Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals

11.1 Line integrals

} } }

C C C
r d a r d a r d

, , |
the forms of the line integral
}
}
C
C
represents open curve integral
represents closed curve (loop)
integral
(1)
} } } }
+ + =
C C C C
dz z y x k dy z y x j dx z y x i r d ) , , (

) , , (

) , , (

| | | |

(2)
dz a dy a dx a
dz a dy a dx a
k dz j dy i dx k a j a i a r d a
C
z
C
y
C
x
z y
C
x
z y
C
x
C
} } }
}
} }
+ + =
+ + =
+ + + + =
) (
)

( )

(

(i)
} }
=
A
B
B
A
r d a r d a

(ii)
} } }
+ =
B
P
B
A
P
A
r d a r d a r d a

Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
Ex: ,
}
=
C
r d a I

j x y i y x a

) (

) ( + + =

along the following paths:

(i)
x y =
2
from (1,1) to (4,2)
(ii)
, 1 2
2
+ + = u u x , 1
2
u y + =
) 2 , 4 ( ) 1 , 1 (
(iii) line followed line , 1 = y ), 1 , 4 ( ) 1 , 1 (
, 4 = x ) 2 , 4 ( ) 1 , 4 (
Sol: (i)
3 / 34 ] ) ( 2 ) [(
] ) ( ) [(
2
2
2
1
2
) 2 , 4 (
) 1 , 1 (
2
= + + =
+ + =
= =
}
}
dy y y ydy y y
dy x y dx y x I
dx ydy x y
(ii)
udu dy u y
du u dx u u x
2 1
) 1 4 ( 1 2
2
2
= + =
+ = + + =
3 / 32 2 ) ( ) 1 4 )( 2 3 (
] ) ( ) [(
1
0
1
0
2 2
) 2 , 4 (
) 1 , 1 (
= + + + + =
+ + =
} }
}
udu u u du u u u
dy x y dx y x I

Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
(iii)
} }
}
= + + =
+ + =
4
1
2
1
) 2 , 4 (
) 1 , 1 (
8 ) 4 ( ) 1 (
] ) ( ) [(
dy y dx x
dy x y dx y x I
line y=1, dy=0
line x=4, dx=0
Ex: Evaluate the line integral , where C is
the circle in the xy-plane defined by
}
=
C
xdy I
2 2 2
a y x = +
2
0
2 /
0
2 2 2
0
2
0
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 / ) cos 1 ( 4 cos 4
) / ( 1 4
4 2
) (
a
d a d a
dy a y a
dy y a dy y a
dy y a dy y a xdy I
a
a
a a
a
a
a C
a
a
t
u u u u
t
=
+ = =
=
= =
+ = =
} }
}
} }
} } }

y
x
) , (
2 2
y y a
) , (
2 2
y y a
a
a
Hint: set u u u d a dy a y cos / sin / = =
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
physical examples of line integrals
(1)
F

r d
}
= =
C
C
r d F W r d F dW

(2)
E

q
A
u
B
u
r d E q
B A
A B

}

= u u ) (
: electrostatic potential energy
(3)
B

r d

I
I r d B
C
}
=
0

: induced magnetic field

I
: carrying current
(4)
B r Id F d

=
B

I
: external magnetic field
: carrying current
B

r d

I
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
line integrals with respect to a scalar
du
du
r d
du
r d
a ds a
du
du
r d
du
r d
ds
du
du
r d
a r d a
du
du
r d
r d u r r
C C
C C
C C
} }
} }
} }
=
=
=
= =

| |
) (
u : is a parameter
S : the arc length along
the curve C
O
) (u r

) ( du u r +

r d

du
du
r d
u r du u r r d
du

0
) ( ) (

~ + =
du
du
r d
du
r d
r d r d ds


= =
infinitesimal displacement
infinitesimal arc length
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
Ex: Evaluate the line integral , where C is the semicircle
of radius a running from A=(a,0) to B=(-a,0), and for which
0 > y
ds y x I
C
}
=
2
) (
j a i a
d
r d
j a i a r

cos

sin

sin

cos ) ( | |
|
| | | + = + =

| | | | |
| |
ad d a d
d
r d
d
r d
ds = + = = ) sin (cos
2 2

) 2 sin 1 ( ) sin cos ( ) (
2 2 2
| | | = = a a a y x
Sol:
3
0
3 2
) 2 sin 1 ( ) ( a d a ds y x I
C
t | |
t
= = =
} }
for three-dimensional orthogonal curvilinear coordinates

