BasicLinuxCommands

by B.Prathibha prathibhab@cdac.in

15thSeptember,2010

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BasicLinuxCommands calCommandtoseecalenderforanyspecificmonthoracompleteyear usage:cal[month][year] eg:calsep2010

dateprintsthedateandtime date+"%D%H:%M:%S" 09/14/1014:19:43 Options: dThedateofthemonth(131) yThelasttwodigitsoftheyear H,M,SHourMinuteandsecondrespectively Dthedateinmm/dd/yy

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BasicLinuxCommands echo:Printmessageontheterminal usage:echo<message> eg:echo"Welcometotheworkshop" o/p:Welcometotheworkshop

passwdallowsyoutochangeyourpassword mandisplaysthedocumentationforacommand usage:man<commandname> eg:manmkdir

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LinuxFileSystem

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Standarddirectorystructure Standarddirectorystructure /thetopmost /devallthedevicesareaccessibleasfiles /varvariabledatasuchasmails,logfiles,databases /usralmostallthepackagesinstalled /etcconfigurationfiles /homehomedirectoriesforalltheusers /roothomedirectoryoftheprivilegeduserroot /mntusedtomountotherdirectories/partitions.

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ShellMetacharacters MetacharactersThesearespecialcharactersthatarerecognisedbytheshell. *matches0ormorecharacters.

eg:ls*.c

?matchesanysinglecharacter

eg:lsab?.c

[]Thiswillmatchanysinglecharacterintherange.

eg:lstut[09].m Thiswillfindfilessuchastut0.m,tut9.metc.,

>Redirectstandardoutputtoafile.

echohelloworld>hello.txt

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ShellMetacharacters

>>Appendsstandardoutputtoafile.

eg:echoHelloAgain>>hello.txt

<Takesstandardinputfromafile |Thisispipecharacter.Sendstheoutputoffirstcommandasinputforthe secondcommand.

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FileSystemCommands

mkdirmakedirectory

usage:mkdir<dirname> eg:mkdirppath/test/test1 p>noerrorifexisting,makeparentdirectoriesasneeded

cdchangedirectories

Usecdtochangedirectories.Typecdfollowedbythenameofadirectoryto accessthatdirectory.

mvchangethenameofadirectory

Typemvfollowedbythecurrentnameofadirectoryandthenewnameof thedirectory. Ex:mvtestdirnewnamedir

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FileSystemCommands

cpcopyfilesanddirectories usage:cpsourcedestination

cpimyfileyourfile Withthe"i"option,ifthefile"yourfile"exists,youwillbepromptedbeforeitis overwritten. cprsrcdirdestdir Copyallfilesfromthedirectory"srcdir"tothedirectory"destdir"recursively.

rmdirRemoveanexistingdirectory rmremovefilesordirectories

Usage:rmrname Removesdirectoriesandfileswithinthedirectoriesrecursively.

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FileHandlingCommands

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FileHandlingCommands

catusedtodisplaythecontentsofasmallfileonterminal

usage:cat<filename> catwhensuppliedwithmorethanonefilewillconcatenatethefileswithout anyheaderinformation

moreandlesscommandsareusedtoviewlargefilesonepageatatime

usage:more<filename> usage:less<filename>

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FileHandlingCommands

wccommandisusedtocountlines,wordsandcharacters,dependingonthe optionused.

usage:wc[options][filename] Youcanjustprintnumberoflines,numberofwordsornumberofcharcters byusingfollowingoptions: l:Numberoflines w:Numberofwords c:Numberofcharacters

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SimpleFilters

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Filters

Filtersarecommandswhichacceptdatafromstandardinput,manupulateit andwritetheresultstostandardoutput. Headdisplaysthelinesatthetopofthefile

whenusedwithoutanyoptionitwilldisplayfirst10linesofthefile usage:headfilename n>printthefirstNlinesinsteadofthefirst10

taildisplaysthelinesattheendofthefile.Bydefaultitwilldisplaylast10 linesofthefile

usage:tailfilename

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cut&paste cutcommandcanbeusedtocutthecolumnsfromafilewithcoption.

eg:cutc1,35/etc/passwd

Withfoptionyoucancutthefeildsdelemitedbysomecharacter

eg:cutd:f2/etc/passwd doptionisusedtospecifythedelimiterandfoptionusedtospecifythe feildnumber

pastecommandwillpastethecontentsofthefilesidebyside

eg:pastea.txtb.txt

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Orderingafile

sortreorderslinesinthefile

whitespacesfirst,thennumerals,uppercaseandfinallylowercase youcansortthefilebasedonafieldbyusingtandkoption. Eg:sortt""k2students.txt sortsthefilebasedonthesecondfieldusingthedelimiterasspace r>reversestheresult

