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Benefits of Wireless Networks Companies can realize the following benefits by implementing wireless networks: Mobility Ease of installation in difficult-to-wire area Reduced installation time Increased reliability Long-term cost saving
1) Mobility User mobility indicates constant physical movement of the person and their network appliance. Many jobs require workers to be mobile, such as inventory clerks, healthcare workers, policemen, emergency care specialists, and so on. Wire line networks require a physical tether between the user's workstation and the network's resources, which makes access to these resources impossible while roaming about the building or elsewhere. As an analogy, consider talking on a wired phone having a cord connecting the handset to the telephone base station. You can utilize the phone only within the length of its cord. With a wireless cellular phone, however, you can walk freely within your office, home, or even talk to someone while driving a car. Wireless networking offers mobility to its users much like the wireless phone, providing a constant connection to information on the network. This connection can be extremely useful if you are at a customer's site discussing a new product, delivering emergency care to a crash victim, or in a hotel room sending and receiving e-mail. You cannot become mobile unless you eliminate the- wire through the use of wireless networking.
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The implementation of wireless networks offers many tangible cost savings when performing installations in difficult-to-wire areas. If rivers, freeways, or other obstacles separate buildings you
want to connect a wireless MAN solution may be much more economical than installing physical cable or leasing communications circuits such as Tl service or 56 Kbps lines. Some organizations spend hundreds, thousands, or even millions of dollars to install physical links with nearby facilities. If you are facing this type of installation, consider wireless networking as an alternative. The deployment of wireless networking in these situations costs thousands of dollars, but will result in a definite cost savings in the long run.
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3) Reduced Installation Time The installation of cabling is often a time-consuming activity. For LANs, installers must pull twisted-pair wires above the ceiling and drop cables through walls to network outlets that they must affix to the wall. These tasks can take days or weeks, depending on the size of the installation. The installation of optical fiber between buildings within the same geographical area consists of digging trenches to lay the fiber or pulling the fiber through an existing conduit. You might need weeks or possibly months to receive right-of-way approvals and dig through ground and asphalt. The deployment of wireless LANs, MANs, or WANs, greatly reduces the need for cable installation, making the network available for use much sooner. Thus, many countries lacking a network infrastructure have turned to wireless networking as a method of providing connectivity among computers without the expense and time associated with installing physical media. Increased Reliability A problem inherent to wired networks is the downtime due to cable faults. Moisture erodes metallic conductors. These imperfect cable splices can cause signal reflections that result in unexplainable errors. The accidental cutting of cables can also bring a network down quickly. Water intrusion can also damage communications lines during storms. These problems interfere with the users' ability to utilize network resources, causing havoc for network managers. The advantage of wireless networking, then, is experiencing fewer problems because less cable is used. 4) Long-Term Cost Savings Companies reorganize, resulting in the movement of people, new floor plans, office partitions, and other renovations. These changes often require recabling the network, incurring both labor and material costs. In some cases, the re-cabling costs of organizational changes are substantial, especially with large enterprise networks. A reorganization rate of 15% each year can
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Earth Station: Satellite communication system consists of a number of earth stations interconnected through a single relay repeater called satellite. At transmitting earth station: base band signal modulates intermediate carrier frequency. Modulated signal is up-converted using local oscillator to microwave frequency band (for C band, it is 6 GHz). The RF signal is amplified in a high power amplifier (HPA) and transmitted to the satellite repeater through transmitting antenna. Frequency used for this transmission is called up-link frequency. Signal is received through satellite antenna and it is amplified and converted to down-link frequencies and then amplified and transmitted back to the earth through transmit satellite antenna. Frequencies used for transmitting signals from satellite to earth station are called down-link frequencies. Earth, station receives this signal (transmitted from satellite) through antenna, is amplified first by sensitive low noise amplifier (LNA) and then down converted and then demodulated to receive the baseband signal. Satellite Earth Station There are mainly three types of earth station depending upon capacity channels transmission.
