fwbthA c"i B/, d[pkok pzdk f;zx s/ I'odko jwb/ ehs/.
pzdk f;zx pjkdo Bkb, e'N fwoikikB fty/ j'Jh ipod;s bVkJh
dk jkb, w"e/ dk rtkj, ;hnoT[b w[yskohB dk eosk fbydk j? ^ pzdk
w?dkB ftZu ;G j?okB eofdnK vfNnk yb'sk ;h. T[j gfjbh w[Zm G/V
ftZu fJzBh pjkdoh Bkb bfVnk fe Pkjh c"iK jko yke/ d"VB jh tkbhnK
;B fe pzd/ fgZS/ jNDk g? frnk. pkpk ih w'ouk do w'ouk fgZS/ jNd/
j'J/, r[odk; Bzrb dh rVQh ftZu g[Zi rJ/. ;wekbh b/ye yk|h ykB fbydk
j? fe ^ekco (f;Zy) fJzB/ fGnkBe Yzr Bkb bV/, fe fJ;bkwh ;?Bk
fpbe[b jko d/ B/V/ g[uk fdZsk. pko pko T[jBK fJ; f;o/ dh db/oh dk
(201)
ftyktk ehsk. ;kjwD/ wZE/ bVB dh Ekt/A, (p[oh soQK wko ykD s'A pknd)
Pkjh c"iK B/ Bke/pzdh dk ;jkok fbnk. o;d gkDh, xkj gZmk, nkT[D dhnK
;kohnK bkJhBk eZN fdZshnK. nzdo'A ;G e[M \sw j[zdk frnk. fJE'A sZe
dodBke ;fEsh j' rJh fe T[jBK nkgD/ x'V/ Gh wko e/ yk bJ/. nZr'A wk;
gekT[D bJh bZeVh Gh BjhA ;h. eZuk wk; yke/ pj[s/ f;Zy fpwko j' rJ/.
fJ; nfsnzs w[;hps ftZu Gh nZm wjhB/ sZe g{o/ j";b/ Bkb w[ekpbk eod/
oj/. nzs ;koh ;fEsh s/ rzGhosk Bkb ;'u ftuko s'A pknd, G[Zy Bkb woB
iK jfEnko ;[ZN e/ JhB wzB b?D dh EK, izr ftZu i{M e/ Pjhd j'Dk gqtkB
eo fbnk. f;Zy f;gkjh G[Zy ns/ fpwkoh ekoB, jZd doi/ d/ ewI'o j' u[Ze/
;B. fJ; jkb ftZu Gh pkpk ih dk j[ew gk e/ d[PwD c"i s/ pkiK tKr
MgN gJ/. eJh eJh wko e/ wod/ rJ/. fpwkoh s/ ;ohoe ewi'oh
ekoB S/sh jzG rJ/, ;oho fBYkb j' rJ/, s/ IwhB s/ fvrd/ rJ/. j[D pkpk
pzdk f;zx bVB tkbk fJeZbk ofj frnk. d' whb dk noX r'bkeko uZeo
pDke/, Gkoh frDsh ftZu Pkjh c"i T[; Bkb bV ojh ;h. T[j XkJh eoe/
i?eko/ r[ikT[Adk fiZXo g?Adk d[PwDk ftZu GkiVK gk fdzdk. pzdk f;zx fpibh
dh s/ih Bkb, w?dkB ftZu P;so ubk fojk ;h. T[; fiT[Ad/ geVB
tk;s/, Bkwh ;{opho nZr/ tXd/, s/ T[j ;kfonK gbK ftZu jh, IwhB s/
Y/oh eo fdzdk. nkgDh fdB Go dh n;kthA, s/ bkfw;kb ;{owrsh Bkb
bVfdnK, pkpk ih B/ Pkjh c"i d/ 59 bVke/ :'fXnK nrb/ ijkB g[uk
fdZsk. id'A T[j EZe e/ u{o j' frnk, jfEnko fJZe fJZe eoe/ itkp fdzd/
rJ/, x/ok j'o GhVk eo fbnk frnk. fJ; jkbs ftZu pj[s ;ko/ b;eo
B/ MgNk wko e/ pkpk ih s/ jZbk p'b fdZsk, s/ cVe/, p/VhnK ftZu ieVe/,
fgzio/ ftZu pzd eo fbnk. pkpk ih B/ jfEnko BjhA ;[ZN/, ikB pyPh bJh
e'Jh cfonkd BjhA ehsh. w"e/ dk rtkj, ewo ykB fbydk j? ^ fJj
;G y[dk dh ofjws jh ;h, f;nkDg iK pjkdoh BjhA. ;G ikDd/ jB
fe woj{w pkdPkj pjkdo ;kj, nkgD/ uko/ ;g[ZsoK s/ nDfrDs
c"ih ioB?bK Bkb b? e/, fJ; prkts dpkT[D dk isB eodk
fojk. go ;cb Bk j' ;fenk. j[D fJjBK ek|oK (f;ZyK) G[Zy ns/
(202)
23,
ftZu b[eD tkb/, ;oeko s'A fJBkw s/ irhoK gqkgs eoB tkb/, fJZis
nDy t/uD tkb/, sZs ykb;k j'D dk Yzv'ok fgZND bZr gJ/. Pq'wDh
fJfsjk;eko vkL rzvk f;zx sK, pkpk ih pko/ fJT[A fbydk j? ^ pzdk
f;zx pjkdo, nmkjothA ;dh ftZu g?dk j'J/ Gkosh :'fXnK ftZu'A,
;G s'A bkfw;kb j?. Gkt/A T[;dh Pjkds ;dhnK phs rJhnK jB,
go ni/ Gh nkgD/ Xow GoktK bJh ukBD w[Bkok j?, nrtkJh s/
;{ophosk dk ;'wk j?.
