UNIT-II

(Computer System Architecture)

-Navjot Kaur Mahi

(Assistant
Professor)
Syllabus(Unit-II)
Combinational Logic Circuits:
Half Adder & Half Subtractor, Full Adder & Full Subtractor,
Parallel Binary Adder, Binary Adder/Subtractor.

Multiplexers & Demultiplexers, Implementation of

Boolean equations using Multiplexer and Demultiplexer,
Encoders & Decoders.
COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS
The combinational logic circuits are the circuits that contain
different types of logic gates. Simply, a circuit in which different
types of logic gates are combined is known as a combinational
logic circuit. The output of the combinational circuit is determined
from the present combination of inputs, regardless of the previous
input. The input variables, logic gates, and output variables are the
basic components of the combinational logic circuit. There are
different types of combinational logic circuits, such as Adder,
Subtractor, Decoder, Encoder, Multiplexer, and De-multiplexer.
COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS
There are the following characteristics of the combinational logic circuit:
•At any instant of time, the output of the combinational circuits depends
only on the present input terminals.
•The combinational circuit doesn't have any backup or previous memory. The
present state of the circuit is not affected by the previous state of the input.
•The n number of inputs and m number of outputs are possible in
combinational logic circuits.
COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS
The three main ways of specifying the function of a combinational
logic circuit are:
1. Boolean Algebra – This forms the algebraic expression showing
the operation of the logic circuit for each input variable either True
or False that results in a logic “1” output.
2. Truth Table – A truth table defines the function of a logic gate by
providing a concise list that shows all the output states in tabular
form for each possible combination of input variable that the gate
could encounter.
3. Logic Diagram – This is a graphical representation of a logic circuit
that shows the wiring and connections of each individual logic gate,
represented by a specific graphical symbol, that implements the
logic circuit.
Classification of Combinational Logic
Adder
A combinational circuit that performs the addition of bits is called
an Adder. Each computer has an adder located in its CPU(ALU) that
is responsible for the process of addition. There are two types of
Adder. They are also used in other parts of the processor, where
they are used to calculate addresses, table indices, increment and
decrement operators, and similar operations.
1. Half Adder
2. Full Adder
Half Adder
A combinational circuit that performs the addition of two bits is
called a Half Adder. It receives two inputs and produces two
outputs Sum and Carry. The block diagram for a half adder is as
follows.
Half Adder
Designing of Half Adder involves the following steps.
•Problem: addition of two bits.
•The number of available inputs are two.
•The input and output variables are assigned letter symbols. Let’s represent
the inputs by A AND B, and the outputs SUM and Carry by S and C
respectively.
•Truth Table
Half Adder
Full Adder
A combinational circuit that performs the addition of three bits is
called a Full Adder. It receives three inputs and produces two
outputs Sum and Carry. The Block diagram for the Full Adder is
shown below.
Full Adder
Designing of Full Adder:
•Problem: Addition of three Bits.
•The number of available inputs are three.
•The input and output variables are assigned letter symbols. Let we
represent the inputs by A, B, and C; and the outputs by S and C i.e. S for
Sum and C for Carry.
•Truth Table
Full Adder
Sum(A,B,C)=A’B’C+A’BC’+AB’C’+ABC
=(A’B’+AB).C+(A’B+AB’).C’
=(A⊕B)’.C+(A⊕B).C’
=(A⊕B)⊕C
Carry(A,B,C)=A’BC+AB’C+ABC’+ABC
=(A’B+AB’).C+AB(C+C’)
=(A⊕B).C+AB
Full Adder
Full adder block diagram using two half adders
Full Adder
Full adder Logical diagram using two half adders
Subtractor
A combinational circuit that performs the
subtractions of bits is called a Subtractor. There
are two types of Subtractors.
1. Half Subtractor
2. Full Subtractor
Half Subtractor
A combinational circuit that performs the subtraction of
two bits is called Half Subtractor. It receives two inputs
and produces two outputs Difference and Borrow. The
block diagram of the Half Subtractor is given as
Half Subtractor
Designing of a Half Subtractor:
•Problem: Subtraction of two bits
•The number of available inputs 2.
•The input and output variables are assigned letter symbols. Let we
represent the inputs by A and B, and the outputs Difference and Borrow by
D and B.
Half Subtractor
Full Subtractor
A combinational circuit that performs the subtraction of
three bits is called a Full Subtractor. It receives three
inputs and produces two outputs Difference and Borrow.
The Block Diagram of the Full Subtractor is as follows.
Full Subtractor
The designing of the Full Subtractor involves the following steps.
•Problem: Subtraction of three bits
•The number of available inputs are 3.
•The input and output variables are assigned letter symbols. Let we represent
the inputs by A, B, and C; and the outputs Difference and Borrow by D and B.
•Full Subtractor Truth Table:
Full Subtractor
Difference(A,B,C)=A’B’C+A’BC’+AB’C’+ABC
=(A’B’+AB).C+(A’B+AB’).C’
=(A⊕B)’.C+(A⊕B).C’
=(A⊕B)⊕C

Borrow(A,B,C)=A’B’C+A’BC’+A’BC+ABC
=(A’B’+AB).C+A’B(C’+C)
=(A⊕B)’.C+A’B
Full Subtractor

