Operating system

An operating system is an essential component of a computer

system.

The primary objectives of an operating system are to make computer

system convenient to use and utilize computer hardware in a efficient
manner.

System software’s are complex programs designed to operate

control and extend the processing capabilities of the computer.
System software makes the computer easier to use because it
simplifies the communication between the machine and its operator.
This entire collection of system software is an integrated set of
programs is known as an operating system.

An operating system is an integrated set of programs that

control, supervises and supports a computer system.

The operating system programs may be stored on disks, floppy

disks or ROM/RAM chips. They are transferred to the primary memory
as and when needed. When the operating system resides on a disks it
is called disk operating system.(DOS)

An operating system is a large collection of software which

manages resources of the computer system such as memory,
processor, file system and input/output devices.

Types of operating systems

The operating system depends on the type of hardware we are

using. The personal computers are the single user systems and uses
dos. Depending on the type of computer system we have different
types of operating system. Dos allows only one user to work with the
hardware at a time. Just dos we have another operating system know
as UNIX which is mostly used on the bigger computers.
 Dos is single user operating system. Larger computer systems
are not single user systems since they allow many users to work with
computers at the same time For working with larger multi user
computers we need an operating system, which is smart enough to
handle request from several users at the same time. UNIX is an
operating system, which can allow many users to work with the
computers at the same time. It requires different type of computer
hardware.

Following are some of the commonly used operating systems.

Dos, Unix, Xenix, Vms,os/2,cp/m,Windows 95,and windows Nt.,

Batch operating system.

As discussed earlier during batch processing environment it

requires grouping of similar jobs which consist of programs data
and system commands. The suitability of this type of processing
is in programs with large computation time with no need of user
interaction.

Multiprogramming operating system

Multiprogramming operating systems compared to batch

operating systems are fairly sophisticated. Multiprogramming has a
significant potential for improving system through out put and
resource utilization with very minor differences. Different forms of
multiprogramming operating system are multitasking, multiprocessing
and multiuser operating system.

Multitasking operating systems.

A running state of a program is called a process or a task. A
multitasking operating system supports two or more active processes
simultaneously multiprogramming operating system
Multiuser operating systems

It allows simultaneous access to a computer system through two

or more terminals. Although frequently associated with
multiprogramming, multiuser operating system does not simply
multiprogramming or multitasking operating system.

Ms-Dos

Dos is the most commonly used operating system. It is very

simple to learn, as it allows the usage of English word’s as commands
to the computer. Dos commands are very simple and very easy to
remember.
Ms-dos is an operating system developed by the Microsoft Corporation
of U.S.A.

Version of Dos

Similarly there are different versions for an operating system.

The latest version of dos available in ms-dos version 6.22
System files

During the process of booting dos is loaded into the computers

memory loading of dos into the computers memory loading of the
following systems files

I/O.Sys Ms-dos.sys command.com

If any of these system files are missing the system wont boot or start.
It will display the following message.
Let us study the purpose of each files.

I/O.sys

This is the first and the most important system file to be loaded
in the ram memory as the name suggests it is a file controlling the
operations of input/output devices it keeps track of various
input/output devices like monitor, key-board, printer, plotters mouse
etc. it is the resident part of your operating system.

Msdos.sys

This file also a resident part of operating system in the 640 kb

base memory. As the name suggests it deals with the operation of
disks. A disk contains files or they store information. This information
has to be managed efficiently keeping track of total disk.

Command.com

This system file provides an interface between the system and

the user. It occupies 47845 bytes and is responsible for providing a
prompt to the user. It is responsible for any of command execution.

Dos commands

Internal commands External commands

Simple File Dir
Commands commands commands

Simple Commands

Date:- To display present system date and change the date

Syn:- MM/DD/YY
Eg:- 09/02/2009

Time:- To display Present system time and change the time

Syn:- HH:MM:SS:SS

Eg:- 13:45:56:23

Ver:- To display Windows operating system version.

Syn:- Ver

Eg:- Ver

Vol:- To display Volume serial number and name

Syn:- Vol

Eg:- Vol

Cls:- To clear the screen

Syn:- Cls

Eg:- Cls

Exit:- To exit the ms dos prompt

Syn:- Exit

Eg:- Exit
File Commands:

Copy con: - This command is used to create a new file and save the file to press
^Z or F6 to save the file

Eg: - C :\> copy con bdps

This is best computer center in vja
F6

1 File created

Copy: - This command is used for to copy the data one file to another file

Syn:- copy Source file destination file

Eg:- copy bdps cmts

1 File copied

Type:- This command is used for to see the information of a file.

