Toan A3

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
SCH HNG DN HC TP
GII TCH 2
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2006

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

SCH HNG DN HC TP
GII TCH 2

Bin son : Ts. V GIA T
LI GII THIU

GIA TCH 2 (TON CAO CP A
3
) l hc phn tip theo cc hc phn GII TCH 1,
I S ( TON CAO CP A
1
, A
2
) dnh cho sinh vin nm th nht thuc cc nhm ngnh
khi k thut. Gio trnh ny dng lm ti liu hc tp cho sinh vin i hc vi hnh thc o to
t xa. Gio trnh c bin son theo chng trnh qui nh nm 2001 ca B Gio dc- o to
v theo cng chng trnh ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng ph duyt nm
2006 cho h o to chnh qui.
Vit nam, hnh thc o to t xa tuy trin khai v nhn rng t 10 nm nay nhng
vn cn kh mi m. Vi cch hc ny, i hi ngi hc phi lm vic c lp nhiu hn, ly t
hc, t nghin cu l chnh. Do ti liu hc tp, c th l cc gio trnh phi c coi l
phng tin c bn v quan trng nht. Cc yu t trn c chng ti ch khi vit gio trnh
ny, c th l: Ni dung c trnh by ngn gn, chnh xc. Tr mt s nh l c chng minh
nhm rn luyn t duy v cng c kin thc, cn hu ht cc nh l a ra c tha nhn vi
mc ch p dng. Tng ng mi ni dung kin thc u c v d minh ha nhm hng ngi
hc hiu su sc v bit cch p dng. Trong mi chng u c mc ch, yu cu v phn tm
tt ni dung ngi hc d c, d thuc. Cc cu hi mang tnh trc nghim cui mi chng
l c s nh gi kin thc c c ca ngi hc v ni dung chng .
Gio trnh gm 5 chng, tng ng vi 4 n v hc trnh (60 tit).
Chng 1 .Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s.
Chng 2. Tch phn bi.
Chng 3. Tch phn ng v tch phn mt.
Chng 4. L thuyt trng.
Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn.
Mc d c gng rt nhiu, song khng trnh khi cc s sut v ni dung cng nh cc li
v n lot, chng ti rt mong c s gp kin v rt cm n v iu .
Nhn y, chng ti chn thnh cm n Ban Gim c Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh
Vin thng, Trung tm o to Bu chnh Vin thng 1, c bit Phng o to i hc t xa v
cc bn ng nghip to iu kin, ng vin, gip chng ti hon thnh gio trnh ny.

H Ni, 7-2006
Tc gi

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

3
CHNG 1. PHP TNH VI PHN HM S NHIU BIN S
GII THIU
Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s l s m rng mt cch t nhin v cn thit ca
php tnh vi phn hm s mt bin s. Cc bi ton thc t thng xut hin s ph thuc mt
bin s vo hai bin s hoc nhiu hn, chng hn nhit T ca mt cht lng bin i theo
su z v thi gian t theo cng thc
t
T e z
= , nhit lng to ra trn dy dn ph thuc vo in

tr ca dy, cng ca dng v thi gian dn in theo cng thc
2
0, 24 Q RI t = ,v.vV vy,
kho st hm s nhiu bin s va mang tnh tng qut va mang tnh thc tin. hc tt
chng ny, ngoi vic nm vng cc php tnh o hm ca hm mt bin s, ngi hc phi c
cc kin thc v hnh hc khng gian (xem
[ ]
2 ).Trong chng ny, yu cu ngi hc nm vng
cc ni dung chnh sau:
1. Cc khi nim chung ca khng gian
n
(n chiu).
M t c min xc nh v th ca hm hai bin.
2. Php tnh o hm ring v vi phn ton phn.
Nm vng cc qui tc tnh o hm ring trn c s tnh o hm ca hm mt bin. Cng
thc tnh o hm ring ca hm s n. Cng thc vi phn ton phn v bit cch p dng vo
php tnh gn ng.
3. Nm vng khi nim v cch tnh o hm theo hng. Gii thch c o hm ring
theo cc bin x, y, z chnh l o hm theo hng cc trc Ox, Oy, Oz.
4. Bi ton tm cc tr.
Qui tc tm cc tr t do, phng php nhn t Lagrange.
NI DUNG
1.1. Cc khi nim chung
1.1.1. Khng gian n chiu
* Ta bit mi im trong khng gian 3 chiu c c trng hon ton bi b 3 s (x, y,
z) l 3 ta Descartes ca n: x l honh , y l tung v z l cao .
Tng qut nh sau: Mi b c th t n s thc ) ,..., , (
2 1 n
x x x gi l mt im n chiu. K
hiu M ) ,..., , (
2 1 n
x x x c ngha l im n chiu M c cc to
n
x x x ,..., ,
2 1
. Tp cc im
M ) ,..., , (
2 1 n
x x x gi l khng gian Euclide n chiu. K hiu tp ny l
n
.
* Cho M ) ,..., , (
2 1 n
x x x
n
, N ) ,..., , (
2 1 n
y y y
n
. Gi khong cch gia M v N, k
hiu d(M, N), l s thc tnh theo cng thc:

4
=
= + + =
n
i
i i n n
y x y x y x N M d
1
2 2 2
1 1
) ( ) ( ...... ) ( ) , (
Tng t nh trong
2 3
, , ta nhn c bt ng thc tam gic trong
n
. Tc l vi 3
im A, B, C bt k trong
n
ta c:
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( C B d B A d C A d +
* Cho ) ,..., , (
0 0
2
0
1 0 n
x x x M
n
v 0 > . Tp
{ }
n
0 0
(M ) M : d(M, M )
= < gi l
- ln cn hoc ln cn bn knh ca M
0
hoc hnh cu m tm M
0
bn knh (H.1.1a).
* Cho
n
E . im E M gi l im trong ca E nu c ) 0 ( ) ( >
E M .
im N
n
gi l im bin ca E nu bt k ) (M
u cha nhng im thuc E v im

khng thuc ) 0 ( > E . Tp E gi l m nu mi im ca n u l im trong, gi l ng
nu n cha mi im bin ca n. Tp cc im bin ca E k hiu E . Bao ng ca E hay tp
E ng k hiu E v c E E E = (H.1.1a).
* Tp E gi l b chn hay gii ni nu nh tn ti s N sao cho
N
E (0) .
* Tp E gi l lin thng nu mi cp im M
1
, M
2
trong E u c ni vi nhau bi mt
ng cong lin tc no nm trn trong E. Tp lin thng E gi l n lin nu n b gii hn
bi mt mt kn (mt ng cong kn trong
2
; mt mt cong kn trong
3
) (H.1.1a). Tp lin
thng E gi l a lin nu n b gii hn bi t hai mt kn tr ln ri nhau tng i mt (H.1.1b).

V d 1: Xt cc tp sau trong
2
.
{ } 4 : ) , (
2 2
< + = y x y x A
{ } ) 0 , 0 ( ), 0 , 1 ( ), 2 , 1 ( = B v
2

Gii:
{ } 4 : ) , (
2 2
= + = y x y x A - ng trn tm O bn knh 2, { } 4 : ) , (
2 2
+ = y x y x A - hnh
trn k c bin.
A,
2
l cc tp lin thng, B khng lin thng (gm 3 im ri rc).

5
A, B l cc tp gii ni,
2
khng gii ni (c mt phng 0xy).
1.1.2. nh ngha hm nhiu bin s
Cho
n
D . Gi nh x:
R D f :
Hay l
1 2 n 1 2 n
M(x , x ,...., x ) D u f (M) f (x , x ,...., x ) = = l mt hm s ca n bin
s xc nh trn D. D gi l min xc nh ca hm s f;
n
x x x ,...., ,
2 1
l cc bin s c lp, cn u
gi l bin s ph thuc.
1.1.3. Min xc nh ca hm nhiu bin s
Ngi ta quy c: Nu cho hm s u = f(M) m khng ni g v min xc nh D ca n th
phi hiu rng min xc nh D ca hm s l tp hp cc im M sao cho biu thc f(M) c
ngha.
Min xc nh ca hm s thng l tp lin thng. Sau y l mt s v d v min xc
nh ca hm s 2 bin s, 3 bin s.
V d 2: Tm min xc nh ca cc hm s sau v m t hnh hc cc min :
a)
2 2
1 y x z = , b) ) ln( y x z + = , c)
2 2 2
9 z y x
y
u

=
Gii:
a. Min xc nh l tp
2
(x, y) sao cho 0 1
2 2
y x hay 1
2 2
+ y x . l hnh trn
ng tm O bn knh bng 1 (H.1.2a). Hnh trn ng ny c th m t bi h bt phng trnh:

2 2
1 1
1 1
x y x
x

b. Min xc nh l tp
2
(x, y) tho mn x + y > 0 hay y > -x. l na mt phng c
bin l ng y = -x (H.1.2b). Na mt phng ny c m t bi h bt phng trnh:
+ < <
+ < <
y x
x

c. Min xc nh l tp
3
(x, y, z) tho mn 9
2 2 2
< + + z y x . l hnh cu m tm O
bn knh bng 3 (H.1.2c). Hnh cu m ny m t bi h bt phng trnh:

< <
2 2 2 2
2 2
9 9
9 9
3 3
y x z y x
x y x
x


6

1.1.4. ngha hnh hc ca hm hai bin s
Cho hm 2 bin z = f(x,y) vi D y x ) , ( . Tp cc im
3
(x, y, z) vi z = f(x,y) gi l
th ca hm s cho. Nh th th ca hm 2 bin thng l mt mt cong trong khng
gian 3 chiu 0xyz. th ca hm s m t mt cch trc quan hm s th hin c ngha hnh
hc ca hm s. Di y ta xt cc mt cong c bit v n gin, thng dng trong ton hc v
ng dng.
A. Mt phng:
Mt phng l th ca hm hai bin tuyn tnh, ni cch khc phng trnh mt phng c
dng: Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 trong 0
2 2 2
> + + C B A . Chng hn 0 C c
) (
1
By Ax D
C
z + + = , hm s ny xc nh trn
2
.
B. Ellipsoid
Ellipsoid l mt cong, phng trnh chnh tc ca n c dng (H.1.3)
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
= + +
c
z
b
y
a
x

y l hm hai bin cho di dng khng tng minh (dng n). Hm s l a tr.
Chng hn coi z l bin ph thuc vo x v y th min xc nh l hnh ellipse c cc bn trc
a v b:
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+

7
Khi a = b = c = R ta c mt cu tm gc to v bn knh l R:
2 2 2 2
R z y x = + +

C. Paraboloid elliptic
Phng trnh chnh tc ca paraboloid elliptic c dng (H.1.4): z
b
y
a
x
= +
2
2
2
2

Min xc nh ca hm s trn l
2
. Khi a = b tc l phng trnh c dng:
z a y x
2 2 2
= +
Gi l paraboloid trn xoay.

D. Mt tr bc 2
* Mt tr elliptic (H.1.5) c phng trnh chnh tc:
1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x

* Mt tr hyperbolic (H.1.6) c phng trnh chnh tc:
1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x

* Mt tr parabolic (H.1.7) c phng trnh chnh tc:

8
px y 2
2
=
E. Mt nn bc 2
Phng trnh chnh tc ca mt nn c dng (H.1.8)
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
= +
c
z
b
y
a
x

1.1.5. Gii hn ca hm s nhiu bin s
Khi nim gii hn ca hm s nhiu bin s cng c a v khi nim gii hn ca hm
mt bin s. y mt bin s ng vai tr l khong cch d(M
0
, M) gia hai im M
0
v M
trong khng gian
n
. n gin trong cch vit chng ta xt trong khng gian 2 chiu
2
.
* Ni rng dy im M
n
(x
n
, y
n
) dn n im M
0
(x
0
, y
0
); k hiu
0
M M
n
khi n
nu 0 ) , ( lim
0
=

n
n
M M d hay l
=
=

0
0
lim
lim
y y
x x
n
n
n
n

* Cho hm z = f(x,y) xc nh ln cn M
0
(x
0
, y
0
), c th tr im M
0
. Ta ni rng hm
f(M) c gii hn l l khi M(x,y) dn n M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) nu mi dy im M
n
(x
n
, y
n
) thuc ln
cn dn n M
0
ta u c: l y x f
n n
n
=

) , ( lim
Thng k hiu l M f
M M
=
) ( lim
0
hay
0 0
( , ) ( , )
lim ( , )
x y x y
f x y l
=
S dng ngn ng " , " c th nh ngha nh sau: Hm s f(M) c gii hn l khi
0
M M nu < < < > > l M f M M d ) ( ) , ( 0 : 0 , 0
0

Ch : 1. Tt c cc khi nim gii hn v hn hoc cc nh l v gii hn: tng, tch,
thng u ging nh hm s mt bin s.
2. T nh ngha ta nhn thy: Gii hn l ca hm s ( , ) f x y khi
0
M M
khng ph thuc ng i ca M tin n
0
M , v th nu ch ra hai ng i ca M tin
n
0
M m ( ) f M tin n hai gi tr khc nhau th hm s khng c gii hn ti
0
M .
V d 3: Tm cc gii hn
a.
2 2
2
) 0 , 0 ( ) , (
lim
y x
y x
y x
+
b.
2 2
) 0 , 0 ( ) , (
lim
y x
xy
y x
+
c.
2 2 ) 0 , 0 ( ) , (
lim
y x
xy
y x
+

Gii:
a. Ta c
2 2
2 2
2
) , ( , 0 y x O M d y
y x
y x
+ =
+

= > , 0 khi
2
2 2
2 2
0 0
x y
x y y y
x y
< + < < < =
+


9
Vy 0 lim
2 2
2
) 0 , 0 ( ) , (
=
+
y x
y x
y x

b. Cho ) 0 , 0 ( ) , ( O y x M theo ng y = Cx, C = const (hng s)
th
2 2
2
2 2
) 1 ( x C
Cx
y x
xy
+
=
+

2 2 2
0
1
lim
C
C
y x
xy
x
+
=
+

chng t dy gi tr hm c gii hn khc nhau
ph thuc vo C. Theo ch 2,.suy ra hm khng c gii hn.
c.
2 2 2 2
x
xy
0 . y y .
x y x y

+ +
Tng t a. suy ra 0 lim
2 2 ) 0 , 0 ( ) , (
=
+
y x
xy
y x

1.1.6. S lin tc ca hm s nhiu bin s
A. nh ngha
* Hm s f(M) xc nh trn min D v D M
0
. Ta ni rng hm s f(M) lin tc ti
0
M
nu ) ( ) ( lim
0
0
M f M f
M M
=
.
* Hm s f(M) xc nh trn min D. Ni rng hm s lin tc trn min D nu n lin tc
ti mi im D M .
* Hm s f(M) lin tc trn min ng D nu n lin tc trn min D v lin tc ti mi
im D N theo ngha D M N f M f
N M
=
), ( ) ( lim .
* Nu t ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
0 0 0 0 0 0
y x f y y x x f y x f + + = gi l s gia ton phn ca hm s
ti (x
0
,y
0
) th hm s f(x,y) lin tc ti (x
0
, y
0
) nu nh 0 ) , (
0 0
y x f khi 0 x v 0 y .
B. Tnh cht
Hon ton tng t nh hm mt bin s ta c tnh cht quan trng sau y:
nh l 1.1. Nu f(x,y) lin tc trong min ng D gii ni th n t gi tr ln nht v gi
tr b nht trong min D tc l: D M D M
2 1
, c bt ng thc kp:
D M M f M f M f ), ( ) ( ) (
2 1

1.2. o hm v vi phn
1.2.1. o hm ring
Cho hm s u = f(x,y) xc nh trong min D v D y x M ) , (
0 0 0
. Thay y = y
0
vo hm s
cho s nhn c hm s mt bin s u = f(x, y
0
). Nu hm s ny c o hm ti x
0
th o
hm c gi l o hm ring ca f(x, y) i vi x ti M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) v k hiu nh sau:
) , (
0 0
y x u
x
hay ) , (
0 0
y x
x
u
hay ) , (
0 0
y x f
x
hay ) , (
0 0
y x
x
f


10
t ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
0 0 0 0 0 0
y x f y x x f y x f
x
+ = gi l s gia ring ca hm f(x, y) theo
bin x ti (x
0
, y
0
) v ta c:

x
y x f
y x
x
f
x
x

) , (
lim ) , (
0 0
0
0 0

Tng t ta c nh ngha o hm ring ca hm s i vi y ti M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) v k hiu:
) , (
0 0
y x u
y
, ) , (
0 0
y x
y
u
, ) , (
0 0
y x f
y
, ) , (
0 0
y x
y
f

Ch : C th chuyn ton b cc php tnh o hm ca hm mt bin s: cng, tr, nhn,
chia, sang php tnh o hm ring.