d
d
du
h
d
du
h
d
du
h ds
u u
du h du h du h ds
i i
2 3 2
3
2 2 2
2
1 2
1
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
) ( ) (
) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
+ + =
=
+ + =
11.3 Greens theorem in a plane:
express the line integral around a loop as a double
integral over the enclosed region R
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
) , (
) , (
y x Q
y x p function and its partial derivative are
single-valued, finite, and continuous inside
and on the boundary of the closed curve C
dxdy
y
P
x
Q
Qdy Pdx
C R
) ( ) (
c
c

c
c
= +
} }}
Proof:
(1)
) (
) (
2
1
x y y
x y y
=
=
for the curve STU
for the curve SVU
} } }
}
} } } }}
= =
=
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
=
b
a
a
b C
b
a
b
a
x y y
x y y
x y
x y
b
a R
Pdx dx x y x P dx x y x P
dx x y x P x y x P
y x p dx
y
P
dy dx dxdy
y
P
)) ( , ( )) ( , (
))] ( , ( )) ( , ( [
)] , ( [
2 1
1 2
) (
) (
) (
) (
2
1
2
1
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
(2)
) (
) (
2
1
y x x
y x x
=
=
for the curve TSV
for the curve TUV
dxdy
y
P
x
Q
Qdy Pdx
Qdy dy y y x Q dy y y x Q
dy y y x Q y y x Q
y x Q dy
x
Q
dx dy dxdy
x
Q
C R
c
d
d
c C
d
c
d
c
y x x
y x x
y x
y x
d
c R
) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) 2 (
) ), ( ( ) ), ( (
)] ), ( ( ) ), ( ( [
)] , ( [
2 1
1 2
) (
) (
) (
) (
2
1
2
1
c
c

c
c
= +
= + =
=
=
c
c
=
c
c
} }}
} } }
}
} } } }}
=
=
Ex: Show that the area of a region R enclosed by a simple closed
curve C is given by
Hence calculate the area of the ellipse
} } }
= = =
C C C
ydx xdy ydx xdy A ) ( 2 / 1
| | sin , cos b y a x = =
x y x Q y y x p = = ) , ( , ) , ( (1) set
A dxdy dxdy
y
P
x
Q
ydx xdy
R C R
2 2 ) ( ) ( = =
c
c

c
c
=
}} } }}
(2) set
ab d ab
d ab ab ydx xdy A
C
t |
| | |
t
t
= =
+ = =
}
} }
2
0
2
2
0
2
2 /
) sin cos ( 2 / 1 ) ( 2 / 1
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
x y x Q y x p = = ) , ( , 0 ) , (
ab d ab b d a A
A xdy Qdy Qdy Pdx
A dxdy dxdy
y
P
x
Q
C C C
R R
t | | | |
t t
= = =
= = = +
= =
c
c

c
c
} }
} } }
}} }}
2
0
2
0
2
cos ) sin ( cos
) (
) (
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
(3) set 0 ) , ( , ) , ( = = y x Q y y x P
} }
} } }
}} }}
= = =
= = = +
= =
c
c

c
c
t t
t | | | |
2
0
2
0
2
sin ) cos ( sin
) (
) (
ab d ab a d b A
A ydx Pdx Qdy Pdx
A dxdy dxdy
y
P
x
Q
C C C
R R
using Greens theorem to investigate the path independence
of the line integrals
}
+ =
B
A
Qdy Pdx I ) (
* If the line integral is independent of the path:
(1) for a closed loop
0 ) ( 0 ) ( =
c
c

c
c
= + =
} }}
dxdy
y
P
x
Q
Qdy Pdx I
C R
y
P
x
Q
c
c
=
c
c

is a sufficient condition for I=0

Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
(2) for a open curve
0 ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
= u = +
u = +
u = u u = + =
} }
} }
C C
B
A
B
A
d Qdy Pdx
d Qdy Pdx
d A B Qdy Pdx I
an exact differential of some function
for a closed loop
x
Q
y
P
x
Q
y
P
y x x
Q
x y y
P
y
Q
x
P
Qdy Pdx dy
y
dx
x
d
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
=
c
c

c c
u c
=
c
c
c c
u c
=
c
c

c
u c
=
c
u c
=
+ =
c
u c
+
c
u c
= u
2 2
,
,
is also a necessary condition for I=0
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
11.4 Conservative fields and potentials
If the line integral between two points is independent
of the path, the vector field is called conservative.
}

