COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS

Combinational Circuit
When logic gates are connected together to produce a specified output for certain specified combinations of input variables, with no storage involved, the resulting circuit is called combinational logic.
The output variables at all times depend on the combination of input variables.
Example: ~(A*B) and ~(C*D) with an OR gate
Inputs Combinational circuit Outputs

Combinational Circuits
Applications:
Derive the boolean expression for some binary calculation (e.g., addition) Then build the circuit using the various logic gates

Half Adder
Notice that sum computes the same as XOR and carry computes the same as AND We build an Adder using just one XOR and one AND gate

Block diagram

Logic Diagram

Half Adder

Truth table

K-Map

Full Adder
The half adder really only does half the work adds 2 bits, but only 2 bits If we want to add 2 n-bit numbers, we need to also include the carry in from the previous half adder which is possible using full adder circuit. The sum is 1 only if one of x, y and carry in are 1, or if all three are 1, the sum is 0 otherwise The carry out is 1 if two or three of x, y and carry in were 1, 0 otherwise

Full Adder

Full Adder
or

Implementation using two half-adders and an OR gate

Subtractors
A half-subtractor is a combinational circuit that subtracts two bits and produces their difference.

Half subtractor

Truth table

K-Map

Subtractors

Limitations of half subtractor In multidigit subtraction ,we have to subtract two bits along with the borrow of the previous digit subtraction. Effectively such subtraction requires subtraction of three bits, This is not possible with half-subtractor.

Full Subtractor
A full subtractor is a combinational circuit that performs a subtraction between three bits taking into account borrow of the lower significant stage.

Truth table

K-Map

Full Subtractor

Boolean function for difference and borrow

Full Subtractor

Logic diagram

Full Subtractor
Implementation using two half-subtractors and an OR gate

Serial Adder/Subtractor
Two numbers stored in right shift registers A and B can be added serially.
Serial Adder

Parallel Adder
A single full adder is capable of adding two one-bit numbers and an carry.
In order to add binary numbers with more than one bit, additional full adders must be employed. A n-bit, parallel adders can be constructed using number of full adder circuits connected in parallel i.e. the carry output of each adder is connected to the carry input of the next higher-order adder.

Parallel Adder
n-bit parallel adder

4-bit parallel adder

Parallel Adder
4-bit binary parallel adder(IC74LS83)

Eight bit adder using two 74823ICs

Parallel Subtractor
Subtraction of binary numbers can be done most conveniently by means of complements. Subtaction A-B can be done by taking 2s complement of B and adding it to A. Take 1s complement of B (using an inverter)and add one to LSB pair of bits

Parallel Subtractor

Parallel Adder/Subtractor

The addition and subtraction operations can combined into one ciruit with one
common binary adder using an XOR gate with each full adder. Mode M controls the operation of the circuit. M=0; Adder M=1; Subtractor

When M=0,
When M=1,we have

we have, the full adders receive the value of B, with

.The B inputs are all

the input carry being zero, it performs the function of A+B. complemented and a 1 is added through input carry.The circuit performs the operation A plus the 2s Complement of b,i.e., A-B.

Parallel Adder/Subtractor

Comparison-Serial/Parallel Adder

BCD Adder
It is a circuit that adds two BCD digits and produces a sum digit also in BCD. To implement the BCD Adder we require:
4-bit binary adder for initial addition Logic circuit to detect sum greater than 9 One more 4-bit adder to add six in the sum if the sum is greater than 9 or carry is 1. The logic circuit to detect sum >9 can be determined by simplifying the boolean expression of given truth table.

BCD Adder

Y=S3S2+S3S1

Truth table

Logical expression to add 6

BCD Adder

Design-8 bit BCD Adder(IC74283)

Magnitude Comparator
A comparator is a special combinational circuit designed primarily to compare the relative magnitude of two binary numbers. i.e.,(A<B,A=B,A>B).
Depending upon the relative magnitudes of the two number, one of the outputs will be high.