V d 4: Tnh o hm ring sau:
a.
3 /
, (1,2), (1,1)
x y
u x y u u = .
b. ) , ( ), , ( ), 0 ( y x u y x u x x u
y x
y
> = .
c. ) , , ( ), , , ( ), , , ( ,
2
z y x u z y x u z y x u
z
y
arctg z x u
z y x
= .
Gii:
a. 6 ) 2 , 1 ( 3 ) , (
2
= =
x x
u y x y x u ,
1 ) 1 , 1 ( ) , (
3
= =
y y
u x y x u .
b. x x u yx u
y
y
y
x
ln ,
1
= =

c.
z
y
xzarctg z y x u
x
2 ) , , ( = ,

2 2
2 2
2
2
2
1
1 1
) , , (
z y
z x
z
y
z
z x z y x u
y
+
=
+
= ,
) (
1
1
) , , (
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
z y
yz
z
y
arctg x
z
y z
y
z x
z
y
arctg x z y x u
z
+
=
+
= .
1.2.2. Vi phn ton phn
A. nh ngha
* Cho hm s u = f(x, y) xc nh trong min D cha (x
0
, y
0
). Nu s gia ton phn ca hm
s ti (x
0
, y
0
) ng vi s gia , x y ca cc i s c dng:
y x y B x A y x f + + + = . . . . ) , (
0 0
(1.1)
trong A, B l nhng s ch ph thuc vo (x
0
, y
0
), cn , dn n 0 khi
0
M M tc l khi

11
0 , 0 y x th ni rng hm s f(x, y) kh vi ti M
0
, cn biu thc y B x A + . . c gi
l vi phn ton phn ca hm s ti M
0
v k hiu l df(x
0
, y
0
), hay du(x
0
, y
0
). Nh vy
y B x A y x df + = . . ) , (
0 0

* Hm s u = f(x, y) c gi l kh vi trong min D nu n kh vi ti mi im ca min
D.
B. iu kin cn ca hm s kh vi
nh l 1.2. Nu f(x, y) kh vi ti (x
0
, y
0
) th lin tc ti .
T (1.1) suy ra 0 ) , (
0 0
y x f khi 0 , 0 y x .
nh l 1.3. Nu f(x, y) kh vi ti (x
0
, y
0
) th hm c cc o hm ring ti (x
0
, y
0
) v
) , ( ), , (
0 0 0 0
y x f B y x f A
y x
= = .
Chng minh:
T (1.1) suy ra:
+ =
+ =
B
y
y x f
A
x
y x f
y
x
) , (
,
) , (
0 0
0 0

Vy B y x f A y x f
y x
= = ) , ( , ) , (
0 0 0 0
chng t

0 0 0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
x y
df x y f x y x f x y y = + (1.2)
C. iu kin ca hm s kh vi
nh l 1.4. Nu hm s u = f(x, y) c cc o hm ring ) , ( ), , ( y x f y x f
y x
lin tc ti
M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) th f(x, y) kh vi ti M
0
(x
0
, y
0
).
Chng minh:
Ta c ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
0 0 0 0 0 0
y x f y y x x f y x f + + =
[ ] [ ] ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
y x f y y x f y y x f y y x x f + + + + + =
p dng cng thc s gia hu hn (cng thc Lagrange) cho hm mt bin s f(x, y
0
+ y)
ti ln cn x
0
v f(x
0
, y) ln cn y
0
s nhn c:
x y y x x f y y x f y y x x f
x
+ + = + + + ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
0 1 0 0 0 0 0

y y y x f y x f y y x f
y
+ = + ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Trong 1 0 , 1 0
2 1
< < < <
Cng theo gi thit ) , ( ), , ( y x f y x f
y x
lin tc ti (x
0
, y
0
) nn:
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
0 0 0 1 0
y x y x f y y x x f
x x
+ = + +
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
0 0 2 0 0
y x y x f y y x f
y y
+ = +
Trong 0 , 0 khi 0 , 0 y x .
T nhn c:

12
y x y y x f x y x f y x f
y x
+ + + = ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
0 0 0 0 0 0

chng t hm s kh vi ti (x
0
, y
0
).
Nu xt cc hm s h(x, y) = x v g(x, y) = y trong
2
th r rng:
dh(x, y) = dx = 1.x
dg(x, y) = dy = 1.y
Vy vi phn ton phn ca hm s f(x, y) ti (x
0
, y
0
) c th vit di dng:
dy y x f dx y x f y x df
y x
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
0 0 0 0 0 0
+ = (1.2)
D. ngha ca vi phn ton phn
Nu hm s f(x, y) kh vi ti (x
0
, y
0
) th r rng:
y x y x df y x f + + = ) , ( ) , (
0 0 0 0

V rng 0
2 2
+
+
+

y x
y x
khi 0 , 0 y x .
Suy ra df(x
0
, y
0
) khc s gia ton phn f(x
0
, y
0
) mt v cng b c bc cao hn v cng b
2 2
x y = + khi 0 , 0 y x . Vy vi y x , kh b s nhn c:
df f (1.3)
Cng thc (1.3) thng c s dng tnh gn ng gi tr ca hm s.
Ch : Tnh kh vi ca tng, tch, thng hai hm cng ging nh hm mt bin s.
V d 5: Thc hin php tnh vi phn cc hm s:
a. Cho f(x,y) = x cos xy, tnh
4
, 1

df vi x = 0,01 , y = 0,02.
b. Cho f(x,y) = xy
2
,
2
) (
xy
e y x . Tnh df(x,y).
Gii:
a. xy xy xy y x f
x
sin cos ) , ( = ,
4
1
2
2
4
, 1

x
f ,
xy x y x f
y
sin ) , (
2
= ,
2
2
4
, 1 =

y
f ,
01 , 0 .
4
1
2
2
02 , 0 .
2
2
01 , 0 .
4
1
2
2
4
, 1
+ =

df .
b.
2 2
) ( ) , (
2 xy xy
x
e y x y e y x f + = ,

2 2
) ( 2 ) , (
xy xy
y
e y x yx e y x f + = ,
[ ] [ ] { } dy y x xy dx y x y e y x df
xy
1 ) ( 2 ) ( 1 ) , (
2
2
+ + = .


13
V d 6:
a. Tnh gn ng
97 , 0
05 , 1
arctg .
b. Mt hnh tr bng kim loi c chiu cao h = 20 cm v bn knh y r = 4 cm. Khi nng
ln h v r n thm cc on h = r = 0,1 cm. Hy tnh gn ng th tch hnh tr khi nng ln.
Gii:
a. Ta vit
03 , 0 1
05 , 0 1
97 , 0
05 , 1
+
= arctg arctg . Xt hm s
y
x
arctg y x f = ) , (
R rng ) , (
97 , 0
05 , 1
0 0
y y x x f arctg + + = , trong x
0
= y
0
= 1, x = 0,05 v y=-0,03.
p dng cng thc xp x (1.3) ta c:
) 03 , 0 ).( 1 , 1 ( 05 , 0 ). 1 , 1 ( ) 1 , 1 ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
0 0 0 0 0 0
+ + = + + +
y x
f f f y x df y x f y y x x f
2 2
2
2
1
1 1
) , (
x y
y
y
x y
y x f
x
+
=
+
= ,
2 2
2
2 2
1
1
) , (
x y
x
y
x y
x
y x f
y
+
=
+
=
0 0
1 1 1
( , ) .0, 05 .0, 03 0, 04 0, 785 0, 04 0,825.
1 2 2 4
f x x y y arctg

+ + + + = + = + =
b. Ta c
2 2
, 2 , r V rh V h r V
h r
= = =
p dng cng thc (1.3):
3 2 2 2 2
6 , 337 . 1 , 0 . 4 . 1 , 0 . 20 . 4 . 2 20 . 4 . 2 ) , ( cm h r r rh h r h h r r V + + + + + +

Chng t sai s tuyt i khng qu
3
3 , 0 cm v sai s tng i khng qu
0, 3 1
.
337 100

1.2.3. o hm ring cp cao
o hm ring cp hai ca mt hm l o hm ring cc o hm ring cp mt ca n.
Hm hai bin f(x,y) c 4 o hm ring cp hai sau y:
=
y
f
y
f
y
f
x
f
x
f
y
f
x
f
x
f
y
yx xy
x
2 2
, , ,
hay
2
2 2 2
2
2
, , ,
y
f
x y
f
y x
f
x
f

Hon ton tng t ta cng c cc nh ngha o hm ring cp cao hn ca hm nhiu
bin hn.
V d 7: Tnh cc o hm ring
) 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 (
, ,
2
xyz xyx
y x
f f f bit
z y x
e z y x f
4 2
) , , (
+
= .


14
Gii:
z y x
y x
z y x
x
z y x
x
e f e f e f
4 2 ) 3 ( 4 2 4 2
2 , ,
2 2
+ + +
= = =
z y x
xyz
z y x
xyx
z y x
xy
e f e f e f
4 2 ) 3 ( 4 2 ) 3 ( 4 2
8 , 2 , 2
+ + +
= = =
Nhn xt: Trong v d trn c
) 3 ( ) 3 (
2
xyx
y x
f f = .
nh l 1.5(Schwarz). Nu f(x,y) c cc o hm ring hn hp
xy
f v
yx
f trong ln cn
) (
0
M
v lin tc ti M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) th cc o hm hn hp bng nhau ti M
0
:
) ( ) (
0 0
M f M f
yx xy
= .
Chng minh: Ly t, s b. Lp cc hm s sau y trong ln cn M
0
:
g(x, y) = f(x + t, y) f(x, y)
h(x, y) = f(x, y + s) f(x, y)
R rng g(x
0
, y
0
+ s) g(x
0
, y
0
) = h(x
0
+ t, y
0
) h(x
0
, y
0
)
p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm g(x
0
, y) ti y
0
nhn c:
) , ( . ) , ( ) , (
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
s y x g s y x g s y x g
y
+ = +
[ ] s y x f s y t x f s
y y 1 0 0 1 0 0
, ( ) , ( + + + =
Tip tc p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm ) , (
1 0
s y x f
y
+ ti x
0
nhn c:
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
s y t x f st y x g s y x g
yx
+ + = +
Hon ton tng t cng c:
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
s y t x f st y x h y t x h
xy
+ + = +
Cho 0 , s t , do tnh lin tc nhn c ) , ( ) , (
0 0 0 0
y x f y x f
yx xy
=
Ch : nh l trn cng m rng cho cc o hm cp cao hn v hm nhiu bin hn.
1.2.4. Vi phn cp cao
Ta nhn thy dy y x f dx y x f y x df
y x
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( + = cng l mt hm s ca x, y nn c th
xt vi phn ca n. Nu df(x,y) kh vi th vi phn ca n gi l vi phn cp hai ca f(x, y), k hiu
)) , ( ( ) , (
2
y x df d y x f d = v ni rng f(x, y) kh vi n cp 2 ti (x, y).
Tng qut vi phn cp n, nu c s k hiu: )) , ( ( ) , (
1
y x f d d y x f d
n n
=
Cng thc vi phn cp 2 nh sau:
dy
y
f
dx
x
f
y
dx dy
y
f
dx
x
f
x
y x df d y x f d

= = )) , ( ( ) , (
2

2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
dy
y
f
dxdy
x y
f
y x
f
dx
x
f
=

15
Gi s cc o hm ring hn hp lin tc, theo nh l Schwarz ta c:

2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 ) , ( dy
y
f
dxdy
y x
f
dx
x
f
y x f d
= (1.4)
Ngi ta dng k hiu lu tha tng trng vit gn nh sau:
) , ( ) , ( y x f dy
y
dx
x
y x df

=
Tng qut c ) , ( ) , ( y x f dy
y
dx
x
y x f d
n
n
= (1.5)
1.2.5. o hm ca hm s hp
Cho
n
D v cc nh x
m
: D
f : (D)
nh x tch : f D c th l
m
u f ( (M)), M D, (M) = gi l hm s hp.
cho n gin, sau y ta xt n = 2, m = 2, khi hm hp f xc nh trn min phng D
nh l 1.6. Cho u = f(x,y) vi x = x(s, t); y = y(s, t) tho mn:
Cc bin trung gian x(s, t), y(s, t) c cc o hm ring cp 1 ti (a, b),
f(x, y) kh vi ti im (x
0
, y
0
) = (x(a, b), y(a, b)).
Khi hm hp u = u(s, t) c o hm ring cp 1 ti (a, b) tnh theo cng thc:

s
y
y
u
s
x
x
u
s
u

t
y
y
u
t
x
x
u
t
u
(1.6)
Cng thc (1.6) c th vit di dng ma trn:

x x
u u u u
s t
y y s t x y
s t

=

t
y
s
y
t
x
s
x
c gi l ma trn Jacobi ca x, y i vi t, s; cn nh thc ca ma trn ny
gi l nh thc Jacobi ca x, y i vi t, s hay Jacobian ca x, y i vi t, s v k hiu:

16

t
y
s
y
t
x
s
x
t s D
y x D
=
) , (
) , (
(1.7)
V d 8: Tnh cc o hm ring
2 2
, , ln t s y st x y e u
x
= = = .
Gii:
+ = + =
2 2
2 2
2
) ln( 2 .
1
. . ln
t s
s
t s t e s
y
e t y e
s
u
st x x
,
= + =
2 2
2 2
2
) ln( ) 2 .(
1
. . ln
t s
t
t s s e t
y
e s y e
t
u
st x x
.
V d 9: Cho
2 2 2
,
1
z y x r
r
u + + = = . Chng minh 0
2 2 2
= + + =
z y x
u u u u .
Gii:
Nhn xt: hm s
r
u
1
= i xng vi x, y, z. Do ta ch cn tnh
2
x
u , sau thay x bi y
v z.
3 2
.
1
.
r
x
r
x
r
r u u
x x
= = = ,
5
2
3 4 3
3 1
.
1
. 3
1
2
r
x
r r
x
r
x
r
u
x
+ = + = ,
Suy ra 0
3 3 ) ( 3 3
3 3 5
2 2 2
3
= + =
+ +
+ =
r r r
z y x
r
u .
Ch : Nu u = f(x, y), y = y(x) khi u l hm s hp ca mt bin x. Do vy ngi ta
a ra khi nim o hm ton phn v cng thc tnh s l: y
y
f
x
f
dx
du

= . .
1.2.6. Vi phn ca hm hp
Xt hm hp u = f(x, y), x = x(s, t), y = y(s, t).
Nu hm hp c cc o hm ring
t
u
s
u
, lin tc th n kh vi v ta c:
dt
t
u
ds
s
u
du
=
By gi ta biu din du qua bin trung gian x, y theo cng thc (1.6) c:
dt
t
y
y
u
t
x
x
u
ds
s
y
y
u
s
x
x
u
du

=

17

= dt
t
y
ds
s
y
y
u
dt
t
x
ds
s
x
x
u

dy
y
u
dx
x
u
= .
Nh vy dng ca cng thc vi phn cp 1 khng i d x, y l cc bin c lp hay l hm
ca cc bin s, t. Tnh cht ny gi l tnh cht bt bin dng ca vi phn cp 1.
Ch : Cng nh hm mt bin s, vi phn cp cao khng c tnh bt bin dng.
1.2.7. o hm ca hm s n
A. Hm n mt bin
Cho mt h thc gia hai bin, x, y dng: F(x, y) = 0 (1.8)
trong F(x, y) l hm hai bin xc nh trong min m D cha (x
0
, y
0
) v
F(x
0
, y
0
) = 0. Gi s rng ( ) ) ( , ,
0 0
x y x x x + sao cho ( , ( )) x y x D v
F(x, y(x)) = 0. Hm s y = y(x) gi l hm n ca x xc nh bi phng trnh (1.8).
nh l 1.7. Nu F(x, y) tho mn cc iu kin:
F lin tc trong ln cn ) (
0
M
v F(M
0
) = 0.
Cc o hm ring
y
F
x
F
, lin tc v 0 ) , (
0 0

y x
y
F
trong ln cn ) (
0
M
th phng
trnh (1.8) xc nh mt hm n y(x) kh vi lin tc trong khong ) , (
0 0
+ x x v ta c:
y
x
F
F
dx
dy
= (1.9)
Ch : nhn c cng thc (1.9) chng ta ch vic ly vi phn 2 v ca (1.8) trong
c y = y(x) v p dng tnh bt bin ca dng vi phn cp 1.
Tht vy dF(x, y) = 0 hay 0 = + dy F dx F
y x
hay 0 . = + y F F
y x
. T suy ra (1.9).
V d 10: Tnh ) 1 ( y bit = y e xy
x
sin
Gii:
Ly o hm ton phn (hay vi phn) v coi y l hm ca x hai v ca phng trnh cho
c:
0 . cos sin = + y y e y e y x y
x x

Thay 1 = x vo phng trnh hm n, nhn c: (1) sin (1) y e y = . Dng phng php
th gii phng trnh ny, nhn c nghim = ) 1 ( y .
Vy 0 ) 1 ( . cos sin ) 1 ( = + y e e y

e
y
+
=
1
) 1 (

.
V d 11: Tnh y y , bit 0 = + arctgy y x

18
Gii:
Ly o hm ton phn hai v coi y = y(x)
2 2
2
2
2
1
1
0
1
1 y y y
y
y
y
y
y
y + =
+
= =
+

+
Ly o hm tip ta c y y y y y y = + 2 2
2 2
2
5
2 (1 ) 2(1 )
.
y y y
y y
y y
+
= =
B. Hm n hai bin
nh l 1.8. Cho phng trnh hm n F(x, y, z) = 0 v F(x, y, z) tho mn cc iu kin:
F(x, y, z) lin tc trong hnh cu m ) (
0
M
v F(M
0
) = F(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) = 0;
Cc o hm ring
z y x
F F F , , lin tc v 0 ) , , (
0 0 0
z y x F
z
trong hnh cu ) (
0
M

Khi phng trnh hm n xc nh mt hm n z = z (x, y) c cc o hm ring lin tc
trong ln cn ) , (
0 0
y x
ng thi:

z
y
z
x
F
F
y
z
F
F
x
z
, (1.10)
Tng t nh nh l 1.7. ta khng chng minh nh l ny.
Cng nh trong trng hp hm n mt bin, tnh cc o hm ring cng nh vi phn
ca hm n ta ly vi phn ton phn hai v ca phng trnh hm n sau i tm dz
y
z
x
z
, ,

V d 12: Cho xyz= x + y + z. Coi z l hm s n, hy tnh dz z z
y x
, , .
Gii:
Ly vi phn ton phn phng trnh hm n s c:
d(xyz) = d(x + y + z)
yz dx + zx dy + xy dz = dx + dy + dz
(xy 1) dz = (1- yz) dz + (1-zx) dy
[ ] dy zx dx yz
xy
dz ) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
1
+
=

1
1
,
1
1
=
xy
xz
z
yx
yz
z
y x
.

19
1.2.8. o hm theo hng. Grain (Gradient)

A. nh ngha:
Cho u(x, y, z) xc nh trn min
3
D v D z y x M ) , , (
0 0 0 0
, mt hng c c
trng bi vc t
c vc t n v ) cos , cos , (cos

0
, tc l:
(Ox, ), ( , ), ( , ) Oy Oz = = =

. Ngi ta gi cos , cos , cos l cc csin ch phng ca
. R rng
2 2 2
cos os os 1. c c + + = (H.1.9)
Ly D M sao cho
0 0
= M M , lp t s

) ( ) (
0
M u M u u
=

Nu t s trn c gii hn hu hn khi 0 th gii hn y c gi l o hm ca hm
u(M) theo hng ti M
0
v k hiu l ) (
0
0
M
u

tc l:
) (
) ( ) (
lim
0
0
0
M
u M u M u

Ch :
1. Cng ging nh ngha ca o hm, c th coi rng o hm theo hng biu th tc
bin thin ca hm u(M) theo hng .
2. Nu c hng ca trc Ox th ) 0 , 0 , 1 (
0
. Gi s ) , , (
0 0 0 0
z y x M th ) , , (
0 0 0
z y x M +
khi :
) (
) , , ( ) , , (
lim ) (
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
M
x
u z y x u z y x u
M
u
=
+
=

Chng t cc o hm ring
z y x
u u u , , l o hm ca hm u theo hng ca cc trc Ox,
Oy, Oz.
B. Cng thc tnh

20
nh l 1.9. Nu hm s u(x, y, z) kh vi ti M
0
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) v bt k c cc csin ch
phng cos , cos , cos th:
cos ) ( cos ) ( cos ) ( ) (
0 0 0 0
M
z
u
M
y
u
M
x
u
M
u
(1.11)
Chng minh:
Theo ngha ca hm kh vi ta c:

0 0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x y z
u u M u M u M x u M y u M z o = = + + +
trong ( ) o l VCB bc cao hn khi 0 .
Mt khc cos , cos , cos = = = z y x suy ra:

0 0 0
( )
( )cos ( )cos ( )cos
x y z
u o
u M u M u M

= + + + .
Chuyn qua gii hn khi 0 s c (1.11)
C. Grain
Cho u(x, y, z) c cc o hm ring ti
3
0 0 0 0
M (x , y , z ) D .
Gi vc t )) ( ), ( ), ( (
0 0 0
M u M u M u
z y x
l grain ca hm u(x, y, z) ti M
0
v k hiu l
grad u(M
0
).
)) ( ), ( ), ( ( ) (
0 0 0 0
M u M u M u M u grad
z y x
=
k M u j M u i M u
z y x
) ( ) ( ) (
0 0 0
+ + = (1.12)
trong k j i , , l cc vc t n v ca cc trc Ox, Oy, Oz.
D. Lin h gia grain v o hm theo hng.
nh l 1.10. Nu u(M) kh vi ti M
0
th ti c:
gradu ch
u
. (1.13)

Chng minh:
Ta c k j i cos cos cos
0
+ + = nn (1.11) c th vit nh sau:
cos ) ( ). ( ) (
0 0 0 0 0
M u grad M u grad M
u

= =

trong l gc gia hai vc t v grad u(M
0
), m 1
0
= ,
) ( cos ) (
0 0
M u grad ch M u grad

= . Vy nhn c cng thc (1.13)

21
Ch : T (1.13) suy ra ) ( ) ( max
0 0
M u grad M
u
=
khi 1 cos = , tc l cng

phng vi grad u(M
0
) chng t grad u(M
0
) cho ta bit phng theo n tc bin thin ca u ti
M
0
c gi tr tuyt i cc i.
V d 13: Cho xyz z y x u 3
3 3 3
+ + + = , M
0
(1, 2, -3), (2, 1, -2).
Tnh grad u(M
0
) v ) (
0
M
u

.
Gii:
xy z u zx y u yz x u
z y x
3 3 , 3 3 , 3 3
2 2 2
+ = + = + =
Vy grad u(1, 2, -3) = (3 18, 12 9, 27 + 6) = (-15, 3, 33) = 3(-5, 1, 11)
(2, 1, -2) 31
3
2
. 11
3
1
. 1
3
2
. 5 3 ) 3 , 2 , 1 (
3
2
,
3
1
,
3
2
0
=
+ =
u

1.3. Cc tr ca hm nhiu bin
1.3.1. Cc tr t do
A. nh ngha v iu kin cn ca cc tr
im
2
0 0 0
M (x , y ) gi l im cc i (a phng) ca hm f(M) nu c ln cn b
ca M
0
trong ln cn (tr M
0
) xy ra bt ng thc f(M) < f(M
0
)
Tng t ta c khi nim im cc tiu (a phng) ca hm s f(M).
im M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) trong cc trng hp trn gi chung l im cc tr.
Tng t nh nh l Fermat i vi hm mt bin s, ta c iu kin cn ca cc tr di
y.
nh l 1.11. Nu f(x, y) t cc tr ti M
0
v c cc o hm ring ti th cc o hm
ring bng 0.
Chng minh: Gi s f(x, y) t cc tr ti (x
0
, y
0
). Theo nh ngha suy ra hm mt bin
f(x,y
0
) t cc tr ti x
0
, f(x
0
, y) t cc tr ti y
0
. Theo nh l Fermat ta c:
0
) , (
0
0
=
=x x
dx
y x df
hay ( ) 0 ,
0 0
=
y x
x
f

0
) , (
0
0
=
=y y
dy
y x df
hay ( ) 0 ,
0 0
=
y x
y
f

Ch : im m ti cc o hm ring bng khng gi l im dng ca hm s. Nh
vy im dng cha chc l im cc tr. Chng hn u = xy c im dng l (0 0) nhng trong bt
k ln cn no ca gc to (0, 0) u c cc im ) , (
1 1
y x v ) , (
2 2
y x ) 0 , 0 ( ) , (
1 1
f y x f >
v ) 0 , 0 ( ) , (
2 2
f y x f < (ly 0 , 0 , 0 , 0
2 2 1 1
> < > > y x y x ).
B. iu kin ca cc tr

22
Trong thc t thng gp hm hai bin f(x, y) v tm cc tr ca n, ngi ta thng s
dng nh l sau y, coi nh l iu kin hm t cc tr. Ta khng chng minh nh l
ny.
nh l 1.12. Gi s f(x, y) c o hm ring cp hai lin tc ti ln cn im dng (x
0
, y
0
)
v gi:
) , ( ), , ( ), , (
0 0
2
2
0 0
2
0 0
2
2
y x
y
f
C y x
y x
f
B y x
x
f
A
= v AC B =
2
(1.14)
Nu > 0 th hm s khng t cc tr ti (x
0
, y
0
)
Nu = 0 th cha kt lun g c v (x
0
, y
0
)
Nu < 0 th hm s t cc tr ti (x
0
, y
0
)
C th t cc i nu A < 0, t cc tiu nu A > 0.
V d 14: Xt cc tr ca hm s

2 2 4 4
2 y xy x y x z + = .
Gii:
Nhn xt: Hm s z kh vi mi cp trn
2
, ta c th p dng nh l 1.12.
* Tm im dng:

= =
= =
0 2 2 4
0 2 2 4
3
3
x y y z
y x x z
y
x

=
=
0 2
3
3 3
y x x
y x

=
=
0 ) 1 (
2
x x
y x

Nhn c ba im dng:

=
=
=
=
=
=
1
1
,
1
1
,
0
0
y
x
y
x
y
x

*
( )
0 ) 0 , 0 (
1 6 ) 1 6 ( 4 4
2 12 , 2 , 2 12
2 2
2 2
2
=
=
= = = =
y x
y C B x z A
x

Nhn thy z(0,0) = 0.
Vi x = y =
n
1
th 0 2
1 2 1
,
1
2 2
<
n n n n
z vi n > 1
Vi x =
n
1
, y = -
n
1
th 0
2 1
,
1
4
> =

n n n
z .
Nh vy trong bt k ln cn no ca gc to ta lun tm c cc im (tm c n)
hm i du, chng t hm khng t cc tr ti (0, 0)
(1, 1) = (-1, -1) = -96 < 0 v A (1, 1) = A(-1, -1) = 10 > 0.
Vy hm t cc tiu ti (1,1) v (-1, -1)
Gi tr cc tiu l z (1,1) = z(-1, -1) = -2.