C
r d a

a

A vector is conservative, if and only if , any of the following

is true
a

(1)
}

B
A
r d a

is independent of the path, and
0 =
}
C
r d a

(2) There exist a single-valued function
u V = u

a
(3)
0 = V a

(4) is an exact differential

r d a

0 ) (
) ( ) (
= u V V = V
u V = = u V = u
u = u = u u =
} }

a
a r d a r d d
d r d a d A B r d a
B
A
B
A
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
Ex: Evaluate the line integral , where
, A is the point (c,c,h)
and B is the point (2c,c/2,h), along the different paths.
}
=
B
A
r d a I

k x j y x i z xy a

) 2 (

) (
2 2
+ + + + =

(i) , given by
(ii) , given by
2
1
C
C
h z x c y
h z u c y cu x
= =
= = =
, 3 2
, / ,
Show that the vector is in fact conservative, and find
such that
a

u
u V =

a
}
+ + + + =
) , 2 / , 2 (
) , , (
2 2
] ) 2 ( ) [(
h c c
h c c
xdz dy y x dx z xy I
(i) along
) 1 ( ) / 2 (
0 , / , ,
2
1
2
2
1
= =
= = =
}
h c du u c hc I
dz u cdu dy cdu dx C
Sol:
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
(ii) along
) 1 ( ) 1 4 / 9 4 / 9 2 / (
0 , 2 ,
2
0
2 2 3
2
= + + =
= =
}
h c dx h x c cx x I
dz dx dy C
c
0 ) 2 2 (

) 1 1 (

) 0 0 (

2

2 2
= + =
+
c
c
c
c
c
c
= V
xy xy k j i
x y x xy
z y x
k j i
a

is conservative.
k y zx y x z y x
k z g x
z
g
x
z
z g y zx y x
z g y f
y
f
y x
y
f
y x
y
z y f zx y x z xy
x
a
+ + + = u
= =
c
c
+ =
c
u c

+ + + = u
+ = =
c
c
+ =
c
c
+ =
c
u c

+ + = u + =
c
u c

u V =
2
2
1
) , , (
) (
) ( 2
2
1
) ( 2 2 2
) , ( 2 /
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2

Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals

11.5 Surface integrals
}
}
}

u
S
S
S
S d a
S d a
S d

(1)
(2)
(3)
:

n
dS n S d =

a unit normal
closed surface open surface
}
S
}
S
* The surface is divided into N elements of area
each with a unit normal
N p S
p
.... 3 , 2 , 1 ; = A
p
n

p p p p p
S
N S
S n z y x a S d a
p
A =

A

}

) , , ( lim
0

Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals

Express any surface integral over S as a double integral
over the region R in the xy-plane.
k n
dA dA
dS dS dA

cos
cos

= = =
o
o
surface S: 0 ) , , ( = z y x f
unit
normal:
f f n V V =

/

z f
dA f
k f
dA f
k n
dA
dS
c c
V
=
V
V
=

=
/

and are evaluated on the surface

f V

z f c c /
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
Ex: Evaluate the surface integral , where and
S is the surface of the hemisphere with
}
=
S
S d a I

i x a

2 2 2 2
a z y x = + +
. 0 > z
method (1):
3
2
cos sin
) sin )( cos )(sin cos sin (
sin
cos sin

cos

sin sin

cos sin

3
2
0
2
2 /
0
3 3
2
2
a
d d a S d a I
d d a a S d a
d d a dS
a x
k j i r
dS r i x S d a
S
t
| | u u
| u u | u | u
| u u
| u
u | u | u
t t
= = =
=
=
=
+ + =
=
} } }

method (2):
0 ) , , (
2 2 2 2
= + + = a z y x z y x f
surface
} } }
c c
V
= = =
R S S
z f
dA f
r i x dS r i x S d a I
/
)

( )

Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals

dxdy
y x a
x
I
a x r i
y x a z
z
f
a r f r k z j y i x f
R
}}

=
=
= =
c
c
= = V = + + = V
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
/