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(1) Main (2) Primary (3) Remote 1. Main earth station uses full bandwidth of transponder. One transponder has bandwidth of 36 MHz which can transmit maximum of 1920 channels. 2. Primary earth station can transmit minimum of 300 channels. 3. Remote earth station can transmit only few channels. Generally 2 or 3 channels or even sometime single channel. Only SCPS or MSPC circuits are working with remote station. Different parameters for different earth stations are given in Table
Site Selection for Earth Station: Once a network has been planned and cities and towns have been identified, a search has to start for site selection of earth station. Following are
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C]
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Initially when the user enters the called number and presses the send key. The MS establishes a signaling connection to the BSS on a radio channel. This may involve authentication and ciphering. Once this has been established the call setup procedures will take place according to the sequence shown in Fig. 1) The MS sends the dialed number indicating service requested to the MSC (via BSS) 2) The MSC checks from the VLR if the MS is allowed the requested Service. If so, MSC asks the BSS to allocate necessary resources for the call. 3) If the calls allowed, the MSC routes the call to GMSC. 4) The GMSC routes the call to the Local Exchange of called user. 5) The LE alerts (applies ringing) the called terminal. 6) Answer back (ring back tone) from the called terminal to LE 7) Answer back signal is routed back to the MS through the serving MSC which also completes the speech path to the MS. Mobile Terminated Call
The sequence shown in Figure relates to a call originating in the PSTN and terminating at an MS in a GSM network.
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1) The PSTN user dials the .MSISDN of the called user in GSM. 2) The LE routes the call to the GMSG of the called GSM user. 3) The GMSC uses the dialed MSISDN to determine the serving HLR for the GSM user and interrogates it to attain the required routing number. 4) The HLR requests the current serving VLR for the called MS for a MSRN (MS Roaming Number) so that the call can be routed to the correct MSC. 5) The VLR passes the MSRN to the HLR. 6) The HLR passes the MSRN to the GMSC. 7) Using the MSRN, the GMSC routes the call to the serving MSC. 8) The MSC interrogates the VLR for the current Location Area Identity (LAI) for the MS. 9) The VLR provides the current location (LAI) for the MS. 10) The MSC pages the MS via the appropriate BSS. The MS responds to the page and sets up the necessary signaling links. 11) When the BSS has established the necessary radio links, the MSC is in formed and the call is delivered to the MS. 12) When the MS answers the calf, the connection is completed to the calling PSTN user.
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Que. 2
A logical architecture defines the network's protocols-rules by which two entities communicate. People observe protocols every day. Individuals participating in a business meeting, for example, interchange their ideas and concerns while they avoid talking at the same time. They also rephrase a message if no one understands it. Doing so ensures a well-managed and effective means of communication. Likewise, PCs, Servers, routers, and other active devices must conform to very strict rules to facilitate the proper coordination and transformation. One popular standard logical architecture is the 7-layer Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model, developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO). OSI specifies a complete set of network functions, grouped into layers. Fig. 3.2 illustrates the OSI Reference Model. The OSI layers provide the following network functionality:
Layer 7 Application layer Establishes communications with other users and provides services such as file transfer and e-mail to the end users of the network. Layer 6 Presentation Layer
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Mobile Station consist of two units Mobile Hand set is one of the most complicated GSM devices. It provides user the access to the Network.
Subscriber Identity Module SIM is a removable module goes into the SIM has unique number called international" Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). It has built in Microcomputer & memory into it.
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BSC
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BTS BTS has a set of Transceivers to talk to MS. One BTS covers one or more than one cell. Capacity of BTS depends on no of Transceivers. BTS is connected to BSC via A'bis interface. Transmission rate on Abis is 2 Mbps (G.703). Interface between MS & BTS is called Air I/F. Transmission rate on Air interface is 13 Kbps. BTS controls RF parameters of MS. Each TRx has 8 TDMA channels to carry Voice & signaling
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Que. 2 Attempt following: A] Explain Handover in GSM Cellular systems require handover procedures, as single cells do not cover the whole service area, but, e.g., only up to 35 km around each antenna. The smaller the cell size and the faster the movement of a mobile station through the cells (up to 250 km/h for GSM), the more handovers of ongoing calls are required. However, a handover should not cause a cut-off, also called call drop. There are two basic reasons for a handover (about 40 have been identified in the standard): The mobile station moves out of the range of a BTS or a certain antenna of a BTS respectively. Thus, the received signal level becomes lower continuously until it falls underneath the minimal requirements for communication. Or the error rate may grow due to interference, the distance to the BTS may be too high (max. 35 km) etc. all these effects may diminish the quality of the radio link and make radio transmission impossible in the near future. The wired infrastructure (MSC, BSC) may decide that the traffic in one cell is too high and shift some MS to other cells with a lower load (If possible). Thus, handover may be due to load balancing. Fig. shows four possible handover scenarios in GSM: Intra-cell handover: Within a cell, narrow-band interference could make transmission at a certain frequency impossible. The BSC could then decide to change the carrier frequency (scenario 1). Inter-cell, intra-BSC handover: This is a typical handover scenario. The mobile station moves from one cell to another, but stays within the control of the same BSC. The BSC then performs a handover, assigns a new radio channel in the new cell and releases the old one (scenario 2). Inter-BSC, intra-MSC handover: As a BSC only controls a limited
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B]
Explain GPRS In early 2000, only a small portion of GSM subscribers used data
services, because existing GSM systems do not support easy access, high data rate, and attractive prices. GSM operators must offer better services to stimulate the demand. The solution is the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). GPRS reuses the existing GSM infrastructure to provide end-to-end
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The GPRS components perform similar functions as the components of the CDMA2000 system, as discussed in the previous sections, but do not use standard IP protocols such as CDMA. There are many new components and interfaces to learn with GPRS, but it is worthwhile getting familiar with them because GSM networks are so popular. In addition, the third generation network system, the Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS) uses the same components. The GPRS components are as discussed below: The Packet Control
Unit or PCU is similar to the PCF used in CDMA, but is typically placed at the Base Station. Its role is to separate the data packets from the voice packets. Voice traffic gets routed to the Base Station Controller as discussed in Chapter 4, while data packets get routed to the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN). Similar to the role of the PCF in CDMA2000 networks, it is involved in the micro-level mobility as the user roams between base stations. The "protocol between the PCU and SGSN is called the Gb protocol, which runs over a Frame Relay connection between the PCU and the SGSN.
