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Answers: 1. (a) Internet Technologies Technology makes Internet what it is and everyday new technologies are being developed to make it even more potent to all media. There are so many Net technologies today that it is difficult to enumerate all of them. Therefore, from an array of Net technologies the best five, which, according to Internet experts, will change the course of the way, we live and operate in this world. These are E-commerce, Java, Jini, XML, and Wireless Communications. E-commerce:- E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. Java:- Java is an advanced; object oriented programming language developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems that can be used for many applications and not just the Web page. Java has a unique quality; however, that has made it particularly useful for Web pages: programs written in Java can run without any modification on a broad variety of computers (platforms). Jini:- Jini technology from Sun Microsystems that seeks to simplify the connection and sharing of devices, such as printers and disk drives, on a network. Currently adding such devices to a computer or network requires installation and boot-up, but a device that incorporates Jini will announce itself to the network, provide some details about its capabilities, and immediately become accessible to other devices on the network. Under this technology it would be possible to create distributed computing, whereby capabilities are shared among the machines on a common network. XML:- Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machinereadable. XML is primarily intended to meet the requirements of large scale Web content providers for industry specific markup, vendor-neutral data exchange, media-independent publishing, one-to-one marketing, workflow management in collaborative authoring environments, and the processing of Web documents by intelligent clients. Wireless communication:- Wireless telecommunications is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not physically connected. Distances can be short, such as a few meters for television remote control, or as far as thousands or even

millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units, Garage door openers or garage doors, wireless computer mice, keyboards and Headset (audio), headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones.

1. (b) Networks Computer networks Computer network means an inter-connected collection of autonomous computers. Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange information. Point to-Point Network: - It consists of many connections between individual pairs of machines, i.e., a circuit that connects only two nodes directly, without intermediate nodes. In this type of network, a packet going from the source to the destination may have to first visit one or more intermediate machines Local Area Networks: - A local area network (LAN) uses direct, high-speed cables to share hardware, software, and data resources. With a LAN, the connection spans a short distance and does not use wires owned by a telephone company. Computers that are connected may spread over a small room, several floors of a building. Wide Area Networks: - A WAN is a computer network that directly connects computers separated by long distances. WANs require special media, which are provided by telephone companies and other firms that specialize in this service. WANs also require special hardware. Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) : - They are bigger than LANs, but smaller than WANs. Like WAN, a MAN will extend beyond the confines of a local area network. As you would expect, a MAN is usually limited to a single city.

1. Media Access Control There are two most popular access methods used by the network, determined by the network interface card. They are Ethernet and Token ring. Ethernet : - Ethernet, is the most popular LAN technology. Over 75 per cent of total LAN installations use it. The popular impression is that it strikes a good balance between

speed, price, and ease of installation. Ethernet networks can have two speeds a data rate of 10 million bits per second or 100 million bits per second. Token Ring : -Token ring is the major alternative of Ethernet. The vital difference between this technology and Ethernet technology is that in token ring collisions are avoided altogether. The key to this lies in token passing, hence the name Token Ring

Answers: 2. Mail Protocols E-Mail is instantaneous, cost effective and above all, personal. It produces the immediate results in terms of increased productivity from reduced turnaround time, and reduced costs. E-Mail is one of the easiest services to implement on your Internet. The ideal Mail System consists of E-Mail servers and clients that support standards. SMTP: - The transmission of E-Mail message through the Internet relies on the SMTP, which stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. SMTP is part of the TCP/IP family of protocols. The SMTP protocol is used to transport messages between computer systems in the Internet. SMTP uses TCP, Transmission Control Protocol, which provides a reliable means of communication. POP: -Post Office Protocol (POP) is a mail collection and distribution system, which works on the Office principle with the mail server. It is designed to allow single-user hosts to read mail from a server. POP allows creating a mailbox for each user who has a mail account on the server. There are three versions of POP: POP, POP2, and POP3. POP is a system by which a mail server on the Internet lets us to grab our mails and download them to our PCs. IMAP: - Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP), unlike POP, allows hierarchical storage of mail and a message retrieval system that allows selective access to your mailbox. While POP is used; for simply retrieving and deleting the messages, using IMAP, we can organize our mails and read them on the server itself. For a user getting connected over a slow dial up lines, IMAP provides ways to download only the Header or the Body of the message that contains a t large attachment. MIME and S/MIME: - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) protocol, which packs multimedia data into a format that SMTP can handle. Stands for Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions and was designed to add security to EMail messages in MIME format The security services offered are authentication (using

digital signatures) and privacy (using encryption). S/MIME is not specific to the Internet and can be used in any electronic mail environment. UUCP: - All UNIX systems come with a built-in networking system called UUCP (pronounced you-you-see-pee). Although the job of UUCP is to connect UNIX computers, it is not as powerful as TCP/IP. Far example, UUCP does not provide a remote login facility, mail facility is slower and mare awkward than the TCP/IP based Internet system. However, UUCP does have an important advantage. It is a standard part of UNIX (free with mast systems), and it runs cheaply and reliably over dial-up or hardwired connections.

