5.1.K thut nhum hon tt Nhum l qu trnh gia cng nhm to mu cho x, si hay vi sau cho mu u, su v bn .

. Ngi ta dng thuc nhum to mu trong cng ngh nhum, ng vi mi loi vt liu ta c th dng mt hoc vi lp thuc nhum nhum mu. Qu trnh nhum l qu trnh k thut c hnh thnh bi cc yu t:Vt liu nhum, thuc nhum nhum s dng nhit , cc cht ph tr, p sut, dung t nhum, thit b v phng php tin hnh nhum. Mi loi vt liu, sn phm s c mt qui trnh v cng thc nhum ring ti u cho loi vt liu, sn phm . Tu theo yu cu v mu sc, dng vt liu dt sn c v yu cu gia cng sau khi nhum m ngi ta c th nhum vt liu dt dng x, si, ch v vi. cng tu theo dng vt liu dt v iu kin c th m ngi ta dng cc thit b nhum khc nhau thuc 2 nhm: Thit b nhum gin on v thit b nhum lin tc. Hin nay c nhiu kiu thit b nhum vt liu dt c ch to song v mt thu lc ng hc, thit b nhum c ch to theo cc nguyn tc sau y: - Vt liu dt chuyn ng, dung dch nhum tnh. - Dung dch nhum chuyn ng, vt liu dt tnh. - C vt liu dt v dung dch nhum u chuyn ng. 5.2.L thuyt nhum 5.2.1.Tm tt tnh cht vt liu dt. Tt c cc loi x trong cng nghip dt u c cu to t nhng i phn t mch thng sp xp dc theo trc x vi mc nh hng khc nhau, cc i phn t lin kt vi nhau qua cc nhm nh chc - OH, - NH2, - COOH, CN hay lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt phn t Val der Waals. C vng cc phn t sp xp cht ch gi l cu trc tinh th, ngc li c vng sp xp khng cht ch gi l cu trc v nh hnh, to cho x c din tch b mt rt ln. Cc loi x khc nhau c mc ht m khc nhau. Khi nhng s vo nc, s xut hin hin tng in ho do x hp th mt s ion t dung dch hay do cc nhm nh chc ca x phn ly, do vy trn b mt x v dung dch c lp in tch kp, hiu s in th gia s v dung dch gi l in th mng, i lng ny ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh tnh cht ca x, pH ca mi trng, s c mt ca cht in ly v nhit . 5.2.2. C ch nhum : chia lm 3 giai on.

* Giai on 1: Thuc nhum c hp th bi b mt x. Nguyn nhn ca s hp th l do trn b mt x, si c mt trng lc. Qu trnh hp th thc t xy ra rt nhanh khi nhum, ta phi to iu kin nh th no cho khng nhng ch c mt ngoi m c bn mt trong x cng hp th c thuc nhum. Cc phn t thuc nhum cng d i vo b mt trong ca x th qu trnh nhum cng mau kt thc. * Giai on 2: y l giai on khuch tn dung dch vo x giai on ny xy ra trong mt thi gian di nn n quyt nh tc ca c qu trnh nhum. Vic khuy trn dung dch nhum iu ng s lm cho tc khuch tn ca thuc nhum trong dung dch tng ln v do lm cho tc nhum cng tng theo. * Giai on 3: y l giai on c nh mu ca thuc nhum trn s. Trong giai on ny gia thuc nhum v x pht sinh ra cc lc tc dng tng h. Nh m thuc nhum c gi cht trn x. Gia x v thuc nhum c th pht sinh cc lc lin kt sau: - Lc lin kt do lc ht gia cc phn t gi l lc Van der Waals. - Lin kt Hydro. - Lin kt ho tr. - Lin kt ion. 5.2.3. ng hc qu trnh nhum. Qu trnh nhum chia lm 5 giai on: *Giai on 1: Khuch tn thuc nhum v cht tr n b mt x si. Giai on ny xy ra rt nhanh. *Giai on 2: Hp ph thuc nhum v cht tr t dung dch ln b mt x si. Qu trnh ny thuc nhum thc hin lin kt vi x si xy ra nhanh chng bng lin kt Van der Waals. *Giai on 3: Hp ph thuc nhum v cht tr t b mt x si vo su trong li x si, giai on ny xy ra kh khn nht, nhiu tr lc nht, l giai on chm nht v l giai on quyt nh tc nhum. *Giai on 4: Thuc nhum thc hin hin lin kt bm dnh vo vt liu ngi ta gi giai on ny l gn mu. *Giai on 5: Khuch tn thuc nhum v cht tr t vt liu ra mi trng bn ngoi. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh thuc nhum khuch tn t b mt x si vo su trong li x si:

Kch thc phn t thuc nhum : kch thc cng nh th tc khuch tn thuc nhum vo x si cng nhanh. Tuy nhin phn t thuc nhum c kch thc qua nh th khng lc lin kt vi vt liu, dn n hin tng km bn mu. Kch thc mao qun x si: nhng x si c xp cao, trng n tt trong nc th d nhum. Mc khuy o v tun hon thuc nhum: qu trnh khuy o tt thuc nhum d dng khuch tn vo x si. Nhit : khi nhit tng nng lng hot ho tng dn n tng tc khuch tn. ng thi mch phn t linh ng hn, mao qun m rng hn. Qu trnh nhum nhanh hn. 5.2.4. S dng cht tr trong qu trnh nhum Cht tr khng th thiu trong qu trnh nhum, chng gip qu trnh nhum hon ho hn mu u hn. Cht tr rt a dng nhng hu ht l cht hot ng b mt, n c nhng chc nng chnh nh sau: - Tng tc thm nc: cht tr lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc v dung mi, dn n thuc nhum d dng thm vo vt liu. - Lm u mu: tc dng iu khin tc phn ng ca thuc nhum vi x si. - Tc dng n nh h thng v phn tn: cht tr lm u thuc nhum tan trong nc v phn tn u thuc nhum khng tan trong nc. - Lm trn vt liu: cht tr gip vi chuyn ng nh hn trnh c vt xc khi tip xuc vi thit b. - Cht tr gip ngn cn chy mu hay di tn mu. 5.3.Cng ngh nhum 5.3.1.Phng php nhum gin on Phng php ny s dng nhum cc vt liu dt nh: x, si, vi vi khi lng khng ln lm theo tng m mt trong cc thit b tng ng. Thuc nhum c chun b dng dung dch hoc dng huyn ph cng vi cc cht tr nhum v c a ngay vo my nhum mt ln hoc nhiu ln tu tng trng hp c th. Thi gian nhum c th ko di t 1 ti 2 gi. Ch tng nhit sau nhng khong thi gian nht nh c thit k ring cho mi loi.

Bn cht ca qu trnh nhum gin on: khi vt liu dt ngm vo dung dch thuc nhum th vt liu s trch ht thuc nhum t dung dch vo x si v thc hin gn mu, trong qu trnh ny nng thuc nhum ngoi mng s gim v lng thuc nhum trong vt liu s tng. Quy trnh cng ngh nhum gin on
h t , git
0

t max
0

Duy tr t Tng t
0

T0 bt u 5.3.2.Phng php nhum lin tc Qu trnh loi, x l ho hc v nhum c thc hin khi vi vn chuyn ng lin tc qua mt dy cc my t lin hp vi nhau. Vi t cht lng cao, thi gian gia cng c rt ngn. Vi c di chuyn trong mi trng c p sut thng vi nhit 98-1000C. Tu theo yu cu s dng, dy chuyn nhum lin tc gm cc b phn sau: a.- B phn vo vi: l b phn u tin khng th thiu c ca mt dy chuyn lin tc. N lm nhim v g phng cc np nhn, cc vt gp gia v hai bin ca bng vi khi nhum c u. b.- Mng ngm p dung dch nhum: khi nhum vi dng m kh th vic ngm p vi bng dung dch nhum l yu cu rt quang trng. My ngm p c t ngay sau b phn vo vi v lm vic lin tc vi cc b phn tip sau. Mc d vi i trong dung dch nhum khng lu nhng nh tc dng va ngm va p lm cho dung dch thuc nhum c thm u vo vi v phn b u trn ton b din tch ca n. Thuc nhum c to iu kin lin kt vi vi c ng u. Tt c cc mng ngm p u gm 2 b phn chnh: mng cha dung dch nhum v h thng cc trc p. c.- My sy vi sau khi ngm p (sy trung gian): qu trnh ny rt cn thit nht l i vi nhng vi nhum bng thuc nhum hon nguyn hay hot tnh theo phng php hai pha. Nh qu trnh sy trung gian ny m vi s c kh nng ht c nhiu dung dch ho cht hn thuc nhum t b thng hoa hn mng ngm p th hai. Cn i vi vi tng hp nhum bng thuc nhum phn tn th sau khi ngm p dung dch nhum vi cn phi c sp kh trc khi gia nhit. d.- Bung hp v gia nhit vi: to cho thuc nhum khuch tn su vo trong x v thc hin lin kt vi x, sau khi sy trung gian vi s c hp trong mi

trng bo ho 103 1050C trong thi gian t 1 3 pht. Trong iu kin nh vy cc phn ng ho hc s xy ra, vi s c nhum mu. e.- H thng bn git vi: sau khi nhum, kh nhng phn t thuc nhum khng lin kt vi vi, vi s c git mnh dng m kh trong h thng my git lin tc. f.- Sy kh vi: cui mi dy chuyn nhum lin tc u c trang b my sy sy kh vi. Mt s dy chuyn nhum lin tc, thng c nhng th t x l sau:

i vi dy chuyn ngm hp lin tc mt pha

Vi vo my ngm p dung dch thuc nhum hp bng hn nc bo ho thi gi (nu cn)git(hoc x l bng cc dung dch ho cht cn thit sy kh v ra xe.

i vi dy chuyn nhum ngm hp hai pha.

