LEARNING OUTCOME 4: EXAMINE LEADERSHIP AND

MANAGEMENT
4.1. Explanation of concept and styles of Leadership
a) Leadership is the ability of an individual or a group of people to influence and
guide followers or members of an organization, society or team. Leadership often is
an attribute tied to a person's title, seniority or ranking in a hierarchy. However, it's
an attribute anyone can have or attain, even those without leadership positions. It's
a developable skill that can be improved over time.
b) The leadership styles:
 Authoritative leaders provide clear direction and require compliance.
 Autocratic leaders maintain complete control and decision-making powers.
 Charismatic leaders use sociable and charming personality traits to persuade followers.
 Coaching leaders teach and motivate others to reach goals.
 Coercive leaders force people to follow instructions whether they want to or not.
 Command and control, also called bureaucratic, leaders establish strict rules and
regulations.
 Democratic leaders focus on compromise and group consensus; they include others in
decision-making.
 Innovative leaders foster creativity and adaptability
 Laissez-faire leaders take a hands-off approach
 Transactional leaders use a system of rewards and punishment
 Servant leaders focus on serving the needs of the group and the greater good
 Situational leaders adapt their style to different situations and people
 Strategic leaders focuses use different management styles to develop adaptable
strategies.
 Transformational leaders motivate others to grow both professionally and personally
4.2. Characteristics of a good leader and challenges facing leaders:
a) Characteristics of a good leader:

1.Strong, realistic visions.

2.Clear and effective communication.
 3.Adaptability, flexibility and creativity.
4.Honesty.
5.Patience.
6.Resiliency.
7.Emotional intelligence and empathy.
8.Integrity.
9.Collaboration.
10.Passion.
11.Fairness.
12.Cultural awareness.
13.Intelligence and expertise.
14.Strategic and visionary decision-making.
15.Persuade, motivate, empower and inspire.
b)challenges facing leaders:
-Lack of funding
-lack of motivating people
-Natural disasters and crises
-lack of effective communication
-non –cooperation from the community
-Decreased performance levels. ...
-Hiring skilled employees. ....
-Poor teamwork. ...
-Difficult employees. ...
-Time management. ...
-Performance pressure. ...
-Skepticism.
4.3. Concept and functions of management and characteristics of a good manager
a) concept of management
 Management is a process of planning, decision making, organizing, leading,
motivation and controlling the human resources, financial, physical, and
information resources of an organization to reach its goals efficiently and
effectively.
b) Functions of management

The 7 functions of management are as follows:

 Planning.
 Organizing.
 Staffing.
 Directing.
 Coordinating.
 Reporting.
 Budgeting.
c) Characteristics of a good manager are:

There are some of the top skills successful managers work on in their careers:

 Leadership
 Experience
 Communication
 Knowledge
 Organization
 Time management
 Delegation
 Confidence
 Respect
 Company Culture

4.4. Governance in social and political context

Governance: is the act or process of governing or overseeing the control and
direction of something (such as a country or an organization): government. a
centralized system of governance.
Types of Governance are:
 Governance as process.
 Public governance.
 Private governance.
 Global governance.
 Governance Analytical Framework.
 Nonprofit governance.
 Corporate governance.
 Project governance, etc….

The main role of Governance

Governance is a system that provides a framework for managing organizations. It
identifies who can make decisions, who has the authority to act on behalf of the
organization and who is accountable for how an organization and its people behave and
perform.

Why Governance is important in society?

It can reduce risks, and enable faster and safer growth. It can also improve reputation
and foster trust.

4.5. Relationship between Leadership, management and governance in socio-

political context

Relationship between leadership and good governance

Effective corporate leaders stand on a foundation of solid governance principles. They

have a clear mission and vision for the future and align their decisions with them.
Leaders in governance follow a specific strategy and help to create a corporate culture
that's conducive to success.
Relationship between leadership and management

Management skills are used to plan, build, and direct organizational systems to
accomplish missions and goals, while leadership skills are used to focus on a potential
change by establishing direction, aligning people, and motivating and
inspiring. Leadership and management must go hand in hand.