Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Trang 157
men
men

Chng 5: X L V S DNG CN NC THI


5.1. C TNH CA CN LNG V CC PHNG PHP X L
5.1.1. Thnh phn
- Mng VSV.
- Rc nghin nh: lng rc c nghin nh hoc x l vi cn hoc tr li song chn rc.
- Cc loi cn b tip xc, cn ny khng x l chung m em ra sn phi bn, nn cn, .
- Cc cht hu c cn chim 60-80% cht hu c tng cng.
- Thnh phn ho hc ca cn trong nc thi

Loi cn Cht k
o
tro N P
2
O
5
K
2
O Cht bo HC E.coli
1. Cn ti 72-90 2-3 0.6-1.7 0.2 14-17 20-30 10
7
-10
8

2. Bn hot tnh 65-75 3.4 2.3 0.4 2.6 4-7 4.10
6
-3.10
7

3. Mng vi sinh 65-75 5.5 3.1 - 6 - -

5.1.2. Phng php x l
- X l cn hiu qu nht bng phng php ln men k kh vi s tham gia ca VSV k kh.
- Qu trnh sinh ho k kh cn hu c rt phc tp:
+ Cc cht hu c (C) acid bo + Biogas (CO
2
, CH
4
, H
2
)
+ Cc cht hu c (N) NH
3
, N
2

+ Cht hu c (S) H
2
S
- Sau khi ln men, tnh cht cn thay i v V thay i (khng tan cht tan + kh)
- Qu trnh ln men k kh gm 2 giai on
+ Giai on ln men acid.
+ Giai on ln men kim.
Giai on 1: Ln men Acid (ln men H). Di tc dng ca men VSV, cc cht hu c ca
cn:
+ u tin: Phn hu s/p n gin
- Protid peptid v aa
- Cht bo glicerine, a.bo
- (H, C) ng n gin
+ Sau : Chuyn ho cc cht trn thnh s/p cui cng ca giai on 1 (ch yu l cc acid
hu c: a.butylic, a.propionic, a.acetic). pH < 7 ln men aicd
- VSV giai on 1 l : nm, VK butyric, propionic Th tch cn khng gim, c mi
hi
Giai on 2: Ln men kim (ln men metan)
+ Chuyn ho cc s/p ca giai on 1 thnh CH
4
, CO
2
, H
2
.
+ VSV tham gia: VK to CH
4
.
Methano bacterium
Methanococus
Methanosarica
+ Cc phn ng
Vi cc A.Bo H
2
(tr CH
3
COOH) v ru (tr metylic):

4H
2
+ CO
2
4 + CH
4
+ 2H
2
O
Vi H
2
(t giai on 1)

H
2
+ CO
2
CH
4
+ 2H
2
O + Q
Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Trang 158
men

Vi CH
3
COOH

CH
3
COO CH
4
+ CO
2
+ Q

CH
3
COOH CH
4
+ CO
2
+ 2H
2
O + Q

5.1.3. Cc cng trnh x l cn
- B t hoi
- B lng 2 v
- B metan
- Mt s cng trnh rc cn :p dy ai , Sn phi, B nn bn,.

5.2. CC CNG TRNH X L
5.2.1. B Mtan
- y l cng trnh x l cn hiu qu nht.
- Thi gian ln men ngn: 6-20 ngy, th tch ngn bn nh
- Cc loi cn dn n b
+ Cn ti t b lng 1
+ Bn hot tnh d trn mng VS
+ Rc nghin
- Cn c hm nng v xo trn to iu kin ti u cho qu trnh ln men.
- Khi b lm vic bnh thng:
+ pH = 7-7,5
+ Hm lng a.bo: 3-8 mg/l
+ kim: 60-70 mg/l
+ Nit ca mui amino: 600-800 mg/l
- Cng qu trnh ln men ph thuc vo nhit , lng cn, mc xo trn.

