Thermochemistry

Heat of combustion
The heat of combustion is the heat change when 1 mol of substance is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions. Heat of combustion of various alcohol
Name Methanol Ethanol Propan-1-ol Butan-1-ol Molecular No. of carbon formula atom per alcohol (CnH2n+1OH) molecule CH3OH C2H5OH C3H7OH C4H9OH 1 2 3 4 Mass of molecula r relative 32 46 60 74 Heat combustion H (kJ mol-1) -725 -1376 -2015 -2676

What inferens can be made from the table above? - If the number of carbon atom per molecule of alcohol is higher, the heat of combustion also increases. - The difference in heat of combustion between alcohol member is almost the same because each alcohol member difference is in one group of CH2

Example of reaction of heat combustion in substance ; i. Methanol, 3 CH3OH (ce) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (ce) H = -725 kJmol-1 When 1 mole of methanol burnt, 725 kJ of heat is releases. Ethanol, C2H5OH (ce) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (ce) H = -1376 kJmol-1 iii. Propan-1-ol, 9 C3H7OH (ce) + 2 O2 (g) 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (ce) H = -2015 kJmol-1 iv. Butan-1-ol, C4H9OH (ce) + 6O2 (g) 4CO2 (g) + 5H2O (ce) H = -2676 kJmol-1 ii.

Method to determine the heat of combustion of fuel

To determine the heat of combustion of methanol

Thermometer Asbestos screen Copper container

250 cm3 water

Tripod stand Methanol Spirit lamp Wooden block

Procedure; 250 cm3 of water is measured with measuring cylinder 100ml and poured into copper container, the temperature of water is recorded with thermometer (0-110)oC. A spirit lamp is filled with methanol until half full. A spirit lamp and are weighed with electrical balanced. and the mass is recorded. The spirit lamp is placed under copper container, and the wick is lighted. The water is stirred. When the temperature of water is increases 30 oC, the spirit lamp is distinguished. Spirit lamp is weighed immediately, and the mass is recorded. The experiment is repeated using different alcohol.

Precautions steps; - Use copper container or any suitable metal. (metal is condustor, all heat from combustion of fuel was absorb by water) - Spirit flame is placed on a wooden block, so the flame contact directly the copper container. (A bigger area of the flame can be in contact with the copper container) - Wire gauze is not used. (to prevent wire gauze absorb heat energy) - Asbestos screen is placed around the copper container. (to avoid heat loss to surrounding) - The water must always be stirred. (temperature changes is uniform) In this experiment, you need to get the following data; Data tabulation; Initial temperature of water /oC Highest temperature of water /oC Temperature rise /oC Initial mass of metanol + spirit lamp /g Final mass of methanol + spirit lamp /g Mass of methanol burnt /g x y 30 a b (a b) g

Calculation of heat of combustion Chemical equation

CH3OH +2 O2 CO2 + 2H2O No ionic equation! 1. Calculate the number of mole of methanol (fuel used) Mass of methanol = (a b) g

Molar mass of methanol = 12 + 3(1) + 16 + 1 = 32 g mol-1 No. of mole of methanol = (a - b) . mass = 32 Molar mass = c mol

2. Calculate the heat given out/releases during reaction; [From the experiment] Volume of water Heat release during reaction = mc = 200 x 4.2 x 30 J =100 x 4.2 x 30 1000 3. Calculate the heat of neutralization c mol of methanol produces 100 x 4.2 x 30 1000 heat kJ

Therefore, heat release by burnt of one mol of methanol, = Thus; 100 x 4.2 x 30 1000 c . kJ mol-1

The heat of combustion of methanol; H = - [ 100 x 4.2 x 30 ] kJmol-1 1000 x c Very easylah!

Fuel Value The amount of heat energy give out when 1 g of the fuel is completely burnt in excess of oxygen. Fuel value can be use to compare the energy cost..
Name Metanol Etanol Propan-1ol Butan-1-ol Relative molecula r mass 32 46 60 74 Heat of combustion, H (kJ mol-1) -725 -1376 -2015 -2676 Mass of 1 mol (g) 32 46 60 74 Burnt substance (kJ g-1) 725/32 = 22.66 1376/46 = 29.91 2015/60 = 33.58 2676/74 = 36.16

How much the price of 1 g for each burnt substance above?

Calculation for heat of combustion Question 1

Heat from combustion of 0.28 g oktane, C8H18 increasing temperature of 200 cm3 water from 30 oC to 46 oC. Based on this information, [ Ar: H, 1; C, 12; O, 16; 1 mole gas is occupy 24 dm3] i. calculate the heat of combustion for octane ii. value of fuel for octane iii. volume of oxygen that need iv. mass of water produce Solution Chemical equation;

C8H18 (ce) +

25 2

O2 (g) 8CO2 (g) +

0.28 mass . = molar mass = 114

9H2O (ce)

Calculate no. of mol of fuel No. of mol for octane = 0.0025 mol

Calculate the heat changes/total heat release in this experiment Temperature changes = (highest temp initial temp) oC = ( 46 30) oC = 16 oC
m = volume of water ( 1cm3 = 1 g) 1 kJ = 1000 J