j[D e[M ftukoK rzrk okw pqkjwD (gqf;X rzr){ d/ bVe/ oki e"b tZbA'
pzdk f;zx s'A jfEnko ;[NtkT[D pko/. gzfvs itkjo bkb Bfjo{ dk tfvZek
oki e"b, j'o e'Jh BjhA, r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih d/ xo, thj ;kb sZe o'NhnK
gekT[D tkb/ o;'JhJ/ d/ rzr{ dk g[Zso ;h. fi;B/ pknd ftZu ft;kj xks
eoe/, wksk r{ioh ih, ns/ S'N/ ;kfjpikfdnK tIho ykB e'b frqcsko
eotkfJnk ;h. go tiho ykB B/ rzr{ s'A wksk ih tkbk XB Gh y'j fbnk
s/ fJeoko w[skpe fJBkw Gh Bk fdZsk. fJ;/ rzr{ dk bVek ;h oki e"b,
i' f;ZyK d/ efjo s'A, G?wkB j'e/, ePwho ik tf;nk ;h. gfVQnk j'D eoe/
;oekoh B"eoh s/ bZrk j'fJnk ;h. id'A co[Z\;hns fJ; gqtko tZb'A
ehsh rJh ;oeko dh ;/tk dk gsk bZfrnk, sK T[;B/ ePwho d/ rtoBo
nky e/ rzr{ gqtko (okie"b) bZG fbnk, s/ T[jBK fdZbh nkgD/ e'b ;Zd
fbnk. fdZbh ftZu Bfjo d/ feBko/, u'yh IwhB s/ fJZe fojkfJP bJh e'mh
p\P fdZsh. fdZbh dopko ftZu Gh okie"b ;oekoh B"eoh d/ fdZsh
rJh. Bfjo feBko/ t;/ j'D ekoB, fJj Bfjo{ e"b nytkD br gJ/ oki
e"b dk p/Nk ;h bePwh BkokfJD, T[;dk S'Nk rzrkXo, T[;dk w'sh bkb s/
nr'A itkjo bkb, fJzdok rKXh s/ okiht rKXh. ;w/A d/ c/o Bkb, e"b Gh
Bkw Bkb'A jNk fdZsk frnk, e/tb Bfjo{ ofjD fdZsk frnk. :kd oZyDk
ukjhdk j? fe ;ko/ Gkos ftZu, Bfjo{ T[giksh tkbk, e'Jh fJZe Gh pqkjwD
BjhA j?. fJ; gqtko B/ nkgDh T[g iksh, f;ZyK d/ G?, ns/ ;z;ko dh Bw'Ph
s'A puD bJh pdb bJh j?. fJE/ fJj fXnkB oj/, pkpk pzdk f;zx B/ fJjBK
d/ (okie"b) nky/ bZr e/ frqcskoh BjhA fdZsh. T[go tofDs e[M sZEK
(204)
[[[[
(205)
gJ/. nZi dk fdB bzxkU eZbQ t/yh ikJ/rh. d;w rqzE fi; fdB s'A j'Ad
ftZu nkfJnk j?, T[;/ fdB s'A fttkdK ftZu j?. r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp d/ fBowb
T[gd/PK dk xkD eo fojk j?. d;w gkfsPkj ih dh gftZso P\;hns
wbhB eo fojk j?. fco Gh ;kv/ gqG{nK B/ edh rzGhosk Bkb fJ; gk;/
fXnkB BjhA fdZsk. r[o{ BkBe fBozekoh ih B/ nkgD/ bzw/ gquko d"fonK
tes, ;fseko :'r GrsK dh pkDh d/ T[sko/ eoe/, nkgD/ e'b ;zGkb bJ/.
nkgDh pkDh ;w/s r[orZdh d/D tes fJj ;kok yIkBk r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih
gqkgs j'fJnk. T[jBK s'A r[o{ nwodk; ih nZr'A u"E/ gkfsPkj okjhA,
gzit/A BkBe ih ;kok fgT[ dkd/ dk yIkBk fwb frnk. T[jBK B/ GkJh
r[odk; ih j[ew d/ e/ gktB pkDh soshp f;o fbytkfJnk. ngDh
pkDh Gh Pkfwb eoB bJh GkJh ih d/ jtkb/ eo fdZsh. ;kok tZv/oh
fizw/tkoh tkbk ezw ;fsr[o{ ih B/ nkgDh fBZih d/y o/y ftZu eotkfJnk.
fiZE/ fes/ :'r ikfDnk, nkgDhnK ;zgkdeh fNZgDhnK Gh doi ehshnK.
bzwhnK pkDhnK iK tkoK d/ f;ob/y s/ X[BhnK y[d ebwpzd ehshnK. fe;/
fJZe gzesh sZe dk G[b/yk BjhA ofjD fdZsk.
r[o{ fJfsjk; ftZu s/ f;Zy fJfsjk; ftZu gzE d'yhnK B/ fwbktN
eoB dk e'Jh w"ek BjhA y[zMD fdZsk. EK EK ;fsr[o{ ;kfjpkB ih d/ gke
ihtB ebzes eoB dhnK ;kfiPh wzd ukbK uZbhnk rJhnK. f;Zy
;{ofwnK s/ goT[gekoh r[ow[yK Gh ;G jhb/ tos e/ p/gs eoB dk e'Mk
:sB ehsk frnk. r[opkDh ftZu fwbktN eoB bJh nZvh u'Nh dk I'o
bkfJnk frnk. go ;fsr[o{ ih dh d{o nzd/P ;'u B/, ysfonK nrkT[A
GKgfdnK, nfijk pkBD{z pzBQ fdZsk fe bZy isB eoB s/ Gh, e'Jh gktB
r[opkDh ftZu obk Bk gk ;e/. ftnkeoDe fB:w ns/ frDsh gqpzX fJsBk
gkJ/dko j? fe fJ; s'V e/ e'Jh Ppd gzesh gkT[Dh n;zGt pDk fdZsh
rJh. jK nkyoh gZso/ g'Eh ;kfjp d/ ykbh ;B, T[E/ jh e'Jh fwbktN ehsh
ik ;edh ;h. fJE/ jh fwbktN ehsh rJh. nkU okrwkbk pko/ fJZe fJZe
B[esk b? e/ ftuko eohJ/ ^
1H i' okr r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftZu w"i{d jB go okr wkbk ftZu
(207)
BjhA jB ^
1^wkM, 2^fpjkrVk, 3^tvjz;, 4^i?s;oh, 5^okwebh, 6^wkbh
rT[Vk, 7^s[ykoh, 8^gqGksh, s/ 9^i?iktzsh
i/ okrwkbk ;fsr[o{ ih dh feos j[zdh sK eh fJjBK okrK Pkwb
Bk eoB dh G[Zb eo ;ed/ ;B <
2H Ppd pDso ^ Ppd i'V dhnK rsbhnK
r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp
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;{jT[
wbko
wbkoh
3H r[o{ noiB ;kfjp ih f;ZyK p/Bsh ehsh^ih e'Jh ftT{As
pDkT[. b'e BkBe Bkw tkbhnK eftsktK fby oj/ jB.
fwjotkB g[s fgoEhJ/ dk eth;oh eo/,
G'r r[o{ BkBe ih dk gkJh.