5.2.1.1. Cu to

c Dn cn vo
d Thit b hm nng cn
e Dn hi nng
f My trn
g Kh t





5.2.1.2. Tnh ton
1/ Xc nh lng cn dn n Metan
a) Lng cn ti t b lng 1
W
c
=
C
o
.Q.E.K
(100 - P
c
).1000.1000.Y
c
(m
3
/ng)
Vi:
+ C
o
: hm lng cht l lng BL1
+ E: hiu sut lng %
+ K: h s tnh n kh nng tng lng cn do c c ht l lng (K = 1,1-1,2)
+ P
c
: m cn ti (%)
+ Y
c
: trng lng th tch ca cn ti
b) Lng bn hot tnh d
1
2
5
3
4
Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Trang 159
W
b
=
[C
o
(100 - E) - 100b]Q
(100 - P
b
)10
6
Y
b
(m
3
/ng.)
Vi:
+ : h s tnh n kh nng tng trng khng iu ho ca bn hot tnh trong qu trnh x
l sinh hc ( = 1,15-1,25)
+ b: hm lng bn hot tnh tri theo nc ra khi b lng 2
+ P
b
: o m bn hot tnh sau khi nn
+ Y
b
: trng lng th tch ca bn hot tnh
c) Lng rc nghin song chn
W
r
= W
1
.
100 - P
1
100 - P
2
(m
3
/ng.)
Vi:
+ W
1
: lng rc trong ngy m vi m ban u P
1

+ P
1
, P
2
: m rc trc v sau khi nghin
d) Lng cn tng cng metan:
W = W
c
+ W
b
+ W
r

e) m TB ca hn hp cn b
P = 100 (
W
R B C
K k K
+ +
1 (%)
Vi:
+ C
k
: lng cht kh trong cn ti vi m P
c

C
k
=
W
c
(100 - P
c
)
100

+ B
k
: lng cht kh trong bn hot tnh d ng vi m P
b

B
k
=
W
b
(100 - P
b
)
100

+ R
k
: lng cht kh trong rc sau khi nghin vi m P
2

R
k
=
W
r
(100 - P
2
)
100

2/ Dung tch b metan theo cng thc
W
m
=
W.100
d
(m
3
)
Vi:
+ d: lu lng cn trong ngy m dn vo b metan ph thuc m cn (ly theo bng)
d (d m cn %)
Ch ln men
93 94 95 96 97
Am 33
o
C 7 8 9 10 11
Nng 53
o
C 14 16 18 20 22

3/ Lng kh t: Trong qu trnh x l sinh hc k kh Metan c sinh ra 1 lng kh t ch yu l
CH
4
v mt t CO
2
.
y =
a - nd
100

Vi:
+ y: lng kh t tu c (m
3
/kg) cht khng tro
+ a: kh nng ln men ln nht ca cht khng tro trong hn hp cm dn n Metan %.
a = (0,92B + 0,62H + 0,34P)100
Vi:
- B: lng cht bo
- H: hm lng (H, C)
- P: hm lng protein
Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Trang 160
0 h0 Th0A T FhAh 08OO
0 h0 Th0h0 h0 015O
h0A h LAh0 1
h0A h LAh0 2
BE FhAh hu Y
0 h0 0A h hu0C ThA RA
hA F ThAM
0 h0 0A h hu0 C ThA RA
L0 8OOX8OO
L0 8OOX8OO
2
O
O8
O
O
1
1
8
O
O
8
O
O2
O
O
5
O
O
O
4
5
8
O
5
7
O
8
O
O
1
2
4
O
O
225
275
85OO 8OO 85OO
8OO
2OO
78OO 5OO 5OO
8OO
8
O
O
G
O
O
5
O
O
O
7OOO
2OO
8OO
28OO 8OO 85OO
8OO
2OO
GGOO 5OO 5OO
B0 Ah T0T h0hEF
Ch T?T hAM Tu h0A
NGHIEN CU MO HNH BUN HOAT TNH PHUC VU
THIET KE HE THONG X LY NC THAI TOA NHA
SAIGON CASTLE
2OO
8OO
575O 8OO 575O
8OO
2OO
118OO 5OO 5OO
2
O
O8
O
O
2
O
O
O
1
O
O
2
O
O
8
5
O
O
1
7
O
O
2
O
O
2
O
O8
O
O
2
O
O
O
1
O
O
2
O
O
8
5
O
O
BE FhAh huY h0A h LAh0 1
h0A h LAh0 2 h0A h LAh0 1
MAT CAT AA
MAT CAT BB
MAT BAh0
5
O
O
O
0 h0 Th0 h0 h0 015O
CHI TIET HAM T HOAI II
Trong TH khng xc nh c B, H, P
a =
53 (C
o
+ R
o
) + 41B
o
C
o
+ R
o
+ B
o