23
1.3.2. Cc tr c iu kin
A. nh ngha v iu kin cn
im M
0
(x
0
, y
0
)
2
gi l im cc i ca hm s f(x, y) vi rng buc (hoc c iu
kin) 0 ) , ( = y x nu tho mn 0 ) (
0
= M ng thi tn ti ln cn b ca
0
M trn ng
cong rng buc 0 ) , ( = y x , trong ln cn c bt ng thc f(M)<f(M
0
)
Tng t ta c khi nim im cc tiu ca hm s vi rng buc 0 ) , ( = y x
n gin bi ton tm cc tr ca hm hai bin vi iu kin 0 ) , ( = y x c k hiu
nh sau:

= 0 ) , (
) , (
y x
y x extf

(1.16)
(1.15)

Trong ext l vit tt ca t extremum ngha l cc tr.
nh l 1.13. Gi s M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) l im cc tr c iu kin ca hm s f(x,y) vi iu kin
(1.16) v tho mn:
Cc hm f(x, y) v ) , ( y x c cc o hm ring cp 1 lin tc trong ln cn ca M
0
(x
0
, y
0
)
ca ng cong rng buc (1.16)
M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) khng phi l im dng ca hm ) , ( y x . Khi tn ti s thc tho mn h
phng trnh:
= +
= +
0 ) , ( ) , (
0 ) , ( ) , (
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
y x y x f
y x y x f
y y
x x

(1.17)
Ch : Hm s ) , ( ) , ( ) , , ( y x y x f y x L + = c gi l hm Lagrange v c gi l
nhn t Lagrange. Nh vy vi iu kin cho php ta s i tm im dng (x
0
, y
0
,
0
) ca hm
Lagrange (do iu kin tin quyt ) , , ( ) , (
0 0 0 0 0

y x F y x = =0), tip theo xem xt mt s cc
iu kin ca bi ton (1.15) c kt lun chnh xc xem im (x
0
, y
0
) c phi l im cc tr c
iu kin hay khng.
V d 15: Tm cc tr ca hm s z = x
2
+ y
2
vi rng buc ax + by + c = 0, c 0,
a
2
+ b
2
> 0.
Gii:

24
) , (
0 0
y x
) , ( y x
a
c
b
c
x
y
0
H.1.10

V hnh hc, y l bi ton tm cc tr ca bnh phng khong cch t gc to n cc
im trn ng thng (H.1.10). Vy bi ton c duy nht cc tiu l chn ng vung gc
h t O ti ng thng.
Lp hm Lagrange: L = x
2
+ y
2
+ (ax + by + c)
Tm im dng ca L:
= + + =
= + =
= + =
0
0 2
0 2
c by ax L
b y L
a x L
y
x

Thay
2
,
2
b
y
a
x

= = vo phng trnh cui nhn c:

2 2
2 2
2
, ) (
2 b a
c
c b a
+
= = +

2 2 2 2
,
b a
bc
y
b a
ac
x
+
=
+
=
im dng duy nht M
0

2 2 2 2
,
b a
bc
b a
ac
l im cc tiu v gi tr cc tiu bng
2 2
2
b a
c
+
.
B. iu kin
nh l 1.14. Gi s f(x, y) v ) , ( y x c o hm ring cp 2 lin tc ln cn (x
0
,y
0
)
v (x
0
, y
0
, ) l im dng ca hm Lagrange. Khi :
* Nu ( )
2
0 0 0 0
2
0 0 0 0
2
) , , ( ) , , ( 2 ) , , ( , ,
2 2
dy y x L dxdy y x L dx y x L y x L d
y
xy
x
+ + =
xc nh du i vi dx, dy trong min tho mn rng buc:
0 , 0 ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
+ = + = dy dx dy y x dx y x y x d
y x

th f(x,y) t cc tr c rng buc ti (x
0
, y
0
). t cc i nu d
2
L(x
0
, y
0
,) >0 v t cc tiu
nu d
2
L(x
0
, y
0
,) <0.

25
* Nu d
2
L(x
0
, y
0
,) khng xc nh du trong min ni trn th hm khng t cc tr
rng buc ti (x
0
, y
0
).
V d 16: Gii bi ton
( )
1
0, 0, 0
ext x y z
xyz
x y z
+ +
> > >

Gii:
* Hm Lagrange: L(x,y,z, ) = x + y + z + (xyz - 1)
* Tm im dng:

/
/
/
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
x
y
z
L yz
L zx
L xy
xyz
= + =
= + =
= + =

Nhn 2 v ca phng trnh th nht vi x v n phng trnh th t s nhn
c 1 = v x = y = z = 1
* Xt du ca d
2
L(1,1,1,-1) vi dx, dy, dz tho mn 0 ) (
1
=
= = = z y x
xyz d v
dx
2
+ dy
2
+ dz
2
0
Ta c
y L x L z L L L L
zx yz xy
z y x
= = = = = = , , , 0
2 2 2

Suy ra ) ( 2 ) 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 (
2
dzdx dydz dxdy L d + + =
Mt khc 0 ) ( ) (
) 1 , 1 , 1 ( ) 1 , 1 , 1 (
= + + = + + = dz dy dx xydz zxdy yzdx xyz d
Suy ra dz = - dx dy
0 ) ( ) ) ( ( 2 ) 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 (
2 2 2 2 2
> + + + = + = dy dx dy dx dy dx dxdy L d khi dx
2
+ dy
2
+dz
2
> 0
Vy hm s t cc tiu c rng buc ti (1,1,1) v min (x + y + z) = 3
TM TT CHNG 1.
Gii hn : l M f
M M
=
) ( lim
0
hay l y x f
y x y x
n n
=
) , ( ) , (
0 0
) , ( lim ,
2 2
0 0 0
( , ) ( ) ( ) d M M x x y y = +
nu < < < > > l M f M M d ) ( ) , ( 0 : 0 , 0
0

S lin tc ca hm s: Hm s f(M) xc nh trn min D v D M
0
. Ta ni rng hm
s f(M) lin tc ti
0
M nu ) ( ) ( lim
0
0
M f M f
M M
=


26
o hm ring: t ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
0 0 0 0 0 0
y x f y x x f y x f
x
+ = gi l s gia ring ca
hm f(x, y) theo bin x ti (x
0
, y
0
) v ta c:

x
y x f
y x
x
f
x
x

) , (
lim ) , (
0 0
0
0 0
,
0 0
( , )
x
f x y ,
Tng t ta c nh ngha o hm ring ca hm s i vi y ti M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) v k hiu:
) , (
0 0
y x u
y
, ) , (
0 0
y x
y
u
, ) , (
0 0
y x f
y
, ) , (
0 0
y x
y
f

C th chuyn ton b cc php tnh o hm ca hm mt bin s: cng, tr, nhn,
chia, sang php tnh o hm ring.
Vi phn ton phn ca hm s f(x, y) ti (x
0
, y
0
) :
dy y x f dx y x f y x df
y x
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
0 0 0 0 0 0
+ =
df f hay
0 0 0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) f x x y y f x y df x y + + +
o hm ring cp cao
=
y
f
y
f
y
f
x
f
x
f
y
f
x
f
x
f
y
yx xy
x
2 2
, , ,
hay
2
2 2 2
2
2
, , ,
y
f
x y
f
y x
f
x
f

Cng thc Schwarz : ) ( ) (
0 0
M f M f
yx xy
= .
Vi phn cp cao

2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 ) , ( dy
y
f
dxdy
y x
f
dx
x
f
y x f d
=
Ngi ta dng k hiu lu tha tng trng vit gn nh sau:
( , ) ( , )
n
n
d f x y dx dy f x y
x y

= +

o hm ca hm s hp

s
y
y
u
s
x
x
u
s
u
,
t
y
y
u
t
x
x
u
t
u

o hm ca hm n
y
x
F
F
dx
dy
= ,
z
y
z
x
F
F
y
z
F
F
x
z
,
o hm theo hng. Nu hm s u(x, y, z) kh vi ti M
0
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) v bt k c cc
csin ch phng cos , cos , cos th:
cos ) ( cos ) ( cos ) ( ) (
0 0 0 0
M
z
u
M
y
u
M
x
u
M
u


27
Grain: )) ( ), ( ), ( ( ) (
0 0 0 0
M u M u M u M u grad
z y x
=
k M u j M u i M u
z y x
) ( ) ( ) (
0 0 0
+ + =
trong k j i , , l cc vc t n v ca cc trc Ox, Oy, Oz.
gradu ch
u

Cc tr: Gii h
/
0 0
/
0 0
( , ) 0
( , ) 0
x
y
f x y
f x y
=

) , ( ), , ( ), , (
0 0
2
2
0 0
2
0 0
2
2
y x
y
f
C y x
y x
f
B y x
x
f
A
= Gi AC B =
2

Nu > 0 th hm s khng t cc tr ti (x
0
, y
0
)
Nu = 0 th cha kt lun g c v (x
0
, y
0
)
Nu < 0 th hm s t cc tr ti (x
0
, y
0
)
C th: t cc i nu A < 0, t cc tiu nu A > 0
Cc tr c iu kin. Phng php nhn t Lagrange
Tm
0 0
( , , ) x y tho mn h phng trnh:
( , ) ( , ) 0
( , ) ( , ) 0
( , ) 0
x x
y y
f x y x y
f x y x y
x y
+ =
+ =

CU HI V BI TP CHNG 1
1.1. Min lin thng D l min c bin ch l mt ng cong kn.
ng Sai
1.2. Nu tn ti
0
0
lim ( , )
y y
f x y
th tn ti
0 0
( , ) ( , )
lim ( , )
x y x y
f x y
v chng bng nhau.

ng Sai
1.3. Hm s f(x,y) c o hm ring ti
0 0
( , ) x y th kh vi ti .
ng Sai
1.4. Hm s f(x,y) kh vi ti
0 0
( , ) x y th lin tc ti .
ng Sai
1.5. Hm s f(x,y) kh vi ti
0 0
( , ) x y th c cc o hm ring ti .
ng Sai
1.6. Tn ti
// //
0 0 yx 0 0
( , ), ( , )
xy
f x y f x y th
// //
0 0 yx 0 0
( , ) ( , )
xy
f x y f x y =
ng Sai

28
1.7. Nu f(x,y) c o hm ring lin tc n cp hai v ( ), ( ) x x t y y t = = kh vi n cp
hai th
2 2
2 // 2 // // 2
2 .
xy
x y
d f f dx f dx dy f dy = + +
ng Sai
1.8. Hm s f(x,y) t cc tr v kh vi ti
0 0
( , ) x y th cc o hm ring trit tiu ti .
ng Sai
1.9. Cc o hm ring trit tiu ti
0 0
( , ) x y th hm s t cc tr ti
ng Sai
1.10. Hm s t gi tr ln nht ti
0 0
( , ) x y D th t cc tr ti
ng Sai
1.11. Tm min xc nh ca cc hm s sau:
a. ln z xy = , b.
2 2 2 2
9 1 z x y x y = + ,
c.
1 1
z
x y x y
=
+
, d.
2
1
z
y x
=
.
1.12. Tnh o hm ring cc hm s sau:
a.
2 2
ln( ), z x x y = + + b.
2
x
sin
y
z y = ,
c.
3
, 0
y
z x x = > , d.
y
arctg .
x
z =
1.13. Chng minh cc h thc sau y vi cc iu kin tng ng
a.
/ /
2
x y
xz yz + = , vi
2 2
ln( ) z x xy y = + + .
b.
/ /
0
x y
yz xz + = , vi
2 2
( ) z f x y = ,f(t) kh vi.

1.14. Tnh o hm ca cc hm s hp sau:
a.
2 2
2 2 2
, osx,v= x
u v
z e u c y
= = + .
b.
2 2
ln( ), , .
x
z u v u xy v
y
= + = =
1.15. Tnh vi phn ton phn ca cc hm s sau:
a. ln
y
z tg
x
= .
b. ( osy + xsiny)
x
z e c = .
1.16. Tnh o hm ca cc hm s n xc nh bi cc phng trnh tng ng
a.
3 3 2
, onst x y y x a a c = = , tnh
/
y .

29
b.
x+y
arctg , onst,
a
y
a c
a
= = tnh
/
y .
c.
z
x+ y+z = e , tnh
/ /
,
x y
z z
d.
3 3 3
x + y +z = 3xyz , tnh
/ /
,
x y
z z .
1.17. Chng minh cc h thc sau y, vi cc iu kin tng ng
a.
2 2
// // // 2
( )
xy
x y
z z z = , vi ( )
x
z xf
y
= , f(t) kh vi lin tc n cp hai.
b.
2 2
2 2
0
u u
x y

+ =

, vi
2 2
1
ln , u r x y
r
= = + .
c..
2 2
2 2
0
u u
x y

+ =

, vi
2 2 2
ln , u r r x y = = + .
d.
2 2 2
2 2 2
0
u u u
x y z

+ + =

, vi
2 2 2
1
, u r x y z
r
= = + + .
1.18. Cho
2 3
u xy z = ,
0 1
(1, 2, 1), (0, 4, 3) M M . Tnh
0
0 1
( ) u M
M M
.
1.19. Cho
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
u
a b c
= + + , ( , , ), r x y z =
. Tnh
( ) u M
r
, r
gi l vc t bn knh.
Khi no
( ) u M
gradu
r

1.20. Cho
2 2 2
1 1
u
r
x y z
= =
+ +
, ( os ,cos ,cos ) l c =
.Tnh
( ) u M
l
?
Khi no
( )
0
u M
l
.
1.21. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s
a. ) 4 )( ( + + = y x y x e z
x
.

b. xy y x z 3
3 3
+ = .

c. ), 2 )( 2 (
2 2
y by x ax z = 0 ab .

d. . ln 10 ln 4
2 2
y x y xy x z + + =

e. y x y x z + =
3 3
.

30

f.
2 2 4 4
2 4 2 y xy x y x z + + = .

g. ,
20 50
y x
xy z + + = vi x > 0, y > 0 .
h. y x y x z
2 3 3
+ = .

