Keflaio 7

Metasqhmatism Z
Orism tou metasqhmatismo Z

7.1

O metasqhmatism
qrnou.

apotele genkeush tou metasqhmatismo

metasqhmatism

x(n)

tou diakrito smato

X(z) =

Fourier

orzetai w

gia ta smata diakrito

ex

x(n)z n

n=
pou

enai migadik metablht.

kklo,
ti

lambnoume

opoe

timn

th

to

to

metasqhmatism

jroisma

metablht

uprqei,
gia

ti

z = ei
Fourier

En jsoume

tou

onomzetai

perioq

opoe uprqei

, dhlad en periorisjome sto monadiao

smato .

To

sgklish .

snolo

twn

Prkeitai

timn

gia

to

tou

snolo

gia
twn

to akloujo jroisma

|x(n)||z|n < .

n=
Epomnw

thn

Gia

arq.

perioq

sgklish

smata

eppedo,

ekt

|z | = r0

ankei sthn

sw

orzetai sto

twn

shmewn

pou

z=0

perioq sgklish ,

antstrofo metasqhmatism

oloklrwsh

kleist

kamplh

epipdou.

Gia

gnetai

pou

thn

me

ankei

for

sthn

antistrof

eppedo me

daktulou pou

perioq sgklish

/kai

z=

Gia

qoun

kntro

enai olklhro to migadik

aitiat

tte kje shmeo ttoio ste

smata,

|z| > r0

an

kklo

ankei epsh .

ddei to arqik sma

x(n) =
pou

migadik

peperasmnh dirkeia h

1
i2

X(z)z n1 dz,

antstrofh

perioq

idiatera

ekenh

sgklish

qrsimo

twn

kai

mpore

deiktn

perikleei
enai

en
thn

rologio

arq

tou

oloklhrwtik

pnw

se

migadiko
tpo

tou

Cauchy.
O metasqhmatism
kai

tou diakrito kroustiko smato orzetai gia kje migadik arijm

enai 1.

Pardeigma 7.1.1.

A jewrsoume to diakrit sma

x(n) = n u(n).
53

metasqhmatism

ja

enai

X(z) =

n z n =

n=0
me

perioq

sgklish

diakrito bhmatiko

|z| > ||

En

jsoume

= 1

lambnoume

to

metasqhmatism

smato

1
, |z| > 1.
1 z 1

X(z) =

Pardeigma 7.1.2.

1
,
1 z 1

A enai o metasqhmatism

X(z) =

1
, |z| < ||.
1 z 1

'Ara

X(z) =

 
1

X
X
z
z n+1
z X  z n
=
=
=
n z n
z

n=
n=0

n=0

Opte

x(n) = n u(n 1).

Pardeigma 7.1.3.

A enai o metasqhmatism

X(z) =
me

|| > ||

1
,
(1 z 1 )(1 z 1 )

Mporome na analsoume se

1
X(z) =

En

ex

1
1 z
1 z 1

n+1 n+1
u(n).

|| > |z| > ||,

x(n) =

En

klsmata

|z| > ||,

x(n) =

En

1
(n+1 u(n 1) + n+1 u(n)).

|z| < ||,

x(n) =

n+1 n+1
u(n 1).

54

tou

Idithte tou metasqhmatismo Z

7.2

A ljoume tra se

1.

merik idithte

Grammikthta
En
kai

X1 (z)
X2 (z)

enai
enai

o
o

metasqhmatism
metasqhmatism

tte o metasqhmatism

a1 X1 (z) + a2 X2 (z)
2.

tou metasqhmatismo

me

Z
Z

tou
tou

smato
smato

x1 (n)
x2 (n)

me
me

en grammiko sunduasmo twn do

perioq sgklish

pou egkleei thn tom

perioq
perioq

sgklish
sgklish

a1 xT
1 (n) + a2 x2 (n)
R1 R2

R1
R2

enai

Qronik metatpish

x(n n0 )z n = z n0 X(z)

n=
Sthn perioq sgklish enai endeqmeno na prosteje afaireje to

3.

An

X(z)
x(n)
enai

metasqhmatism

enai

X( z1 )

Allag klmaka sto

An

X(z)

smato

enai

z0n x(n)

sgklish

5.

to

z=

Antistrof qrnou

smato

4.

z=0

tou

me

tou

x(n)

smato

tte

metasqhmatism

thn antstrofh th

tou

tou

arqik .

migadik eppedo

metasqhmatism
enai

perioq sgklish

X( zz0 ),

me

tou

perioq

smato

x(n)

sgklish

tte

ste

to

z
z0

metasqhmatism
na

ankei

sthn

perioq

X(z)

Sunlixh
O

metasqhmatism

th

y(n)

pou

prokptei

sunlixh

th

h(n)

me

th

x(n)

qei

ex

Y (z) = H(z)X(z)
pou

H(z)

enai o metasqhmatism

sustmato .

twn perioqn sgklish

6.

Paraggish
Isqei

th

h(n)

, kai onomzetai sunrthsh metafor tou

H perioq sgklish tou metasqhmatismo

sto

twn do meln th

Y (z)

egkleei thn tom

sunlixh .

migadik eppedo

ti

nx(n)z n = zX (z).

n=
7.

Jerhma arqik tim

En to sma

x(n)

enai aitiat,

tte

x(0) = lim X(z).

z

Pardeigma 7.2.1.