(36)
eoskog[oh phV ftZu, w[zdktDh s'A pknd Gh eJh euhnK ouBktK
doi jB, i' bzwh ftuko s'A wro'A eZN fdZshnK rJhnK. fit/A gqkD ;zrbh,
fjekfJsK ns/ j'o eJh e[ZM. go nc;'; fe n?B nkyoh w"e/ GkJh tho
f;zx B/ g?AsVk pdb fbnk, ngD/ nypko ykb;k ;wkuko ftZu fJ;d/
jZe ftZu fbyDk P[o{ eo fdZsk. T[; tes tho f;zx dk f;Zy jbfenK ftZu
tZvk goGkt ;h. fi; ekoB okrwkbk d/ fto[ZX c?;bk j[zdk j'fJnk Gh
ftueko nNe frnk. f;Zy ofjs wfonkdk ftZu 1945 fJj fbyD bJh
wIp{o j'Dk fgnk fe okrwkbk gVQ' ukj/ Bk gVQ'. G'r ubdh ;EkBe ohs
(208)
w[skpe gk fdU.
4H uhc ykb;k dhtkB (nzfwqs;o) tkfbnK fJZe r[gs gZso
GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk d/ Bkw j/m ykb;k ;wkuko ftZu Skfgnk. fi; dk
;kozP fJj ;h fe ekjB f;zx B/ okr wkbk pko/ ngDh okJ/ pdb bJh j?.
fJ; d/ gqsheow ti'A, GkJh ekjB f;zx s'A gzE ;/te nypko okjhA g[ZfSnk
frnk fe eh s[;hA tkfenk jh okr wkbk pko/ ngDh okJ/ pdb bJh j? <
fit/A Gh s[jkv/ ftuko jB s[;hA \[d ;fEsh ;gZPN eo'. feT[Afe s[jkv/ Bkw
s/ nypko ftZu fJZe fuZmh Sgh j?, fi; ekoB nkw f;Zy d[pXk rq;s j?.
GkJh ekjB f;zx B/ ;gZPN fbfynk ^ f;Zy thoK G?DK w?A dZ;Dk ukj[zdk jK
fe nkw f;Zy iB ;w{zj , ftZfdnk gVQB dh ns/ y'i eoB dh, e'Jh
fdbu;gh BjhA j?. w?A fJZe y'ih dh j?;hns ftZu, T[jBK GkJhnK ;bkj
fdzdk jK fe s[;hA eosko g[oh phV y[d t/y' gV', T[;/ ftZu okrwkbk d/
fto[X
Z neZN ;p{s w"id
{ jB. gV' sseo/ d/ nzs g[o fJj fbfynk j'fJnk j? ^
;zws 1661 fwsh Gkd'A tdh , (J/ew) g'Eh fby gj[u
z .
/ r[o{ pkpk ih d/ ;ko/ gso/
974. fXnkB Bkb t/yDk 973 BzL gZso/ s/ w[d
z ktDh j?. gZsok 974 ;kok ykbh fgnk j?. pkeh
;kok e[M ;w/s okrwkbk d/ fJjBK 974 gsfonK s'A pkjo j?, ;' T[j r[o{ feqs BjhA j?. fJ;/
bJh r[o{ pkp/ dh pkDh dk nzr BjhA j?.
(110)
5H r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftZu Pkfwb ;ko/ okr gqtkB/ rJ/ jB okrDh e'Jh
BjhA j?. e[M fJZe fJ;soh fbzr gqshs j'D tkb/ okr Gh okrDhnK BjhA jB,
g{o/ okr wzB/ rJ/ jB. fw;kb bJh ^ nk;ktoh, r{ioh, d/trzXkoh, p?okVh,
;{jh, i?iktzsh, nkfd. r[ows ;zrhs ftfdnkbk, oekp rzi fdZbh d/
fgqz;hgb, ;qL fdnkb f;zx B/ fJZe pVk Gktg{os b/y wkf;e gZso nzfwqs
ehosB, gq'L skok f;zx nze BzL 5, 9 iBtoh 1990 fbfynk ;h. fi;dk
;kozP fJ; soQK j? L^
okrwkbk Bkwh pj[s eftsktK fbyhnK rJhnK jB, fiBQK ftZu'A e[M
d/ Bkw fJj jB ^ (1) g[zvohe ftm[b dh okrwkbk (1515 s'A 1584 JhL) r[o{
rqzE dh ;zgkdBk s'A shj ;kb gfjbK fbyh rJh.
(2) :;'d Bzd ;[eb dh okrwkbk ^ fbyD dk ;wk ^ 1758 JhL
(209)
7H okrwkbk ftZu S/ okr wzB/ rJ/ jB, jo/e okr dhnK gzi
gsBhnK (okrDhnK) wzBhnK rJhnK jB. Bkb jo/e okr s'A nZm nZm g[Zso
Gh fby wko/. go nc;'; fe fJj BjhA dZf;nk frnk fe fJjBK nZmK
pZfunK dhnK wktK fejVhnK jB < fJ; rZb dk e'Jh fB:w nZi sZe ;zrhs
nkukohnK ftZu gqtkB BjhA uVQ ;fenk, fe fe;/ okr okrDh fet/A s/
feT[A wzfBnk ikt/ < fJ;dk g?wkBk eh j? < nfijk ;op gqtkfDs fejVk
Yzr j?, fe fe; okr gZXsh okr nkfynk ikt/ fe; okrDh, T[;dk
g[Zso, Xh iK j (g[Zso pZX{) nkfynk ikt/ < fco ;zrhs wkfjo ftdtkB,
rkfJB P?bh ftZu Bt/A s'A Bt/A Yzr sohe/ gquZbs eod/ ofjzd/ jB. T[jBK
fe; yks/ iK Pq/Dh ftZu oZfynk ikt/rk <
fJ; gqkuhB gZXsh wzBD tkb/ fejVk ws gqtkB eod/ jB < fco
nZi eZbQ fe; fe; d/P ftZu T[jBK dh fJj gZXsh gouZbs j? <
8H GkJh ;zs'y d/ ftuko w[zdktDh pko/.