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Searchingforapattern

grepscansitsinputforapattern,displaysthelinecontainingthatpattern

usage:grepoptionspatternfilename(s)

searchingforatextstringinone

grep'boss'/etc/passwd searchesforthepatternbossinthe/etc/passwdfile

searchingforatextstringinmultiplefiles

greproot*.txt

CaseinsensitivefilesearchingwiththeUnixgrepcommand

grepihellohello.txt

Reversingthemeaningofagrepsearch

grepvboss/etc/passwd Displaysallthelinesthatdonotcontainthespecifiedpattern
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Searchingforapattern UsinggrepinaUnix/Linuxcommandpipeline

lsal|grep^d printthelinesthatstartswithd

Linuxgrepcommandtosearchformultiplepatternsatonetime

egrepboss|root/etc/passwd

greppatternmatchingandregularexpressions(regexpatterns)

grep'[FG]oo'* grep'[09][09][09]'* grep'^fred'/etc/passwd

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sed

sededitorforfilteringandtransformingtext

i>editthefilesinplace

sedi'1,10d'hello.txt

deletedthefirst10linesfromhello.txt

sedi2ihaihello.txt

Insertsthetexthaiinthesecondline

sedi'/hello/d'hello.txt

Deletedthelinecontainingthepatternhello.

sed's/hello/world/'hello.txt

Replacesthefirstoccurrenceofhellooneachlinetoworld.

sed's/hello/world/g'hello.txt
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Replacesalltheoccurrencesofhellooneachlinetoworld.
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LinuxCommands

pwdprintworkingdirectory

willshowyouthefullpathtothedirectoryyouarecurrentlyin.

shredoverwriteafiletohideitscontents

Theresultisthatyourfileissothoroughlydeleteditisveryunlikelytoeverbe retrievedagain.

lnstestsymlink

Createsasymboliclinknamedsymlinkthatpointstothefiletest

freeDisplaystheamountofusedandfreesystemmemory.

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LinuxCommands

wshowwhoisloggedonandwhattheyaredoing usage:w whoshowwhoisloggedin usage:who whob>lastsystemboottime

whoamiprintstheeffectiveuserid. whereisls Locatesbinariesandmanualpagesforthelscommand. catdisplaysthecontentsofthefileonthescreen.

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LinuxCommands

dfreportfilesystemdiskspaceusage

Usage:dfh h>printsizesinhumanreadableformat

dusummarizediskusageofeachfile,recursivelyfordirectories.

Usage:duh

findFindlocationsoffiles/directoriesquicklyacrossentirefilesystem

Usage:find/nameappnametypedxdev typedsearchforthedirectorynamedappname xdevDon'tdescenddirectoriesonotherfilesystems. searchagainstalldirectoriesbelow/fortheappnamefoundindirectoriesbutonly ontheexistingfilesystem.

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LinuxCommands

Commandtofindandremovefiles find.name"FILETOFIND"execrmrf{}\; lspciautilityfordisplayinginformationaboutPCIbusesinthe systemanddevicesconnectedtothem.

vdisplaysadetailedinformation.

lsusbautilityfordisplayinginformationaboutUSBbusesinthe systemandthedevicesconnectedtothem.

vdisplaysadetailedinformation.

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LinuxCommands

lshwlistthehardware hwinfoprobsforthehardware cat/proc/cpuinfogivesinformationaboutcpu cat/proc/meminfogivesinformationaboutmemory

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pscommand ps(i.e.,processstatus)commandisusedtoprovideinformationaboutthe currentlyrunningprocesses,includingtheirprocessidentificationnumbers (PIDs).

pslistsalltheprocesses usage:psaux

killtokillaprocess

psismostoftenusedtoobtainthePIDofamalfunctioningprocessinorder toterminateitwiththekillcommand usage:kill9pid wherepidprocessidoftheprocesstobekilled.

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TaskAutomation

Cronisthenameofprogramthatenableslinuxuserstoexecutecommands orscripts(groupsofcommands)automaticallyataspecifiedtime/date. Youcansetupsetupcommandsorscripts,whichwillrepeatedlyrunataset time. Thecronservice(daemon)runsinthebackgroundandconstantlychecksthe /etc/crontabfile,/etc/cron.*/directories. Italsochecksthe/var/spool/cron/directory. Toeditthecrontabfile,typethefollowingcommandattheLinuxshell prompt: crontabe Syntaxofcrontab(FieldDescription) mhdommondow/path/to/commandarg1arg2 where

