CONTENTS

 CCNA
 SYMBOLS AND ICONS
 HUB
 SWITCH AND ROUTER
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
 LANs AND WANs
 IP ADDRESS CLASSES
 SUBNETTING AND SUBNET MASK
 HUB
• A common connection point for devices in
a network.

• Hubs are commonly used to

connect segments of a LAN.

• A hub contains multiple ports. When a pack

etarrives at one port, it is copied to the other
ports so that all segments of the LAN can see
all packets.
 SWITCH
• A network switch or switching hub is
a computer networking device that
connects network segments.

• Switches add more intelligence to data

transfer management.

• Switches create a network.

 ROUTER
 Routers are used to connect networks
together

 Route packets of data from one network

to another 0

 Cisco became the de facto standard of

routers because of their high-quality
router products

 Routers, by default, break up a broadcast

domain
 TYPES OF ROUTER
• STATIC ROUTER

• DYNAMIC ROUTER
 STATIC ROUTER

A static route is a hard coded path in the router

that specifies how the router will get to a
certain subnet by using a certain path.

A router with manually configured routing

tables is known as a static router.
 EXAMPLE OF STATIC
ROUTER
• A good example of a static router is a
multihomed computer running
Windows 2000 (a computer with multiple
network interface cards). Creating a static IP
router with Windows 2000 is as simple as
installing multiple network interface cards,
configuring TCP/IP, and enabling IP routing.
 DYNAMIC ROUTER
• A router with dynamically configured routing
tables is known as a dynamic router.
 EXAMPLE OF DYANAMIC
ROUTER
• A good example of a dynamic router is a
computer with Windows 2000 Server and the
Routing and Remote Access Service running
the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing
protocols for IP and RIP for IPX.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• Network topology defines the structure of the
network.

• One part of the topology definition is the

physical topology, which is the actual layout of
the wire or media.

• The other part is the logical topology,which

defines how the media is accessed by the
hosts for sending data.
 RING TOPOLOGY
• A ring topology connects one host to the next
and the host to the first.

• This creates a physical of cable.

 STAR TOPOLOGY
• A star topology connects all cables to a
centeral of connection
 BUS TOPOLOGY
• A bus topology uses a single backbone table
that is terminated at both ends.

• All the hosts connect directly to this

backbone
 MESH TOPOLOGY
• Each hosts has its own connections to all
other hoste
 VIRTUAL PRIVATE
NETWORK
• A VPN is a private network that is
constructed within a public network
infrastructure such as the global Internet.
Using VPN, a telecommuter can access
the network of the company
headquarters through the Internet by
building a secure tunnel between the
telecommuter’s PC and a VPN router in
the headquarters.

• A virtual private network (VPN) is

a network that uses primarily public
telecommunication infrastructure, such as
the Internet, to provide remote offices or
traveling users access to a central
organizational network.
 SUBNETTING
 Subnetting is logically dividing the
network by extending the 1’s used in
SNM

 Advantage
 Can divide network in smaller parts

 Restrict Broadcast traffic

 Security

 Simplified Administration
 FORMULA
 Number of subnets – 2x-2
Where X = number of bits borrowed

 Number of Hosts – 2y-2

Where y = number of 0’s

 Block Size = Total number of Address

Block Size = 256-Mask
 SUBNETTING
 Classful IP Addressing SNM are a set of 255’s
and 0’s.

 In Binary it’s contiguous 1’s and 0’s.

 SNM cannot be any value as it won’t

follow the rule of contiguous 1’s and 0’s

 Possible subnet mask values

–0
– 128
– 192
– 224
– 240
– 248
– 252
– 254
– 255
 SUBNET MASK

• A mask used to determine
what subnet an IP
address belongs to.
• An IP address has two
components, the network address
and the host address.
 IP ADDRESS CLASSES
• IP class A addresses have first octets with a
decimal number from 1 to 127. Example:
27.x.y.z
102.x.y.z 
• IP class B addresses have first octets with a
decimal number from 128 to 191.Example:
128.x.y.z
151.x.y.z 

IP class C addresses have first octets with a

decimal number from 192 to 223.Example:
192.x.y.z
223.x.y.z 

IP class D addresses have decimal values

from 224 to 239 in the first octet, and the 4
leftmost bits are 1110.Example:
224.x.y.z
239.x.y.z 
• The last IP address class of addresses is IP
class E. IP class E addresses range from 240
to 255 in the first octet, and the 4 leftmost
bits are 1111. Example:
240.x.y.z
255.x.y.z 
 IP ADDRESSING TIPS
     
• A Network ID cannot be All 0s.

• A host ID cannot be All 1 because this

represents a broadcast address for the local
network.

• Each host must have a unique host portion of

the IP address.

• All hosts on the same network segment

should have the same network id.

• A host address cannot be 127 because 127 has

been reserved for the loop back
functionalities.
THANK YOU