2 2
2 2 2

* using polar coordinate

| | | d d dxdy y x = = = , sin , cos
3
2
sin cos
cos
cos
3
2 /
0
3 3
2
0
2
0 2 2
3
2
0
2
2 2
2 2
a
udu a d
d
a
d d d
a
I
a
R
t
| |

| | |

|
t t
t
= =

=
} }
} } }}
u asin =
3
2
| ) 3 cos
3
1
cos 3 (
4
1
) 3 sin sin 3 (
4
1
sin
2 /
0
2
0
2
0
3
= + =
=
} }
t
t t
u u
du u u udu
Hint:
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
vector area of surfaces
}
=
S
s d S

Ex: Find the vector area of the surface of the hemisphere

0 ,
2 2 2 2
> = + + z a z y x
Sol: The area element in spherical coordinates is
r d d a S d

sin
2
| u u =

k a
d d a k
d d a j d d a i S
k j i r

0 0
cos sin

sin sin

sin cos

cos

sin sin

cos sin

2
2 /
0
2
0
2
2 /
0
2
2
0
2
2
0
2 /
0
2 2
t
u u u |
u u | | u u | |
u | u | u
t t
t t t t
+ + =
+
+ =
+ + =
} }
} } } }

* is the projected area of the hemisphere on the xy- plane, and

not the surface area of the hemisphere.
* For a closed surface, the vector area is always zero.
S

For a open surface, the vector area depends only on its perimeter,
or boundary curve C.
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
C
r

r d

O
}
= =
C
r d r S r d r S d

2
1
2
1
A surface is confined to the xy-plane.
}
=
+ = + =
C
k ydx xdy S
j dy i dx r d j y i x r

) (
2
1

Ex: Find the vector area of the surface of the hemisphere
, by evaluating the line integral
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
0 ,
2 2 2 2
> = + + z a z y x
}
=
C
r d r S

2
1
Sol: The perimeter C of the hemisphere is a circle
2 2 2
a y x = +
k a k d a S
k d a
d a d a
a a
k j i
r d r
j a i d a r d
j a i a r

2
1

0 cos sin
0 sin cos

cos

sin

sin

cos
2
2
0
2
2
t |
|
| | | |
| |
| | |
| |
t
= =
=

=
+ =
+ =
}

physical examples of surface integrals:

Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
(1) total electric charge on a surface:
}
S
dS r ) (

o
(2) flux of vector field through surface:
}

S
S d a

(3) net mass flux of fluid crossing surface: S d r v r M

S


=
}
) ( ) (
(4) the electromagnetic flux of energy out of a given
volume V bounded by a surface S:
}

S
S d H E

) (
(5) solid angle:
} }

=

= O
S S
r
S d r
r
S d r
2 3

for a closed surface

if O is outside S:
if O is inside S:
0 = O
t 4 = O
V
S
r

O
O
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
the manipulation of surface integrals:
(1) take a surface S, by a parametric representation:
k v u z j v u y i v u x
v u z v u y v u x v u r

) , (

) , (

) , (
)] , ( ), , ( ), , ( [ ) , (
+ + =
=

(2) S has a normal vector:

n
n
n
v
r
u
r
r r n
v u



=
c
c

c
c
= =

(3)
}} }} }}
= =
=
c
c

c
c
=
c
c

c
c
=
S S S
dudv v u n v u r a dS n a S d a
dudv n dudv
v
r
u
r
dv
v
r
du
u
r
S d
) , ( )] , ( [

Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals

Ex 1: Compute the flux of fluid through the parabolic cylinder
surface if the velocity
vector is
, 3 0 , 2 0 , :
2
s s s s = z x x y S
k xz j i z v

3
2
+ + =

X
Z
Y
2
x y=
Sol: on the surface,
2
, u y v z u x = = =
72 ) 12 12 ( ) 6 6 (

3

2
1 0 0
0 2 1

3 0 , 2 0 ,

3
0
2
2
0
2
3
0
2
2
= = =
+ + =
= = =
=
c
c
= + =
c
c
=
s s s s + + =
} } } }}
dv v du uv dv dS n v
k uv j i v v
j i u u
k j i
r r n
k
v
r
r j u i
u
r
r
v u k v j u i u r
S
v u
v u

Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals

Ex 2: Surface integral for a vector on a plane k y i x a

2 2
+ =

1 = + + z y x
k i

k j


X
Z
Y
Sol: on the surface, set
and
v u z v y u x = = = 1 ,
3 / 1 ] ) 1 ( 3 3 / ) 1 [(
) 3 (

