Chng 3.

X L NC THI
3.1. i cng
3.1.1. Cc qu trnh v cng ngh XLNT (xem li Chng 1, Mc 1.3) 3.1.2. C s la chn dy chuyn cng ngh XLNT Quy m/cng sut ca ngun thi (lu lng thit k). c im nc thi (thnh phn, nng ). Mc XLNT cn thit (c im va kha nng t lm sch ngun nc, yu cu theo tiu chun khi xa nc thi ra ngun). iu kin t nhin ni xy dng (khi hu, a hnh, a cht cng trnh va a cht thuy vn ). c im kinh t xa& hi (ngun ti chnh, kha nng cung ng nguyn vt liu xy dng va vn hnh cng trnh, ngun nhn lc). S tham gia ca cng ng (s chp nhn ca cng ng, ng thu nc thi, gim st hot ng ca d n ...).
ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh Mi tr 1 3-1

Khoa Mi tr

ng

Chng 3. X L NC THI
3.2. X l s b v x l bc mt
3.2.1. iu ha lu lng va nng Lu lng, thnh phn nc thi thng khng u nhau theo gi trong ngy, gia cc thng trong nm, gia cc ngy trong thng Qmax 4 S dng b iu ha nhm 3 duy tr dng thi vo cc QTB thit b x l pha sau n 2 nh lu lng, thnh 1 phn. V tr b iu ha: sau b 0 lng ct, trc b lng bc 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Thi gian trong ngy, gi 1.
ng Tr ng HKH Hu

Q, 106gal/ngy

Hnh 3.1. Bin ng theo thi gian trong ngy ca lu lng NTSH
Khoa Mi tr Bi gi ng Cng ngh Mi tr 2 ng 3-2

Chng 3. X L NC THI
Xc nh th tch b iu ha lu lng-PP ng cong tch ly lu lng Biu din ng cong tch ly Q theo thi gian (Hnh 3.2a hay b). V ng tip tuyn vi ng cong song song vi ng QTB Th tch b iu ha V = khong cch gia 2 tip im theo chiu thng ng (H.3.2.a), hay = khong cch theo chiu thng ng t tip im n ng QTB (H.3.2.b).
Hnh 3.2. ng cong tch ly lu lng dng xc nh th tch b iu ha
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh Mi tr 3 ng 3-3

Chng 3. X L NC THI
V du

V~ 2500 m3
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh Mi tr 4 ng 3-4

Chng 3. X L NC THI
3.2.2. Chn rc (Screen) i tng x ly: cc vt th nh rc, ti nilon, vo cy,... V tr chn rc: t ti mng dn nc thi, trc trm bm va cc cng trnh x ly. Thit b ph bin l cc song chn rc (bar screens) Cu to song chn rc:
cc thanh kim loi t k tip nhau tit din thanh chn hnh ch& nht, trn hay elip. thanh chn t nghing so vi hng dng chy

C 2 phng thc lm sch chn rc:

thu cng (manual cleaning) lng rc nho < 0,1 m3/d c gii (mechanical cleaning) lng rc > 0,1 m3/d
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh Mi tr 5 ng 3-5

Chng 3. X L NC THI

a) B mt

b) Mt ct dc

c) Mt trc

Hnh 3.3. Cu to thit b song chn rc B ng 3.1. Mt s thng s cu to chnh ca song chn rc
Thng s B rng thanh chn, mm Khong h gia cc thanh chn, mm Gc nghing so vi phng ngang, 0
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu

Lm sch th cng 5 15 25 50 45 60

Lm sch c gii 5 -15 15 75 60 90

ng 3-6

Bi gi ng Cng ngh Mi tr 6

Chng 3. X L NC THI
3.2.3. Lng ct (Grit chamber: G.C) i tng x ly: cc ht v c c kch thc va ty khi ln (d 0,2 mm, 2,65) Nguyn tc: lng ht ring l hay lng loi 1 (Xem Chng 2) Vn tc dng chy (v) phi u l n cc ht hu c nhe khng lng c va u nho ct va cc ht v c b gi& li trong b (v = 0,15 ~ 0,30 m/s) Cc loi b lng ct:
B lng ct ngang - b mt hnh ch& nht, dng nc thi chy dc theo chiu di b (thng l on mng m rng). B lng ct ng - hnh lng tru ng, nc thi c dn vo t di y va ra khi b pha trn. B lng ct c sc khi tng t lng ct ngang, bn thnh c cc u sc khi nn lm nc thi chy thnh dng xon
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh Mi tr 7 ng 3-7

