NGF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ROUTING AND SWITCHING PRESENTED BY,

(CCNA) KESHAV
B.TECH (CSE)
VIII th SEM

KESHAV B.TECH VIII SEM

 CONTENTS
• About CCNA
• Network
• Networking Device
• OSI model
• IP address
• Sub netting
• Router configuration
• Types of routing
 ABOUT CCNA

This certification builds a

foundation in and apprentice
knowledge of networking.

CCNA certified professionals can install, configure,

and operate LAN, WAN and access services for small
networks (100 modes or fewer), including but not
limited to use of these protocols: IP, IGRP, SERIAL
FRAME-RELAY, IP RIP, VLANs, RIP ETHERNET,
ACCESS-LISTS.
NETWORK
A network is a system that transmits any
combination of voice, video or data between users.

Types of network:

• LAN (LOCAL AREANETWORK)

Based on • MAN(METROPOLITAN AREANETWORK)
•
Geographical •
WAN(WIDE AREANETWORK)
PAN(PERSONAL AREANETWORK)
 Networking Devices

Equipment that connects directly to a network segment is

referred to as a device.

These devices are broken up into two classifications.

 End-user devices
 Network devices

End-user devices include computers, printers, scanners, and

other devices that provide services directly to the user.

Network devices include all the devices that connect the end-
user devices together to allow them to communicate. 5
 Networking Devices
 Router
 Routers are used to connect networks together
 Route packets of data from one network to another
 DTE device
 Hub
 Connects a group of Hosts
 works on fix bandwidth
 Switch
 Switches add more intelligence to data transfer management.
 Manageable device
 Works on share bandwidth
 It makes multicast & broad cast connection
 Network Topologies
Network topology defines the structure of the network.

One part of the topology definition is the physical topology, which is

the actual layout of the wire or media.

The other part is the logical topology,which defines how the media is
accessed by the hosts for sending data.

7
  Bus Topology
• A bus topology uses a single backbone cable that is terminated at bothends.
• All the hosts connect directly to this backbone.

 Ring Topology
• A ring topology connects one host to the next and the last host to the first.
• This creates a physical ring of cable.
 Star Topology
A star topology connects all cables to a central point ofconcentration.
 Mesh Topology
• A mesh topology is implemented to provide as much protection as possible
from interruption of service.
• Each host has its own connections to all other hosts.
• Although the Internet has multiple paths to any one location, it does not adopt
the full mesh topology.
 Virtual Private Network
A VPN is a private network that is constructed within a public
network infrastructure such as the global Internet. Using VPN, a
telecommuter can access the network of the company headquarters
through the Internet by building a secure tunnel between the
telecommuter’s PC and a VPN router in the headquarters.
Network Hierarchies
 The OSI Model

Why do we need the OSI Model?

• To address the problem of networks increasing in size and in

number, the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) researched many network schemes and recognized that
there was a need to create a network model

• This would help network builders implement networks that

could communicate and work together
OSI MODEL
Open System Interconnection
reference model developed bythe
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO).
OSI model describes how data is
transferred from an applicationon
one computer toanother.
OSI model composed of seven
layers that describe the functionsof
data communication protocols.
Each Layer of OSI modeldescribes
a particular network function.
 IP ADDRESS
An IP address is a numeric identifier
assigned to each machine on an IP
network.
It designates the specific location of
a device on the network.

IP addressing was designed to allow hosts on one network to

communicate with a host on a different network regardless of the
type of LANs the hosts are participating in.
Sub netting
Sub netting is logically dividing the network by extending the 1’s
used in SNM
Advantage
 Can divide network in smaller parts
 Simplified Administration
 To avoid wastage of IP
It is theprocess of Dividing a Single Network into Multiple
Networks.
 Converting Host bits into Network Bits i.e. Converting 0’s into 1’s
It is done on core router to reduce the size of routing table.
It is implemented by ISP (internet service providers).
To use global IP specifically