Design of 2 bit comparator using gates

Design of 2 bit comparator using gates

Logic diagram of 2- bit comparator

Design of 8- bit comparator using IC7485

Binary to BCD Code Converter

Binary to BCD Code Converter

Binary to BCD Code Converter

Logic diagram-(Binary-BCD)

BCD to Binary Converter

BCD to Binary Converter

BCD to Binary Converter

BCD to Binary Converter

Logic diagram-(BCD to Binary)

BCD to Excess 3 Converter

XS3 code can be obtained by adding 3 to each BCD number.

BCD to Excess 3 Converter

BCD to Excess 3 Converter

Excess-3 to BCD Converter

Excess-3 to BCD Converter

Excess-3 to BCD Converter

Binary to Gray Code ConverterTruth table

Binary to Gray Code Converter-K Map

Binary to Gray Code Converterlogic diagram

Gray to Binary Code ConverterTruth table

Gray to Binary Code Converter-K Map

Gray to Binary Code Converter-K Map & logic diagram

BCD to Gray Code Converter-Truth table

BCD to Gray Code Converter-K Map

BCD to Gray Code Converter-Logic diagram

Decoders
A binary decoder has n bit binary input and a one activated exactly one of 2n outputs.

2-to-4-line decoder Logic diagram

2-to-4-line decoder Truth table

If the enable input is

one,and only one , of the outputs Y0 to Y3 is active for the given input. If the enable input is 0, then all the outputs are 0.

3-to-8-line decoder Logic diagram

3-to-8-line decoder Truth table

4x16 decoder using two 74LS138ICs

BCD to Decimal Decoder

Encoder
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs the inverse operation of a decoder. An encoder has 2n input lines and n output lines.
In encoder the output lines generate the binary code corresponding to the input value.

Decimal to BCD Encoder

Octal to Binary Encoder-Truth table

Priority Encoder
It is an encoder circuit that includes priority function.
If two or more inputs are equal to 1 at the same time, the input having the highest priority will take precedence. D3-higest priority , D0- lowest priority.

4-bit Priority Encoder-K Map

4-bit Priority Encoder

Multiplexers
It is a digital switch. It allows digital information from several sources to be routed onto a single output line.
Normally it has 2n input lines and n output lines. Selection lines are decoded to select a particular AND gate. Multiplexers means many to one. It is also called as data selector because the output bit depends on the input data bit that is selected.

Multiplexers

Truth table Logic diagram

Quadruple 2-to-1 line multiplexer

It has 4 MUX each capable of selecting one of the two input lines. Output Y1 can be selected to have the value of 1 or B1 respectively. The selection line s selects one of the two lines in all 4 MUX. The control input E enables the MUX in 0 state and disables them in 1 state. When E=1,o/p have all os, regardless of the value of S.

74xx151 8 to 1 multiplexer

Design of 32x1 MUX using two 74ls150 ICS

Design of 32x1 MUX using four 8x1 MUX AND 2X4 DECODER

Implementation of Combinational logic using MUX

F(A,B,C)= m(1,3,5,6)

Truth table

MUX implementation

Implementation table

Implementation of Combinational logic using MUX

Implementation of Combinational logic using MUX

F(P,Q,R,S)= m(0,1,3,4,8,9,15)

Implementation table MUX implementation

Implementation of Combinational logic using MUX

F(A,B,C,D)=(0,1,2,4,6,9,12,14)

Implementation table

MUX Implementation

Implementation of Combinational logic using MUX

Implementation of Combinational logic using MUX

Demultiplexers (DEMUX)
It is a circuit that receives information on a single line and transmits this information on one of 2n possible output lines.
The selection of specific output line is controlled by the values of n selection lines. The single input variable Din has a path to all four outputs, but the input information is directed to only one of the output lines.

Demultiplexers (DEMUX)

Function table

Logic diagram

Design of 1:8 demux uing two 1:4 demux

Implementation of full subtractor using demux