Chng 3. X L NC THI
m t c t 1 -1 m t c t 2 -2

m t bng

(b)

(a)

Hnh 3.4. S b lng ct ngang (a) va b lng ct c sc khi (b).

Khoa Mi tr

ng Tr

ng HKH Hu

Bi gi ng Cng ngh Mi tr 8

ng

3-8

Chng 3. X L NC THI
3.2.4. Lng bc 1 (primary sedimentation) i tng x ly: cc ht cht rn l lng trong nc thi trc khi i vo h x ly sinh hc (c th loi 40 60 % SS va 25 35 % BOD). Nguyn tc lng: lng loi 2 hay lng to bng (xem mc 2.3.1, Chng 2) Cu to b lng:
Theo hnh dng tit din b mt b, phn bit:
B lng hnh ch& nht (Rectangular tanks) B lng hnh trn (Circular tanks)

Theo hng dng chy NT trong vng lng, phn bit:

B lng ngang dng NT chy ngang qua b (Horizontal flow) (Hnh 3.5) B lng ng dng NT chy t di ln (Upflow) (Hnh 3.6) B lng theo phng bn knh dng NT phn phi t ng trung tm ra thnh b (Radial flow) (Hnh 3.7)
ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh Mi tr 9

Khoa Mi tr

ng

3-9

Chng 3. X L NC THI

Hnh 3.5. B lng ngang

Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh 10 Mi tr ng 3 - 10

Chng 3. X L NC THI
Hnh 3.6. B lng ng

Hnh 3.6. B lng ng.

Hnh 3.7. B lng theo phng bn knh

Khoa Mi tr

ng Tr

ng HKH Hu

Bi gi ng Cng ngh 11 Mi tr

ng

3 - 11

Chng 3. X L NC THI
Cc thng s b lng bc 1
Bng 3.1. Kch thc in hnh ca
b lng bc 1

Bng 3.2. Thng s thit k tiu biu ca b

lng bc 1

Thng s B lng ch nht Chiu cao Chiu di Chiu rng B lng trn Chiu cao ng knh

Gi tr tiu biu 34m 25 50 m 5 10 m 34m 12 40 m

Thng s Thi gian lu, h SLR, m3/m2/d Vi QTB Vi Qmax,h WOR, m3/m/d

Khong gi tr 1,5 ~ 2,0 32 ~ 50 81 ~ 122 124 ~ 490

Gi tr tiu biu 2,0 40 100 248

SLR: Surface Loading Rate=Ti trng b mt WOR: Weir Overflow Rate= Ti trng mng trn

Khoa Mi tr

ng Tr

ng HKH Hu

Bi gi ng Cng ngh 12 Mi tr

ng

3 - 12

Chng 3. X L NC THI 3.3. X ly, bc hai

3.3.1. Mt s, khi nim X ly bc hai = cc qu trnh x ly sinh hc - cc vi sinh vt (VSV) s dng cht cn loi bo trong nc thi (cht hu c, N, P) lm c cht cho qu trnh sinh trng (gm to nng lng va to t bo mi). S chuyn ha sinh hc cht thi lin quan n nhiu nhm VSV khc nhau gm Vi khun (Bacteria), Nm (Fungi), ng vt nguyn sinh (Protozoa), Lun trng (Rotifers), To (Algae); trong o vi khun ng vai tro quan trng hng u trong chuyn ha cht thi (cht hu c, N, P).