1.22. Tnh khong cch t gc to n mt phng x + 2y + 3z = 3.
1.23. Cho ellipse
2 2
1
4 9
x y
+ = , tm cc im trn c khong cch gn nht n ng
thng 3x 4y = 0.
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

31
CHNG 2. TCH PHN BI
GII THIU
Ta bit, ng dng ca tch phn xc nh, t hnh hc, c hc n vt l, k thut l rt
a dng. Tuy nhin cc i lng cp n ch ph thuc vo mt bin s, l s hn ch ng
k. S m rng t nhin ca hm mt bin ko theo s m rng ca tch phn n (tch phn xc
nh) lm tng kh nng ng dng, chng hn tnh khi lng ca vt th hai chiu, ba chiu,
t c th tnh c khi tm, cc m men qun tnh ca vt th, v.v...Chng ny cho chng ta
phng php tnh tch phn bi hai, bi ba v trn nguyn tc c th m rng cho tch phn bi n
(n lp). Cc khi nim v tch phn bi cng ging nh tch phn xc nh, u da trn s vi
phn (tnh yu t vi phn ri ly tng). S tn ti, cng nh tnh cht ca tch phn bi ging nh
tch phn xc nh. Chnh v th, hc tt chng ny, chng ta cn nm vng cc phng php
tnh tch phn xc nh v m t c min xc nh ca hm nhiu bin.
Trong chng ny, yu cu nm vng cc ni dung chnh sau y:
1. Tch phn bi hai.
M t c min ly tch phn bi hai bng hnh hc v h cc bt phng trnh. T suy
ra cc cn ca cc tch phn n. Trong mt s trng hp nn thc hin php i bin s tnh
d dng hn, c bit thng chuyn sang ta cc.
2. Tch phn bi ba.
Tng t nh tch phn bi hai, phi m t c min ly tch phn bi ba. Trn c s
tm c cc cn ca cc tch phn n. Ty tng hm di du tch phn v min ly tch phn
c th thc hin php i bin s, c bit thng chuyn sang ta cu hoc ta tr tnh
ton cho n gin.
NI DUNG
2.1 Tch phn bi hai ( Tch phn kp)
2.1.1 Bi ton m u
Bi ton: Cho vt th V
3
gii hn bi cc mt sau y: mt phng Oxy, mt tr c
ng sinh song song vi trc Oz v ng chun L l bin ca min ng hu hn D
2
v
mt cong cho bi phng trnh z= f(x,y), D y x ) , ( , trong f(x,y) lin tc v khng m trn
min D. Hy tnh th tch vt th V ( thng gi V l hnh tr cong).
Cch tnh:
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

32
i
S
) , ( y x f z =

Chia hnh tr cong V thnh n hnh tr cong bng cch chia min D thnh n mnh khng
dm ln nhau bi mt li cc ng cong trong mt phng Oxy. Gi tn v din tch cc mnh
l
i
S , ( i= n , 1 ) . Dng cc hnh tr cong c cc y di l
i
S ; y trn l phn ca mt
phng cong z= f(x,y) , ng sinh song song vi trc Oz. Gi tn v th tch cc hnh tr cong
thnh phn l
i
V ( i = n , 1 ).
Nh vy V=
=

n
i
i
V
1

Nhn xt: Ly tu M
i
(
i i
y x , )
i
S ( i= n , 1 ). V min
i
S l nh v hm f(x,y) lin
tc nn trn min
i
S nn gi tr f(x,y) khc f(
i i
y x , ) rt t, do
i
V ) , (
i i
y x f
i
S . Nh
vy V ) , (
1
i i
n
i
y x f
i
S
Gi d
i
l ng knh ca mnh
i
S ( i= n , 1 ) (ta gi ng knh ca min E l s
{ } ) , , ) , ( E Q E P Q P d Sup d =
R rng s xp x theo cng thc trn ca V cng chnh xc nu ta chia cng nh min D .
Vy th tch V s bng gii hn nu c ca tng v phi khi n sao cho 0 max
i
d .

i
n
i i
maxd 0
i 1
V lim f (x , y )
=
=
i
S
Ch : tng tnh th tch hnh tr cong hon ton nh tnh din tch hnh thang cong ,
dn n khi nim tch phn xc nh, cn y s dn n khi nim tch phn kp.
2.1.2 nh ngha tch phn kp.
Cho hm z= f(x,y) xc nh trn min ng D
2

* Chia min D thnh n min nh bi mt li cc ng cong, gi tn v din tch cc min
l
i
s ( i= n , 1 ) ng thi k hiu d
i
l ng knh mnh th i ( i= n , 1 )
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

33
* Ly tu M
i
(
i i
y x , )
i
s ( i= n , 1 ) .
* Gi I
n
= ) , (
1
i i
n
i
y x f
=
i
S l tng tch phn cu f(x,y) trn min D ng vi mt phn
hoch v mt cch chn cc im M
1
, M
2
,...,M
n
. Khi n sao cho maxd
i
0 m I
n
hi t
v I khng ph thuc vo phn hoch
i
S v cch chn M
i

i
S (i = n , 1 ) th s I gi l tch
phn kp ca f(x,y) trn min D v k hiu l
D
dS y x f ) , ( .
Nh vy
=
D
n
i
i i i
d
S y x f dS y x f
i
1
0 max
) , ( lim ) , ( (2.1)
C c cng thc trn th ni rng f(x,y) kh tch trn min D; f(x,y) l hm di du tch
phn cn x, y l cc bin tch phn, dS l yu t din tch.
Ch :
a. V tch phn kp khng ph thuc vo cch chia min D nn c th chia D bi mt li
cc ng thng song song vi cc trc to Ox, Oy. Khi
i i i
y x S = suy ra dS = dx.dy.
Do l tch phn kp thng k hiu l:
D
dxdy y x f ) , (
b. Cng nh tch phn xc nh, k hiu bin ly tch phn kp cng khng lm tch phn
kp thay i, tc l:
D
dxdy y x f ) , ( =
D
dudv v u f ) , (
c. Nu f(x,y) 0 trn D th th tch hnh tr cong xt trong phn 2.1.1 c tnh theo
cng thc V=
dxdy y x f ) , ( (2.2)
d. Nu f(x,y)=1 trn D th s o din tch min D tnh theo cng thc
S=
D
dxdy y x f ) , ( (2.3)

2.1.3. iu kin kh tch
Tng t nh tch phn xc nh, ta c:
* Nu hm s f(x,y) kh tch trn min D th f(x,y) b chn trn min D ( iu kin cn ca
hm kh tch ).
* Nu hm s f(x,y) lin tc trn min D, tng qut hn: nu hm s f(x,y) ch c gin on
loi 1 trn mt s hu hn cung cong ca min D th kh tch trn min D.
2.1.4. Tnh cht ca tch phn kp.
T nh ngha ca tch phn kp, tng t nh tch phn xc nh, suy ra c cc tnh cht
sau:
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

34
a. Nu D c chia thnh 2 min D
1
, D
2
m
1 2
D D = th f(x,y) kh tch trn D khi v
ch khi n kh tch trn D
1
v D
2
ng thi.

+ =
2 1
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
D D D
dxdy y x f dxdy y x f dxdy y x f (2.4)
b..Nu f(x,y) kh tch trn D v k l hng s th:
dy dx y x f k dy dx y x f k
D D

= ) , ( . ) , ( . (2.5)
c.Nu f(x,y), g(x,y) kh tch trn D th
[ ] dy dx y x g dy dx y x f dy dx y x g y x f
D D D

+ = + ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( (2.6)
d. Nu f(x,y), g(x,y) cng kh tch trn D v D y x y x g y x f ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( th:
dy dx y x g dy dx y x f
D D

) , ( ) , ( (2.7)
e. Nu f(x,y) kh tch th ) , ( y x f kh tch v
dxdy y x f dy dx y x f
D D

) , ( ) , ( (2.8)
f. Nu f(x,y) kh tch trn D v tho mn D y x M y x f m ) , ( , ) , ( th
MS dy dx y x f mS
D

) , ( (2.9)
trong S l din tch min D.
2.2. Tnh tch phn kp.
2.2.1. Cng thc tnh tch phn kp trong ta cc (Descartes).
nh l 2.1. Nu hm s f(x,y) lin tc trn min D cho bi h bt phng trnh

) ( ) (
2 1
x y x
b x a

th

=
D
b
a
x
x
dy y x f dx dxdy y x f
) (
) (
2
1
) , ( ) , (

(2.10)
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

35
x
y
z
0
H.2.2
S(x)
a
b
x
) (
2
x
) (
1
x

Chng minh: Trc ht xt 0 ) , ( y x f v lin tc trn min D :

) ( ) (
2 1
x y x
b x a

Trong ) ( ), (
2 1
x x lin tc trn [a,b].
Theo ngha hnh hc ta c: dxdy y x f V
D
= ) , (
Trong V l th tch hnh tr cong. Mt khc, ng dng tch phn xc nh ta li c:
=
b
a
dx x S V ) ( Trong S(x) l din tch thit din ca hnh tr cong do mt phng vung gc vi
trc 0x ti im x to ra. (H.2.2).T hnh 2.2 ta thy S(x) l din tch hnh thang cong nm trn
mt phng Oyz (bng php tnh tin) gii hn bi trc 0y, cc ng ) ( ), (
2 1
x y x y = = v
ng cong z = f(x,y), vi x c nh. Theo ngha tch phn xc nh ta c: dy y x f x S
x
x
=
) (
) (
2
1
) , ( ) (

Suy ra

=
b
a
x
x D
dx dy y x f dy dx y x f
) (
) (
2
1
) , ( ) , (

Tch phn lp trn c qui c vit theo dng:

=
) (
) (
) (
) (
2
1
2
1
) , ( ) , (
x
x
b
a
b
a
x
x
dy y x f dx dx dy y x f

By gi xt f(x,y) lin tc v c du bt k trn min D.
Xt cc hm s ph sau:
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

36

<
=
<

=
0 ) , ( ), , ( 0
0 ) , ( ), , ( ) , (
) , (

0 ) , ( ), , ( 0
0 ) , ( ), , ( ) , (
) , (
2
1
y x f y x
y x f y x y x f
y x f
y x f y x
y x f y x y x f
y x f

Cc hm s f
1
(x,y), f
2
(x,y) lin tc v khng m trn min D ng thi
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
2 1
y x f y x f y x f = .
Theo tnh cht c. ca tch phn bi v kt qu trn, ta c:

[ ]
) , (
) , ( ) , (
) , ( ) , (
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
) (
) (
) (
) (
2 1
) (
) (
2
) (
) (
1
2 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1

=
=
=
=
x
x
b
a
x
x
b
a
x
x
b
a
x
x
b
a
D D D
dy y x f dx
dy y x f y x f dx
dy y x f dx dy y x f dx
dy dx y x f dy dx y x f dy dx y x f

Vy ta nhn c cng thc (2.10). Nh vy, tnh tch phn kp ta a v tnh tch phn
lp. Cng thc (2.10) th hin tnh tch phn theo bin y (trong khi tnh coi x l hng s) trc v
theo bin x sau
Ch :
a. Nu min D cho bi h bt phng trnh:

1 2
c y d
(y) x (y)

th nhn c cng thc tnh tch phn kp tng t l:

=
) (
) (
2
1
) , ( ) , (
y
y
d
c D
dx y x f dy dxdy y x f

(2.11)
b. Cng thc thay i th t ly tch phn hay gi l cng thc Fubini. Trong trng hp
ny, min D c tnh cht: Mi ng thng song song vi cc trc to ct min D nhiu nht
hai im. Khi tn ti hnh ch nht:

d y c
b x a

c cnh tip xc vi bin ca min D (H.2.3)
Gi s

, ADB ACB c phng trnh l: b x a x y x y = = ), ( ), (
2 1
,

, CAD CBD c
phng trnh l: d y c y x y x = = ), ( ), (
2 1

T cng thc (2.10), (2.11) nhn c cng thc Fubini sau y:
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

37

=
) (
) (
) (
) (
2
1
2
1
) , ( ) , (
y
y
d
c
x
x
b
a
dx y x f dy dy y x f dx

(2.12)

c. Khi min D khng c tnh cht nu trn th c th chia min D thnh mt s hu hn
cc min D
1
, D
2
, ..., D
n
c tnh cht m t hnh H.2.3 sau p dng tnh cht a. ca tch phn
kp.
d. Khi min D l hnh ch nht d y c b x a , v hm ) ( ). ( ) , (
2 1
y h x h y x f = thng
gi f(x,y) l hm c bin s phn li th cng thc (2.10) tr thnh:

=
d
c
b
a D
dy y h dx x h dxdy y x f ) ( . ) ( ) , (
2 1

V d 1: Tnh tch phn sau:
dy ydx x
D
2

trong D l min gii hn bi cc ng y = 0, y = 2x v x = a, a>0
Gii: c h phng trnh m t min D trc ht phi v min D (H.2.4).
Vy D:

x y
a x
2 0
0
hoc D:

a x
y
a y
2
2 0

5 5
0
4
0
2
2
2
0
2
0
2
5
2
0 5
2

2
0
2
2
a
a
x
dx x dx
x
y
x ydy x dx dxdy y x
a a x a
D
= =
= = =

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

38

x
y
0
a
2a
H.2.4
y=2x

V d 2: Tnh tch phn:
=
0
xydxdy I
vi D gii hn bi cc ng 4 = x y v
2
y 2x. =
Gii: V min D (H.2.5)
v c min D trc ht phi tm giao ca cc ng bng cch gii h phng trnh:

=
=
x y
x y
2
4
2

Ta suy ra:
=
=
4
2
2
2
2
y
y
y
x

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
4
8
2
2
2
4
2
0 8 2
2
2
2
2
y
x
y
x
y
y
y
x
y y
y
x

Ta m t min D nh sau:
2
D
1
D
2
2 y x=
4 + = y x

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

39
D:
+

4
2
4 2
2
y x
y
y
hoc
2 1
D D D =
vi

x y x
x
D
2 2
2 0
:
1

x y x
x
D
2 4
8 2
:
2

Trong trng hp ny nn p dng cng thc (2.11) tc l ly tch phn lp theo bin x
trc v theo bin y sau:

2
y 4 4 4 2
2
2 2 y
2
4 4
2
2
6
4 3 2
y 4
x
I dy xydx y. dx
y
2
2
1 y
y(y 8y 16 )dy
2 4
4
1 1 8 y
( y y 8y ) 90.
2 2 4 3 24
+

+
= =
= + +
= + + =

V d 3: Hy thay i th t ly tch phn sau:

=
2
2 1
0
) , (
x
x
dy y x f dx I
Gii: V min D trn c s bit cc cn ca tch phn. theo u bi min D gii hn bi
cc ng :
2
x 0, x 1, y x, y 2 x . = = = =
ng c phng trnh
2
2 x y = chnh l na ng trn :
= +
0
2
2 2
y
y x

2
D
1
D
2
2

Do tnh khng trn ca bin min D nn ta m t:
2 1
D D D =
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

40
trong :