Heat release = mc (exothermic react.) = 200 x 4.2 x 16 J = 13440 J = 13.44 kJ

Calculate the heat of combustion

Combustion 0.0025 of mol of octane releasing 13.44 kJ of heat. Therefore; Combustion of 1 mol octane releases; 13.44 = 0.0025 = 5376 kJ mol-1 kJ mol-1

Thus; Heat of combustion for octane = - 5376 kJ mol-1 H = - 5376 kJ mol-1 Caculate the fuel value of octane Mr oktane, C8H18 = (8 x 12) + 18 = Therefore; 1 mole of octane, C8H18 = 114 g Thus; Fuel value of octane Heat of combustion for octane = Mass of one mol of octane 5376 = kJ g-1 114 Make sure the = 47.15 kJ g-1
unit is correct

114 gmol-1

Calculate the volume of oxygen

FBCE; 1 mol octane need

25 2

mol oxygen to react completely

25 2

Therefore; 0.0025 mol octane need

x 0.0025 mol oxygen;

= 0.0312 mol oxygen The number of O2 used in the reaction = 0.0312 mol oxygen Thus; The volume of oxygen needed = 0.0312 x 24 dm3 = 0.7488 dm3 = 748.8 cm3

Calculate the mass of water produce FBCE; 1 mole of oktane react completely to produce 9 mole of water Therefore; 0.0025 mol oktane produce 0.0025 x 9 mol water; = 0.0225 mol water The number of mole of water = 0.0225 mol Thus; No. of mol for water = Mass of water Mr of water

Make sure the unit is correct

Mass of water (2 x 1) + 16

0.0225 mol = Mass of water = 0.0225 x 18 g = 0.405 g

Make sure the unit is correct

Question 2 Following equation show heat of combustion for ethanol, C2H5OH

C2H5OH (ce) +

3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (ce) H = -1400 kJmol-1

Heat combustion for 0.46 g etanol, is use to heat 200 cm3 of water, calculate the temperature rise of water . Solution Step 1 : calculate no. of mol for ethanol that burnt Mass etanol 0.46 No. of mol etanol = = JMR etanol 46 = 0.01 mol

Step 2 : calculate the heat changes/total heat release in this experiment [heat combustion for etanol = -1400 kJmol-1] (from ques.) 1 mol etanol burnt releasing 1400 kJ of heat; So ; 0.1 mol etanol burnt releasing; = 0.01 x 1400 kJ Change kJ to J, we want = 14 kJ = 14000 J of heat substitute it into equation , mc Step 3 : calculate the temperature rise for water Total heat release = mc

14000 J

= 200 x 4.2 x
o

14000 . = 200 X 4.2 = 16.7 oC

Question 3 Complete heat combustion for 1 mol butanol, C4H9OH release 2600 kJ of heat. Calculate the mass for butanol that need to burnt completely so heat release can increase the temperature for 500 cm 3 of water to 36 oC. [J.A.R: C, 12; O, 16; H, 1] Solution Step 1 : calculate the heat changes/total heat release in this experiment total heat release = = = = mc 500 x 4.2 x 36 J 75600 J 75.6 kJ

Step 2 : calculate no. of mol for butanol that burnt [heat combustion for butanol = -2600 kJmol-1] (from ques.) 2600 kJ heat release by 1 mol butanol that burnt; so ; 75.6 kJ heat release by 1 x 75.6 kJ mol butanol that burnt; 2600 kJ = 0.03 mol No. of mol of etanol that burnt = 0.03 mol Step 3 : calculate the mass of butanol that burnt

No. of mol butanol

mass butanol JMR butanol mass butanol . 0.03 mol = (4 x 12) + 9 + 16 + 1 =

Mass of butanol = 0.03 x 74 = 2.22 g Question 4 Energy level diagram for combuction reaction for methanol, CH3OH is shown below.

CH3OH (ce) + Energy

3 O 2 2

(g) H = - 720 kJmol-1 CO2 (g) + 2H2O (ce)

Heat that release from the complete combustion 8.0 g of methanol, is use to hot 1 dm3 of water. Calculate the temperature rise of the water. Solution Step 1 : calculate no. of mol for ethanol that is burn Mass of metanol 8.0 . Mol no for etanol = JMR metanol =12+(3x1)+16+1 = 0.25 mol Step 2 : calculate the total heat released/absorb in exp.

[heat of combustion for ethanol = -720 kJmol-1] (from question) 1 mol metanol burn releasing 720 kJ of heat; So ; 0.25 mol methanol that burn releasing; = 0.25 x 720 kJ Change kJ to J, we want = 180 kJ substitute it into formula = 180000 J of heat , mc Step 3 : calculate the rising in water temperature Volume of water = 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3 Total heat released = mc 180 000 J = 1000 x 4.2 x 180 000 . o = C 1000 X 4.2 = 42.85 oC Learning Task 4.8: Problem solving pg 168 no. 1, 2, 3 Effective Practise: pg 173 no. 1, 2, 3 Review Questions: pg 176 to 179 Kamal Ariffin B Saaim SMKDBL 2008