Khoa Mi tr

ng Tr

ng HKH Hu

Bi gi ng Cng ngh 13 Mi tr

ng

3 - 13

Chng 3. X L NC THI
Ty iu kin sinh trng ca VSV trong h x l, phn bit:
Qu trnh hiu khi (Aerobic process) - qu trnh x l sinh hc xy ra vi s c mt ca oxy (O2) Qu trnh ky) khi (Anaerobic process) - qu trnh x l sinh hc xy ra vi s vng mt ca oxy (O2) Qu trnh thiu khi (Anoxic process)- qu trnh x l sinh hc xy ra vi s vng mt ca oxy phn t (O2) nhng ngun nhn electron l cc cht v c c cha oxy (NO3-, NO2-...) Qu trnh sinh trng th l lng (Suspended-growth process): qu trnh x l sinh hc trong o VSV lin quan n chuyn ha cht thi tn ti di dng l lng va di chuyn theo dng nc thi. Qu trnh sinh trng th bm (Attached-growth process): qu trnh x l sinh hc trong o VSV lin quan n chuyn ha cht thi tn ti di dng bm trn b mt vt liu mang.
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh 14 Mi tr ng 3 - 14

Chng 3. X L NC THI
M t s thng s c tr ng cho h th ng XLSH X: nng vi sinh vt, thng nh gia qua nng VSS, mg/L S: nng c cht (BOD, COD, NH4-N, TKN,), mg/L Y: hiu sut to t bo (lng sinh khi to mi/lng c cht tiu thu), mg-VSS/mg-BOD5 hay mg-VSS/mg-N, Thi gian lu thy lc: HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time) hay
HRT = Th tch h x l (V) Lu lng nc thi qua h (Q)

(3.1)

Thi gian lu bn (vi cc h c hi lu hay th bm): SRT (Sludge Retention Time) hay C (cn gi l tui bn: sludge age)
SRT = Lng bn trong h x l Lng bn ra khi h mi ngy

(3.2) (3.3)
Bi gi ng Cng ngh 15 Mi tr ng 3 - 15

Hiu sut x ly E = (C0- C) 100/C0, %

Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu

Chng 3. X L NC THI
3.3.2. X l sinh hc hiu kh loi BOD/COD 3.3.2.1. i c ng C ch loi cht hu c trong x l sinh hc hiu kh: (C,H,O,N) + O2 CO2 + H2O + NH3 + ... + Nng lng (C,H,O,N) + O2 + Nng lng C5H7O2N (t bo VK mi) Cc c im chung ca x l hiu kh:
Cn phi cung cp oxy (t nhin, thit b sc kh) Nhu cu dinh dng C:N:P = 100:5:1 Hiu sut to sinh khi cao Y = 0,4 ~ 0,6 mgVSS/mgBOD5 Hiu sut x l BOD cao, c th n 95% b oxy ha thnh CO2, H2O, (d ha)

[3.1] [3.2]

dng tng hp t bo VK mi (ng ha) (vi khun d dng)

Cc h thng x l hiu kh:

Th l lng: v d bn hot tnh (activated sludge) Th bm dnh: v d lc sinh hc nho git (trickling filter)

Khoa Mi tr

ng Tr

ng HKH Hu

Bi gi ng Cng ngh 16 Mi tr

ng

3 - 16

Chng 3. X L NC THI
3.3.2.2. Qu trnh bn ho t tnh (Activated Sludge Process)
NT vo

B sc kh
Bn hot tnh hi l u

NT sau x l B lng

Bn thi

Hnh 3.8. S nguyn tc qu trnh bn hot tnh

Nc thi (qua x ly s b va bc mt) + bn hi lu b sc khi (b aeroten). VSV hiu khi c duy tr th l lng va khuy trn u nh sc khi. Khi cht lng trn ln (mixed liquor) c dn vo b lng. Mt phn bn lng c hi lu, phn cn li thi bo (thng l c x ly tip theo). Phn bn hi lu cha cc VSV a& quen vi cc iu kin trong b sc khi, b sung VSV t nng yu cu - c gi l bn hot tnh.
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh 17 Mi tr ng 3 - 17

