Describe How Cells Grow Can mean increase in cell size (Hypertrophy) or cell number (proliferation) Occurs during

ng fetal and childhood growth, but also a feature throughout adult life Phase G1 What Happens Cell grows in size and prepares itself for DNA synthesis Monitors internal and external environment S phase DNA synthesis TRIGGERED BY S-CDKs activate proteins which unwind DNA (helicases) and initiate replication G2 Cell grows in size, duplicates organelles. Prepares for division Mitosis Condensation of duplicated chromosomes, loss of nuclear envelope, alignment of chromosomes along equator, separation to opposite poles regulated by M-CDK which also promotes breakdown of nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Cleavage of daughter cells through formation of a cellular plate Ways in which signaling molecules lead to changes in cell behavior RTK with intrinsic kinase activity directly phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues RTK are integral membrane proteins with three domains: extracellular; transmembrane; intracellular Ligand binding to a single transmembrane receptor via extracellular domain causes receptor chains to dimerise which catalyzes receptor autophosphorylation and tyrosine phosphorylation of RTK residues Increased kinase activity Signalling proteins Src/PTB (tyrosine kinases) bind to specific phosphorylated sites on receptor because of binding domains When SH2 (protein domain of Src oncoprotein) become activated, they then activate a set of genes encoding GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS. Sos gene encodes a ras-GEF, which is required for sev RTK to activate ras. Sos protein actiovates ras by acting ass Ras-GEF. Sos protein causes ras to undergo conformational change. After EXCHANGING GDP FOR GTP. Ras activates a MAP KINASE SIGNALLING MODULE. (mitogen activated protein kinase) Activated ras stimulates the enzyme Raf-protein kinase. *(map kinase kinase kinase) which phosphorylates and axtivates an enzyme MAPKK (Mek) which phosphorylates and activates Map kinase (Erk) Erk phosphorylates various proteins within the cell including gene regulatory proteins and directly influences cycling production.