1 1 0
1 0 1


,

) 1 (

1 0 , 1 0 1 1
2
1
0
3
2 2
1
0
1
0
= + =
+ = =
+ + =

= =
=
c
c
= =
c
c
=
+ + =
s s s s = + = +
}
} } }} }}

dv v v v
v u du dv dudv n a S d a
k j i
k j i
r r n
k j
v
r
r k i
u
r
r
k v u j v i u r
v u v v u y x
v
S S
v u
v u

Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
11.6 Volume integrals
(1) total mass
(2) total linear momentum
dV r v r dV a
dV r dV
V V
V V
) ( ) (
) (

} }
} }

Ex: Find an express for the angular momentum of a solid body

rotating which angular velocity about an axis through the
origin.
e
Sol:
-
= = = = r dV
dt
r d
dV v dV P d dV dm

angular momentum
dV r r P d r l d
-
= =

total angular momentum

dV r r L
V
) (
}
-
=

} } }
= =
V V V
dV r r dV r dV r r L e e e

) ( )] ( [
2
r r

=
-
e
putting
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
volumes of three-dimensional region
the volume of the small circular cone:
} }
= =
=
S V
S d r dV V
S d r dV

3
1
3
1
V
S
S d

O
r

Ex: Find the volume enclosed between a sphere of

radius a centered on the region and a circular cone
of half-angle with the vertex at the origin.
Sol: on the surface
) cos 1 (
3
2
sin
3
1
)

( sin
3
1
3
1

sin ,

3
0
3
2
0
0
3
2
0
2
0
2
o t u u |
u u |
| u u
o t
o t t
= =
= =
= =
} }
} } }
a d a d
d r r a d S d r V
r d d a S d r a r

O
o o
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
11.7 Integral forms for grad, div, and curl at any point P
)
1
( lim

) (
)
1
( lim
)
1
( lim
)
1
( lim
0
0
0
0
}
}
}
}
= V
= V
= V
u = u V

C A
S V
S V
S V
r d a
A
n a
a S
V
a
S d a
V
a
S d
V

V is small volume enclosing P and S is
its bounding surface.
C is a plane contour of area A
enclosing the point P and is the
normal to the enclosed planar area.
n
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
Proof: for Cartesian coordinates
X
Y
Z
A
G
C
B
F E
H
D
dxdydz
z
z
y
y
x
x
dxdy dz
z
z dxdy z
dxdz dy
y
y dxdz y
dydz dx
x
x dydz x S d
CDHG ABFE
BFHD AEGC
ABDC EFHG S
)
(
) (
) (

) (

c
u c
+
c
u c
+
c
u c
=
c
u c
+ u + u
c
u c
+ u + u
c
u c
+ u + u = u
} }
} }
} } }

}
u = u V
=
S V
S d
V
V dxdydz

1
lim
0
0
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
dxdydz
z
a
y
a
x
a
dxdy dz
z
a
a dxdy
dxdz dy
y
a
a dxdz a
dydz dx
x
a
a dydz a S d a
z
y
x
z
z
CDHG ABFE
BFHD
y
y
AEGC
y
ABDC
x
x
EFHG
x
S
) (
) (
) (
) (
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+ + u
c
c
+ +
c
c
+ + =
} }
} }
} } }

}
= V
S V
S d a
V
a

1
lim
0
dxdydz
y
a
x
a
z
z
a
x
a
y
z
a
y
a
x
dxdy dz
z
a
a z dxdy a z
dxdz dy
y
a
a y dxdz a y
dydz dx
x
a
a x dydz a x a S d
x
y
x z
y
z
CDHG ABFE
BFHD AEGC
ABDC EFHG S
)] ( ) (

) (

[
)) ( ( ) (
)) (

( )

(
)) (

( ) (
c
c

c
c
+
c
c

c
c

c
c

c
c
=
c
c
+ +
c
c
+ +
c
c
+ + =
} }
} }
} } }

}
= V
S V
a S d
V
a

1
lim
0
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
consider the plane ABDC, its vector area is
x n x dydz A

= =

A n a
dydz a
dydz
y
a
dydz
z
a
dz z a dy y dz
z
a
a dz z dy
y
a
a dy y a
r d a r d a r d a r d a r d a r d a
x
z
y
A C C D D B B A ABDC C