GkJh wBh f;zx d/ ;/te GkJh ;zs f;zx j'J/ jB. ;zs f;zx s'A GkJh
;zs'y f;zx B/ ftZfdnk gqkgs ehsh. ;zs'y f;zx dh gqf;ZX ouBk ;{oi gqekP
ftZu fJT[A fbys j? ^
fby/ ;w;s ;tJhJ/ ;'T{, ;qh frqzEe/ wkfj.
nzs ;op e/ fby w[zdktDh w[dqfs w'jo brh iB tkfj.
G'r ;eb pkDh ek g:T[ wfjwk fi;eh ejh B ikfJ.
Gtib G?ot e' ijki pv, gqG{ feogk s/ gko gokfJ.
okr wkbk ;qh r[o{ feqs Bfj j?, w[zdktDh br r[op?B.
fJ; wfj Bfj ;z;? e[S eohnj[, i/ ;z;? ntb'ej[ B?B.
wkXtBb nkbw eft eh Bf;, fs; wfj fBqsekoh efj s?B.
okr okrBh Bkw frB/ sfj, :Ks/ ;qh noiB feqs j? B. (ok;H3H nz;{ 48^2127)
9H frnkBh Bo?D f;zx w[izr tkfbnK tZb'A, i' r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp d/
NhfenK pko/ G{fwek fbyfdnK gzBk i Bzpo 7 d/ f;ob/y j/m fbfynk j?
^ ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih dk SkgDkl gfjbK r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh fJZSk oZyD
tkb/ eJh eJh wjhB/ fbykoh BjhA fwbd/ ;h. fwzBsK sob/ nbZr eoB/
(211)
g?Ad/ ;h. fco Gh fJZSktkB dwdw/ tkbh phV dk T[skok ukjhdk j't/, s/
fbykoh e'b T[j j? BjhA sK T[; fbykoh B/ nkgDh woIh Bkb fe;/ j'o phV
dk T[skok eoe/ d/ d/Dk. fby d/Dk fJj gJh fJj dwdwh phV dk T[skok
j?. G/Nk ti'A o[g? 101$^ s'A 1001$^ sZe Gh b? bJ/ iKd/ ;B. fco Gh fJj
phVK nkw f;Zy dh gj[u
z s'A pkjo ;B. ;zB 1860 ftZu bkj"o fty/ SkgkykBk
ukb{ j'D s/, fJ; d/ wkbe bkbk jo;[y okJ/ ih dopko ;kfjp nkJ/. ;w/A
d/ f;Zy g[ikohnK nZr/ p/Bsh ehsh, fe dk; phVK SkgD dh nkfrnk
fdZsh ikt/. fJj Gh ;gZPN dZf;nk ikt/ fe fejVh phV Skgh ikt/ < Gkt
eosko g[o tkbh, dwdw/ tkbh iK GkJh pzB' tkbh < eJh fdBK sZe g[ikoh
fe;/ f;ZN/ s/ Bk g[Zi ;e/. nzs nodk; eoe/ (bkNoh <) fszBK phVK d/ Bkw
fbye/, fszB gouhnK ;q'to ftZu gkJhnK. ny/ i' gouh gfjbK T[Zgo so
nkt/rh, T[;/ SkgD dh nkfrnk d/ fdnKr/. fJZe tkoh fszB/ gouhnK v[Zp
rJhnK, eohp d' xzN/ wro'A fJZe gouh T[Zgo sodh BiohA gJh, MZN eZY
fbnKdh. t/fynk sK T[go fbfynk ;h dwdw/ tkbh phV. fJjh nkfrnk
bkbk jo;[y okJ/ eo fdZsh, fe dwdw/ tkbh phV Skgh ikt/. fJ; soQK
fpBK ;'X ;[XkJh s'A, dwdw/ tkbh phV SgD bZrh. bkbk jo;[y okJ/ y[d
jh Skge ;'Xe pDe/ ;/tk eoB bZr/.
10H ;wK phsD Bkb Skg/ tkbhnK s/ jZE fbys phVK eJh gqeko
dhnK f;Zy ;zrsK ftZu gquZbs j' rJhnK. G'r jo fJZe dk nkg' nkgDh
woIh dk j'fJnk eodk ;h. eJh EKtK s/ ngqtkfBs ouBktK gVQe/ tZvk
G'r gkfJnk iKdk ;h. fis do bZy w[jzwdk, whoK pkJh dk Ppd,
;{odk; dk ;kok Ppd, o[DM[zMBVk nkfd Gh gVd/ ;B.
;zB 1920 s'A gfjbK feT[Afe Pq'L r[L gqL ew/Nh BjhA ;h, fJ; bJh
;ko/ Xkowe c?;b/ uhc ykb;k dhtkB dh ;fjwsh Bkb jh gqtkB uVQd/
;B. okrwkbk pko/ gVQBh j? iK Bjh gVQBh j? d/ ekoB pj[s MrV/ j'J/.
ndkbsK ftZu w[eZdw/ uZb/. ndkbsK tZb'A uhc ykb;k dhtkB s'A okJ/ wzrh
iKdh ;h. uhc ykb;k dhtkB d/ w[yh jw/Pk fJjh fbye/ G/id/ oj/ ^
okrwkbk r[opkDh BjhA j?.
(212)
11H pkrpkB g[o/ bkj"o dh f;zx ;Gk ftZu tZvk MrVk j'fJnk. rZb
feBko/ Bk brdh t/y e/, d' gouhnK s/ fJj nZyo fby e/ ghjV/ j/m oZy
fdZshnK ^ okrwkbk r[opkDh j?, okrwkbk r[opkDh BjhA eZuh pkDh j?.
fJZe nDikD ;/te s'A fJZe gouh wzrtkJh rJh, fi; s/ fbfynk ;h,
okrwkbk r[opkDh BjhA j? eZuh pkDh j?. nZr/ s'A okrwkbk gVBh pzd eo
fdZsh rJh. ;szpo 5^1917 d/ gzE ;/te nypko ftZu ;koh xNBk Sgh.
fe ;Zu/ ;fsr[o{ ih B/ feogk ehsh, okrwkbk dk c?;bk nkg feogk eoe/
Bp/V fdZsk, ;kfonK dh d[fpXk d{o eo fdZsh.