Thng khi b mt

Sc khi nn t y
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh 18 Mi tr ng 3 - 18

Chng 3. X L NC THI
Tnh ton mt s thng s c bn trong QT bn hot tnh:
= V Q (3.4)
Q, S0 V, X Qe, S, Xe

VX c= Qe X e + Qw X R
F/M = QS0 S 0 = VX X
QS0 10-3 V

(3.5)
QR, XR QW, XR

(3.6)
Ch thch: : Thi gian lu thy lc, d C: Thi gian lu bn, d F/M (Food/Microorganisms): ty s c cht/VSV, mgBOD5/mgVSS/d hay d-1 OLR (Organic Loading Rate): ti trng hu c, kgBOD5/m3/d QR: Lu lng bn hi lu, m3/d R: t s hi lu
ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh 19 Mi tr ng 3 - 19

OLR =

(3.7)

R=

QR X = Q XR - X

(3.8)

Khoa Mi tr

ng Tr

Chng 3. X L NC THI
Bng 3.3. Cc thng s, in hnh vi QT bn hot tnh thng thng Thng s C HRT () X F/M OLR R n v d h mg VSS/L mg-BOD5/mg-VSS/d kg-BOB5/m3/d Khong gia tr 5 ~15 4~8 1500 ~ 3000 0,2 ~ 0,4 0,32 ~ 0,64 0,25 ~ 0,75

Ch s, th tch bn (SVI):
Dng nh gia kha nng lng ca bn hot tnh (SVI < 100 mL/g: lng tt) SVI = [th tch bn lng c sau 30 pht]/[Khi lng cht rn trong mu] (mL/g)
lng sau 30 pht

V0 = 1 L SS = 3 g/L
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr

V = 300 mL SVI = 300/3 = 100 mL/g

ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh 20 Mi tr ng 3 - 20

Chng 3. X L NC THI
V d tnh ton h thng bn hot tnh Tnh cc thng s cho qu trnh bn hot tnh x ly nc thi c lu lng 2.000 m3/d va BOD5 = 180 mg/L. Nc thi sau khi x ly t BOD5 = 30 mg/L. B thit k vi cc iu kin sau: X = 2.500 mg/L; R = 0,5; OLR= 0,6 kg-BOD5/m3/d. Gii: (1). Hiu sut x ly: E = (180-30)/180 = 83,3% (2). Th tch b: OLR = QS010-3/V V = QS010-3/OLR = 200018010-3/0,6 = 600 m3 (3). HRT (hay ) = V/Q = 600/2000 = 0,3 d = 7,2 h (4). T s F/M: F/M = S0//X = 180/0,3/2500 = 0,24 mgBOD5/mgVSS/d (5). QR: R = QR/Q QR = 0,52000 = 1000 m3/d
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh 21 Mi tr ng 3 - 21

Chng 3. X L NC THI
3.3.2.3. L c sinh h c nho gi t (Trickling filter)
Nc thi c phun t bn trn va chy nho git qua b hay thp lc cha vt liu lc trn o cc VSV bm vo. Qu trnh phn hy cht thi xy ra khi nc thi chy qua lp lc. H thng ng hay ra c l& thu gom nc thi ln vi cht rn sinh hc va c tc dng thng khi cho b lc. Mt phn nc thi cha lng hoc a& lng c th c hi lu pha long nc thi vo. Vt liu lc: a si, x, plastic, Cc VSV bm trn vt liu lc to thnh mng sinh hc. C th t SRT di vi HRT ngn, lng bn to ra t.
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu

Hnh 3.9. S cu to mt b lc nho git

Bi gi ng Cng ngh 22 Mi tr

ng

3 - 22

B lc sinh hc nho git vt liu a si

Thp lc sinh hc vi vt liu plastic

Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh 23 Mi tr ng 3 - 23

Chng 3. X L NC THI
3.3.3. X l sinh hc k kh loi BOD/COD 3.3.3.1. i c ng C ch loi cht hu c trong x l sinh hc k kh: (C,H,O,N,S) CO2 + CH4 + H2S + NH3 + ... + Nng lng (C,H,O,N) + Nng lng C5H7O2N Cc c im chung ca x l k kh:
tng hp t bo VK mi (ng ha) b phn hy thnh CO2, CH4, (d ha)