) (
) (
) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) (

V =
V =
c
c
+
c
c
=
+
c
c
+ +
c
c
+ + =
+ + = =
} } } } } }

}
= V
S A
r d a
A
n a

1
lim

) (
0
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
Ex: Show that the geometrical definition of grad leads to the usual
expression for in Cartesian coordinates. | V

Sol: consider a small rectangular volume

two faces with x=constant are
z y x V A A A = A
z y i S z y i S A A = A A A = A

i z y x
x
i z y i z y

] ) [( A A A
c
c
= A A A = A A A +
|
| | | |
also consider another two faces y=constant and z=constant
k
z
j
y
i
x
z y x k
z
j
y
i
x z y x
S d
V
z y x
S V

] )

(
1
[ lim
1
lim
0 , ,
0
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
A A A
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
A A A
=
A
= V
A A A
A
}
| | |
| | |
| |

z y x k
z
j
y
i
x
S d
S
A A A
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
}
)

(
| | |
|

Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
Z
X
Y
S
P
T
Q
R
2 2 2

e u h A
3 3 3

e u h A
1 1 1

e u hA
Ex: By considering the infinitesimal volume
element show the
usual expression for in orthogonal
curvilinear coordinates.
3 2 1 3 2 1
u u u h h h dV A A A =
a

V
Sol: for face
3 3 2 2 1 1

e a e a e a a + + =

t cons u PQRS tan

1
=
1 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 2

e u u h h e e u u h h S A A = A A = A

S a

A
on and its opposite face, the net contribution is: PQRS
3 2 1 3 2 1
1
1
1
) ( ) ( u u u h h a
u
u S a
u
A A A
c
c
= A A
c
c

, similarly, for faces

t cons u u tan ) (
3 2
=
3 2 1 2 1 3
3
1 3 2
2
3 2 1
1
)] ( ) ( ) ( [ u u u h h a
u
h h a
u
h h a
u
S d a
S
A A A
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
}

)] ( ) ( ) ( [
1
]
1
[ lim
2 1 1
3
1 3 2
2
3 2 1
1 3 2 1
3 2 1 3 2 1
, ,
3 2 1
h h a
u
h h a
u
h h a
u h h h
S d a
u u u h h h
a
S u u u
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=

A A A
= V
}
A A A

Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals

Ex: By considering the infinitesimal planar surface element PQRS, show
the usual expression for in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates.
a

V
Sol: for plane PQRS define by two vector and
the unit normal is
2 2 2

e u h A
3 3 3

e u h A
1

e
k a j a i a a

3 2 1
+ + =

3 2 2 2
3
3 3
2
3 3 3 2 3 2 2
3
2 2
3 2 3 3
2
3 3 2 2 2
)] ( ) ( [
] ) ( [
] ) ( [
u u h a
u
h a
u
u h a u u h a
u
h a
u u h a
u
h a u h a r d a
PSRQ
A A
c
c

c
c
=
A A A
c
c
+
A A
c
c
+ + A =
}

PS
SR
RQ QP
Hint: for SR


3 2
2
3
3
2
3
3 3 3 3
3 3 2
2
3
3 3 2
2
3
3
) (

) (

) (
u u
u
a
h
u
h
a u h a
e u u
u
h
h e u
u
a
a r d a
A A
c
c
+
c
c
+ A ~
A A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ =

Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
at point P in the direction
1

e
)] ( ) ( [
1
]
1
[ lim ) (
2 2
3
3 3
2 3 2
3 2 3 2
0 ,
1
3 2
a h
u
a h
u h h
r d a
u u h h
a
PSRQ u u
c
c

c
c
=

A A
= V
}
A A

Similarly, we can obtain

)] ( ) ( [
1
) (
3 3
1
1 1
3 1 3
2
a h
u
a h
u h h
a
c
c

c
c
= V

)] ( ) ( [
1
) (
1 1
2
2 2
1 2 1
3
a h
u
a h
u h h
a
c
c

c
c
= V

set and using

| V =

a
)
1
( lim
0
}
= V
S V
S d a
V
a

)
1
( lim
0
2
}
V = V = V V
S V
S d
V

| | |
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
11.8 Divergence theorem and related theorems
from the above
)
1
( lim
0
}
= V
S V
S d a
V
a

for each volume

}

}
}

}
=
V = V
~ V
S
i
S
V
i
i
i
S
i
S d a S d a
dV a V a V
S d a V a
i
i

) ( 0
) (
} }
= V
S V
S d a dV a

divergence theorem
Ex: if , use the surface integral represents
its volume.
k z j y i x r a