Vi: - C
o
, R
o
, B
o
: Tng ng l lng cht khng tro ca cn ti, rc v bn hot tnh d
v c xc nh:
C
o
=
C
k
(100 - A
c
)(100 - T
c
)
10
4
Vi:
+ C
k
: lng cht kh trong cn ti (T/ng.)
+ A
c
: m cn ti
+ T
c
: t l tro trong cn
R
o
=
R
k
(100 - A
r
)(100 - T
r
)
10
4
B
o
=
B
k
(100 - A
b
)(100 - T
b
)
10
4
+ n: h s ph thuc m cn v ch ln men (theo bng)
Gi tr n theo m
Ch ln men
93 94 95 96 97
Am 33
o
C 1.05 0.98 0.72 0.56 0.4
Nng 53
o
C 0.435 0.385 0.31 0.24 0.17

5/ Lng kh t tng cng c xc nh theo cng thc
K = y (C
o
+ R
o
+ B
o
).1000
5.2.1.2. Hm t hoi
L cng trnh x l sinh hc bc u ca h thng x l nc thi, trong cc tc nhn gy
nhim c phn hy bi cc vi sinh vt di iu kin k kh. S chuyn ha sinh hc xy
ra theo cc hng sau: Chuyn ho cc cht hu c thnh kh sinh hc v cc sn phm hu c
n gin hn
- Gim mt phn N, P do vi sinh vt s dng xy dng t bo













Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Trang 161
V d p dng : Tnh hm t hoi cho cng trnh XLNT ca ta nh Saigon Castle
Cng trnh SAIGON CASTLE l mt t hp gm 8 khi nh gm 16 lc chung c. Do lu lng nc thi sinh hot ca
mi lc l:
552 : 16 =34,5 m
3
/ng
t khi A
1
v khi A
2
chung 1 b t hoi; khi C
1
v khi C
2
chung 1 b t hoi.
Cc khi B
1
, B
2
, B
3,
B
4
mi khi t mt b t hoi.Do ta c tng cng 6 b vi lu lng tng b nh sau:
- B 1 ( ca khi A
1
v khiA
2
): 34,5 x 2 = 69 m
3
/ng
- B 2 ( ca khi C
1
v khiC
2
): 34,5 x 2 = 69 m
3
/ng
- B 3,4,5,6 ( ca cc khi B
1
, B
2,
B
3,
B
4
): 34,5 x 3 = 103,5 m
3
/ng
Theo tiu chun thit k (TCXD 51 84), lu lng nc thi sinh hot 69 m
3
/ng v 103,5 m
3
/ng, chn b t hoi ba
ngn x l s b nc thi sinh hot.
1. Th tch tnh ton chung ca 1 b t hoi: ly khng nh hn lu lng nc thi trung bnh trong 1 2 ngy m (
iu 7.32 TCXD 51 -84), chn 2 ngy m tnh ton, khi :
W
1
= W
2
=
1
Q x 2 ngy = 69 x 2 = 138 m
3
W
3
= W
4
= W
5
= W
6
=
2
Q x 2 ngy = 103,5 x 2 = 207 m
3
Trong :
+ Q
1
, Q
2
: lu lng nc thi t cc nh v sinh theo ngy trung bnh ca 1 b
Q
1
= 69 m
3
/ng., Q
2
= 103,5m
3
/ng.
+ W
1
, W
2
, W
3
, W
4
, W
5
, W
6
: Th tch b 1, b 2, b 3, b 4, b 5, b 6
2. Th tch ngn th nht bng th tch tng cng :
- Th tch ngn 1 ca b 1 v b 2
W
a
= 0,5 x 138 = 69 m
3
- Th tch ngn 1 ca b 3, b 4, b 5, b 6
W
a
= 0,5 x 207 = 103,5 m
3
3. Th tch ngn th hai bng th tch ngn th ba v bng th tch tng cng:
- Th tch ngn 2 v ngn 3 ca b 1 v b 2
W
b
= W
c
= 0,25 x 138 = 34,5 m
3
- Th tch ngn 2 v ngn 3 ca b 3, b 4, b 5 v b 6
W
b
= W
c
= 0,25 x 207 = 51,75 m
3
4. Chiu su cng tc cc ngn ca b t hoi:
- B 1 v b 2
Ly chiu su cng tc bng 2m. Khi din tch cc ngn ca b t hoi l:

F
1
=F
2
=
H
W
1
=
2
138
= 69 m
2
- B 3, b 4, b 5 v b 6
Ly chiu su cng tc bng 2,5m. Khi din tch cc ngn ca b t hoi l:
F
3
=F
4
= F
5
= F
6
=
H
W
3
=
5 , 2
207
= 82,8 m
2
Chn kch thc H x B x L ca cc ngn nh sau:
- B 1 v b 2
Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Trang 162
Ngn th I: H
1
x B
1
x L
1
= 2 x 3 x 11,7
Ngn th II v th III: H
2,3
x B
2,3
x L
2,3

= 2 x 3 x 5,75
- B 3, b 4, b 5 v b 6
Ngn th I: H
1
x B
1
x L
1
= 2,5 x 3,5x 11,8
Ngn th II v th III: H
2,3
x B
2,3
x L
2,3

= 2,5 x 3,5 x 5,9
Hm lng cht bn sau khi qua b t hoi gim v tnh nh sau:
Hm lng cht l lng gim 45%, tc l cht l lng cn li trong nc thi:
220 x (100% 45%) =121 mg/l
Hm lng BOD
5
gim: 20 40 %, tc l hm lng BOD
5
cn li trong nc thi:
340 x (100% 40%) =204 mg/l.
5.2.1.3. B nn bn
- B nn bn c nhim v lm gim m ca bn
- B nn bn thng thit k dng trn ng.
- Lng cn bao gm
+ Cn x l sinh hc (d)
+ Cn ban u (SS)
+ Cn keo tt phn
TNH TON
1/ Lng cn
P = P
SH
+ P
SS
+ P
Al(OH)3

2/ Lu lng bn dn vo b
q =
P
24C
(m
3
/h)
Vi:
+ P: Hm lng cn (g).
+ C: Nng bn m %
(C = C
o
) (g/m
3
)
3/ Din tch b nn bn ng
F
1
=
q
L

q: m
3
/ng.
L: Ti trng b nn bn 24-30m
3
/m
2
ng.
4/ Din tch ng trung tm
F
2
=
q.10
3
V
2
.3600.t

Vi:
+ V
2
: Tc chuyn ng ca bn trong ng trung tm (28-30mm/s).
+ t: thi gian vn hnh (h).
5/ Din tch tng cng
F = F
1
+ F
2

6/ ng knh ca b
D =
4F

7/ ng knh ng trung tm
d =
4F
2

8/ ng knh ng lc trung tm
d
2
= 1,35d
9/ ng knh tm chn
Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Trang 163
d
c
= 1,3d
2

10/ Chiu cao phn lng ca b nn bn
h
1
= V
1
.t. 3600
Vi :
+ V
1
=0,0001 m/s.
+ t: thi gian lng.
11/ Chiu cao phn nn vi gc nghing , ng knh y (0,2-0,4m) d

h
2
=
D - d

2cotg

12/ Chiu cao t y ng loa n tm chn: h
3
= 0,25-0,3m
13/ Chiu cao lp nc trung ho: 0,3m


Chiu cao lp bn nn
H
b
=h
2
- h
3
h
TH









V d p dng: Tnh B Nn Bn cho cng trnh x l nc thi Dt nhum cng sut 1500m3/ngay.em.