2
2 1
2 0
2 1
: ,
0
1 0
:
y x
y
D
y x
y
D
Vy

+ = =
2
2
2
0
2
1 0
1
0
1
0
2
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
y y x
x
dx y x f dy dx y x f dy dy y x f dx I
V d 4: Tnh th tch V ca vt th gii hn bi cc mt
2 2 2 2
, , 0 y z R y x z = = + =
Gii: Vt th c m t bi hnh H.2.7. Vt th i xng qua mt ta 0xz v 0yz. ta xt
phn vt th trong gc phn tm th nht, phn vt th ny c gii hn bi cc mt
0 , 0 , , 0
2 2 2
= + = y x R y x z v
2
y z = .
Vy dxdy y V
D
=
2
4 trong D l phn t hnh trn 0 , 0 ,
2 2 2
= + y x R y x .
R rng

2 2
R 0
0
:
x y
R x
D
2
R
R
R

dx x R dy y dx V
R x R R
2
3
0
2 2
0
2
0
) (
3
4
4
2 2

= =

i bin tdt R dx t R x sin , cos = =
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

41

4
R
! 4!
! 3!
2
R
3
4

sin
3
4
sin
3
4
4
4
2
0
4 4
0
2
4 4

= =
= =

tdt R tdt R V

(Xem cng thc Wallis, Tr.139, Ton cao cp
1
A )
2.2.2. Cng thc tnh tch phn kp trong to cc
Trc khi a ra cng thc tnh tch phn kp trong to cc, ta tha nhn nh l sau
lin quan n php i bin tch phn kp.
nh l 2.2: Gi s f(x,y) lin tc trn min xy D 0 ng thi tn ti cc hm s
=
=
) , (
) , (
v u y y
v u x x
tho mn :
* l song nh t D ln
* c o hm ring lin tc trong min uv 0 v nh thc Jacobi 0
) , (
) , (
v u D
y x D
trong
min ( hoc ch bng 0 mt s im c lp) khi :
[ ] dudv
v u D
y x D
v u y v u x f dxdy y x f
D
) , (
) , (
. ) , ( ), , ( ) , (

= (2.13)
a. H to cc
xc nh v tr ca cc im trong mt phng, ngoi h to Descartes, ngi ta cn
dng h to cc c nh ngha nh sau: Chn im 0 tu gi l cc v mt trc 0x gi l
trc cc. V tr ca im M bt k c xc bi hai s: gc gia trc 0x v vct M 0 gi l
gc cc v M r 0 = gi l bn knh vct. Cp ) , ( r gi l to cc ca M v k kiu
) , ( r M . Tt c cc im trn mt phng s ng vi bin thin t 0 n 2 hoc bin thin
t - 2 n 0 v r bin thin t 0 n .
Nu chn h trc to Descartes 0xy tc l 0 trng vi cc, trc honh trng vi trc cc
th ta nhn c lin h sau y gia cc to Descartes v to cc ca im M (xem H.2.8):

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

42
r
) , ( ), , ( y x M r M
=
=
sin
cos
r y
r x

v ngc li:
=
+ =
x
y
tg
y x r
2 2 2
, x cng du vi cos hoc y cng du vi sin .
b. Phng trnh ng cong trong h to cc
H thc 0 ) , ( = r F hoc ) ( r r = hay ) (r = gi l phng trnh ng cong trong
to cc, chng hn r = a l phng trnh ng trn bn knh bng a v tm gc to ,
0
= l phng trnh na ng thng xut pht t gc to v lp vi trc cc mt gc l
0
.
c. Cng thc tch phn kp trong to cc
Ta thc hin php i bin s:

=
=
sin
cos
r y
r x

Do : r
r
r
r D
y x D
=
=

cos sin
sin cos
) , (
) , (

T cng thc (2.13) suy ra:

= rdrd r r f dxdy y x f
D
) sin , cos ( ) , ( (2.14)

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

43
) (
2
r
) (
1
r
1

Thng gp min c gii hn bi hai tia
2 1
, = = v ng cong
) ( ), (
2 1
r r r r = = (H.2.9), tc l trong h to cc, min D c m t bi h bt phng
trnh:

) ( ) (
:
2 1
2 1

r r r
D

Khi cng thc (2.15) s c dng:
rdr r r f d dxdy y x f
r
r D
) sin , cos ( ) , (
) (
) (
2
1
2
1

=

(2.15)
Ch :
* Mi quan h gia cc nh thc Jacbi ca php bin i tho mn

D(x, y) D(u, v)
. 1
D(u, v) D(x, y)
=
* Nu cc l im trong ca min D v mi bn knh cc ct bin min D ti mt im c
bn knh ) ( r th
rdr r r f d dxdy y x f
r
D
) sin , cos ( ) , (
) (
0
2
0

=

V d 5: Tnh I dxdy y x x
D
= +
2 2
trong D l hnh trn
2 2 2
) ( R y R x +
Gii: ng trn
2 2 2
R) (x R y = + chuyn sang to cc c phng trnh:

2 2 2 2
sin ) cos ( R r R r = + hay
2 2
, cos 2

= R r
Tng t ng trn
2 2 2
) ( R R y x = + chuyn sang to cc c phng trnh
= 0 , sin 2R r (H.2.10)
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

44
sin 2R r =
cos 2R r =

Vy min D trong h to cc c m t:

cos 2 0
2 2
R r

Theo cng thc (2.15) s c:

2Rcos
2
0
2
2 2
4 4 5
0
2
4
4 4
I d r.cos .r.rdr
2Rcos
1
cos r d 8R cos d
0 4
4!! 2.4 64R
8R 8R .
5!! 3.5 15
= =
= = =

(Xem cng thc Wallis,Tr139 Ton cao cp A
1
)
V d 6: Tnh
+ =
D
dxdy y x I ) ( trong D l min gii hn bi cc ng thng:
y x, y x 3, y 2x 1, y 2x 1. = = + = = +
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

45
y
x
0
3
3
1
- 1
2
1
2
1
H.2.11

Gii: Phng trnh cc ng thng to ra min D vit li di dng:
1 2 , 1 2 , 3 , 0 = = = + = + y x y x y x y x (xem H.2.11)
i bin
=
+ =
y x v
y x u
2
, khi 3
1 2
1 1
) , (
) , (
=
=
y x D
v u D

1 1
3 0
:
v
u

Suy ra
3 1 2
0 1
3
1 1 2 u
I u. dudv udu. dv 3.
0 3 3 3 2

= = = =

Nhn xt: Nu gii v d trn bng cch trc tip dng cng thc tnh tch phn kp trong
h to cc th phi chia min D thnh cc min thnh phn ri p dng tnh cht a ca tch
phn kp. Nh vy s phc tp hn. Ta c th kim tra li kt qu bng cch dng cng thc
(2.10) hoc (2.11).
2.3. Tch phn bi ba ( Tch phn 3 lp)
2.3.1. Bi ton m u: Tnh khi lng vt th.
Bi ton: Cho vt th V khng ng cht, bit khi lng ring l
V z y x z y x = ) , , ( ), , , (
Hy tnh khi lng ca vt th V.
Cch tnh: Tng t nh tch phn bi hai, ta chia V tu lm n phn khng dm ln
nhau bi mt h thng cc mt cong. Gi tn v th tch cc phn l ) , 1 ( n i V
i
= . Trong mi
phn th i ly im ) , , (
i i i i
z y x P tu v gi ng knh ca phn l ) , 1 ( , n i d
i
= . Khi
lng xp x ca vt th l :

= =
= =
n
i
i i i i
n
i
i i
V z y x V P m
1 1
) , , ( ) ( .
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

46
Nu tn ti gii hn

n
i
i i i i
d
V z y x
i
1
0 max
) , , ( lim th chnh l khi lng ca vt th
cho. Trong thc t nhiu bi ton dn n vic tm gii hn hn ca tng dng trn. Chnh v th
cn phi c nh ngha ton hc tch phn bi ba.
2.3.2. nh ngha tch phn bi ba.
Cho hm s f(x,y,z) xc nh trn min
3
V
* Chia V tu thnh n mnh nh. Gi tn v th tch cc mnh l ) , 1 ( , n i V
i
= , k hiu
ng knh mnh
i
V l
i
d .
* Ly tu ) , 1 ( , ) , , ( n i V z y x P
i i i i i
=
* Lp tng
=
=
n
i
i i i i n
V z y x f I
1
) , , ( , gi l tng tch phn bi ba ca hm f(x,y,z) ly
trn min V ng mi mt phn hoch v cc im ) , 1 ( , n i V P
i i
=
Khi n sao cho 0 max
i
d m I
n
hi t v I khng ph thuc vo phn hoch
1
V
v cch chn im ) , 1 ( , n i V P
i i
= th s I gi l tch phn bi ba ca f(x,y,z) trn min V, k
hiu l
V
dV z y x f ) , , ( .
Nh vy:
=
n
i
i i i i
d
V
V z y x f dV z y x f
i
0
0 max
) , , ( lim ) , , ( (2.16)
Tng t, ta cng ni rng f(x,y,z) kh tch trn min V.
Ch :
* Ging nh tch phn kp, yu t th tch dV c thay bng dxdydz v khi thng k
hiu tch phn bi ba l:
V
f (x, y, z)dxdydz.

* Tng t nh tch phn kp, tch phn bi ba khng ph thuc vo k hiu bin ly tch
phn:
V V
f (x, y, z)dxdydz f (u, v, )dudvd . =

* ngha c hc: Nu 0 ) , , ( z y x f trn min V th dxdydz z y x f
V
) , , ( l khi lng
ca vt th V khi vt th c khi lng ring (mt hay t khi) l f(x,y,z).
* R rng th tch V ca vt th V tnh theo cng thc:
=
V
dxdydz V (2.17)
* iu kin kh tch v tnh cht ca tch phn bi ba tng t nh tch phn kp.
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

47
2.4. Tnh tch phn bi ba
2.4.1. Cng thc tnh tch phn bi ba trong h to cc
nh l 2.3: Nu f(x,y,z) lin tc trong min V cho bi h bt phng trnh:

) , ( ) , (
) ( ) (
2 1
2 1
y x z y y x z
x y y x y
b x a
(2.18)
th

=
) , (
) , (
) (
) (
2
1
2
1
) , , ( ) , , (
y x z
y x z
x y
x y
b
a V
dz z y x f dy dx dxdydz z y x f (2.19)
H bt phng trnh (2.18) m t min V l mt hnh tr cong gii hn
pha trn bi mt
2
z z (x, y), = gii hn pha di bi mt ) , (
1
y x z z = v gii hn
xung quanh bi mt tr c ng sinh song song vi trc 0z, ng chun l bin
ca min D (min D
xy
l hnh chiu ca V trn mt phng 0xy (H.2.12), c th
min D cho bi h bt phng trnh:

) ( ) (
2 1
x y y x y
b x a

) , (
2
y x z
) , (
1
y x z
) (
1
x y
) (
2
x y

Cng thc (2.19) chng t tnh tch phn bi ba ta a v tnh tch phn lp. Khi tnh tch
phn theo bin z ta coi x,y l hng s. Khi tnh tch phn theo bin y coi x l hng s. Cui cng
tnh tch phn theo bin x.
Ch :
a. T cng thc (2.10) suy ra cng thc (2.119) c th vit li nh sau:
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

48

=
) , (
) , (
2
1
) , , ( ) , , (
y x z
y x z D V
dz z y x f dzdy dxdydz z y x f
xy
(2.19)
b. Thay i vai tr ca cc bin x,y,z ta cng c cng thc thay i th t ly tch phn bi
ba:

=
) , (
) , (
) , (
) , (
2
1
2
1
) , , ( ) , , (
z y x
z y x D
y x z
y x z D
dx z y x f dydz dz z y x f dxdy
yz xy
(2.19)
trong
yz
D

l hnh chiu ca min V ln mt phng 0yz, cn ) , (
1
z y x x = v ) , (
2
z y x x = l cc
mt cong di v trn theo hng 0y to ra min V.
Tng t:

=
) , (
) , (
) , (
) , (
2
1
2
1
) , , ( ) , , (
z x y
z x y D
y x z
y x z D
dy z y x f dzdx dz z y x f dxdy
zx xy
(2.19)
V d 7: Tnh
+ + +
=
V
z y x
dxdydz
I
3
) 1 (
trong min V c cho gii hn bi cc mt
phng x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x + y = 1, x + y z = 0.
Gii: V min V (H.2.13). V l hnh chp t gic c nh l gc to , y l hnh ch
nht ABCD. Mt trn ca V (tam gic OCD) l mt phng c phng trnh z = x + y. Mt di
ca V (tam gic OAB ) l mt phng c phng trnh 0 = z .
Chiu V ln mt phng Oxy c tam gic OAB cho bi h bt phng trnh:

x y
x
1 0
1 0

T theo cng thc (2.19) c:
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

49
( ) ( )
y x
x y x x
z y x
dy
dx
z y x
dz
dy dx I
+
+

+ + +
=
+ + +
=
0
1
0
2
1
0
1
0 0
3
1
0
1
2
1
1

( ) ( )
dy
y x y x
dx
x

+ +
+ +
=
1
0
2 2
1
0
1
1
2 2 1
1
2
1

( )
dx
x
dx
x
dx
y x y x
x

+
=
+ +
+ +
=

1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
2
1
2
1
2 1
1
3
1
4
1
1
1
2 2 1 2
1
2
1

1
0
1
0
1 ln
2
1
2 1 ln
8
1
6
1
x x + + + =

1 1 1
ln 2 ln3 .
2 4 3

=

V d 8: Tnh
=
V
xdxdydz I vi V cho bi h bt phng trnh:

4
0
0
2 2
z y x
y
x

Gii: Min V cho bi H.2.14. Ta thy mt trn ca V l 4 = z , mt di l paraboloid
trn xoay
2 2
y x z + = . Hnh chiu D ca V ln mt Oxy l phn t hnh trn:

2
4 0
2 0
x y
x

Do :
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

50
( ) ( )

+
= = =
2
2 2
4
0
2 2
2
0
2 2
4
4 4
x
D y x D
dy y x x dx dxdy y x x xdz dxdy I
dx y
x
dx x x x
x
2
4
0
3
2
0
2
0
2 2
3
4 ) 4 (

=

3
2
2 5
2
2 2 2
2
0
0
1 1 2 64
(4 x ) d(4 x ) . (4 x ) .
3 3 5 15
= = =

Tng t nh tch phn kp, ta cng c cng thc i bin s trong tch phn bi ba di
y.
nh l 2.4: Cho hm ) , , ( z y x f lin tc trn min V Oxyz ng thi tn ti cc hm
s:
x =x(u,v,w)
y =y(u,v,w)
z z(u, v, w)
(u, v, w)

tho mn cc iu kin:
- l song nh t V ln
- c cc o hm ring lin tc trong min uvw 0 v nh thc Jacobi
0
) , , (
) , , (
w v u D
z y x D
trong min (hoc ch bng 0 mt s im c lp). Khi :
[ ]
V
D(x, y, z)
f (x, y, z)dxdydz f x(u, v, w), y(u, v, w), z(u, v, w) dudvdw
D(u, v, w)
=

(2.20)

2.4.2. Cng thc tnh tch phn bi ba trong to tr
a. To tr : To tr ca im xyz z y x M 0 ) , , ( l b ba s sp th t ) , , ( z r trong
) , ( r l to cc ca im M(x,y), hnh chiu ca M ln mt phng 0xy (H.2.15). Vy vi
mi im ca khng gian, ta c: + < < < z r , 2 0 , 0 .