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Que. 3 A]
Explain Mobile OS A mobile operating system, also known as a mobile OS, a mobile
platform, or a handheld operating system, is the operating system that controls a mobile device or information appliancesimilar in principle to an operating system such as Windows, Mac OS, or Linux that controls a desktop computer or laptop. However, they are currently somewhat simpler, and deal more with the wireless versions of broadband and local connectivity, mobile multimedia formats, and different input methods. Typical examples of devices running a mobile operating system are smart phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and information appliances, or what are sometimes referred to as smart devices, which may also include embedded systems, or other mobile devices and wireless devices. B] How does roaming works Visiting Location Register (VLR)
C]
Active Subscriber is registered in VLR. It is a temporary data base of all the active subscribers. HLR validates subscriber before registration. MSC ask VLR before routing incoming call. Why Cell is Hexagonal
In a cellular System a land area is divided into regular shaped cells, which can be hexagonal, square, circular or some other irregular shapes,
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Integration of Voice and Data - The integration of voice and data traffic will be demanded by multi application software. The inevitable evolution will be web servers capable of interacting with voice, data and images.
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Connectivity (SOC) to mobile devices or Always On Connectivity (AOC). BSI Consulting coined SOC and AOC terminology in order to effectively describe to our clients the communications frequency and performance: capabilities of alternatives for mobile computing solutions. SOC clients can work effectively in a disconnected mode and take advantage of wireless or wired connections when they are available while AOC clients must be connected all or most of the time to be effective. SOC clients have the ability to store large amounts of data on the mobile device and provide the user with a complete application solution even when the user does not have a wireless or wired data connection. Data updates can occur when wireless, Internet dialup, network or desktop synchronization connections are available. Regardless of connectivity, productive work can proceed. Data updates, when they do occur, can be fast bursts of small amounts of data rather than entire screen images that AOC clients employ. SOC client technology typically requires a Pocket PC or WinCE device in order to have sufficient processing power and data storage capability.
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Retail Retail organizations need to order, price, sell, and keep inventories of merchandise. A wireless network in a retail environment enables clerks and store room personnel to perform their functions directly from the sales floor. Salespeople are equipped with a pen-based computer or small computing device with bar code reading capability and a wireless link to the store's database. They are then able complete transactionssuch as price checks, special orders, and inventory - from anywhere within the store. Warehousing Warehouse staff must manage the receiving, shipping, and inventory of stored goods. These responsibilities keep the staff mobile. Warehouse operations have traditionally bean a paper-intensive and time-consuming environment. An organization, however, can eliminate paper, reduce errors, and decrease the time necessary to move items in and out by giving each warehouse employee a handheld computing device with a bar code scanner interfaced via wireless network to a warehouse inventory system. Upon receiving an item for storage within the warehouse, a clerk can enter the item's nomenclature and part number by keying the information into the database via the handheld device. A forklift operator can then move the item to a storage place and enter the location via a similar handheld device.