Lm gim m ca bn t 99.4% xung 96-97%. Bn v vn ni t b lng c bm vo b nn bn.
Lng bn sinh ra t :
Lng cn t b sinh hc.
Hm lng cn u vo .
Hm lng kt ta hyrxyt nhm sinh ra khi keo t bng phn nhm.

Lng cn t b sinh hc: 107.68 kg/ngy m.
Lng cn l lng u vo trong mt ngy 2.176 (kg/m
3
) x 1500 (m
3
/ngy m) = 3264 (kg/ngy m).
Tnh lng Al (OH)
3
sinh ra khi thy phn phn Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.18H
2
O.
Dng phn hm lng 150 mg/l vi tinh khit 90%. i vi phn nguyn cht 100% th lng phn l 135
mg/l.
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.18H
2
O. 2 Al (OH)
3

666 156g
135mg x = 31.62 (mg/l).
Lng Al (OH)
3
dng trong mt ngy l 0.03162 x 1500 = 47.43 (kg/ngy m).
Vy tng lng cn l : 107.68 + 3264 + 47.43 = 3419 (kg).
Hm lng cn trong 1m
3
nc thi: P = 2.28 (kg/m
3
).
Lu lng bn dn vo b

). / ( 4 . 488 ) / ( 35 . 20
7000 24
1500 2280
24
3 3
ngay m h m
x
x
C x
Q x P
q = = = =

Trong :
P: Hm lng bn 2.28 (kg/m
3
).
Q: Lu lng nc thi.
24: Thi gian vn hnh.
C: nng bn m 70%.C = 7000 g/m
3
.

Din tch b nn bn ng :

) ( 78 . 18
26
4 . 488
2
1
m
L
q
F = = =
h
3
h
TH

H
b

h
2

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Trang 164
Trong :
L: Ti lng b nn bn 24-30 m
3
/m
2
. ngy m.

Din tch ng trung tm:

) ( 202 . 0
28
6 . 5
2
2
2
m
V
q
F = = =
Trong :
V
2
: Tc chuyn ng ca bn trong ng trung tm bng 28mm/s.

Din tch tng cng b nn bn ng.

F = F
1
+ F
2
= 18,78 + 0.202 = 18.982 m
2.
.

ng knh ca b nn bn ng:

) ( 9 . 4
14 . 3
982 . 18 4
4
m
x
F
D = = =

. Chn D = 5m.
ng knh ng trung tm:

) ( 5 . 0
14 . 3
202 . 0 4 4
2
m
x F
d = = =

ng knh phn lc ca ng trung tm:

d
L
= 1.35 x d = 0.675 (m).

ng knh tm chn:

d
c
= 1.3 x d
L
=0.8775.

Chiu cao phn lng ca b nn bn:

h
1
= V
1
x t x 3600 = 0.0001 x 8 x 3600 = 2.9 m.

Chiu cao phn nn vi gc nghing 45
0
, ng knh b l 5.0 m v ng knh y l 0.4 m th h
2
= 2.3 m.
Chiu cao lp bn nn :

H
b
= h
2
h
3
h
TH
.
Trong
h
2
: khong cch t y ng loe n tm chn 0.25 0.3 m. Chn 0.3 m.
h
TH
: chiu cao lp nc trung ha:2.3m.

Vy
H
b
= 2.3 0.3 0.3 = 1.7 m.

Chiu cao b nn bn :

H
xd
= h
1
+ h
2
+ 0.25 = 2.9 + 2.3 + 0.25 = 5.45 m.









Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Trang 165
22200
1000
200200
10200
9800
9400
9000
3000
3000
3200
200
200
300 300
1000
200
200
3000
800
300
100
Ty le 1:45
Nga y ve
Nhom
GVHD LA M VNH SN
Ba n ve
so 2
SAN PHI BUN
Tr ng HDL Ky thuat
Cong nghe
Khoa Mo i trng
S O MAT CAT SAN PHI BUN
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5
6
7
8
8
1
2
Ong tieu
nc bun
Ong da n bun
Lo i xuo ng sa n phi bun
ng i
Lp soi
Lp cat
Lp bun
Khoa xa bun
A A
B
B
Ma t cat A-A Ma t cat B-B




















5.2.1.4. Sn phi bn
Sn phi bn l cng trnh s dng nhit mt tri nhm mc ch gim khi lng ca hn hp bn
cn bng cch gn mt phn hay phn ln lng nuc c trong hn hp gim kch thc thit b x
l v gim trng lng phi vn chuyn n ni tip nhn.





























500
5000
290
2300
250
Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Trang 166
r hn ta lm bi tp p dng sau y:

V d p dng: Tnh ton sn phi bn cho cng trnh x l nc thi vi cc thong s cho.
Lng bn hnh thnh bao gm: lng bn ti t b lng I v bn hat tnh d t b lng 2
a) Lng bn t b lng I
Hiu qu x l cn l lng t 94,23%, lng bn ti sinh ra mi ngy l:
M
ti
= 1000gSS/m
3
* 94,23% * 300 m
3
/ngy = 282690 (g/m
3
) = 282,69 (kg/ngy)
Lu lng bn ti cn x l:
( ) ( ) ngay m ngay l
P S
M
Q
tuoi
/ 369 , 5 / 5369
05 , 0 053 , 1
69 , 282
3
= =

=
Trong :
S: t trng cn ti, S = 1,053 kg/l. (bng 13-1-Trnh Xun Lai)
P: nng cn, P = 5% =0,05 ( m 95%) (bng 13-5)
b) Lng bn t b lng II
b Aerotank, lng bn d cn x l mi ngy l 40,62 kg/ngy
Lu lng bn cn x l
( ) ( ) ngay m ngay l
P S
M
Q / 041 , 4 / 4041
01 , 0 005 , 1
62 , 40
3
= =

=
Trong :
S = 1,005 (bng 13-1-Trnh Xun Lai)
P: nng cn, P = 1% =0,01 (bng 13-5)
Th tch bn a vo sn phi mi ngy
V
b
= 5,369 + 4,041 = 9,41 (m
3
)
Ch tiu thit k: t nng cn 25% ( m 75%)
Chn chiu dy bn 25% l 10 cm, sau 4 tun (28 ngy) 1m
2
sn phi c lng cn:
g = V . S . P = 0,1 x 1,4 x 0,25 = 0,035 (tn) = 35 (kg/28 ngy)
Trong :
V = 1m
2
x 0,1 = 0,1 m
3
.
S: t trng bn kh, S = 1,4 (bng 13-1); P = 0,25.
Lng bn cn phi trong 28 ngy
G = 28 x (282,69 + 40,62) = 9052,68(kg)
Din tch sn phi
( )
2
250
35
68 , 9052
m
g
G
F = = =
Din tch cc cng trnh ph ca sn phi (ng bao, h thu nc, trm bm, ) ly bng 20 % din tch sn phi
bn. Tng din tch sn phi:
F
tng
= 1,2 x 250 =300 (m
2
)
Ta b tr 5 . Din tch 1 :
( )
2
50
5
250
m f = =
Mi c kch thc: 8 x 6,25 (m). Bn c phi v thu gom theo chu k 28 ngy (1 thng) 1 ln.
Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn
Trang 167
Thng s thit k sn phi bn
Thng s Gi tr
Hnh dng Ch nht
Di 8m
Rng 6,25 m
Chiu cao tng cng 1,04m
Chiu cao lp ct 25 cm
Chiu cao lp si 30cm
Dn ng thu nc:
ng knh
dc

100 mm
1%
Chiu cao bo v 30 cm
Chiu cao dung dch bn = V
b
/f = 9,41/50 = 19 cm



H thng ng bm ht bn
Chi tit mt ngn phi