+ + = =

} } } }
= = = = V
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V
S S V V
S d r V S d r V dV dV r
z
z
y
y
x
x
r

3
1
3 3
3
Sol:
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
Ex: Evaluate the surface integral , where
and S is the open surface of the hemisphere
}
=
S
S d a I

k x z j z x i x y a

) (

) (
2 2
+ + + =

. 0 ,
2 2 2 2
> = + + z a z y x
Sol: the total hemisphere surface is divided into two surfaces:
0 , :
0 , :
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 '
> = + +
= s +
z a z y x S
z a y x S
} }
} } } }
= = + + = V
+ = = V
'
'
0 1 0 1
S S
S S S V
S d a S d a a
S d a S d a S d a dV a
h

h
S
k x i x y a dxdy k S d S

) ( ,

:
2 '
+ = =

for
4
cos cos
,
4
0
3
2
0
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
'
a
d d d d
a y x R dxdy x S d a I
a
R
R S
t
| | | |
t
=
= =
s + e = =
} } }}
}} }

Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals

two-dimensional divergence theorem:
Y
X
R
C
dl n

r d

dx
dy
j dx i dy dl n
j dy i dx r d

=
+ =

= dl n r d

if the vector field is continuous and

differentiable in R.
a

} }
}} }

c
c
+
c
c
V

c
c
+
c
c
V
C S
y
R
x
V
y
x
dl n a dS n a
dxdy
y
a
x
a
a
dxdy dV
y
a
x
a
a

) (
,

tangent vector
normal vector
3D
2D
) (

) ( dx a dy a dl n a dxdy
y
a
x
a
y
C
x
C
y
R
x
= =
c
c
+
c
c
} } }}

Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
Greens theorems:
Two scalar functions and that are continuous and
differentiable in some volume V bounded by a surface S
for vector fields and
|

|V

. | V

dV dV S d
V V S
] [ ) (
2
| | | | V V + V = V V = V
} } }

dV dV S d
V V S
] [ ) (
2
| | | | V V + V = V V = V
} } }

(1)
(2)
(1)-(2) dV S d
V S
) ( ) (
2 2
| | | | V V = V V
} }

Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
other related integral theorems:
(1)
} }
= V
S V
S d dV

| |
Proof: is a constant vector and c c a

, | =
} } } } } }
= V = V = V
=
V = V + V = V
V S S V S V
S d dV S d c dV c S d c dV c
S d c S d c RHS
c c c c LHS

| | | | | |
| |
| | | |
:
) ( :
(2)
} }
= V
S V
b S d dV b

Proof: set is a constant vector and
c c b a

, =
} }
} } } }
= V
= = V = V
=
V = V V = V
V S
V V S S
b S d dV b
b S d c b S d c dV b c dV b c
b S d c S d c b RHS
b c c b b c c b LHS

) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( :
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( :
} }
= V
V S
S d c b dV c b

) ( ) (
} }
= V
V S
S d c dV c

| | ) (
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
physical application of divergence theorem:
Ex: For a compressible fluid with time-varying position-dependent
density and velocity , in which fluid is neither
being created nor destroyed, show that
) , ( t r

) , ( t r v

. 0 ) ( = V +
c
c
v
t

Sol: for an arbitrary volume V, the conservation of mass is

}
=
S
S d v
dt
dM

total mass
}
=
V
dV M
0 ) (
0 )] ( [ ) (
0
= V +
c
c

= V +
c
c
= V +
c
c
= +
} } }
} }
v
t
dV v
t
dV v dV
t
S d v dV
dt
d
V V V
S V

continuity equation
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
If a single source is located at the origin, the fluid radially at a
rate , the velocity is ) / (
3
s m Q
2 3
4

4 r
r Q
r
r Q
v
t t
= =

the flux across a sphere (center at origin) of radius is

1
S
Q r v S d v
S
= =
}
2
4
1
t

r
0 )
1
(
1
4
2
2
2
=
c
c
=
= V
r
r
r r
Q
v
t

undefined at the origin ( has a singularity)

v

except the origin

for any closed surface , that does not enclose the origin
2
S
0 = V =
} }
dV v S d v
V S