12H GkJh bkb f;zx Xow gqukoe, gfjbK bzw/ ;w/A sZe gq'L r[ow[y
f;zx s/ frL fdZs f;zx Bkb Xowgquko dh ;/tk eod/ oj/. T[jBK dk i'
fpnkB nypko ftZu Sfgnk ;h T[j fJ; soQK j? ^ okrwkbk dk o"bk fJ;
tes gzE ftZu g{o/ i'o Bkb fSfVnk j'fJnk j?. fi; jtk d/D dk fizw/tko
GkJh tho f;zx j?. w?A T[j gzE ;/te gqukoe jK fi;B/ fgSb/ shj ;kb s'A
g{o/ d/P ftZu x[zw e/ f;Zyh dk gquko ehsk j?. GkJh r[ow[Zy f;zx s/ GkJh
fdZs f;zx s'A w?A r[ows f;Zyh. w?A 19 ;kb GkJh tho f;zx Bkb Gh ezw ehsk
j?. w?A ;dk okrwkbk d/ fto[ZX p'bdk fojk jK, fJj n?t/A BjhA ;r'A GkJh tho
f;zx tor/ ftdtkBK s'A nrtkJh b?e/. i' ftnesh r[opkDh d/ pqkpo okr
wkbk Pkfwb eodk j?, iK gVQdk j?, T[j r[opkDh dk ngwkB eodk j?.
w[zdktDh s'A fgS'A i' e[ZM Gh fbfynk frnk j?, T[j GkJh pzB' nkfde
fbykohnK B/ obk gkfJnk j?.
(gzE ;/te, bkj"o, 7 Btzpo 1917)
(204)
13H okrwkbk pko/ wjkokik gfNnkbk s/ wjkokik BkGk d/ ftuko
f;Zy gzE ftZu okrwkbk pko/ GythA pfj; j' ojh t/ye/ fJjBK d'tK
oki gqw[Zy f;ZyK B/ nkgD/ sohe/ fBoD/ bJ/. gfNnkb/ d/ oki/ B/ pI[or
fJfsjk;eko frL frnkB f;zx p[bk e/ okJ/ wzrh. frL ih B/ ;gZPN nky
fdZsk fe okrwkbk r[opkDh BjhA j?. w[bkeks dk t/otk frL frnkB f;zx B/
fJT[A fbfynk j? ^
w[M/ fpqX b/ye fJfsjk;. dk; gzE ek bye? yk;.
(213)
13$12$1946 okrwkbk pko/ ftuko eoB bJh ftP/P whfNzr ;Zd bJh.
T[d'A sZe okrwkbk wzvB ns/ yzvB d' ;GktK pD uZ[ehnK ;B. yzvB ;Gk d/
gqXkB GkJh eosko f;zx dkyk ;B. s/ wzvB ;Gk d/ gqXkB ;B ;zs fB;ub
f;zx. wzvB ;Gk d/ p[bko/ GkJh i'X f;zx ;B, s/ yzvB tkfbnK d/ eosko
f;zx dkyk p[bko/ ;B. fJ; rZb dh j?okBh gqXkB SGPC w'jD f;zx Bkr'e/
B/ Gh gqrN ehsh fe ;Zdk gZso G/i/ ikD d/ pkti{d, Xkowe ;bkjeko
ew/Nh d/ w?Apo whfNzr ftZu BjhA nkJ/.
dkyk (eosko f;zx) ^ i'X f;zx ih s[jkvk gZy fejVk j? yzvB fe wzvB <
i'X f;zx ^ w?A fJ; tes okrwkbk d/ jZe ftZu jK.
dkyk ^ go s[;hA sK ;koh T[wo okrwkbk d/ fto'Xh oj/ j', nkgD/
xo s[;hA wz[dktDh s/ G'r gkJ/ ;h, w?A y[d T[; tes jkIo ;K.
i'X f;zx ^ j[D w?A nkgDh okJ/ pdb bJh j?.
dkyk ^ okJ/ pdbD dk ekoB eh j?, nr'A fco ed'A okJ/ pdb'r/ <
i'X f;zx ^ eoskog[o tkbh phV ftZu T[;/ ebw s'A okrwkbk fbyh
j'Jh j? fi; s'A phV fbyh j'Jh j?. GkJh eosko f;zx dkyk ih brksko
ekNt/A ;[nkb eod/ rJ/ s/ GkJh i'X f;zx fEVet/A bfji/ ftZu okrwkbk dk
gZy g{od/ oj/. dkyk ih tZb'A ;tkbK dh p[SkV ikoh ojh s/ d{i/ pzfBU ;zs
wjzs, edh edh GkJh i'X f;zx dh wdd eod/ oj/. fJ; d/ Bkb jh v/o/dko
X{c, i's, Bkohnb nkfd dk w;bk Gh ftZu x;hN fbnkJ/. i'X f;zx ih
g[ZfSnk frnk fe s[;hA fJjBK ;kXK dhnK ;kohnK ftukoK Bkb ;fjws
j' < nkyD br/ fe w?A f;oc okrwkbk d/ jZe ftZu jK, fJjBK dhnK j'o
ftukoK Bkb ;fjws BjhA. nZr/ uZbe/ frL r[ofdZs f;zx B/ p'bfdnK fejk
^ i' e[M eoskog[oh phV ftZu fwbktN eo fdZsh rJh j?, T[; pko/ i'X f;zx
ih, ikDd/ j'J/, nDikD pD oj/ jB. i/ T[; phV nZyo nZyo ;theko
eo bJhJ/ sK eots Gbk B eotN s/oh nk;k okr ftZu epho ih d/
36t/A Ppd s'A gfjbK 35tK gdk gkfJnk frnk j? T[; tZb r"o c[owkT[ ^
d/y' b'rk jfo eh ;rkJh. wK Xoh g{s Xhnk ;zr ikJh.
jw j?A pkg okw g{s jwkok. w?A pfjB'Jh okw w/ok ;kbk.