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Utilities Utility companies operate and maintain a highly distributed system that delivers power and natural gas to industries and residences. Utility companies must continually monitor the operation of the electrical distribution system and gas lines, and must check usage meters at least monthly to calculate bills. Traditionally, this means a person must travel from location to location, record information, and then enter the data at a service or computing center. Several utility companies are employing wireless networks to support the automation of meter reading and system monitoring, saving time and reducing overhead costs. Kansas City Power & Light, for example, operates one of the largest wireless metering systems, (serving more than 150,000 customers in eastern Kansas and western Missouri. This system employs a monitoring device at each customer site that takes periodic meter readings and sends the information back to a database that tracks usage levels and calculates bills, avoiding the need for a staff of meter readers. In addition, the Jacksonville Electric Authority (JEA) in Jacksonville, Florida, uses a RAM Mobile Data wireless WAN service to save time and reduce paperwork. This system eliminates radio conversations and paperwork between central-site dispatchers and maintenance seeding UP the service to customers. Field Service Field service personnel spend most of their time on the road installing and maintaining systems or inspecting facilities under construction. In order to complete their jobs, these individuals need access to product documentation and procedures. Traditionally, field service employees have had to carry several binders of documentation with them to sites that often lack a phone and even electricity in some cases, the field person might not be able to take all the documents with him to a job site, causing him to delay the work while obtaining the proper information. On long trips this information may also become outdated. Updates require delivery that may
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Explain: Mobile Node a node which is capable of mobility; i.e., a node which can change its point-of-attachment from one link to another while maintaining all existing communications and using only its (permanent) IP home address.
2]
Home Agent A router with at least one interface on a mobile node's (current) foreign link. When a mobile node uses a foreign agent's care-of address; the foreign agent de-tunnels and delivers packets to the mobile node that were tunneled by the mobile node's home agent. A foreign agent might also serve as a default router for packets sent by a registered mobile node. foreign agent care-of address an address of a foreign agent that has at least one interface on a mobile node's current foreign link Foreign link (foreign network) any link other than a mobile node's home link; i.e. any link whose network-prefix does not equal the network-prefix of a mobile node's home address.
3]
Foreign Agent A router with at least one interface on a mobile node's home link. A home agent intercepts packets destined to a mobile node's home address and tunnels them to the mobile node's care-of address when the mobile
B]
Explain Source Addressing Mobile IP, as described in [RFC 2002], does indeed assume that IP
unicast packets (i.e., those with a single destination, as opposed to multicast packets) are routed based solely on their IP Destination Address
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The <do> tag can be used to activate a task when the user clicks on a word/phrase on the screen. A <do> tag can also be nested inside a <template> tag. The <do> tag will then apply to all cards in the deck. Syntax <do type="type"> TASK TO PERFORM </do>
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2]
Table
The <table> tag defines a table. The <table> tag is used together with the <tr> and <td> tag to create a table. The number attribute is required. A value of zero is not allowed. WML tables have no borders. Syntax <table columns="a number"> <tr> <td></td> </tr> </table>
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Select
The <select> tag defines a selectable list. The <option> tag is used to define the options in the selectable list. Syntax <select> <option>text</option> <option>text</option> </select>
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Input
The <input> tag defines an input field (a text field where the user can enter some text). Syntax <input name="some name"/>
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B] 1]
<? xml version=1.0?> <! DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC -//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.3//EN http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml13.dtd> <wml> <card id=card1 title=Card 1> <onevent type=ontimer> <go href=#card2/> </onevent> <timer value=50/> <p align=center> Timer Example First Card </p> </card> <card id=card2 title=Card 2> <p align=center> <big> Welcome to Second Card </big> </p> </card> </wml>
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<? xml version=1.0?> <! DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC -//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.3//EN http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml13.dtd> <wml> <card id=card1 title=Card 1> <p align=center> <select name=s1> <option onpick=mouse>Mouse</option> <option onpick=keyboard>Keyboard</option> <option onpick=monitor>Monitor</option> </select> </p> </card> <card id=mouse title=Mouse Info> <p align=center> <big>Mouse Specification: < /big><br/> Type=Optical Mouse<br/> Mrp=300Rs </p> </card> <card id=keyboard title=Keyboard Info> <p align=center> <big>Keyboard Specification:</big><br/> Type=PS/2<br/>
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Que. 6 A]
B]
WMLScript serves as a complement to WML and provides a general scripting capability in the WAP architecture (WAP Forum, 1998). While all WML content is static, WMLScript offers several capabilities not supported by WML: Validity check of user input: Before user input is sent to a server, WMLScript can check the Validity and save bandwidth and latency in case of an error. Otherwise, the server has to perform all checks which always include at least one round-trip time if problems occur. Access to device facilities: WMLScript offers functions to access hardware components and software functions of the device. On a phone a user could, e.g., make a phone call,
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A wide range of application markup languages (HTML, industry dialects of XML, WML)
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