A jewrsoume to diakrit sma

tou Sqmato

x(n) = |n| = n u(n) + n u(n) (n).

55

6.1

R1

R2

metasqhmatism

ja

enai

X(z) =
me

1
||

perioq sgklish

Pardeigma 7.2.2.

1
1
1 2
+

1
=
,
1 z 1 1 z
1 + 2 (z 1 + z)

> |z| > ||

'Ara ja

metasqhmatism

tou smato

1
X(z) =

H perioq sgklish

Pardeigma 7.2.3.

enai

ja

enai

metasqhmatism

enai

1
(1

1
X(z) =
2

metasqhmatism

ja

metasqhmatism

|z| > r

gia

to diakrit sma

enai

1
.
1 2r cos z 1 + r2 z 2

me

perioq sgklish

1
1 ei0 z 1

1 i0 n
e
+ ei0 n u(n).
2

|z| > 1

ja

1
1 ei0 z 1

enai

1 cos 0 z 1
.
1 2 cos 0 z 1 + z 2

A jewrsoume to diakrit sma

tou

y(n) = nx(n)

ja

Y (z) =
O

z 1 )

sin(n + 1) n
r u(n), r > 0,
sin

x(n) = n u(n).
O

z 1 )(1

A jewrsoume to diakrit sma

Pardeigma 7.2.5.

Efarmzonta to prohgomeno apotlesma

x(n) = cos(0 n)u(n) =

O

X(z) =

Pardeigma 7.2.4.

|z| > max(||, ||)

o metasqhmatism

H perioq sgklish

|| < 1

n+1 n+1
u(n).

1
1 z
1 z 1

x(n) =
brskoume ti

na enai

A enai to diakrit sma

x(n) =
O

prpei

tou

(n + 1)x(n)

enai

z 1
.
(1 z 1 )2

(Sqma

7.1)

ja

1
.
(1 z 1 )2
56

enai

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

Sqma

7.3

7.1:

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

H kroustik apkrish en fltrou deterh txh

me

dipl

plo

= 0.9

Metasqhmatism Z kai grammik qronik ametblhta sustmata

A jewrsoume tra ta aitiat sustmata me peirh kroustik apkrish, pou ddontai ap ma
exswsh diaforn

N
X

a(k)y(n k) =

k=0

M
X

b(k)x(n k).

k=0

Efarmzonta thn idithta th metatpish gia to metasqhmatism

prokptei ti h sunrthsh

metafor auto tou sustmato enai sh me to lgo do poluwnmwn th migadik metablht

Oi

rze

tou

paranomast

B(z)

PM
k
Y (z)
B(z)
k=0 b(k)z
H(z) =
=
= PN
k
X(z)
A(z)
k=0 a(k)z

onomzontai

onomzontai ploi

mhdenik

tou

sustmato ,

en

oi

rze

tou

poluwnmou

tou sustmato .

20

18

16

14

12

10

Sqma

Pardeigma 7.3.1.

7.2:

10

H bhmatik

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

apkrish en fltrou prth

txh .

A jewrsoume thn exswsh diaforn

y(n) = y(n 1) + u(n), n > 0, y(1) = 0, || < 1.

Qrhsimopointa

to metasqhmatism

brskoume

Y (z) = z 1 Y (z) +
57

1
,
1 z 1

tou

Y (z) =
'Ara h

apkrish ja

enai (Sqma

1
(1

H(z) =
qei

z 1 )

7.2)

1 n+1
u(n).
1

y(n) =

Pardeigma 7.3.2.

z 1 )(1

To ssthma

me

sunrthsh

metafor

1
z2
z2
=
=
, r > 0,
1 2r cos z 1 + r2 z 2
z 2 2r cos z + r2
(z rei )(z rei )

na dipl

mhdenik sthn

: rei , rei .

arq kai do plou

1
0.8
0.6

Imaginary Part

0.4
0.2
2

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1

Sqma

7.3:

Oi

ploi

0.5

0
Real Part

en sustmato

0.5

deterh txh me

do migadik

rze .

Ikan kai anagkaa sunjkh gia thn eustjeia en sustmato enai h parxh tou metasqhmatismo

pnw

sto

monadiao kklo,

|h(n)| < .

n=
'Ara

ja

prpei

sustmato

na

eustjeia ,

ti

gia
na

ta

perioq

la

sustmata

ekfrasje

sgklish

perilambnei

me

metafor pw

ta

pou

bsh

to

sustmata
orzontai
th

jsh

tou

metasqhmatismo

monadiao
me

th

rizn

parapnw enai eustaj ,

Gia

na

deterh

eustjeia

enai

me

th

Enai

kroustik

apkrish

diaforn,

poluwnmou

kroustik

faner

ap

enai

sunjkh

A(z)

'Ena

apkrish

ton

orism

eustaj.

eustjeia

fltro

me

tou
th

Opte,
mpore

sunrthsh

en, kai mno en,

|z| > 1,

gia

ploi eurskontai ent tou monadiaou kklou.

ssthma

txh

exswsh
tou

A(z) 6= 0
dhlad en loi oi

|z| = 1

peperasmnh

msw

twn

kklo

prth

do

txh

migadik

sunjkh

rze ,

pw

th

eustjeia

aut

r<1

58

tou

enai

|| < 1

Paradegmato

Gia

7.3.2,

na

ssthma

sunjkh

th