Sybex CCNA 640-802

Chapter 1: Internetworking
Instructor & Todd Lammle

Chapter 1 Objectives
The CCNA Topics Covered in this chapter include: Internetworking Basics Layered Models The OSI Model Ethernet Networking Data Encapsulation Ciscos Three-Layer Model Chapter 1 Written Labs and Review Questions
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Internetworking Basics
How would you say the PC named Bob communicates with the PC named Sally?

Internetworking Basics
Switches can replace the hub, breaking up collision domains.

Keep in mind that the hub used in the figure just extended the one collision domain from the switch port.
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Internetworking Basics
Heres a list of some of the things that commonly cause LAN traffic congestion: Too many hosts in a broadcast domain Broadcast storms Multicasting Low bandwidth Adding hubs for connectivity to the network

A bunch of ARP or IPX traffic (IPX is a Novell protocol that is like IP, but really, really chatty. Typically not used in todays networks.)

Internetworking Basics

Routers create an internetwork.

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Internetworking Basics
There are two advantages of using routers in your network: They dont forward broadcasts by default. They can filter the network based on layer 3 (Network layer) information (e.g., IP address).

Four router functions in your network can be listed as follows:

Packet switching

Packet filtering
Internetwork communication Path selection
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Internetworking Basics
Internetworking devices

Internetworking Basics
Switched networks creating an internetwork

Layered Models
The Layered Approach
A reference model is a conceptual blueprint of how communications should take place. It addresses all the processes required for effective communication and divides these processes into logical groupings called layers. When a communication system is designed in this manner, its known as layered architecture.

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The OSI Model

The OSI isnt a physical model. Rather, its a set of guidelines that application developers can use to create and implement applications that run on a network. It also provides a framework for creating and implementing networking standards, devices, and internetworking schemes.

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The OSI Model

The upper layers

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The OSI Model

The lower layers

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The OSI Model

The Layer Functions

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The OSI Model

Connection-Oriented Communication

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The OSI Model

Windowing

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The OSI Model

Network Layer Routing Table used in a router

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The OSI Model

Router in an internetwork

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The OSI Model

Data Link Layer

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Binary Addressing
Binary to Decimal Memorization Chart 10000000 128 11000000 192 11100000 224 11110000 240 11111000 248 11111100 252 11111110 254 11111111 255

Conversion Example
BINARY
10000100 11010010 10111000 10100110

128
1 1 1 1

64
0 1 0 0

32
0 0 1 1

16
0 1 1 0

8
0 0 1 0

4
1 0 0 1

2
0 1 0 1

1
0 0 0 0

DECIMAL
132 210 184 166

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The OSI Model

A hub in an network

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The OSI Model

A Switch in an network

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Ethernet Networking
Ethernet is a contention media access method that allows all hosts on a network to share the same bandwidth of a link. Ethernet is popular because its readily scalable, meaning that its comparatively easy to integrate new technologies, such as Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet, into an existing network infrastructure. Its also relatively simple to implement in the first place, and with it, troubleshooting is reasonably straightforward.

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Ethernet Collision Detection

CSMA/CD

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Half and Full Duplex

Half-duplex Ethernet is defined in the original 802.3 Ethernet; Cisco says it uses only one wire pair with a digital signal running in both directions on the wire. But full-duplex Ethernet uses two pairs of wires instead of one wire pair like half duplex. And full duplex uses a point-to-point connection between the transmitter of the transmitting device and the receiver of the receiving device. Full-duplex Ethernet can be used in three situations: With a connection from a switch to a host With a connection from a switch to a switch With a connection from a host to a host using a crossover cable
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Ethernet Addressing
The MAC, or hardware, address is a 48-bit (6-byte) address written in a hexadecimal format.

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Ethernet at the Physical Layer

The IEEE 802.3 and original Ethernet Physical layer specifications.

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Ethernet Cabling
Ethernet cabling is an important discussion, especially if you are planning on taking the Cisco exams. Three types of Ethernet cables are available: Straight-through cable Crossover cable Rolled cable We will look at each in the following sections.

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Straight Through
The straight-through cable is used to connect Host to switch or hub Router to switch or hub

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Crossover Cable
The crossover cable can be used to connect Switch to switch Hub to hub Host to host Hub to switch Router direct to host

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Rolled Cable
Although rolled cable isnt used to connect any Ethernet connections together, you can use a rolled Ethernet cable to connect a host to a router console serial communication (com) port.

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Using Hyper Terminal

Notice the settings for Hyper Terminal

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What type of cable is used?

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What type of cable is used for each connection?

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Data Encapsulation
When a host transmits data across a network to another device, the data goes through encapsulation: It is wrapped with protocol information at each layer of the OSI model. Each layer communicates only with its peer layer on the receiving device.
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PDU

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Port Numbers
The Transport layer uses port numbers to define both the virtual circuit and the upper-layer process.

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Ciscos Three-Layer Model

The following are the three layers and their typical functions: The core layer: backbone The distribution layer: routing The access layer: switching

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Review Question

Hub

Hub

How many broadcast domains are shown?

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Review Question
Switch Switch

Hub

Hub

Hub

Hub

Hub

Hub

How many collision domains 40 are shown?

Which of the hosts can transmit simultaneously without causing collisions? Switch Hub

How many collision and broadcast domains are show?

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Written Labs and Review Questions

Open your books and go through all the written labs and the review questions. Review the answers in class.

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