FLSM (fixed Vlsm (variable

Types of sub
length subnet length subnet
netting
mask) mask)
VLSM

VLSM is a method of designating a different subnet mask

for the same network number on different subnets

Can use a long mask on networks with few hosts and a

shorter mask on subnets with many hosts

With VLSMs we can have different subnet masks for

different subnets.
 VLSM Exercise
192.168.1.8/30 192.168.1.16/28
192.168.1.64/26
12
2
40 2

2
192.168.1.12/30
192.168.1.4/30

25

192.168.1.32/27

192.168.1.0
17
 Router Configuration
 Basic command of router
User mode
Router >
Privilege mode
Router > enable
Router #
Configuration mode
Router # configuration terminal
Router (config)#
Router (config)# hostname R1
Interface mode
Router (config)# interface serial/fast Ethernet/GIGA byte Ethernet
Router (config-if )#ip address subnet mass
Router (config-if )#no shutdown
Router (config-if )#clock rate 64000
Only use for serial interface
 Show command
R# show running-configuration
R# show IP interface brief
R# show version
R #show ip interface brief

 Routing
• Forwarding of packets from one network to another network choosing the
best path from the routing table.

• Routing table consist of only the best routes for every destinations.
 Rules of Routing
• Head Office Ethernet interface should be in the same network as your Head office
LAN and similarly on Branch Office side.

• Head Office S0 and Branch Office S1 should be in same network.

• All interface of router should in different n/w

 Types of Routing
• Static Routing
• Dynamic Routing

 Static Routing
• It is configured by Administrator manually.
• Mandatory need of Destination Network ID
• It is Secure & fast
• Used for Small organizations with a network of 10-15 Routers.
• Administrative distance for Static Route is 0 and 1.

o Disadvantages
• Used for small network.
• Everything to manually
 Command of static routing
R( config)# ip route destination network destination mask next hope ip
 Dynamic Routing
Advantages of Dynamic over static :

• There is no need to know the destination networks.

• Need to advertise the directly connected networks.
• Administrative work is reduced

 Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols

•Distance Vector Protocol
• Link State Protocol
• Hybrid Protocol
Distance Vector Protocol Link State Protocol Hybrid Protocol
Distance vector Link state Hybrid

• Example: RIP 1, • Example : OSPF, IS- • Example : EIGRP

RIP 2,IGRP IS

Class full routing

• • Classless routing • Classless routing
protocol Protocol Protocol

Administrative Distance
• The Number is between 0 and 255
• The higher the value, the lower the trust.
• Directly Connected 0
• Static Route 1
• IGRP 100
• OSPF 110
• RIP 120
• EIGRP 90/170

RIP (router information protocol)

RIP Version 1 RIP Version 2
• Open Standard Protocol • Open Standard Protocol
• Class full routing protocol • Classless routing protocol
• Updates are broadcasted • Uses multicast address

• Administrative distance is 120 • Administrative distance is 120

• Metric : Hop count • Metric : Hop count
Max Hop counts : 15 Max routers : 16 Max Hop counts : 15 Max routers : 16
• Used for small organizations • Used for small organizations
Advantages of RIP
• Easy to configure
• No design constraints
• No complexity
Disadvantage of RIP
 Bandwidth utilization is very high as broadcast for every 30 second
 Works only on hop count
 Not scalable as hop count is only 15

• Link State Protocol

•Link state updates
•Updates are through
Multicast
•Classless routing Protocol
•Missing routes are exchanged
OSPF( open shortest path first)
• Ospf is open source protocol
• Ospf is a link state routing protocol
• Ospf area 0 is a backbone of ospf
• Ospf admin distance is 110
 Command of OSPF
Config# Router ospf process id no.
Config-router# n/w id wild card mass area 0

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway

Routing Protocol)
• Its hybrid routing protocol
• Administrative distance 90/170(90-internal,170external)
• Its support VLSM(variable length subnet mask)
• Used duel algorithm
• Used on larger network
• It’s a classless routing protocol
• Upgraded version of IGRP
• It work on a.s number
 EIGRP support three type of table
• Routing table
‾ Show ip route
• Neighbor table
‾ Show ip eigrp neighbor
• Topology table
‾ Show ip Eigrp table
Command in EIGRP routing
R(config)# router EIGRP as no.
R(Router –config)# No- auto summary
Then Create Network