TOEIC Grammar

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NOUNS 1. Definition: Nouns answer the questions "What is it?" and "Who is it?" They give names to things, people and qualities. Examples: dog, bicycle, man, girl, beauty, truth, world. 2. Noun gender In general there is no distinction between masculine (ging c), feminine (ging ci) and neuter (trung tnh) in English nouns. However, gender is sometimes shown by different forms or different words. Examples: Different words: Masculine man father uncle boy husband Different forms: Masculine actor prince hero waiter widower Some nouns can be used for either a masculine or a feminine subject: Examples: Feminine actress princess heroine waitress widow Feminine woman mother aunt

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girl wife

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cousin cook relation

teenager student colleague

teacher parent partner

doctor friend leader

Mary is a doctor. She is a doctor Peter is a doctor. He is a doctor. Arthur is my cousin. He is my cousin. Jane is my cousin. She is my cousin.

It is possible to make the distinction by adding the words 'male' or 'female'. Example: a female student; a male cousin

For professions, we can add the word 'woman' Example: a woman doctor; a woman journalist.

In some cases nouns describing things are given gender. Examples: I love my car. She (the car) is my greatest passion. France is popular with her (France's) neighbours at the moment. I travelled from England to New York on the Queen Elizabeth, she (the Queen Elizabeth) is a great ship. 3. The plural of nouns Most nouns form the plural by adding -s or -es. Example: Singular (S t) boat Plural (S nhiu) boats

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hat house river hats houses rivers

A noun ending in -y preceded by a consonant (ph m) makes the plural with -ies. Example: Singular (S t) a fly a nappy a poppy a city a lady a baby Plural (S nhiu) flies nappies poppies cities ladies babies

There are some irregular (bt quy tc) formations for noun plurals. Some of the most common ones are listed below. Examples of irregular plurals: Singular (S t) woman man child tooth foot person leaf half Plural (S nhiu) women men children teeth feet people leaves halves

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knife wife life loaf potato cactus focus fungus nucleus syllabus analysis diagnosis oasis thesis crisis phenomenon criterion datum Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural. Examples: Singular (S t) sheep fish species aircraft Plural (S nhiu) sheep fish species aircraft knives wives lives loaves potatoes cacti foci fungi nuclei syllabi/syllabuses analyses diagnoses oases theses crises phenomena criteria data

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Some nouns have a plural form but take a singular verb. Examples: news The news is on at 6.30 p.m. athletics Athletics is good for young people. linguistics Linguistics is the study of language. darts Darts is a popular game in England. billiards Billiards is played all over the world. Some nouns have a plural form and take a plural verb. Examples: trousers My trousers are too tight. jeans Her jeans are black. glasses Those glasses are his. others include: savings, thanks, steps, stair, customs, congratulations, tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits. 4. Countable and uncountable nouns Countable nouns (danh t m c) are for things we can count Example: dog, horse, man, shop, idea. They usually have a singular and plural form. Example: two dogs, ten horses, a man, six men, the shops, a few ideas. Uncountable nouns (danh t khng m c) are for the things that we cannot count Example: tea, sugar, water, air, rice. They are often the names for abstract ideas or qualities. Example: knowledge, beauty, anger, fear, love. They are used with a singular verb. They usually do not have a plural form. We cannot say sugars, angers, knowledges.

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Examples of common uncountable nouns: money, furniture, happiness, sadness, research, evidence, safety, beauty, knowledge. We cannot use a/an with these nouns. To express a quantity of one of these nouns, use a word or expression like: some, a lot of, a piece of, a bit of, a great deal of... Examples: There has been a lot of research into the causes of this disease. He gave me a great deal of advice before my interview. They've got a lot of furniture. Can you give me some information about uncountable nouns?

Some nouns are countable in other languages but uncountable in English. Some of the most common of these are: accommodation advice baggage behaviour bread furniture information luggage BE CAREFUL with the noun 'hair' which is normally uncountable in English: She has long blonde hair. news progress traffic

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travel trouble weather work

It can also be countable when referring to individual hairs: My father's getting a few grey hairs now

5. Compound noun: Formation (Cu to) Words can be combined to form compound nouns (danh t ghp). These are very common, and new combinations are invented almost daily. They normally have two parts. The second part identifies the object
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or person in question (man, friend, tank, table, room). The first part tells us what kind of object or person it is, or what its purpose is (police, boy, water, dining, bed): What type/ What purpose police boy water dining bed The two parts may be written in a number of ways : 1. as one word. Example: policeman, boyfriend 2. as two words joined with a hyphen. Example: dining-table What or who man friend tank table room

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3. as two separate words. Example: fish tank. There are no clear rules about this - so write the common compounds that you know well as one word, and the others as two words. The two parts may be: noun + noun bedroom water tank motorcycle printer cartridge noun + verb rainfall haircut train-spotting
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Examples:

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noun + adverb

hanger-on passer-by

verb + noun

washing machine driving licence swimming pool

verb + adverb

lookout take-off drawback

adjective + noun

greenhouse software redhead

adjective + verb

dry-cleaning

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public speaking adverb + noun onlooker bystander adverb + verb output overthrow upturn input Compound nouns often have a meaning that is different from the two separate words. Stress (trng m) is important in pronunciation, as it distinguishes between a compound noun (e.g. greenhouse) and an adjective with a noun (e.g. green house). In compound nouns, the stress usually falls on the first syllable (m tit th nht): a 'greenhouse = place where we grow plants (compound noun)

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a green 'house = house painted green (adjective and noun) a 'bluebird = type of bird (compound noun) a blue 'bird = any bird with blue feathers (adjective and noun) * Many common compound nouns are formed from phrasal verbs (verb + adverb or adverb + verb). Examples: breakdown, outbreak, outcome, cutback, drive-in, drop-out, feedback, flyover, hold-up, hangover, outlay, outlet, inlet, makeup, output, set-back, stand-in, takeaway, walkover. 6. Use of capital letter with nouns Capital letters (ch vit hoa) are used with: Names and titles of people a. Winston Churchill b. Marilyn Monroe c. the Queen of England d. the President of the United States e. the Headmaster of Eton f. Doctor Mathews g. Professor Samuels. Note: The personal pronoun 'I' is always written with a capital letter. Titles of works, books etc. a. War and Peace b. The Merchant of Venice c. Crime and Punishment d. Tristan and Isolde Months of the year January February March July August September

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April May June Days of the week Monday Tuesda Wednesday Thursday Seasons Spring Summer Autumn Winter Holidays Christmas Boxing Day Geographical names... names of countries and continents America China Africa England Peru Europe Scotland Albania Asia Easter May Day New Year's Day Thanksgiving Day Friday Saturday Sunday October November December

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names of regions, states, districts etc. Sussex California Queensland

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Provenc Florida Tuscany Costa Vaud Brava Tyrol

names of cities, towns, villages etc. London Florence Vancouver Cape Town Bath Wellington Rome Wagga Wagga Peking

names of rivers, oceans, seas, lakes etc. the Atlantic Lake Leman the Rhine the Dead Sea Lake Victoria the Thames the Pacific Lake Michigan the Nile

names of geographical formations the Alps the Himalayas the Sahara

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adjectives relating to nationality nouns France - French music Australia - Australian animals Germany - German literature Arabia - Arabic writing Indonesia - Indonesian poetry China - Chinese food names of streets, buildings, parks etc. Park Lane George Street Hyde Park Central Avenue Sydney Opera the Empire State Pall Mall House Central Park Building Wall Street

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7. Nationalities a. Country: I live in England. b. Adjective: He reads English literature. c. Noun: She is an Englishwoman. COUNTRY America Argentina Austria Autralia Bangladesh Belgium Brazil Britain Cambodia Chile China Colombia Croatia the Czech Republic Denmark England Finland France Germany Greece American Argentinian Austrian Australian Bangladesh(i) Belgian Brazilian British Cambodian Chilean Chinese Colombian Croatian Czech Danish English Finnish French German Greek ADJECTIVE an American an Argentinian an Austrian an Australian a Bangladeshi a Belgian a Brazilian a Briton/Britisher NOUN

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a Cambodian a Chilean a Chinese a Colombian a Croat a Czech a Dane an Englishman /Englishwoman a Finn a Frenchman/Frenchwoman a German a Greek

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Holland Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Jamaica Japan Mexico Morocco Norway Peru the Philippines Poland Portugal Rumania Russia Saudi Arabia Saudi Scotland Serbia the Slovak Republic Sweden Switzerland Dutch Hungarian Icelandic Indian Indonesian Iranian Iraqi Irish Israeli Jamaican Japanese Mexican Moroccan Norwegian Peruvian Philippine Polish Portuguese Rumanian Russian Saudi Arabian Scottish Serbian Slovak Swedish Swiss a Dutchman/Dutchwoman a Hungarian an Icelander an Indian an Indonesian an Iranian an Iraqi an Irishman/Irishwoman an Israeli a Jamaican a Japanese a Mexican a Moroccan an a Norwegian a Peruvian a Filipino a Pole a Portuguese a Rumanian a Russian a Saudi/ a Saudi Arabian a Scot a Serb a Slovak a Swede a Swiss

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Thailand The USA Tunisia Turkey Vietnam Wales Yugoslavia Thai American Tunisian Turkish Vietnamese Welsh Yugoslav a Thai an American a Tunisian a Turk a Vietnamese a Welshman/Welshwoman a Yugoslav

Note: We use the + nationality adjective ending in -ese or -ish with a plural verb, to refer to all people of that nationality: The Chinese are very hard-working. The Spanish often go to sleep in the afternoon.

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