1

ECT-ERT hardware
and sensor
dr. Darius Styra
22 months visit in TomoKIS
Computer engineering department
Technical University of Lodz
2
Content
1. Improvement of AC-Based tomography
hardware;
2. Dual modality ECT-ERT sensor;
3. Compact size ECT hardware;
4. Rotatable field tomography;
5. Tomogram quality estimation;
6. Conclusions;
7. Dissemination of experimental results.
3
Basics of ECT: system
4
Basics of ECT: sensor
I
I
I I
C
x
= 1 fF1 pF C
A
C
B
= ~200 pF C
A
/ C
x
= ~2(10
2
10
5
)
A
A
C C
B
B
Cx
3D ECT sensor
Equivalent circuit
5
Basics of ECT: hardware
Sex1

E
L
E
C
T
R
O
D
E
OUT
Csw

Rf
Cf
3
2
6
+
-
Out
Sm1
Uex
Csw
Block diagram of ECT system
Picture of ECT hardware
Input circuit with switches
6
1. Improvement of ECT hardware
ECT hardware with 32 channels was designed by
Yangbo He in DENIDIA, there is still to improve:
Hardware connection to sensor;
Flexible sensitivity of input circuit;
Algorithm for flexible calibration of hardware;
USB & Ethernet interfaces.
7
1.1 Hardware connection to sensor
Sex1

E
L
E
C
T
R
O
D
E
OUT
Csw

Rf
Cf
3
2
6
+
-
Out
Sm1
Uex
Csw
Rf
Sm1
OUT
Uex
Sm3
Sm2

3
2
6
+
-
Out
Sex3 Sex1
Sex2

E
L
E
C
T
R
O
D
E
Cf


Before: simple switch Improved: T-switch
Additional switches for electrode
connection to measurement circuit
prevent hardware from signal
saturation, which is accompanied by
a significant drop of the hardware
temperature and therefore
minimization of power dissipation.
Signal decreased 1820 times at
500kHz.
8
1.2 Flexible sensitivity of input
circuit
3
2
6
+
-
Out
Csw IN
Rf 1
Rf 2

Sf 1
Cf
OUT
Sf 1

Csw
OUT
Cf
Csw
Rf 2
3
2
6
+
-
Out
Rf 1
IN
Sf 2

Csw
Sf 3
Before: simple switch
Improved: T-switch
Flexible sensitivity for ECT ERT
switching.
Switchable frequency range
increased up to 14MHz.
9
1.3 Algorithm for flexible calibration
of hardware
High permittivity calibration
(DC PGA calculation)
Low permittivity calibration
(Offset calculation)
Calibration
End
High permittivity calibration
(DC PGA calculation)
Low permittivity calibration
(Offset calculation)
High permittivity calibration
(AC PGA calculation)
Calibration
End
Before: simple switch
Improved: AC gains
Set DCPGA = 1;
Set Offset = 0;
Set ACPGA =1
Start
Fill sensor with high
permittivity mixture
Calculate AC gain
End
Read ADC
AC gains calibration
10
1.5 Ethernet and USB interfaces
Powerful DAQ: USB & Ethernet
Prevented from signal saturation and high temperature;
Suitable for ECT and ERT measurements;
Suitable for any kind of 2D or 3D sensor;
USB & Ethernet hardware for rapid data transfer.
11
2 Dual modality ECT-ERT sensor
Two systems:
Oil and emulsion up to 40% of salt water: high resistivity, ECT
mode;
Salt water and emulsion up to 50% of oil: low resistivity, ERT
mode.
Or one system:
Dual modality ECT-ERT electrodes;
Switchable ECT-ERT hardware.
12
2.1 Dual modality ECT/ERT sensor
Insulated electrode with naked pin
13
2.2 Dual modality ECT/ERT sensor
The same electrodes for ERT and ECT;
The same wires for ERT and ECT;
The same hardware for ERT and ECT.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
f, kHz
U, mV
DM ERT ERT TW PIN ERT ERT TW
DM ECT ECT HP SHLD ECT ECT HP
14
3. Compact ECT hardware
Previous systems:
Big hardware, built in 19 Euro case;
A Lot of components;
High power consumptions;
Stray immune capacitance
measurement circuits.
15
Compact size;
Low power;
Availability of supplied by battery
wireless hardware;
New stray capacitance compensation.
3.1 Hardware: a) pictures
16
3.1 Hardware: b) block diagram
PS021 from ACAM.de
measurement rate: up to
50 kHz;
resolution: up to 6 aF;
range: 0fF 10nF;
current: down to 10A;
17
1 2
12 12
C C
m
=
3.2 Theory of stray capacitance
compensation
18
1 2
23 13
23 13
12 12
C C
C C
C C
m
+
+ =
3
3.2 Theory of stray capacitance
compensation
19
C
12m
C
12
C
13
C
23