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

51
r

Gia to cc v to tr ca im M c mi lin h:

=
=
=
z z
r y
r x
sin
cos

Trong trng hp ny r r
r
z r D
z y x D
=
=
1 0 0
0 cos sin
0 sin cos
) , , (
) , , (

(2.21)
b. Phng trnh mt cong trong to tr
H thc F 0 ) , , ( = z r hoc gii ra c i vi cc bin s ), , ( z r r = ) , ( r z z = hoc
) , ( z r = gi l phng trnh mt cong trong to tr. Cc trng hp c bit thng gp
sau y:
0
r r = l phng trnh mt tr trn xoay bn knh l
0
r v trc i xng l Oz (Trong h to
Oxyz , mt tr ny c phng trnh
2 2 2
r y x = + ).
0
= l phng trnh na mt phng lp vi mt phng Ozx mt gc l
0
(tng ng
trong Oxyz phng trnh l x tg y .
0
= vi 0 cos .
0
x ).
0
z z = l phng trnh mt phng song song vi mt phng Oxy ct trc Oz ti im c to

0
z . Nh vy mt cong c m t trong h to tr i khi c phng trnh rt n gin so
vi trong h to cc.
c. Cng thc tnh tch phn bi ba trong to tr
T cng thc (2.20) v (2.21) ta nhn c:
dz rdrd z r r f dxdydz z y x f
V

= ) , sin , cos ( ) , , ( (2.22)
Thng thng min trong to tr m t bi h bt phng trnh:
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

52

) , ( ) , (
) ( ) (
2 1
2 1
2 1

r z z r z
r r r
Khi (2.22) tr thnh:

=
) , (
) , (
) (
) (
2
1
2
1
2
1
) , sin , cos ( ) , , (

r z
r z
r
r V
dz z r r f rdr d dxdydz z y x f (2.23)
V d 9: Tnh
+ =
V
dxdydz y x I ) (
2 2
trong V gii hn bi cc mt
, , 0
2 2 2 2
y x z a z + = = 0 , 0 ,
2 2 2
> = + a z R y x .

Gii: Min V nm trong gc phn tm th nht c cho trn hnh H.2.16 c gii hn
bi mt 0xy, mt nn, mt tr. Cc mt nn v mt tr c phng trnh vit trong to tr l:
R r r az = = , (nhn c bng cch thay sin , cos r y r x = = vo phng trnh cc mt cong
cho).
Nh vy min cho bi h bt phng trnh:

a
r
z
R r
0
0
2 0

Suy ra
5
0
4
0 0
3
2
0
5
2 2
R
a
dr r
a
dz dr r d I
R
a
r
R

= = =

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

53
Ch : Khi min V c dng hnh tr v hm di du tch phn cha cc biu thc
2 2
y x + th thng tnh tch phn trong to tr s n gin hn trong to cc.
2.4.3. Cng thc tnh tch phn bi ba trong to cu
a. To cu: To cu ca mt im xyz z y x M 0 ) , , ( l b ba s ) , , ( r trong
, OM r = l gc gia trc z 0 v M 0 v l gc gia trc x 0 v ' 0M , y M l hnh
chiu ca M trn 0xy (H.2.17). Vy vi mi im ca khng gian s c:
2 0 , 0 , 0 < r . D thy gia cc to cc v to cu c mi quan h:

=
=
=

cos
sin sin
cos sin
r z
r y
r x

V nh vy

sin
0 sin cos
cos sin cos cos sin sin
sin sin cos cos cos sin
) , , (
) , , (
2
r
r
r r
r
r D
z y x D
=
= (2.24)
z
x
y
0
r
z
x
y
) , , ( z y x M
) 0 , , ( ' y x M
H.2.17

b. Phng trnh mt cong trong to cu
H thc 0 ) , , ( = r F hoc gii ra c i vi cc bin s ) , ( ); , ( ); , ( r r r r = = =
gi l mt phng trnh mt cong trong to cu. Cc trng hp c bit thng gp sau y:
0
r r = m t mt cu tm gc to 0 v bn knh r
0
( trong h to 0xyz, mt cu ny c
phng trnh
2
0
2 2 2
r z y x = + + ).
0
= l phng trnh ca mt nn trn xoay, nh 0 v trc i xng l 0z c gc m l
2 (mt nn ny trong h 0xyz c phng trnh z tg y x .
2 2
= + ).
0
= l phng trnh na mt phng lp vi mt phng 0xy mt gc
0
(na mt phng
ny trong h to 0xyz c phng trnh x tg y .
0
= vi 0 cos
0
x ).
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

54
c. Cng thc tnh tch phn bi ba trong to cu
T cng thc (2.20) v (2.24) ta nhn c:

= d drd r r r r f dxdydz z y x f
V
sin ) cos , sin sin , cos sin ( ) , , (
2
(2.25)
Ta hay gp min trong to cu m t bi h bt phng trnh:
<

) , ( ) , (
) ( ) (
2 1
2 1
2 1

r r r

Khi cng thc (2.25) tr thnh:
2 2 2
1 1
( ) r ( , )
2
V ( ) r ( , )
f (x, y, z)dxdydz d sin d f (r sin cos , r sin sin , r cos )r dr

=

(2.26)
V d 10: Tnh
+ +
=
V
dxdydz
z y x
I
2 2 2
1
, trong V l min gii hn bi hai mt
cu 1
2 2 2
= + + z y x v 4
2 2 2
= + + z y x
Gii: Chuyn sang to cu, hai mt cu cho c phng trnh ln lt l 2 , 1 = = r r .
Gc to l im trong ca min V nn min cho bi h bt phng trnh:

2 1
0
2 0
r

Do :

2 2
2 2
0 0 1
2
1 1
I d sin d .r dr 2 ( cos ) r 6 .
0 1 r 2

= = =

V d 11: Tnh
+ =
V
dxdydz y x I ) (
2 2
trong V l min ngoi gia hnh tr
2 2 2
R y x + v hnh cu
2 2 2 2
x y z 4R . + +
Gii: Mt thit din ca min V cho trn hnh H.2.18. Xt trong h to cu, mt cu c
phng trnh R r 2 = , mt tr c phng trnh
sin
R
r = (thay sin sin , cos sin r y r x = =
vo phng trnh
2 2 2
R y x = + s nhn c kt qu trn). tm s bin thin ca ta xt giao
ca mt cu v mt tr:
sin
2
R
R r = = . Suy ra
6
5
,
6
,
2
1
sin

= = =
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

55
6

V V l vt th trn xoay nhn Oz lm trc i xng, nhn mt phng Oxy lm mt phng
i xng v hm di du tch phn chn i vi x, y cho nn

= =

2
0
2
6
2
sin
2
6
3
5
5
5
4
2 4
sin )
sin
1
32 ( sin sin 2
R
R
d R dr r d d I

2
6
3
5
2
6
2
2
2
6
5
cot ) cos
3
1
cos ( 32
5
4
sin
) 1 ( sin 32
5
4

+ + =
=

g R
d
d os c R

5
44 3
R .
5
=
Ch : Khi min V c dng hnh cu, hm di du tch phn cha cc biu thc
dng
2 2
y x + hoc
2 2 2
z y x + + nn chuyn sang to cu, hoc to tr tnh ton cho
n gin hn.Ta c th kim tra li kt qu ca v d trn bng cch dng to tr.
TM TT CHNG 2.
Tnh tch phn kp trong to cc
Nu hm s f(x,y) lin tc trn min D cho bi h bt phng trnh

) ( ) (
2 1
x y x
b x a

th

=
D
b
a
x
x
dy y x f dx dxdy y x f
) (
) (
2
1
) , ( ) , (

Tnh tch phn kp trong to cc
Nu hm s f(x,y) lin tc trn min cho bi h bt phng trnh
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

56

1 2
1 2
( ) ( ) r r r

th rdr r r f d dxdy y x f
r
r D
) sin , cos ( ) , (
) (
) (
2
1
2
1

=

Thay i th t ly tch phn (cng thc Fubini )

=
) (
) (
) (
) (
2
1
2
1
) , ( ) , (
y
y
d
c
x
x
b
a
dx y x f dy dy y x f dx

Tnh tch phn bi ba trong to cc
Nu f(x,y,z) lin tc trong min V cho bi h bt phng trnh:

) , ( ) , (
) ( ) (
2 1
2 1
y x z y y x z
x y y x y
b x a

th

=
) , (
) , (
) (
) (
2
1
2
1
) , , ( ) , , (
y x z
y x z
x y
x y
b
a V
dz z y x f dy dx dxdydz z y x f
Tnh tch phn bi ba trong to tr
Nu f(x,y,z) lin tc trong min m t bi h bt phng trnh:

) , ( ) , (
) ( ) (
2 1
2 1
2 1

r z z r z
r r r
th

=
) , (
) , (
) (
) (
2
1
2
1
2
1
) , sin , cos ( ) , , (

r z
r z
r
r V
dz z r r f rdr d dxdydz z y x f
CU HI V BI TP CHNG 2.
2.1. Dng tch phn bi hai c th xc nh c din tch hnh phng D
ng Sai
2.2. Khi hm di du tch phn bi hai c dng bin s phn ly th tch phn bi hai s l
tch ca hai tch phn xc nh.
ng Sai
2.3. Khi gc to l im trn bin ca min D th chuyn sang to cc ta c bin
thin t 0 n 2 .
ng Sai
2.4. Khi gc to l im trong ca min D th chuyn sang to cc ta c bin thin
t 0 n 2 .
ng Sai
2.5. C th tnh khi lng vt th khi bit hm mt nh vo tch phn bi 3.
ng Sai
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

57
2.6. C th tnh th tch vt th nh tch phn bi 3
ng Sai
2.7. C th biu din tch phn bi 3 qua tch phn lp gm tch phn xc nh tch phn bi
2.
ng Sai
2.8. Hnh chiu min V ln mt phng Oxy nhn gc to l im trong th chuyn sang
to tr hoc to cu s c 0 2
ng Sai
2.9. Hnh chiu min V ln trc Oz nhn gc to l im trong th chuyn sang to
cu s c 0 2 .
ng Sai
2.10. i th t tch phn cc tch phn sau:
a.
2
2 4
2
( , ) ,

x
dx f x y dy
b.
2 3
1 0
( , ) ,

y
dy f x y dx
c.
osx
4
0
2
( , ) ,

c
dx f x y dy

d.
2
2 2
1 2
( , ) .

x x
x
dx f x y dy
2.11. Tnh cc tch phn bi hai sau:
a. { }
3
dxdy
, ( , ) : 1, 1, 3 .
(x+y)
= +
D
D x y x y x y
b.
{ }
, ( , ) : 1, 1 . + =
D
x y dxdy D x y x y
c. ln( ) ,
D
x y dxdy +
D l min gii hn bi cc ng 1, 1, 1 . = = = + x y y x
d.
2
( )
D
x y x dxdy
, D l min gii hn bi cc ng
2 2
, . = = y x x y
2.12. Tnh cc tch phn bi hai sau:
a.
2 2
D
x y dxdy +

D l min gii hn bi cc ng trn
2 2 2 2 2 2
, 4 , 0 x y a x y a a + = + = >
b.
2 2
( 1)
D
x y dxdy + +
, D l min gii hn bi ng
2 2
0 x y x + =
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

58
c. ( 2 1)
D
x y dxdy + +
, D l giao ca hai hnh trn

2 2 2 2
2 , 2 x y y x y x + +
d.
{ }
2 2 2 2
4 , ( , ) : 0, 2 . = +
D
x y dxdy D x y y x y x
2.13. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng:
a.
2
4 , 6 x y y x y = + =
b.
2 3 2 3
, 8(6 ) y x y x = =
c. 2 , , 4
2
x
x
y y y = = =
d.
2 2 2 2
5 1
, , , 2 .
2 3
= = = = y x y x x y x y
2.14. Tnh th tch vt th gii hn bi cc mt:
a.
2 2
, z x y z x y = + = +
b.
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 , . + + = + = x y z z x y z
2.15. Tnh cc tch phn bi ba sau:
a.
2 2
1
, ( , , ) : 0 , 2 , 0 1
4
V
zdxdydz V x y z x x y x z x y

=

b. { } (1 ) , ( , , ) : 0, 0, 0, 1
V
x y z dxdydz V x y z x y z x y z = + +

c.
{ }
2 2
, ( , , ) : 0 , 2
V
xyz dxdydz V x y z z a x y z = +

d.
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
( ) , ( , , ) : 1, 0 .
3
+
+ + = + >

V
x y z
x y z dxdydz V x y z a
a a

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

59
CHNG 3. TCH PHN NG V TCH PHN MT
GII THIU
Tch phn ng v tch phn mt l s m rng ca tch phn nhiu lp trn hai phng
din: ly tch phn trn cc cung cong thay cho trn on thng, tch phn trn mt cong thay cho
min phng, c bit n vic nh hng ca ng cong v mt cong. Chnh v th ngha
thc tin ca tch phn ng, tch phn mt l rt ln. Hu ht cc bi ton k thut lin quan
n trng vct u lin quan n tch phn ng, tch phn mt: tnh cng ca lc, tnh thng
lng ca trng. Tnh tch phn ng dn n tnh tch phn xc nh, tnh tch phn mt dn
n tnh tch phn bi hai, vy mt ln na yu cu ngi hc phi c k nng tnh tch phn xc
nh.
Trong chng ny yu cu nm vng cc ni dung chnh sau y:
1. Tch phn ng loi 1
Trc ht nh li cng thc vi phn cung (xem cng thc 4.26, mc 4.4.2,TON CAO
CP A
1
) v rng cn trn lun lun ln hn cn di.
2. Tch phn ng loi 2
Khi tnh phi lu n hng ca ng cong ty theo hng nh m tm cn trn, cn
di ca tch phn xc nh. Trng hp ng cong kn nn vn dng cng thc Green nu cc
iu kin ca nh l c tha mn, tng qut hn phi s dng cng thc Xtc.
3. Tch phn mt loi 1
Ch n cng thc tnh yu t din tch ca mt cong cho bi phng trnh dng tng
minh (chng hn z = z (x,y)) t a v tnh tch phn bi hai trn hnh chiu ca mt cong
ln mt phng ta tng ng (mt phng ta Oxy).
4. Tch phn mt loi 2
tnh tch phn mt loi hai, trc ht phi xc nh cc pha ca mt cong nh hng
thng qua cc csin ch phng ca vct php tuyn. Tip theo, tm hnh chiu ca mt cong ln
cc mt phng ta . Khi mt cong kn thng s dng cng thc xtrgratxki.