(216)
wkXt B/ nzdo ikDk ukfjnk, s/ ;zsoh B/ fejk ^ nzdo tZv/ r[Dh b'e p?m/
jB, s/o/ tor/ wkw{bh wB[Zy dk T[E/ eh ezw < sK wkXt B/ fejk, BjhA nzdo
w{oyK dh ;Gk j?, fJjBK okr skb dh e'Jh ;'Mh BjhA. feT[Afe spbk
tkde dk nzr{mk w'w dk j?. dopkB B/ oki/ dZf;nk, rZb ;Zu fBebh.
oki/ B/ wkXt nzdo ;Zd e/, nkgD/ e'b fpmk fbnk. wkXt wjkB
;zrhseko ikD e/ Boseh ekwezdbk B/ nkgDh ;koh ebk dkn s/ bk
fdZsh. T[;B/ nkgDh Sksh s/ ;[rzXh bkJh, fJZe xVk f;o T[Zs/ oZfynk, s/
PkB Bkb BZuD bZrh. fJZe G"ok ;[rzXs Sksh s/ nkD p?mk, i/ T[vkT[Adh j?
sK skb ftZu ftxB g?Adk j?, f;o s'A xVk fvrdk j?. (nkbw eth B/ ebgDk
d/ x'V/ d"VkJ/) ekwezdbk B/ nkgD/ ;[nk; o'e/, fJZe yk; ftXh tose/,
cokN/ Bkb nkgDh Sksh ftZu'A jtk eZYh, s/ G"ok T[vk fdZsk. wkXt nzdo
nkT[D tes oki/ B/ i' ehwsh jko fdZsk ;h. T[j Boseh dh ebk s/ w'fjs
j'e/ T[; d/ rb ftZu gk fdZsk. feT[Afe ;Gk ftZu j'o fe;/ ekwezdbk dh
fJ; Bt/ebh ndk dh ;wM BjhA gJh. fJ; bJh okik wkXt Bkb r[Z;/ j'
frnk. wkXt Bkb ekw ezdbk dk fgnko j'D s/ j'o BkokIrh tX rJh.
fJ; bJh fJE'A Gh wkXt d/P fBekbk fwb frnk. pqkjwD j'D eoe/ e'Jh
wko BjhA ;edk ;h. T[j fteowkihs oki/ d/ oki ftZu iK gj[zfunk. gsk
ehsk, fi; wzdo ftZu okik g{ik eoB nkT[Adk ;h T[E/ ezX s/ d'jk fby
fdZsk. ejk eo{z es ikT{A okw oki Bk nkfj. fsqnk ;zskg fti'r d[y okx'
ikBs Bkfj. oki/ B/ wkXt ;Zfdnk ftfEnk ;[Dh. nkgD/ pzd/ ekw
ezdbk e'b G/i/. go gsk bZrk fe T[j sK T[d'A s'A jh p/j'P gJh j?, id'A s'A
wkXt ftSfVnk j?. oki/ B/ w{ofSs ekw ezdbk dh Sksh s/ g?o oZye/
goyDk ukfjnk ihts j? fe wo rJh. Boseh B/ p/j'Ph ftZu'A jh fejk,
okik Sksh s/ g?o Bk oZy, fJE/ fJZe pqkjwD dk fBtk; j?, T[;dh p/gsh
j't/rh s? gkg bZr/rk. fJsB/ ftZu d'tK c"iK dk x'o i[ZX j'fJnk, p/nzs
f;gkjh wo/. id'A wkXt dZf;nk fe s/oh gq/fwek sK p/j'P gJh j?, sK T[j
Gh rP yk e/ fvZr fgnk, p/j'P j' frnk. fco goh ejkDhnK tKr ;[or
ftZu'A fJZe d/tsk nzfwqs b? e/ nkfJnk. ;Zu/ gq/wh ikDe/ d'tK ihts
(218)
ehsk. fpeowkihs okik fJjBK nkgD/ Bkb b? frnk, fJZe ;[zdo wfjb
pDtke/ fdZsk, fJjBK pkeh fIzdrh y[PhnK Goh r[ikoh. eth nkbw
fJ;dk nyho ftZu wjksw Gh d;dk j? ^
ekwh of;e g[oy i' ;[Bjh. s'A :fj eEk o?B fdB ;[Bjh.
fJj ejkDh d;w rqzE d/ fuqso' gkfynkB ftZu 91 fuZso ftZu Gh
fwbdh j?. T[E/ T[j nbZr ozr py/odh j?.
24H pj[s ;kohnK phVK d/ fuZso fJ; g[;se ftZu frL r[ofdZs
f;zx ih B/ fwjBs Bkb Pkwb ehs/ jB. e[ZM g[oksB phVK ftZu fJj ;{uBk
Gh Bkb jh fdZsh j'Jh fwbdh j? ^
J/j G'r ;qh nkd rqzE ih j?, okr wkbk fJ; ;{uBk s'A pknd fe;/
fby fdZsh.
uhc ykb;k dhtkB s/ j'o ftdtkB r[of;Zy okrwkbk r[opkDh
BjhA wzBd/ ;h. f;oc v/o/dko ;kX bkDk s/ T[jBK d/ u/b/ jh fjZe d/ skD
fJ; r[opkDh rodkBd/ oj/. frnkBh frnkB f;zx d/ eEB nB[;ko ^
J/; ftZu fe;/ wjb/ dk Bkw BjhA j?.
BkBe Bkw w'jo Skg BjhA j?.
r[o{ rqzE dh ekfte P?bh Bkb fJj w/b BjhA yKdh.
r[o{ rqzE ih d/ ;ko/ okr fJ; ftZu BjhA, fJ; ftub/
okr r[o{ rqzE ftZu BjhA jB.