C
AA
+
C
24
C
23
C
34

C
AA
+
|

\
|
|

C
14
C
13
C
34

C
AA
+
|

\
|
|

C
23
C
34
C
13
C
34
+ C
34
C
35
+
C
AA
C
14
+ C
45
+ C
24
+
+ +
C
25
C
23
C
35

C
AA
+
C
24
C
23
C
34

C
AA
+
|

\
|
|

C
45
C
34
C
35

C
AA
+
|

\
|
|

C
23
C
34
C
13
C
34
+ C
34
C
35
+
C
AA
C
14
+ C
45
+ C
24
+
+

(
(
(
(
(
(

C
15
C
13
C
35

C
AA
+
C
14
C
13
C
34

C
AA
+
|

\
|
|

C
45
C
34
C
35

C
AA
+
|

\
|
|

C
23
C
34
C
13
C
34
+ C
34
C
35
+
C
AA
C
14
+ C
45
+ C
24
+
+

(
(
(
(
(
(

C
25
C
15
+
C
23
C
35
C
13
C
35
+
C
AA
+
C
23
C
34
C
13
C
34
+
C
AA
C
14
+ C
24
+
|

\
|
|

C
45
C
34
C
35

C
AA
+
|

\
|
|

C
23
C
34
C
13
C
34
+ C
34
C
35
+
C
AA
C
14
+ C
45
+ C
24
+
+
+
C
AA
C
13
C
23
+ C
34
+ C
35
+
3.2 Theory of stray capacitance
compensation: a) equation solving method
20
C
12m
C
12
C
13
C
23

C
13
C
23
+
+
C
24
C
14

C
24
C
14
+
+
C
25
C
15

C
25
C
15
+
+ :=
3.2 Theory of stray capacitance
compensation: b) neglecting method
21
C
m.i
capacitance between i and all
other short-circuited;
C
m.j
capacitance between j and all
other short-circuited;
C
m.i,j
capacitance between connected
i with j and all other short-circuited.
3.2 Theory of stray capacitance
compensation: c) short-circuiting method

=
) (
, .
i k
k i i m
C C

=
) (
, .
j k
k j j m
C C


+ =
) , (
,
) , (
, , .
j i k
k j
j i k
k i j i m
C C C
2
, . . .
,
j i m j m i m
j i
C C C
C
+
=
22
3.2 Theory of stray capacitance
compensation: d) application for ECT sensor
1 4 3 2 1 14 13 12 1 . sc sw sw sw w m
C C C C C C C C C + + + + + + + =
2 4 3 1 2 24 23 12 2 . sc sw sw sw w m
C C C C C C C C C + + + + + + + =
2 1 4 3 2 1 24 23 14 13 12 . sc sc sw sw w w m
C C C C C C C C C C C + + + + + + + + + =
+

=
2
2
4 3 2 1 12
12
sw sw sw sw
C C C C C
C
+ + + +
=
2
, . . .
,
sw j i m j m i m
j i
C C C C
C

+
=
23
3.2 Theory of stray capacitance
compensation: e) measurement speed
1
2
) 1 (
+

