NETWORKING

CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY
GROUP 3
KIRENGA Kenny
SHAMI HIMBAZA Paradie Emmanuella
MUGISHA Pascal
ABIJURU Chance Regine
FORGIVENESS Peace Love
CELLULAR NETWORK

Cellular network is a network technology that facilitates mobile

communication over cells,transceiver and base stations. A cellular network
or mobile network is a telecommunications network where the link to and
from end nodes is wireless and the network is distributed over land areas
called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver.
 COMPONENTS OF CELLULAR NETWORK

A typical cellular network is made up of several key components that work

together to provide mobile services. These components include:
● Mobile Switching Center(MSC)
● Central Offices(CO)
● Cell
● Base station & Antenna
COMPONENTS OF CELLULAR NETWORK
 MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER (MSC)

This is a central component of a network. Its function include:

➢ Control the flow of voice and data traffic between mobile
services
➢ Acts as a gateway between wireless network and wired network
➢ Routing calls and data to the appropriate base station
➢ It controls number of cells
 CENTRAL OFFICE (CO)

Is the point where local loop terminates

Local loop:is a connection between a user’s phone and the local exchange

Central office is responsible for :

➢ Connecting calls between users on a different local loop

➢ Providing other services including call routing ,call waiting and caller id
➢ Connecting other telephone exchange in the wider network
 CELLS

Is simply a basic coverage area.

Cells are served by antenna and base stations.

In network diagrams cells are depicted by hexagons

Multiple cells from a network in a honeycomb

Cell size depends on:

➢ Network access method

➢ Region topology
➢ Amount of cellular network
 BASE STATION AND ANTENNA

A base station is a fixed transceiver that connects mobile devices to cellular

network.

Antenna is a device that transmits and receives signals from mobile devices
and the basic station
 HANDOFFS
Antennas are positioned at three corners of each cell ,providing coverage
over three equidistant lobes.
When a user passes from one coverage to another his mobile devices begins
to communicate with a different antenna
This transition is known as HANDOFFS(Which happens without the user’s
knowledge)
It is important to make a continuous connection and prevent dropped calls
 CELLULAR NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

● HLR(Home Location Register) :database that contains current location of each

mobile belonging to MSC
● VLR(Visitor Location Register): it records visiting location of each mobile
HOW CELLULAR NETWORK WORKS

When a mobile device is turned on, it automatically connects to the nearest base station.
The base station assigns the mobile device a unique identifier, called a mobile station
identifier (MSID). The MSID is used to keep track of the mobile device's location as it
moves from one cell to another.

When the mobile device makes a call or sends a text message, the signal is sent to the
nearest base station. The base station then relays the signal to the mobile switching center
(MSC), which is a central computer that connects the cellular network to the public
switched telephone network (PSTN). The PSTN is a global network of telephone lines
that allows calls to be made between different networks.
WHY CELL IS IN HEXAGONAL
IN CELLULAR SYSTEM LAND AREA IS DIVIDED INTO A REGULAR
SHAPED CELLS
THE POSSIBLE SHAPES THAT SATISFIES THE AREA WITHOUT
OVERLAPPING CONDITION :HEXAGONAL; SQUARE; TRIANGLE
BUT FOR CIRCLE IT HAS A PROBLEM OF OVERLAPPING
CRITERIA FOR CELL SHAPES :
-GEOMETRIC SHAPES
-AREA WITH NO OVERLAP
-AREA OF THE CELL SHOULD BE MAXIMUM
THE EFFECTS OF THESE TO THE CELLS ARE
-OVERLAPPING OF THE CELL: INTERFERENCE
-GAP BETWEEN CELLS: LESS OVERAGE AREA
BY CONCLUDING WE CAN SAY THAT THE BEST SHAPE OF THE CELL
IS HEXAGONAL BECAUSE THIS SHAPE HAS NO OVERLAPPING , NO
GAP AND IT HAS PROPER SHAPE
MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

➔ Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA): In FDMA, the available

frequency spectrum is divided into multiple non-overlapping frequency
bands(meaning do not interfere with each other during transmission), and each
user is allocated a unique frequency band for communication. Each user
occupies a specific frequency band for the entire duration of the communication,
allowing multiple users to simultaneously access the network by utilizing
different frequency bands. (1G)In this technique guard bands are used to avoid
any interference.

➔ Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): TDMA allows multiple users to

share a common frequency and divides the available time into fixed-duration
time slots. Each user is assigned one or more time slots within a predefined time
frame. Users take turns transmitting their data during their allocated time slots.
CONT…….
➔ Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): CDMA allows multiple users to share the
same frequency band simultaneously by assigning a unique code to each user. Each user's
data is spread over a wide frequency band using a unique code, and all users transmit
simultaneously. The receiver uses the corresponding code to extract the desired user's
signal while rejecting interference from other users. (3G)

➔ Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA): OFDMA is a multi-user

version of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). It improves the
network performance by establishing independently modulating subcarriers within
frequencies. OFDMA divides the available frequency spectrum into multiple orthogonal
subcarriers. Each user is assigned a subset of subcarriers for communication. Users can
transmit data simultaneously on their assigned subcarriers, allowing for efficient sharing
of the frequency band. (4G and 5G)
 CELLULAR NETWORK
GENERATIONS
● First Generation(1G): Analog cellular network that was introduced in the
early 1980. It enabled voice only communication.
● Second generation(2G):This is a digital cellular network that enabled voice
communication and text messages .Examples include :GSM(Global System
for Mobile communication),CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access)
● 2.5G and 2.75G:This enhanced data technology through GPRS(General
Packet Radio Service)
CONT……..

● Third Generation(3G): introduced in the early 2000s.This provided faster

data transfer rates for multimedia application. This included video calling ,
mobile internet access .Examples:UMTS(Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System)

● Fourth Generation(4G): This provided high data transfer, lower latency

and multimedia support. Examples include:LTE(Long Term Evolution),
WIMAX(WorldWide Interoperability For MIcrowave Access)

● 4.5G and 4.9G: This enhanced data speeds and network

capacity.Examples:LTE advanced
CONT……….
● Fifth Generation(5G):Offers significantly higher data transfer
rates.low latency, and support massive number of connected
devices.This enable new application such as IoT(Internet Of
Things),augmented reality ,and virtual reality.It utilizes technology
such as mm Wave(millimetre wave) and MIMO(Multiple Input
Multiple Output).
ADVANTAGES

● Increased capacity
● Larger coverage area
● Reduced power use
● Reduced interference from other signals
DISADVANTAGES

● Cost
● Capacity
● Coverage
● Latency
● Security
THANK YOU