JhPto d/ Bkw dh, r[oK dh wfjwK dh iK ;s;zr dh
fJ; ftZu wfjwK BjhA j?.
fJ; ftZu e'Jh Gh T[gd/P BjhA j?. e/tb okr okrDhnK
d/ Bkw jB.
wkXtBb B/ g'Eh ;kfjp dh ;zgkdBk s'A fJZeh toQ/ gfjbK okrwkbk
fbyh ;h, fJ; nekb sys tZb'A nZi sZe Gh gqtkB BjhA ehsk frnk.
f;Zy ofjs wfonkdk ftZu ni/ Gh wZsG/d uZfbnk nk fojk j?. ;' fJ;
s[ozs jh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp Bkb'A tZy eo d/Dk ukjhdk j?. (283)
(fJj g/go 25$7$04 ykb;k gzukfJs d/ eBthBo ;qL okfizdo
(219)
f;zx tZb'A, uzvhrVQ ftZu p[bkJh rJh ftuko r'PNh bJh fsnko ehsk frnk
;h. nD;[ykt/A ekoBK eoe/ fJj ftuko r'PNh w[bsth eoBh gJh.
frnkBh r[ofdZs f;zx tZb'A w[zdktDh Bkw dh fbyh g[;se pko/ fJj r'PNh
j'Dh ;h.
e[p[fX fwN? r[o ;pd[ phukfo] ;fsr[o G/N/ w'y d[nko]
ss[ B uhB? wBw[y[ ifb ikfJ] d[owfs ftS[fV u'NK ykfJ]
wkB? j[ew[ ;G/ r[D frnkB[] BkBe dorj gkt? wkB[](944)
[[[[
(220)
nkgDh wK p'bh
gP{ irs ftZu ns/ wB[Zyh ihtB ftZu pj[s e[M ;KMk j?, ykD, ghD,
;"D, g/N g{osh, pZu/ g?dk eoB/ nkfd. pZ;, fi; r[D B/ wB[Zy dk doik T[Zuk
ehsk T[j j? p'bh. p'bh okjhA wB[Zy ;fji Yzr Bkb ftukoK dk tNKdok
eodk j?. fJ; soQK fJZe d{i/ d/ frnkB Gzvko s'A ckfJdk T[mkfJnk iKdk
j?. id'A wB[Zy B/ nZyoK okjhA nkgD/ ftukoK fbyDK f;Zy fbnk, sK
uzrhnK fbysK s'A j'o b'eh th gVQ ;[D e/ bkjk b?D bZr/. ;kfjs, fJfsjk;,
;kfJz;, Xow ;kok ehwsh yIkBk fbys dk nzr pDe/ nkT[D tkbhnK
B;bK dh wbehns pDdk frnk.
jkbks, g"D gkDh ns/ feZfsnK d/ tyo/t/A ekoB wB[Zyh ;ZfGnsk
ftZu th fGzBsk nkT[D bZrh. fJ; d/ Bkb jh ns/ nkgDhnK b'VK w[skpe
p'bh th nbZr nbZr j[zdh ubh rJh. ;kohnK p'bhnK nkg' nkgD/ Ekt/A
wjZstg{oB jB. fizBhnK e'Jh gVQBhnK f;Zy bt/ Gbh rZb j?. go
pkb^wB'ftfrnkB d/ wkfjoK dk ftuko j? fe gzi ;kb sZe d/ pZu/ f;o|
p'bDk jh f;ykfJnk ikt/. fbyDk gVQBk pknd ftZu P[o{ ehsk ikt/.
nkgDh ;ZfGnsk, nkgD/ ohsh fotki ns/ nkgD/ Xow ;wMD tk;s/,
nkgDh p'bh f;ZyDh pj[s Io{oh j?. ;kv/ pZu/ gZSwh d/PK ftZu ofj e/
wPhBoh ns/ ;kfJz; d/ ezwK ftZu sK fBg[zB j' ikDr/, go Gkosh$gzikph
ebuo, f;Zy Xow s'A d{o ub/ ikDr/. nB/eK Ppd nfij/ jB i' fe gZSwh
d/PK ftZu p'bh dk, fIzdrh dk fjZ;k BjhA jB. fJBQK d/PK ftZu izw/ gb/ pZu/
nfij/ PpdK ;wMD s'A n;woZE j'Dr/. fw;kb d/ s"o s/ e[M tzBrhnK
g/P jB L^ nzfwqs t/bk ^ ;t/o dk ;[jktDk PKs tksktoD i' gzikp ftZu
gqkgs j? T[; gzikph s/ r[opkDh ftZu nzfwqs t/bk efjzd/ jB. gZSwh
w[beK d/ b'e ;odh GzB/ w";w d/ ;skJ/, nzdo tV e/ ;[Zs/ j[zd/ jB. T[j eh
ikBD nzfwqs t/b/ , ;ktD ^ eVedh X[Zg ns/ rowh s'A pknd whAj P[o{
j' iKd/ jB s/ w";w pj[s ;[jktDk j' iKdk j?. pZu/ febekohnK wkod/ BZ;d/
(221)
y/vd/ jB. i[nkB bVehnK fJeZmhnK j' ghxK M{NdhnK jB, frZXk gkT[AdhnK
jB. gzSh ufjed/ jB vZv{ rVQ?A rVQ?A eod/ jB. w'o g?bK gkT[Ad/ jB. ;koh
pB;gsh w"bQ T[Zmdh j?. fe;kB y/sK ftZu tZX s'A tZX ezw eod/ jB.
r[opkDh ftZu fJ; w'ohA o[D M[D bkfJnk G?D/ ;ktD nkfJnk fejk j?.
gZSwh w[beK d/ b'e fJ; soQK d/ e[dosh BIkfonk d/ fenk; BjhA eo
;ed/. T[j s/ whAj g?D *s/ d"V e/ nzdo tV iKd/ jB. ezwhA fe;kB, frZX/
fes/ d{ophB bkfJnK th BjhA bZGd/. gZSwh w[beK tkb/ b'e BK jh xbkVh,
rzv uV;, skok uVBk, e[ZeV dh pKr, Skj t/bk, e'jb{ ns/ j'o pj[s e[M
ikfDnk BjhA ikD ;ed/. fJ; s'A fJbktk r[opkDh, gzikph, r[ow[yh nZyoK
ftZu fbyh j'Jh j?. i/ ;kv/ pZfunK B/ gzikph p'bh Bk f;Zyh sK T[j r[opkDh
BjhA gVQ ;eDr/. f;Zy fJfsjk; BjhA gVQ ;eDr/. fi; dk f;ZXk wsbp
j? fe T[j f;Zy iK ykb;/ th BjhA pD ;eDr/.