Vi vo my ngm p dung dch thuc nhum sy trung gian(gi nng)ngm p dung dch hin mu(pha th hai) hp bng hi nc bo ho thi gi git v x l cc dung dch ho cht cn thit sy kh v ra xe.

i vi dy chuyn thermosol.

Vi ngm p dung dch nhum sy trung gian(bng hng ngoi v gi nng) gia nhit sy kh v ra vi. 5.3.3. Nhum bn lin tc

Cun nng

Ngm p xng hi 850C git sy.

Cun ngui

Ngm p (6 24gi) git sy. 5.4.K thut nhum hon tt 5.4.1. Mc ch Sau nhng cng on x l git, ty, nhumvi b nhiu tc dng c hc, ho hc, lm cho vi b gin di v co ngang, mt vi cn nhiu np nhn, kch thc vi khng n nh.

5.4.3.2.H tng cng, h y n - Mc ch : mt s vi mng hay vi dt kim do qu mm nn to dng khng p, kh may, bin vi d b qun, v vy ta cn h vi tng cng v lm cho vi y n hn. Phng php ny dng cc cht nh tinh bt v polymer h vi. 1- H tinh bt : Khuyt im :ca loi h ny l khng c tc dng chng nhu, chng co, n ch c tc dng lm cho vi y n, lng mn, sau mt thi gian git s mt hiu qu. u im : r tin, sau khi h v cn p, mng h nm trn vi trong sut lm cho vi tr nn bng hn. 2- H polymer Sau khi h polymer(nha cao phn t) vi s c mt s tnh cht mi nh Nu l vi dt t x bng th s t trng n, n nh kch thc, t b nhu c trng thi kh ln trng thi t, gi c np i, bn vi nh sng v vi sinh vt hn. Vi nhng loi vi dt t x nhn to s tng bn t trng thi t v tng bn vi ma st. Vi vi pha t x xenlulo v x tng hp, cng nh vi tng hp s n nh kch thc, t x lch si, c kh nng chng vn ht v vi y n hn, cng hn. 5.4.3.3.H chng nhu Nguyn tc : mt s x -si thin nhin do trong phn t c cha nhiu nhm a nc nhng li thiu cc lin kt ngang, khi chu tc ng c hc s b bin dng, tng tc vi nhau v tr mi v gi li np nhu khng cho phc hi gy nn hin tng nhu kh. Tng t nh vy, khi trng thi t, s gy ra hin tng nhu t v khi c sy kh n khng tr li trng thi ban u, li trng thi nhu trn vi. 5.4.3.4.X l chng thm nc i vi nhng vi dng cho hng ni tht, vi che hng ho khi vn chuyn, che ma cho kho hng, lm lu bt v s dng cho cc nhu cu xy dng, quc phngthng c s dng mt s hp cht ho hc c tnh ght nc. Phng php n gin l to ln vi cc mui kim loi nng ca cc acid bo nh nhm oleat, nhm stearatC 2 phng php x l chng thm nc : 1- X l chng thm hay cn gi l phng php trng ph

2- X l k nc hay cn gi l phng php ngm p ho cht chng thm(da trn nguyn l sc cng b mt ca vi v nc). 5.4.3.5.X l chng chy Nhiu loi vi rt d bt la v chy. trnh ho hon ni dng nhiu vi trang tr nh rp ht, kho tng, phng trin lm; cc mt hng vi cng nghip; vi quc phngngi ta c th h cho vi mt s ho cht c kh nng chng chy. Cc cng ngh x l chng chy : S dng mui amonium ca phostphoric acid : (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, (NH4)2CO3 nhit cao cc cht ny c kh nng thot kh dp la. V d : 3(NH4)2SO4NH3+N2+3H2O+3NH4HSO3 S dng mt s mui v c :NaSiO3, MgCl2, Na2B4O7c kh nng chy ra nhit cao ngn khng cho la lan truyn. To cc mui khng tan trn vi :nhng mui ny s c kh nng dp la. V d :khi h vi bng dung dch ca MgCl2 vi Na2SiO3 th trn vi s to thnh cc mui khng tan tng ng mi l MgSiO3. Cc mui ny kh bt la hoc khi chy n thot ra kh khng chy dp tt ngn la, lm cho ngn la khng th lan rng c. 5.4.3.6.X l chng tnh in a. S dng cht bi trn : thng dng l cc cht hot ng b mt cation, cc cht lm mm. Cc cht ny khi nm trn vi s hng cc phn a nc ra ngoi lm tng ht m, tng dn in, ln gim tnh in. Nh vy, khi h mm ta cng t hiu qu chng tnh in. b. Bin tnh mt ngoi x : c cc cch sau : S dng x -si bin tnh bng cch ghp vo chng nhng phn t ght nc. X l sn phm dt bng cch tng m bao gm x l x phng ho( x -si acetate); x l gim trng(x -si polyeste). c. X l bng nha ho hc : to cho vi mt mng cao phn t a nc c tnh dn in cao, cht ny c sn xut dng nh tng, a ln vi bng phng php cn p ri c sy v x l nhit vi cht xc tc. Mng nha mng to thnh trn vi c gn cht vi cu trc si lm gim i hin tng tnh in.