[3.3] [3.4]

Phn ng xy ra chm HRT di (thng thng: 20-60 ngy) Hiu sut to sinh khi thp Y = 0,02 ~ 0,05 mgVSS/mgBOD5 Nhu cu dinh dng C:N:P = 250:5:1 p dng x l nc thi c hm lng SS v cht hu c cao Hiu sut x l COD thp hn hiu kh, thng thng 80-85% Thng c s dng nh mt giai on tin x ly cho qu trnh x ly hiu khi tip theo.

Cc h thng x l k kh:
Th l lng: v d b phn hy k kh thng thng (anaerobic digester), b UASB Th bm dnh: v d lc k kh (anaerobic filter)
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh 24 Mi tr ng 3 - 24

Chng 3. X L NC THI
Giai on thy phn (polysaccharide, (polysaccharide,protein, protein,lipid,) lipid,)
VK thy phn (Hydrolytic bacteria)

Cc Cccht chthu huc cphc phctp tp

Giai on to acid

(glucose, (glucose,amino aminoacid, acid,acid acidbo,) bo,)

VK ln men to acid (Fermentative acidogenic bacteria)

Cc Cccht chthu huc cn ngin gin

(acetic, (acetic,propionic, propionic,lactic, lactic,etanol,) etanol,)

VK to acetat (Acetogenic bacteria)

Cc CcVFA, VFA,alcol,.. alcol,..

Giai on to metan

Acetat, ,,H 22 22 Acetat,CO CO H

VK to metan (Methanogens)

CH ,,CO 44 22 CH CO

Hnh 3.10. Cc giai on chuyn ha cht hu c thnh CH4 v CO2

Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh 25 Mi tr ng 3 - 25

Chng 3. X L NC THI
Cc yu t mi trng duy tr s vn hnh tt ca h x l k kh: Nhit : 30 38oC, ti u 35oC (vi trng hp mesophilic) pH : 6,7 - 7,4 (ti u 7,0 -7,2); khng c di 6,2. kim: 2.500 - 5.500 mg CaCO3/L (nu thiu, b sung bng NaHCO3, Na2CO3) T l C/N = 25/1 ~ 30/1 Khng c mt cc cht c, cht c ch nh DO, kim loi nng, NH3, CN-, S2-

Khoa Mi tr

ng Tr

ng HKH Hu

Bi gi ng Cng ngh 26 Mi tr

ng

3 - 26

Chng 3. X L NC THI
3.3.3.2. B UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket)
NT vo t , chy ngc ln qua lp m bn (to bi sinh khi va VK hot ng). Cht hu c b phn hy khi NT chy qua lp m ny. Khi to thnh (CH4 va CO2) ko cc ht bn ni ln, va vo b tch pha rn-khi dng hnh nn lt ngc bt khi c gii phng; ht bn ri tr li lp m. duy tr lp m bn, tc dng nc thi phi mc 0,6 - 0,9 m/h. u im: hiu sut loi cht hu c cao, HRT ngn (0,5~1 ngy), yu cu nng lng t, khng cn vt liu bm cho VSV. Nhc im: kho kim sot trng thi va kch thc cc ht bn.
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu

Kh B tch rn-kh NT ra

Lp m bn

NT vo

Hnh 3.11. Cu to b UASB

Bi gi ng Cng ngh 27 Mi tr ng 3 - 27

Chng 3. X L NC THI

B UASB trong PTN

Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu

B UASB trn thc t

Bi gi ng Cng ngh 28 Mi tr ng 3 - 28

BI TP V NH: LP BNG SO SNH QT X L HIU KH V K KH

c im 1. Tc 2. Yu cu nng lng 3. Lng bn sinh ra 4. Hiu sut x l 5. Thi gian khi ng 6. Tnh n nh 7. Kh nng x ly 8. Cc vn khac 9. i tng ap dung chnh 10. Yu cu dinh dng (t l C:N:P)
ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh 29 Mi tr