Syn:- Type File name

Eg:- Type BDPS

This is best computer center

Ren:- This command is used for to rename the file

Syn:- Ren old name new name

Eg:- ren cmts niit

Del:- This command is used for to delete the specific file name.

Syn:- Del file name

Eg:- Del niit

Prompt: - Changes the appearance of dos system prompt.sends escape codes to analysis.
Syn:- prompt prompt string

Eg:-

$$ Dollar sign
 $b piping symbol
$d current date
$t current time
$v current operating system version
$q Equal sign
$p currently logged driver and directory
$g greater than symbol
$l less than symbol
$n current drive
$e ESC character
$h Backspace

Dir commands:-

Dir/p:- To display files and directories page wise.

Dir/w/p:- To display files and directories width wise.

Dir/on/p:- To display files and directories order by name.
Dir/o-n/p:- To display files and directories descending order by name.
Dir/od/p:- To display files and directories order by date.
Dir/o-d/p:- To display files and directories descending order by date.
Dir/os/p:- To display files and directories order by size.
Dir/o-s/p:- To display files and directories descending order by size.
Dir/ad/p:- Only to display directories.

Dir/as/p:- To display directories and sub directories.

Md: - Make a directory
Cd: - change a directory
Rd: - Remove directory

File:- collection of data is called file

Directory:- collection of files and sub directories is called directory.

India

a.p. U.p.

West Krishna
 Pkl nsp vja Bandar

Eg:-

C:\> md India
Cd India
C:\>india>Dir

(2) dir
(0) Files

C:\>india>md ap
Md up

(4) dirs
(0) Files

C:\> India>copy con kumar

He is good person
^z
1 file copied.

C :\> India>dir

(4) dir
(1) file

External commands:

Format:- Format command is used to initialize or format a disk. Formatted disk

can be used to store data and programs. Fresh disks cannot be used by dos
for holding files.

Syn:- C:\> format A:

Eg:- Format A:
The following are the important switches that can be used with format command:
/S:- it also copies ms-dos system files to the disk
/V:- it allows to enter a name for the disk being formatted.

All information on the disk is wiped out when it is formatted and cannot be retrieved.
This command is almost never to be used with hard disk.

Chkdsk: - This command checks a floppy disk or hard disk for errors.
It corrects these errors if possible. This command produces a report.
It includes a list of files, and total and available computer capacity.

Syn:- chkdsk drive:

Eg:- c:\> chkdsk

The following switches can be used with command

/F :- It fixed the errors.

/V:- it displays the name of each file and directory checked.

Diskcopy:- This command is used to copy the entire contents of one disk to another disk. The
copying is done on a sector by sector basis. This makes a duplicate copy of an entire disk.

Syn:- diskcopy drive 1: drive 2:

Eg:- diskcopy A: B:

The following are disadvantages of diskcopy command:

It can be performed only with floppy disks.

Both the source floppy and the target floppy should be of the same type.

Diskcomp:- This command is used to compare the contents of two floppy disks. It compares the
contents on a track to track basis.

Syn: Diskcomp drive 1: drive 2:

Eg:- diskcomp A: B:

Undelete: this command is used to restore the files that were deleted by using del command.
Syn:- undelete file name
Eg:- undelete sachin.txt

Tree:- it displays the structure of directory graphically (directory and sub directories
of the current drive.)
Syn:- tree
Eg:- tree
/F:- It displays even the files available in the directories.

Label:- This command is used to create change or delete a volume label for a disk.

Syn:- label drive:

Eg:- label A:

Xcopy::- This command is used to copy the files selectively from one disk to another. This
command operates like the copy command.

Syn:- xcopy C: A:
Eg: xcopy C: A:

Del tree:- this command is used to remove a directory. This command is different from Rd
command. Rd command can remove an empty directory. The Deltree command can also
remove the directory which is not empty.

Syn: - deltree directory name

Eg:- deltree venkat

Mode:- This command is used to change the screen width.

Syn:- mode
Eg:- mode 80

More:- It is a filter command. This command displays the contents of file page by page.

Syn:- command | more

Eg:- type sachin |more

Sort:- it is also filter command. This command arranges the data in an order.

Syn:- sort file name

Eg:- sort sachin

Move:- This command is used to move the data from one file to another file.

Syn:- move source file destination file

Eg:- move sachin dhoni

Find:- to find specific letter of the file.

Syn:- find “letter” file name

Eg.:- find “a” sachin

Color : this command used for can see the colors screen

Syn: color 10