0 =
=
}
Q S d v
S

From the above, we conclude S enclose source

S disclose source
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
* the divergence theorem is valid, by redefining a delta function
: ) (
) (
r
r Q v

o
o = V
three-dimensional Dirac delta function
properties:
if lies in V
otherwise
a r a r

= = , 0 ) ( o
0
) ( ) ( ) (
=
=
}
a f dV a r r f
V

o
a

Ex: for any volume V containing the source at the

origin
Q dV r Q dV v
V V
} }
= = V ) (

o
Ex: if a source at and a sink at
) ( ) (
| | 4
) (
| | 4
) (
3 3
b r Q a r Q v
b r
Q b r
a r
Q a r
v

= V

= o o
t t
0 =
=
=
}
Q
Q S d v
S

enclose source
enclose sink
enclose none, or enclose them both
a

Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals

11.9 Stokes theorem and related theorems
for a previous theorem
divide the surface S into small area with boundary and
unit normal
)
1
( lim

) (
}
= V
C S
r d a
S
n a

i
S
i
C
.
i
n

}
= V
~ V
i
C
i
i
i
C
i i
i
i
r d a S n a
r d a S n a

) (

) (
Stokes theorem
Note: Stokes theorem involves a open surface.
Divergence theorem involves a closed surface.
} }
= V
C S
r d a S d a

) (
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
Ex: Given the vector field verify Stokes theorem for
the hemispherical surface
,

k z j x i y a + =

. 0 ,
2 2 2 2
> = + + z a z y x
Sol:
(1) for surface integral:
r d d a S d k
z x y
z y x
k j i
a

sin ,

2 / / /

2
| u u = =

c c c c c c = V

2 2
2 /
0
2
0
2 ) cos sin 2 ( ) ( a a d d S d a
S
t u u u |
t t
= = V
} } }

(2) for line integral:

The perimeter C is the circle
.
2 2 2
a y x = +
} } }
= + + + =
C C C
xdy ydx k dz j dy i dx k z j x i y r d a ) ( )

( )

(

2 2
2
0
2 2
2 ) cos (sin ) (
cos , sin sin , cos
a d a xdy ydx
d a dy d a dx a y a x
C
t | | |
| | | | | |
t
= + =
= = = =
} }
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
two-dimensional Stokes theorem
) (
)

( )

( ) (
) (

) ( ,

dy a dx a
j dy i dx j a i a dxdy
y
a
x
a
r d a S d a
k
y
a
x
a
a j a i a a
y
C
x
y
C
x
x
R
y
C S
x
y
y x
+ =
+ + =
c
c

c
c
= V
c
c

c
c
= V + =
}
} }}
} }

let and recover Greens theorem

x
a P =
=
y
a Q
related integral theorems:
(1)
} }
= V
C S
r d S d


| |
c c a

, | = is a constant vector,
} }
= V
C S
r d c S d c

| | )] ( [
by Stokes theorem
} } } }
= V = V
V = V = V
V = V + V = V
C S C S
r d S d r d c S d c
S d c S d c S d c
c c c c

| | | |
| | |
| | | |
) ( ) ( )] ( [
) (
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
(2)
} }
= V
C S
b r d b S d

) (
c c b a

, =
is a constant vector, by Stokes theorem
} }
= V
C S
r d a S d a

) (
} } }
= =
C C C
b r d c c b r d r d c b RHS ) ( ) ( ) ( :

b r d b S d
b r d c b S d c S d c b
b S d c S d c b LHS
C S
C S S

= V
= V = V
V = V
} }
} } }
) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( :
b S d c b S d c b dS c
dS b c dS c b
dS c b dS c b
S d c b
n
n
n mnj m j
j n m
n
k mnj m i kij
k j i n m
n k ijk mnj
n m
n m
k j i
i
k ijk j
k j i
i k
k
k

V = V = V =
c = c =
c = V =
V



) ( ] ) [( ) (
)] ( [ ) (
) ( )] ( [
) (
,
, , , ,
,
c
c c c c
c
Chapter 11 Line, surface and volume integrals
Ex: From Amperes law derive Maxwells equation in the case
where the currents are steady, i.e. . 0
0
= V J B

Sol: Amperes law:

Stokes theorem:
} }
=
S C
S d J r d B

0
) (
0
0
= V
V
V =
}
} }
J B
S d J B
S d B r d B
S
S C

S
C