Answers: 4. (a) Form Control Forms are the only method of two-way communication between Web pages and Web sites. A controls control name is given by its name attribute. The scope of the name attribute for a control within a FORM element is the FORM element. Each control has both an initial value and a current value, both of which are character strings. Control types HTML defines the following control types: 1. buttons 2. Checkboxes 3. Radio buttons 4. Menus 5. Text input 6. File select 7. hidden control 8. object control 4. (b) The FORM element HTML forms are used to pass data to a server. A form can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio-buttons, submit buttons and more. A form can also contain select lists, text area, field set, legend, and label elements. 4. The INPUT element

The most important form element is the input element. The input element is used to select user information. An input element can vary in many ways, depending on the type attribute. An input element can be of type text field, checkbox, password, radio button, submit button, and more. 4. (d) The Button element The <button> tag defines a push button. Inside a <button> element you can put content, like text or images. This is the difference between this element and buttons created with the <input> element.

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Answer: 1. (a) How Internet Works The primary objective of any network is to exchange information between different locations. The rules for this exchange are called PROTOCOL. The protocol on Internet is TCP/IP (Transmission control protocol/Internet Protocol) which is actually a name for a set of many rules framed to connect computers in a wide area network, a network which is established between computers across cities or countries. Example:

Surya has an Internet account at Lucknow as Surya@lwl.vsnl.net.in. Rishabha has an Internet account at Mumbai as a Rishabha@bmOl.vsnl.net.in. When Surya wants to send a message to Rishabha at Mumbai, he dials from his telephone to his local service provider (DOT at Lucknow), types out his message and types out the address of the recipient. Suryas message is then broken into packets, which are an easy and reliable communicable entity. These packets are then broadcast to various connected links along with the destination address, say to Delhi and Kanpur. At these sites also, there is packet forwarding facilities available based on address available and after a while, all packets ultimately reach the destination address that is Mumbai.

At Mumbai, all packets marked for a particular address Rishabha@bmOl.vsn1.net.in and particular message number (automatically generated) are reassembled and then posted in the box that Rishabha is supposed to access regularly.

1. (b) RFCs In computer network engineering, a Request for Comments (RFC) is a memorandum published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) describing methods, behaviors, research, or innovations applicable to the working of the Internet and Internet-connected systems. Through the Internet Society, engineers and computer scientists may publish

discourse in the form of an RFC, either for peer review or simply to convey new concepts, information, or (occasionally) engineering humor. The IETF adopts some of the proposals published as RFCs as Internet standards. 1. Internet Technologies Technology makes Internet what it is and everyday new technologies are being developed to make it even more potent to all media. There are so many Net technologies today that it is difficult to enumerate all of them. Therefore, from an array of Net technologies the best five, which, according to Internet experts, will change the course of the way, we live and operate in this world. These are E-commerce, Java, Jini, XML, and Wireless Communications. 1. (d) OSI Model
When computers are used to develop data communications systems that serve many users located over a wide physical range and with many needs, the protocols used in the network require more than a network standard for interconnection and formatting. These standards have been established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Geneva, Switzerland. The model is called Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) and is usually referred as the OSI reference model. The OSI model has seven layers. These range from the lowest layer, where the physical and electrical connection to the network is made, up to the highest level, where the actual user of the data that has been passed resides. The seven layers in the ISO model Level 7 (highest) Level 6 Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Lavel 1 : Application : Presentation : Session : Transport : Network : Data link : Physical

Answer: 2. (a) various definitions associated with HTML A definition list is a list of items, with a description of each item. The <dl> tag defines a definition list. The <dl> tag is used in conjunction with <dt> (defines the item in the list) and <dd> (describes the item in the list):

<dl> <dt>Coffee</dt> <dd>- black hot drink</dd> <dt>Milk</dt> <dd>- white cold drink</dd> </dl> How the HTML code above looks in a browser: Coffee - black hot drink Milk - white cold drink 2. (b) SGML SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) is a standard for how to specify a document markup language or tag set. Such a specification is itself a document type definition (DTD). SGML is not in itself a document language, but a description of how to specify one. It is metadata. < <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>My first HTML document</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY> <P>Hello world! </BODY> </HTML> 2. (d) Basic Structure of an HTML Document Well structured HTML documents come in these three parts: 1. A head that identifies a document as HTML and establishes its title. 2. A body that contains the content for a Web page. This part holds all displayed text on a page, as well as most links to graphics, multimedia, locations inside the same file, and to other Web documents. 3. A footer that labels a page by identifying its author, date of creation, and version number.