QT hiu khi,

QT ky khi,

Khoa Mi tr

ng

3 - 29

Chng 3. X L NC THI
3.3.4. X l sinh hc loi nit
Nit trong nc thi: N hu c (Org-N), amoni (NH4+), nitrit (NO2-) hay nitrat (NO3-). Mc tiu x ly: chuyn cc dng N ny thnh N2 (mt phn loi dng sinh khi) C s ly thuyt x ly loi N: cc chuyn ha sinh hc trong chu trnh nit (Hnh 3.12).
N2O NO NO2NO3-

N2 N2H4 Org-N NH4+ NH2OH

Cc cng ngh x ly N:
CN x ly truyn thng = Nitrat ha + Kh nitrat NH4
+

O2 Nitrosomonas NO2

O2
-

Nitrobacter

NO3

CH3OH VK kh nitrat

N2 Hnh 3.12. Chu trnh nit-c s cc qu trnh x l sinh hc loi nit

CN x ly N mi = Nitrit ha + Anammox NH4+

O2 Nitrosomonas

NO2-

NH4+ Anammox

N2 + NO3-

? Bi tp v nha: u im ca CN x ly nit mi so vi CN truyn thng.

Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh 30 Mi tr ng 3 - 30

Chng 3. X L NC THI
3.3.5. Mt s, h thng x ly, t nhin (1). Cc h sinh h c (Biological ponds) H sinh hc: thy vc t nhin hoc nhn to trong o xy ra cc qu trnh phn hy cht thi bi cc VSV va cc SV khc. Phn bit:
H hiu khi (Aerobic ponds) oxy ha cht thi do cc VSV hiu khi H ky khi (Anaerobic ponds) phn hy cht thi do cc VSV ky khi H ty nghi (Facultative ponds) c 2 qu trnh (hiu khi, ky khi) V du: cng ngh CIGAR: h sinh hc ky khi c thu hi khi biogas:
Concrete block wall Plank Nailed board PVC sheet (geomembrane) Zinc coated steel pipe
25cm

Biogas outlet

40cm
Slope 1%

ANAEROBIC POND

Drain valve

Khoa Mi tr

ng Tr

ng HKH Hu

Bi gi ng Cng ngh 31 Mi tr

ng

3 - 31

Chng 3. X L NC THI
(2). Cc bi l c tr#ng cy hay bi l c ng$p n c (Wetlands) Cc h thng XLNT trn t bo ha nc (mc nc ngang hay cao hn mt t), c thc vt sinh sng va cc cht thi c loi tr bi t hp cc qu trnh vt ly, ha hc, sinh hc.
Bi lc ngp nc (Wetlands)

Bi lc t nhin (Natural Wetlands)

Bi lc nhn to (Constructed Wetlands)

Bi lc dng chy b mt FSW (Free surface water) wetlands

Bi lc dng chy ngm SSF (Subsurface flow) wetlands

Khoa Mi tr

ng Tr

ng HKH Hu

Bi gi ng Cng ngh 32 Mi tr

ng

3 - 32

Chng 3. X L NC THI
3.4. X l bc cao
3.4.1. Hp ph (Adsorption) i tng x l: cc cht hu c ha tan kh phn hy sinh hc (phenol, thuc nhum, thuc tr su, THMs,); kim loi nng Nguyn tc: hp ph cht nhim trong NT ln b mt cht hp ph Cht hp ph: than hot tnh, khong st, silicagen, keo nhm, tro bay, Cng ngh x l nc thi vi than hot tnh Than ht - GAC (Granular Activated Carbon) dng cc thp hp ph (Hnh 3.13) Than bt PAC (Powdered Activated Carbon), c th:
khuy trn than vi nc thi trong b tip xc mt thi gian, lng tch than (thng thm cht keo t h tr qu trnh lng) thm than vo b thng kh bn hot tnh, sau lng vi bn b lng b.2
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu

Hnh 3.13. Cu to thp hp ph vi GAC

Bi gi ng Cng ngh 33 Mi tr ng 3 - 33

Chng 3. X L NC THI
3.4.2. Trao i ion (Ion exchange) i tng x l: cc ion kim loi (Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg, Cd, As,), anion c (CN-), cc cht phng x. Nguyn tc: cc ion trn b mt ca cht rn (gi l ionit hay cht trao i ion) trao i vi cc ion cng in tch trong nc thi khi tip xc. Trao i ion l qu trnh thun nghch:
Cationit: R- I++ M+ X- R- M+ + I+X[3.5] Anionit: R+Y- + M+ X- R+X- + M+Y[3.6] (I+: H+, Na+; Y-: OH-, Cl-,; R+, R-: mng cht rn khng tan ca ionit).

Cc cht trao i ion: Cc khong t nhin: zeolit, st, fenspat, Cc nha tng hp, v d dn xut sulfonat ca copolymer ca styren-divinylbenzen(R-SO3H).
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh 34 Mi tr ng 3 - 34

Chng 3. X L NC THI
Cng ngh x l NT: h thng cc ct trao i ion (Hnh 3.14) Ti sinh ionit: Sau mt thi gian, cc nhm chc trao i trn b mt ht ionit b trao i ht (bo ha), cn ti sinh.
dng dung dch HCl hay NaCl ti sinh cationit dung dch NaOH ti sinh anionit.
H+ BNc thi ra H+ OH-

RH + AB RA + HB
Cationit R-H Anionit R-OH ROH + HB RA + H2O

Nc thi vo A+ B-

Hnh 3.14. S h thng trao i ion x l nc, nc thi

Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh 35 Mi tr ng 3 - 35

Chng 3. X L NC THI
3.4.3. Oxy ha ha hc (Chemical oxidation) i tng, mc tiu:
X l trit cc cht c (phenol, cyanua, sulfua) Phn hy cc cht hu c khng b PHSH (refractory, recalcitrant) gim TOC, COD Chuyn cc cht kh PHSH thnh cc cht c kh nng PHSH gim khng ng k COD, TOC nhng lm tng t s BOD/COD.

p dng vi cc loi nc thi : dt nhum (cc thuc nhum), sn xut tinh bt sn (cyanua), giy (lignin), CN ha cht (phenol), Cc tc nhn oxy ha: O3, Cl2, KMnO4, Fenton (H2O2 + xc tc)
Bng 3.4. Th oxy ha kh ca mt s tc nhn oxy ha
Tc nhn OH HClO H2O2 O3 KMnO4
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr

Phn ng OH + e OH Cl- + H2O HClO + H+ + 2e O3 + 2H+

Eo, V 2,80 1,49 1,78 2,07 1,49

ng 3 - 36

H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e O2 + OH+ 2e O2 + H2O Mn2+ + 4H2O MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e

ng HKH Hu

Bi gi ng Cng ngh 36 Mi tr

Chng 3. X L NC THI
V d( 1: X l cyanua (CN-) bng phng php oxy ha vi Cl2/NaOH Qu trnh x l qua 2 giai on: Oxy ha cyanua (CN-) n cyanat (CNO-):
NaCN + Cl2 + 2 NaOH NaCNO + 2 NaCl + H2O (hay: CN- + Cl2 + 2 OH- CNO- + 2 Cl- + H2O) [3.7b] Tin hnh pH 9 trnh to cc kh c nh CNCl, COCl v HCN [3.7]

Phn hy cyanat thnh CO2 v N2:

2 NaCNO + 3 Cl2 + 4 NaOH 2 CO2 + N2 + 6 NaCl + H2O [3.8] Tin hnh pH=8 9.5, trong thi gian 30 pht

V d( 2: Oxy ha nng cao (Advanced Oxidation Processes: AOPs) AOPs: cc qu trnh oxy ha lin quan n s to thnh gc t do hydroxyl HO c hot tnh oxy ha rt cao AOPs phn hy c hiu qu cc POPs (Persistant Organic Pollutants): THMs, PCBs, pesticides, dioxin & furan, cht hot ng b mt, thuc nhum,... Tc nhn Fenton: H2O2/Fe2+ H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + HO + OH[3.9] u im:
gi thnh thp so vi cc AOP khc (do gi H2O2 v FeSO4 r) thn thin mi trng (Fe2+ khng c; H2O2 d b phn hy to O2)
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh 37 Mi tr ng 3 - 37

Chng 3. X L NC THI
3.4.4. Cc phng php mng (Membrane technology) Mng: mt pha ng vai tr ngn cch gia cc pha khc nhau; c th l cht rn, mt gel trng n do dung mi. i tng x l: cc phn t, ion ha tan trong nc thi; cc vi sinh vt
Bng 3.5. Tm tt mt s phng php mng trong x l nc thi
ng lc Nguyn tc tch tch in thm tch Gradient Mng ch cho ion (Electrodialysis, ED) in th chn lc i qua Chn lc kch Vi lc (Microfiltration, p sut MF) thc phn t Siu lc (Ultrafiltration, p sut Chn lc kch UF) thc phn t Chn lc kch Lc nano (Nanofiltration, p sut NF) thc phn t p sut Di chuyn chn Thm thu ngc lc phn t H2O (Reverse Osmosis, RO) Phng php mng
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu

C mng, Khi lng phn p sut lm t b tch, Da vic, psi m Khng p < 0,001 dng 0,1 - 20 0,01 0,1 0,001 0,01 < 0,001 > 105 103 - 105 300 - 1000 100 - 200 1 - 30 3 - 80 50 -250 600 - 1500

Bi gi ng Cng ngh 38 Mi tr

ng

3 - 38

Chng 3. X L NC THI
i n th)m tch - B tr lun phin cc mng cation v anion gia 2 in cc (Hnh 3.15). - Khi cho dng in i qua, cc cation b ht v cathode, cc anion b ht v anode. - Do c mng chn lc, kt qu l cc ion s tp trung vo khoang gia trong khi 2 khoang 2 bn s loi c cc ion (mui).
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu

1 1 2 3 2

Hnh 3.15. S qu trnh in thm tch

Bi gi ng Cng ngh 39 Mi tr ng 3 - 39

Chng 3. X L NC THI
Th)m th*u ng +c (RO) - Mng bn thm (lm t cellulose acetat, polytetrafloetylen, thy tinh xp, acretobutyrat cellulose,) ch cho phn t nc i qua. - Thm thu: do s khc bit th nng ha hc, xy ra s khuch tn H2O t pha dung dch c nng cht tan nh (long hn) sang dd. m c hn qua mng bn thm. Ti p sut m cn bng thit lp p sut thm thu. - Thm thu ngc: Khi t p sut cao hn p sut thm thu vo pha dd. m c, s xy ra s di chuyn ngc ca H2O qua mng sang dd. long hn.
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh 40 Mi tr ng 3 - 40

Chng 3. X L NC THI

a)

b)

Hnh 3.16. S qu trnh thm thu (a) v thm thu ngc (b)
Khoa Mi tr ng Tr ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh 41 Mi tr ng 3 - 41

Chng 3. X L NC THI
MF UF NF RO

: : : : :

SS Humic Ion a ha tr Ion ha tr 1 Phn t H2O

ng HKH Hu Bi gi ng Cng ngh 42 Mi tr ng 3 - 42

Hnh 3.17. Cp x l cc i tng khc nhau qua cc phng php mng

Khoa Mi tr ng Tr

Chng 3. X L NC THI
3.5. Cng ngh x l nc thi sinh hot va nc thi mt s ngnh cng nghip (cc seminar theo bi t$p nhm)

Khoa Mi tr

ng Tr

ng HKH Hu

Bi gi ng Cng ngh 43 Mi tr

ng

3 - 43