g[okDh pkJhpb jhpo{ GkPk ftZu fbyh rJh ;h. :j{dh b'e do
pdo dhnK m'eoK yKd/ oj/. d{;oh ;z;ko izr ftZu ;Zm bZy :j{dh w"s d/
xkN T[sko/ rJ/. nzs T[BQK nkgDh fdqVsk s/ f;nkDg Bkb ngDk d/P
fJIokJhb pDk fbnk. wo u[Zeh jhpo{ p'bh w[V s'A ;ko/ d/P ftZu gVQB
fbyD dk I'odko jzGbk wkfonk frnk. nZi ;kok fJIokJhb jhpo[ p'bh
p'bdk j? s/ jhpo{ ftZu fbyh pkJhpb th pV/ ukn Bkb gVQdk j?. Jh;kJh
fwPBoh fe;/ d/P ftZu th ikD nzro/Ih Io{o gVQkT[Ad/ jB. fjzd{nK d/
g[okD/ t/d, wjKGkos, rhsk, owkfJD ;ko/ jh ;z;feqs ftZu fby/ j'J/ jB.
;z;feqs dk jh ;"yk o{g fjzdh p'bh j?. fjzdh dk fizBk th tZX gquko j't/rk
T[BQK jh b'e t/dK rqzEK ;"fynK jh gVQ ;eDr/. T[sBk jh fjzd{ Xow d/ B/V/
j[zd/ ikDr/. w[;bwkB fe;/ th d/P ftZu ikt/ nkgD/ pZfunK BwkI Iao{o
gVQkT[Adk j?. s/ T[; dh ;koh fJpknds noph ftZu j?. noph f;ZyD dk
wsbp j? e[okB gVQBh, T[BQK dk g[okDk ;kfjs gVQBk. id'A wB[Zy fJj ;kok
e[M gVQ/rk sK ;wM' T[j w[;bwkB sK pD jh ikt/rk. fjzd{, fJ;kJh,
w[;bwkB fiZE/ rJ/ T[BQk nkgDh p'bh ns/ ;ZfGnsk gqcZ[bs eoB tk;s/
dkfBnK tKr ezw ehsk j?. f;Zy fJ; gZy'A pj[s fgZS/ ofj rJ/ jB. iK sK
(222)
fJj ;wM bJhJ/ fe gzikp ftZu f;Zy Xow s/ f;Zy f;nk;s xZN gVQ/ fby/
b'eK d/ jZE ftZu j?. fJ;/ soQK gZSwhA w[beK ftZu xZN gVQ/ iK T[Zek jh
nBgVQ b'e f;nk;s ns/ Xow n;EkBk s/ ekpI jB. T[j ikDd/ jh BjhA
fe Xow , f;Zy ;fGnkuko , gzikph p'bh fet/A gqc[Zbs ehsk ik ;edk
j?. gVQ/ fby/ b'eK dh frDsh ysoBke jZd she xZN j?. fJ; bJh T[j fJBQK
u"XohnK s'A d{o jh ofjzd/ jB. :{oghB w[beK ftZu r[odtko/ sK nDfrDs
pDk bJ/ jB, go f;Zyh d/ ;e{b, r[owfs d/ ekbi, f;Zyh dh y'i tk;s/
:{Bhtof;Nh BjhA pDk ;e/. f;Zyh ns/ gzikph p'bh d/ tkX/ tk;s/ whvhJ/
dh tos'A BjhA eo ;e/. ;EkBe MrfVnK s'A T[Zgo T[Zm e/ e'Jh ;KMh s/ ;op
gqtkBs bhvofPg BjhA g?dk eo ;e/. r[opkDh s/ u'DtK f;Zy fJfsjk;
j'oBk p'bhnK ftZu nB[tkd eotk e/ n;hA jkbh sZe BjhA Sgtk ;e/. pj[s
e[M eoB tkbk j? fJ; gk;/.
f;Zy Xow ;z;ko d/ e[M e[ u'Dt/A XowK ftZu'A fJZe tXhnk Xow j?.
;z;ko d/ nB/eK go/PkBhnK ftZu ftbe oj/ b'eK ;[Zy PKsh d/D tk;s/
f;ZyK e'b r[opkDh dk wjkB yIkBk j?. jkb/ sZe 95# f;ZyK B/ y[d jh
r[opkDh BjhA gVQh, sK j'oBK fet/A gVQB tk;s/ nkyDr/ < gzikph p'bD
tkfbnK dh frDsh d[BhnK ftZu J/Bh j? fe i/ ;koh d[BhnK fJZe esko
ftZu yVk ehsk ikt/ sK jo pkjotK ftnesh gzikph p'b/rk. fiZE/ gzikp dh
Xosh nsh Ioy/i j?, T[E'A dk g"D gkDh ;[jktDk j?, o[ZsK y[Pp'JhnK jB,
rZGo{ oKrb/ jB, w[fNnkoK j[;B tkbhnK jB sK T[E/ gzikph p'bh th wkfyUA
fwZmh j?. f;Zyh dh o{j, wB[Zysk dh nkswk, r[opkDh dk s/ e'Jh itkp jh
BjhA. gzikph ;ZfGnkuko Bkb i[VB tk;s/, r[owfs d/ ;'jD/ fJfsjk;
gVQB tk;s/, nzfwqs d/ ;'w/ r[opkDh Bkb ;KM gkT[D tk;s/, gzikph p'bh
f;ZyDh jh gt/rh. gzikph p'bh ft;ko d/D dk wsbp j? gzikph ;fGnkuko
ft;ko d/Dk, gzikph oj[ ohsK fsnkr d/Dk, gzikph GzrV/ s/ frZX/ s'A
ftot/ j' ikDk, nkgD/ ;{ophoK s/ PjhdK G[Zb ikDk, r[o{ ;kfjpkB tZb'A
wB[Zysk d/ Gb/ fjZs ehs/ ekoBkfwnK ft;ko d/Dk ns/ o{j dh y[oke
r[opkDh s'A nDfGZi ofj ikDk j't/rk. eh fJ; soQK eoe/ n;hA ihts ofj
(223)
[[[[
(224)