+ =
N N
N M
2 / ) 1 ( = N N M
Stray capacitance immune Stray capacitance compensated
1.067 1.142 1.197 1.244 1.321 1.467 Difference D
529 137 79 56 37 22 Stray compensated M
496 120 66 45 28 15 Stray immune M
32 16 12 10 8 6 Electrode number N
Single measurement number
24
3.3 Experimental results
a) comparison of methods
0.00% 0.00% 0.000 0.000 2.070 2.274 5. Isolated
15.1% 12.71% 0.312 0.289 2.382 2.563 4. Without compensation
0.10% 0.70% 0.002 -0.016 2.072 2.258 3. Short-circuiting
7.25% 8.58% -0.15 -0.195 1.920 2.079 2. Neglecting
1.16% 0.66% -0.024 -0.015 2.046 2.259 1. Equation solving
C
45
, % C
12
, % C
45
, pF C
12
, pF
Relative error Error
C
45
, pF C
12
, pF Method
25
3.4 Experimental results
b) stray capacitance compensation for ECT
sensor
0.760 0.238 31.315 Stray compensated 1 7 2*, full
1.59 0.494
1.016 0.433 30.821 Stray immune 1 7 2*, full
0.014 0.313 2249.867 Stray compensated 1 2 2*, full
0.02 0.353
0.025 0.566 2249.514 Stray immune 1 2 2*, full
2.268 0.093 4.101 Stray compensated 1 7 1*, empty
-1.38 -0.057
4.069 0.169 4.158 Stray immune 1 7 1*, empty
0.073 0.311 424.062 Stray compensated 1 2 1*, empty
0.00 0.004
0.133 0.562 424.058 Stray immune 1 2 1*, empty
diff*, % diff*, fF U*, % U*, fF C, fF Method Electrode Sensor
U* - uncertainty type A, p=95%; diff* - difference between measurement results;
1* - sensor with 160mm diameter, electrode length 160mm and 25mm electrode width;
2* - sensor with 45mm diameter, electrode length 100mm and 9.5mm electrode width.
26
U1(t)
I
1
(
t
)
I
3
(
t
)
U3(t)
U2(t)
I
2
(
t
)
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
10
5
0
5
10
10
10
U
1
( )
U
2
( )
U
3
( )
360 0
deg
3 phase voltage
U
1
( ) U
m
cos 0deg + ( ) := U
2
( ) U
m
cos 120deg + ( ) := U
3
( ) U
m
cos 240deg + ( ) :=
4. Rotatable Field Tomography
27
4.1 Rotatable Field Tomography
28
4.2 HardWare for RFT
R4
R
+
-
U10
AD844
3
2
6
7
4
1
8
5
+Vs
C1
C
+Vs
R3
R
+Vs
-Vsin
-Vs
+
-
U8
AD844
3
2
6
7
4
1
8
5
R2
Rvar
+Vs
-Iout
+
-
U5
AD844
3
2
6
7
4
1
8
5
+
-
U7
AD844
3
2
6
7
4
1
8
5
-Vs
+
-
U2
AD844
3
2
6
7
4
1
8
5
+Vs
+Vs
+
-
U3
AD844
3
2
6
7
4
1
8
5
-Vs
-Vs C2
C
-Vs
-Vs
+Iout
-Vs
R6
R
+
-
U4
AD844
3
2
6
7
4
1
8
5
+Vs
R1
R
-Vs -Vs
R5
R
+Vsin
+Vs
+Vs
+
-
U9
AD844
3
2
6
7
4
1
8
5
+Vs
+
-
U1
OPA602
3
2
6
71
45
+
-
U6
OPA602
3
2
6
71
45
-Vs
Block diagram of electronics
DDS BUF ADC AMP
DAQ
Ele1
DDS BUF ADC AMP
Ele2
DDS BUF ADC AMP
Ele3
Current excitation Voltage measurement
Schematics for current excitation
No need of switches
High quality tomogram
High speed tomography
29
4.3 Rotatable Field Tomography
Only average value;
There is need of further research.
30
5. Tomogram quality estimation
Sigma L2 normalized error is the root mean square of the components of the error
M, N number of point;
x exact value of point;
x
TOM
value of reconstructed point.
( )
( )
% 100
1 1
,
1 1
, ,
x
N
n
M
m
x
n m
x
N
n
M
m
x
n m TOM n m
Lx
x
x x

= =
= =

=
Cross - correlation is the root mean square of the components of the error
R
1
N M
0
N 1
n 0
M 1
m
x
n m ,
y
n m ,

( )

M, N number of point;
x exact value of point;
y value of reconstructed point.
31
5. Tomogram quality estimation
Sftware for comparison tomogram done by IAESTE student Danijiel Petanovic
Software is able:
evaluate Sigma Lx erros between two
2D tomograms;
evaluate correlation between two 2D
tomograms;
enteramanuallt 2D tomogram;
Draw tomograms
32
6. Conclusions
Improvement of AC-based ECT hardware
Prevented from signal saturation;
Suitable for ECT and ERT measurements;
Suitable for any kind of 2D or 3D;
Reduced noise;
USB & Ethernet hardware for rapid data transfer.
Dual modality ECT-ERT sensor
The same electrodes for ERT and ECT;
The same wires for ERT and ECT;
The same hardware for ERT and ECT.
Compact ECT hardware
New concept of ECT hardware
New stray capacitance compensation method;
Compact size;
Low price;
Availability of supplied by battery and/or wireless hardware.
Rotatable Field Tomography:
No success, only average value.
Error estimation in tomograms
Two tomograms comparison using signa L norms;
Two tomograms comparison using correlation;
Manual entering of tomogram
33
7. Dissemination of research results
Presentations:
6
th
World Congress on Industrial Process tomography in Beijing;
Electrical Engineering and Electronics 2010 in Kowno;
Marie Curie Conference ESOF 2010 in Torino;
Lecture in Technical University of Warszawa 2009.
Papers:
Improvement of AC-based ECT Hardware;
Stray Capacitance Compensation for Non Stray-Immune ECT Systems;
Application of Multi Modality Tomography for Multi Phase Flow Measurements;
Application of ECT/ERT/gamma ray image reconstruction for Multi Phase Flow
Measurements;
Improvement of ECT Hardware.
Few opinions:
The papers are very good. Thanks for sending them to me.
I read your two papers carefully. My opinion is that the paper on improvement of ECT
hardware is very good, but the compact ECT paper is less impressive.
34
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank prof. Erling A. Hammer
from University of Bergen for valuable help.
The work is funded by the European Communitys
Sixth Framework Program Marie Curie Transfer of
Knowledge Action (DENIDIA, contract No.: MTKD-CT-
2006-039546)
35
Thanks for your attention