CHAPTER 4: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN CELL

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

Chemical Compound Elements

Inorganic Compounds

Organic Compounds
Lipids Carbohydrates

Water Nucleic Acid

Proteins

Carbohydrates
Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Ratio C : H : O = 1 : 2 : 1 Three types : i) Monosaccharides ii) Disaccharides iii) Polysaccharides

(i) Monosaccharides
Monomers of carbohydrates (the simplest carbohydrates, one sugar only) Cannot be broken down into smaller units Also known as simple sugar. Example:

i.
ii.

Glucose
Fructose

: Plants & fruits

: Sweet fruits & honey

iii. Galactose : Milk

Monosaccharides are reducing sugar

(ii) Disaccharides
Combination of 2 monosaccharides through condensation (lost of water) Example: i. Maltose : Glucose + glucose

ii.

Sucrose : Glucose + fructose

iii. Lactose : Glucose + galactose Disaccharides can be broken into their respective monosaccharides through hydrolysis (add water) Some are reducing sugars, same are not

(iii) Polysaccharides
Combination of hundreds of monosaccharides Insoluble in water, not sweet, do not crystallize Example: i. Starch : Plants

ii.

Glycogen

: Animal carbohydrate reserve

: Cell walls of plants

iii. Cellulose

Can be broken into smaller molecule through hydrolysis

Proteins

Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Large complex organic molecules Monomers that made up protein are called amino acids Dipeptide : 2 amino acids linked together by a peptide bond (through condensation) More condensation : polypeptide chain 20 types of amino acid in living things