< <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>My first HTML document</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY> <P>Hello world! </BODY> </HTML> Answer: 3. (a) The TABLE element Attribute definitions summary = cdata This attribute is used to provide a summary of the table's purpose and structure for user agents rendering to non-visual media such as speech and Braille. align = left|center|right This attribute specifies the position of the table with respect to the document. Permitted values: left: The table is to the left of the document. center: The table is to the center of the document.

right: The table is to the right of the document.

width = length Deprecated. This attribute specifies the desired width of the entire table and is intended for visual user agents. In the absence of this attribute, table width is determined by the user agent. cols = integer Deprecated. This attribute specifies the number of columns for the table. When specified, this attribute helps visual user agents render the table as soon as it receives incoming data, rather than having to wait for the entire table to determine the number of columns for certain. 3. (b) The CAPTION element align = top/bottom/left/right For visual user agents, this attribute specifies the position of the caption with respect to the table. Possible values:

top: The caption is at the top of the table. This is the default value. bottom: The caption is at the bottom of the table. left: The caption is at the left of the table. right: The caption is at the right of the table.

3. THEAD, TFOOT, and TBODY elements Table rows may be grouped into a table head, table foot, and one or more table body sections, using the THEAD, TFOOT, TBODY elements, respectively. This division enables user agents to support scrolling of table bodies independently of the table head and foot. When long tables are printed, the table head and foot information may be repeated on each page that contains table data. When present, each THEAD, TFOOT, and TBODY contains a row group. Each row group must contain at least one row, defined by the TR element. TFOOT must appear before TBODY within a TABLE definition so that user agents can render the foot before receiving all of the (potentially numerous) rows of data.

The TBODY start tag is always required except when the table contains only one table body and no table head or foot sections. The TBODY end tag may always be safely omitted. The start tags for THEAD and TFOOT are required when the table head and foot sections are present respectively, but the corresponding end tags may always be safely omitted.

3. (d) COLGROUP and COL elements COLGROUP Attribute definitions span This attribute, which must be an integer > 0, specifies the number of columns in a column group. Values mean the following:

In the absence of a span attribute, each COLGROUP defines a column group containing one column. If the span attribute is set to N > 0, the current COLGROUP element defines a column group containing N columns.

width

This attribute specifies a default width for each column in the current column group. In addition to the standard pixel, percentage, and relative values, this attribute allows the special form 0* (zero asterisk) which means that the width of the each column in the group should be the minimum width necessary to hold the columns contents. The COL element Attribute definitions span This attribute, whose value must be an integer > 0, specifies the number of columns spanned by the COL element; the COL element shares its attributes with all the columns it spans. The default value for this attribute is 1. width This attribute specifies a default width for each column spanned by the current COL element. It has the same meaning as the width attribute for the COLGROUP element and overrides it.The COL element allows authors to group together attribute specifications for table columns.

Answer: 4. (a) The FRAMESET element Attribute definitions rows This attribute specifies the layout of horizontal frames. It is a comma-separated list of pixels, percentages, and relative lengths. The default value is 100%, meaning one row. cols This attribute specifies the layout of vertical frames. It is a comma-separated list of pixels, percentages, and relative lengths. The default value is 100%, meaning one column. 4. (b) The FRAME element Attribute definitions

Name: - This attribute assigns a name to the current frame. This name may be used as the target of subsequent links. Longdesc: -This attribute specifies a link to a long description of the frame. This description should supplement the short description provided using the title attribute, and may be particularly useful for non-visual user agents. Src: -This attribute specifies the location of the initial contents to be contained in the frame. Noresize: - When present, this boolean attribute tells the user agent that the frame window must not be resizeable. Scrolling: - This attribute specifies scroll information for the frame window. Possible values

auto: This value tells the user agent to provide scrolling devices for the frame window when necessary. This is the default value. yes: This value tells the user agent to always provide scrolling devices for the frame window.

no: This value tells the user agent not to provide scrolling devices for the frame window.

Frameborder : - This attribute provides the user agent with information about the frame border. Possible values:

1: This value tells the user agent to draw a separator between this frame and every adjoining frame. This is the default value. 0: This value tells the user agent not to draw a separator between this frame and every adjoining frame. Note that separators may be drawn next to this frame nonetheless if specified by other frames.

Marginwidth:- This attribute specifies the amount of space to be left between the frames contents in its left and right margins. The value must be greater than zero (pixels). The default value depends on the user agent. Marginheight: - This attribute specifies the amount of space to be left between the frames contents in its top and bottom margins. The value must be greater than zero (pixels). The default value depends on the user agent. 4. Specifying target frame information Attribute definitions target This attribute specifies the name of a frame where a document is to be opened. By assigning a name to a frame via the name attribute, authors can refer to it as the target

of links defined by other elements. The target attribute may be set for elements that create links (A, LINK), image maps (AREA), and forms (FORM).

4. (d) Alternate content Users should supply alternate content for those user agents that do not support frames or are configured not to display frames. The NOFRAMES element The NOFRAMES element specifies content that should be displayed only by user agents that do not support frames or are configured not to display frames. User agents that support frames must only display the contents of a NOFRAMES declaration when configured not to display frames. User agents that do not support frames must display the contents of NOFRAMES in any case Long descriptions of frames The longdesc attribute allows authors to make frame documents more accessible to people using non-visual user agents. This attribute designates a resource that provides a long description of the frame. Authors should note that long descriptions associated with frames are attached to the frame, not the frames contents.