C
Full Subtractor
Applications of Full Subtractor
•Arithmetic circuits: Full subtractors are used in arithmetic circuits for performing binary
subtraction.
•ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): The full subtractor is an essential component of an ALU, which
performs arithmetic and logical operations in a computer’s central processing unit (CPU).
•Binary number representation: Full subtractors are used in the representation of negative
binary numbers.
•Error Correction: Full subtractors are used in error correction codes for detecting and
correcting errors in digital signals.
•Digital filters: Full subtractors are used in digital filters to subtract one signal from another
to produce a filtered output.
•Digital clocks: Full subtractors are used in digital clocks to subtract one number from
another to obtain the elapsed time.
•Microcontrollers: Full subtractors are used in microcontrollers to perform subtraction
operations as part of their instruction set.
•Digital signal processing: Full subtractors are used in digital signal processing to perform
subtraction operations on signals.
Parallel Binary Adder
Parallel Binary Adder
Parallel Binary Adder
Parallel Binary Adder
Multiplexer
•Multiplexer is a data selector which takes several
inputs and gives a single output.
•In multiplexer we have 2n input lines and 1 output
lines where n is the number of selection lines.
•The select lines determine which input is
connected to output and also to increase the
amount of data that can be sent over a network
with certain time.It is called as data selector.
Multiplexer
Types of Multiplexer
1. 2X1 Multiplexer(1 Select Line)
2. 4X1 Multiplexer(2 Select Lines)
3. 8X1 Multiplexer(3 Select Lines)
4. 16X1 Multiplexer(4 Select Lines)
2X1 Multiplexer
2X1 Multiplexer
4X1 Multiplexer
4X1 Multiplexer
8X1 Multiplexer

Y=S0'.S1'.S2'.A0+S0.S1'.S2'.A1+S0'.S1.S2'.A2+S0.S1.S2'.A3+S0'.S1'.S2 A4+S0.S1'.S2 A5+S0'.S1.S2 .A6+S0.S1.S3.A

7
8X1 Multiplexer
16X1 Multiplexer
16X1 Multiplexer
16×1 multiplexer using 8×1 and 2×1
multiplexer
Applications of Multiplexer
•Communication System – Communication system is a set of system that enable
communication like transmission system, relay and tributary station, and
communication network. The efficiency of communication system can be increased
considerably using multiplexer. Multiplexer allow the process of transmitting different
type of data such as audio, video at the same time using a single transmission line.
•Telephone Network – In telephone network, multiple audio signals are integrated on
a single line for transmission with the help of multiplexers. In this way, multiple audio
signals can be isolated and eventually, the desire audio signals reach the intended
recipients.
•Computer Memory – Multiplexers are used to implement huge amount of memory
into the computer, at the same time reduces the number of copper lines required to
connect the memory to other parts of the computer circuit.
•Transmission from the Computer System of a Satellite – Multiplexer can be used for
the transmission of data signals from the computer system of a satellite or spacecraft
to the ground system using the GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites.
Demultiplexer
A De-multiplexer is a combinational circuit that has only 1
input line and 2N output lines. Simply, the multiplexer is a
single-input and multi-output combinational circuit. The
information is received from the single input lines and
directed to the output line. On the basis of the values of the
selection lines, the input will be connected to one of these
outputs. De-multiplexer is opposite to the multiplexer.
Unlike encoder and decoder, there are n selection lines and
2n outputs. So, there is a total of 2n possible combinations of
inputs. De-multiplexer is also treated as De-mux.
Types of Demultiplexer
1. 1X2 Demultiplexer(1 Select Line)
2. 1X4 Demultiplexer(2 Select Lines)
3. 1X8 Demultiplexer(3 Select Lines)
4. 1X16 Demultiplexer(4 Select Lines)
1×2 De-multiplexer:
In the 1 to 2 De-multiplexer, there are only two outputs, i.e., Y 0, and Y1, 1
selection lines, i.e., S0, and single input, i.e., A. On the basis of the selection
value, the input will be connected to one of the outputs. The block diagram
and the truth table of the 1×2 multiplexer are given below.
1×2 De-multiplexer:
1×4 De-multiplexer:
In 1 to 4 De-multiplexer, there are total of four outputs, i.e., Y 0, Y1, Y2, and Y3, 2 selection
lines, i.e., S0 and S1 and single input, i.e., A. On the basis of the combination of inputs
which are present at the selection lines S 0 and S1, the input be connected to one of the
outputs. The block diagram and the truth table of the 1×4 multiplexer are given below.
1×4 De-multiplexer:
1×8 De-multiplexer:
In 1 to 8 De-multiplexer, there are total of eight outputs, i.e., Y 0, Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5, Y6, and Y7, 3
selection lines, i.e., S0, S1and S2 and single input, i.e., A. On the basis of the combination of inputs
which are present at the selection lines S0, S1 and S2, the input will be connected to one of these
outputs. The block diagram and the truth table of the 1×8 de-multiplexer are given below.
1×8 De-multiplexer:
1×8 De-multiplexer using 1×4 and 1×2
de-multiplexer
1×16 De-multiplexer:
In 1×16 de-multiplexer, there are total of 16 outputs, i.e., Y 0, Y1, …, Y16, 4 selection lines,
i.e., S0, S1, S2, and S3 and single input, i.e., A. On the basis of the combination of inputs
which are present at the selection lines S0, S1, and S2, the input will be connected to one
of these outputs. The block diagram and the truth table of the 1×16 de-multiplexer are
given below.
1×16 De-multiplexer:
1×16 de-multiplexer using 1×8 and 1×2 de-
multiplexer
Applications of Demultiplexer
•Demultiplexers are used in several input and output devices for data
routing.
•Demultiplexers are used in digital control systems to select one signal
from a mutual stream of signals.
•Demultiplexers are also employed for data transmission in synchronous
systems.
•Demultiplexers are also utilized in data acquisition systems.
•Demultiplexers can be used for generating Boolean functions.
•Demultiplexers can be used in serial to parallel converters.
•Demultiplexers are used for broadcasting of ATM packets.
•Demultiplexers can also be used to design automatic test equipment,
etc.
Implementation of Boolean equations using Multiplexer
Implementation of Boolean equations using Multiplexer
Implementation of Boolean equations using Demultiplexer
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