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TaskAutomation m:Minute(059) h:Hours(023) dom:Date(031) mon:Month(012[12==December]) dow:weekdays(07[0or7sunday]) /path/to/commandScriptorcommandnametoschedule Ifyouwishedtohaveascriptnamed/root/backup.shruneverydayat3am, yourcrontabentrywouldlooklikeasfollows: 03***/root/backup.sh Executeeveryminute *****/bin/script.sh Thisscriptisbeingexecutedeveryminute.
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TaskAutomation ExecuteeveryFriday1AM Toschedulethescripttorunat1AMeveryFriday,wewouldneedthefollowing cronjob: 01**5/bin/execute/this/script.sh Thescriptisnowbeingexecutedwhenthesystemclockhits: 1.minute:0 2.ofhour:1 3.ofdayofmonth:*(everydayofmonth) 4.ofmonth:*(everymonth) 5.andweekday:5(=Friday)

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TaskAutomation Executeonworkdays1AM ToschedulethescripttorunfromMondaytoFridayat1AM,wewouldneed thefollowingcronjob: 01**15/bin/script.sh Thescriptisnowbeingexecutedwhenthesystemclockhits: 1.minute:0 2.ofhour:1 3.ofdayofmonth:*(everydayofmonth) 4.ofmonth:*(everymonth) 5.andweekday:15(=MondaytillFriday)

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TaskAutomation Execute10pastaftereveryhouronthe1stofeverymonth 10*1**/bin/script.sh ifyouwanttorunsomethingevery10minutes: 0,10,20,30,40,50****/bin/script.sh or */10****/bin/script.sh SpecialWords Ifyouusethefirst(minute)field,youcanalsoputinakeywordinsteadofa number: @rebootRunonce,atstartup @yearlyRunonceayear"0011*" @annually(sameas@yearly)
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TaskAutomation @monthlyRunonceamonth"001**" @weeklyRunonceaweek"00**0" @dailyRunonceaday"00***" @midnight(sameas@daily) @hourlyRunonceanhour"0**** Eg:@daily/bin/script.sh Storingthecrontaboutput Tostoretheoutputinaseparatelogfile.Here'show: */10****/bin/script.sh2>&1>>/var/log/script_output.log

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Howtousevieditor Startingvi

Youmayusevitoopenanalreadyexistingfilebytyping vifilename

viModes

vihastwomodes: *commandmode *insertmode Incommandmode,thelettersofthekeyboardperformeditingfunctions (likemovingthecursor,deletingtext,etc.).Toentercommandmode,press theescape<Esc>key. Ininsertmode,thelettersyoutypeformwordsandsentences.Unlikemany wordprocessors,vistartsupincommandmode.

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Howtousevieditor

EnteringText

Inordertobeginenteringtextinthisemptyfile,youmustchangefrom commandmodetoinsertmode.Todothis,type I

DeletingWords

Todeleteaword,movethecursortothefirstletteroftheword,andtype dw Thiscommanddeletesthewordandthespacefollowingit. Todeletethreewordstype 3dw

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Howtousevieditor

DeletingLines

Todeleteawholeline,type dd Thecursordoesnothavetobeatthebeginningoftheline.Typingdddeletes theentirelinecontainingthecursorandplacesthecursoratthestartofthe nextline.Todeletetwolines,type 2dd Todeletefromthecursorpositiontotheendoftheline,type D(uppercase)

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Howtousevieditor

ReplacingCharacters

Toreplaceonecharacterwithanother: 1.Movethecursortothecharactertobereplaced. 2.Typer 3.Typethereplacementcharacter. Thenewcharacterwillappear,andyouwillstillbeincommandmode.

ReplacingWords

Toreplaceonewordwithanother,movetothestartoftheincorrectwordand type cw

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Howtousevieditor Youarenowininsertmodeandmaytypethereplacement.Thenewtextdoes notneedtobethesamelengthastheoriginal.Press<Esc>togetbackto commandmode.Toreplacethreewords,type 3cw

ReplacingLines

Tochangetextfromthecursorpositiontotheendoftheline: 1.TypeC(uppercase). 2.Typethereplacementtext. 3.Press<Esc>.

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Howtousevieditor

Movingaroundinafile Htotoplineofscreen Mtomiddlelineofscreen Ltolastlineofscreen Gtolastlineoffile 1Gtofirstlineoffile

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Howtousevieditor

MovingbySearching

Tomovequicklybysearchingfortext,whileincommandmode: 1.Type/(slash). 2.Enterthetexttosearchfor. 3.Press<Return>. Thecursormovestothefirstoccurrenceofthattext. Torepeatthesearchinaforwarddirection,type n Torepeatthesearchinabackwarddirection,type N

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Howtousevieditor

Tosavetheeditsyouhavemade,butleavevirunningandyourfileopen: 1.Press<Esc>. 2.Type:w 3.Press<Return>.

Toquitvi,anddiscardanychangesyourhavemadesincelastsaving: 1.Press<Esc>. 2.Type:q! 3.Press<Return>.

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ThankYou

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