60
NI DUNG.
3.1. Tch phn ng loi mt.
3.1.1. nh ngha
i
A
1 i
A
i
M
i
x
i
y

Cho hm s ) , ( y x f xc nh trn mt cung phng
AB (H.3.1)
* Chia cung
AB l n cung nh bi cc im chia B A A A A A A
n i i

,... , ,..., ,
1 1 0
gi
di cung
1 i i
A A
l ) , 1 ( , n i s
i
=
* Ly tu
1
( , ) , ( 1, )
i i i i i
M x y A A i n
=
* Lp tng
=
=
n
i
i i i n
s y x f I
1
) , ( gi l tng tch phn ng loi mt ca hm ) , ( y x f ly
trn cung
AB ng vi mt phn hoch v mt cch chn tu cc im
1
, ( 1, )
i i i
M A A i n
= .
Nu khi n sao cho
n i
I s , 0 max hi t v s I khng ph thuc cch chia cung
AB v
cch chn
1
, ( 1, )
i i i
M A A i n
= th s I gi l tch phn ng loi mt ca f(x,y) dc theo cung
AB v k hiu
( , )
AB
f x y ds

Vy
max 0
1
lim ( , ) ( , )
i
n
i i i
s
i
AB
I f x y s f x y ds

=
= =

(3.1)
Nu c tch phn (3.1) th ni rng f(x,y) kh tch trn
AB .Trong tch phn (3.1), ds k

hiu di yu t ca cung
AB hay vi phn ca cung
AB .
M rng: Nu f(x,y,z) kh tch trn cung
3
AB th tch phn ng loi mt ca f(x,y,z)
trn cung
AB k hiu l

61

( , , )
AB
I f x y z ds =

(3.2)
Ch :
a. T nh ngha trn ta thy chiu i ca cung
AB khng ng vai tr g c v I
n
khng
ph thuc vo hng ca cung
AB . Vy

( , ) ( , )
AB BA
f x y ds f x y ds =

(3.3)
b. R rng nu gi l l di cung
AB th
AB
l ds =

(3.4)
c. Nu mt dy vt cht c dng cung
AB v mt khi lng l ) , ( y x th khi lng

ca dy vt cht tnh theo cng thc:
( , )
AB
m x y ds =

(3.5)
d. Ngi ta chng minh c: nu cung
AB l cung trn (tip tuyn ca cung bin thin

lin tc) hoc trn tng khc (chia cung
AB thnh hu hn cc cung thnh phn, cc cung thnh

phn l cc cung trn) v f(x,y) lin tc trn cung
AB th f(x,y) kh tch trn cung
. AB
e. V nh ngha trn tng t vi tch phn xc nh, tch phn bi nn tch phn ng
loi mt c cc tnh cht ging nh tch phn xc nh.
3.1.2. Cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi mt
nh l 3.1. Gi s cung
AB trn cho bi phng trnh:

b x a x y y = ), (
v hm s f(x,y) lin tc trn cung
AB . Khi :

2
( , ) ( , ( )) 1 ' ( )
b
a
AB
f x y ds f x y x y x dx = +

(3.6)
Chng minh: Thc hin php chia cung
AB bi cc im n i y x A
i i i
, 1 ), , ( = nh nh
ngha trnh by. Gi ) , 1 ( ,
1 1
n i y y y x x x
i i i i i i
= = =

(xem H.3.1). Vi
i i
y x , kh
b th:

i
i
i
i i i
x
x
y
y x s
+ = + . ) ( 1
2 2 2

Theo cng thc Lagrange, ta c
i
i i i 1 i
i
y
y'( ), (x , x ), i 1,..., n
x

= =

Suy ra ) , ( , ) ( 1
1
2
/
i i i i i i
x x x y s

+
Sau khi thc hin php chia cung
AB , ta chn
1
( , ( )) , 1,
i i i i i
M y A A i n

=

62
Vy tng tch phn tng ng s l:

i
n
i
i i i
n
i
i i i n
x y y f s y f I + =

= = 1
2
1
) ( ' 1 )) ( , ( )) ( , (
Cho n sao cho 0 max
i
x hay 0 max
i
s th do s tn ti ca tch phn ng
loi mt nn v tri dn n
( , )
AB
f x y ds
, cn v phi chnh l tch phn xc nh ca hm s

) ( ' 1 )) ( , (
2
x y x y x f + trn [a,b] ngha l ta nhn c cng thc (3.6).
Nu cung
AB cho bi phng trnh tham s:

1 2
x x(t)
, t t t
y y(t)
=

th ) ( ' ) ( '
) ( '
1
) ( ' 1 , ) ( ' ,
) ( '
) ( '
) ( '
2 2 2
t y t x
t x
x y dt t x dx
t x
t y
x y + = + = =
V b a v
2 1
t t nn cng thc (3.6) tr thnh :

2
1
2 2
( , ) [ ( ), ( )] ' ( ) ' ( )
t
t
AB
f x y ds f x t y t x t y t dt = +

(3.7)
c bit khi
AB cho trong to cc
2 1
), ( = r r .
Ta c th coi rng
AB cho di dng tham s:

2 1
sin ) (
cos ) (

=
=
r y
r x

Khi ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2
r r y x + = + . Suy ra (3.6) c dng:

[ ]
2
1
2 2
AB
f (x, y)ds f r( ) cos , r( ) sin r ( ) r ( )d
= +

(3.8)
Tng qut cung
3
AB cho bi phng trnh tham s
2 1
) (
) (
) (
t t t
t z z
t y y
t x x

=
=
=

v nu f(x,y,z) kh tch trn cung th:

2
1
2 2 2
( , , ) ( ( ), ( ), ( )) ( ) ( ) ( ) = + +

t
t
AB
f x y z ds f x t y t z t x t y t z t dt S (3.9)
V d 1: Tnh
+
C
ds y x ) ( , C l bin tam gic vi cc nh O (0,0), A (1,0), B (0,1).
Gii: ng C cho bi H (3.2)

63

Theo tnh cht ca tch phn ta c:

C
OA AB BO
= + +

on OA c phng trnh y = 0, 1 0 x

2
1
2
1
0 1 ) (
1
0
2
1
0
= = + = +

x dx x ds y x
OA

on AB c phng trnh: 1 0 , 1 = x x y
2 1 1 1 ) (
1
0
= + = +

dx ds y x
AB

on BO c phng trnh: 1 0 , 0 = y x

2
1
2
1
0 1 ) (
1
0
2
1
0
= = + = +

y dy y ds y x
BO

(S dng cng thc (3.6) trong thay i vai tr cc bin x v y cho nhau)
C
(x y)ds 1 2. + = +

V d 2: Tnh ds y x I
L
+ =
2 2
, L l ng trn
2 2
x y 2x. + =
Gii: ng trn L cho bi H 3.3.

1 2
y
x 0
L
H.3.3


64
Trong to cc phng trnh ng L c dng
2 2
, cos 2

= r . Theo cng thc

(3.8) th:

2 2
2 2
2
0
0
2
I 2cos 4cos 4sin d 8 cos d 8sin 8.

= + = = =

Bn c c th gii v d 2 bng cch vit phng trnh ng trn x y x 2
2 2
= + di dng
tham s:
x 1 cos t
t .
y sin t
= +

3.2. Tch phn ng loi hai
3.2.1. Bi ton m u: Tnh cng ca lc bin i
Bi ton: Mt cht im M di chuyn dc theo mt cung phng
AB t im A n im B
di tc dng ca lc
( ) ( ) ( ) ( , ), F M P M i Q M j P Q M AB = + =

. Hy tnh cng W ca lc
sinh ra.
Cch tnh: Chia cung
AB lm n cung nh bi cc im chia
n
A A A ,..., ,
1 0
. Gi
i
s l
di cung
1 i i
A A
v cc thnh phn ca vc t
i i
A A
1
l n i y x
i i
, 1 ; , = (H 3.4)
i
A
1 i
A
A
B
a b
i
M
x
y
0
i
x
i
y
H.3.4

Ly tu
1
( , )

i i i i i
M x y A A . Nu cung
1 i i
A A
kh nh c th coi n xp x dy cung
i i
A A
1
v ) (M F khng i (c chiu v ln) trn cung . V th c th coi rng cng ca lc
sinh ra khi cht im di chuyn t A
i-1
n A
i
theo cung
1 i i
A A
s xp x bng
i i i i i i i
y M Q x M P A A M F + =
) ( ) ( ). (
1

Suy ra cng W ca lc sinh ra s xp x l:

65

i i i i i i
y y x Q x y x P +
=
) , ( ) , ( W
n
1 i

Nh vy gii hn ca tng trn khi n sao cho 0 max
i
s chnh l cng ca lc:

=

+ =
n
i
i i i i i i
s
y y x Q x y x P
i
1
0 max
) , ( ) , ( lim W
tng tnh cng ca lc dn n khi nim tch phn ng loi hai.
3.2.2. nh ngha
Cho hai hm s P(x,y), Q(x,y) xc nh trn cung L (hay cung
AB )
* Chia cung L thnh n cung nh bi cc im chia: B A A A A A
n i i

,..., , ,... , A
1 1 0

Gi ta ca vect
i i
A A
1
l
i i
y x , v di cung
1 i i
A A
l n i s
i
, 1 , = .
* Ly tu
1
( , ) , 1,
i i i i i
M x y A A i n
= .
* Lp tng
=
+ =
n
i
i i i i n
y M Q x M P I
1
) ( ) ( , gi l tng tch phn ng loi hai ca
hm s ) , ( ), , ( y x Q y x P dc theo L i t A n B ng vi mt phn hoch ca L v mt cch
chn
1 i i i
M A A
.
* Khi n sao cho 0 max
i
s hay 0 max
i
x v 0 max
i
y m
n
I hi t v
s I khng ph thuc cch chia cung L v cch chn tu
1 i i i
M A A
th s I gi l tch phn
ng loi hai ca cc hm P(x,y),Q(x,y) dc theo cung
AB i t A n B v k hiu l
( , ) ( , )
AB
P x y dx Q x y dy +
.
* Nh vy
0
1
0
( , ) ( , ) lim ( , ) ( , )
i
i
n
i i i i i i
x
i
AB
y
P x y dx Q x y dy P x y x Q x y y

=

+ = +
(3.10)
Ch :
a. Khc vi tch phn ng loi mt, tch phn ng loi hai, hng ly tch phn ca
L l quan trng. Nu ta dc theo cung
AB i t B n A th cc vect
1 i i
A A
i hng, tc l
cc thnh phn ca vect l ) , 1 ( , , n i y x
i i
= . Vy tng tch phn s i du, suy ra:

( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
AB BA
P x y dx Q x y dy P x y dx Q x y dy + = +

(3.11)
b. Cng sinh ra do lc F P(x, y)i Q(x, y) j = +

cht im dch chuyn t A n B theo
cung
AB s l:
W P(x,y)dx ( , )
AB
Q x y dy = +
(3.12)

66
c. Nu
AB l ng cong trong khng gian c ba hm s P(x,y,z),Q(x,y,z),R(x,y,z) xc nh

trn cung
AB th tch phn ng loi hai ca ba hm s cng c k hiu l:
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) + +
AB
P x y z dx Q x y z dy R x y z dz (3.13)
d. Cho L l ng cong phng (nm trn mt phng 0xy) v kn. Ngi ta qui c gi
hng dng ca ng cong L l hng sao cho mt ngi i dc L theo hng th thy
min gii hn bi L gn mnh nht bn tri. Tch phn ly theo hng dng thng k hiu l
:

+
+
L
dy y x Q dx y x P ) , ( ) , (
Cn tch phn ly theo hng ngc li s dng du
L

e. Tng t tch phn ng loi mt, ngi ta cng chng minh v s tn ti tch phn
ng loi hai: Nu cung
AB trn hoc trn tng khc v cc hm P(x,y), Q(x,y) lin tc trn

cung th tn ti tch phn ng loi hai ca hai hm P(x,y), Q(x,y) ly theo cung
. AB
f. Tch phn ng loi hai cng c cc tnh cht tng t nh tch phn xc nh.
3.2.2. Cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi hai.
nh l 3.2. Gi s hai hm s P(x,y), Q(x,y) lin tc trn cung
AB trn cho bi phng

trnh tham s:
=
=
) (
) (
t y y
t x x

im A ng vi gi tr tham s
A
t t = , B ng vi gi tr tham s
B
t . Khi :

( , ) ( , ) [ ( ( ), ( )) '( ) ( ( ), ( )) '( )] + = +

B
A
t
t
AB
P x y dx Q x y dy P x t y t x t Q x t y t y t dt (3.14)
Chng minh: Ta thc hin php chia cung
AB nh trnh by trong phn nh ngha.

Khi on [ ]
B A
t t , tng ng c chia thnh n on bi cc s t
i
tng ng vi cc im
n i A
i
, 1 , =
n B A
t t t t ,
0
v theo nh l Lagrange ta c:

i i i i i
i i i i i
t t y t y t y y
t t x t x t x x
= =
= =
) ( ' ) ( ) (
) ( ' ) ( ) (
* *
1
*
1

trong
* * *
,
i i
t t l im nm trong khong
1 1
), , (

=
i i i i i
t t t t t . lp tng tch phn
=

n
i
i i i
x y x P
1
) , ( , ta chn cc im
1
( , )
i i i i i
M x y A A
, sao cho ) ( ), (
* *
i i i i
t y y t x x = = . Khi
* * *
max 0
1
( , ) lim ( ( ), ( )) '( )
i
n
i i i i
t
i
AB
P x y dx P x t y t x t t

=
=


67
V iu kin tn ti tch phn tho mn nn vi cch chn
i
M nh trn ta c:

A
( , ) ( ( ), ( )) '( )
B
t
t
AB
P x y dx P x t y t x t dt =

(3.15)
L lun tng t ta c:
( , ) ( ( ), ( )) '( )
B
A
t
t
AB
Q x y dy Q x t y t y t dt =

(3.16)
Vy cui cng ta nhn c cng thc (3.14).
Trng hp ng cong
AB trong khng gian 0xyz cho bi phng trnh tham s:

=
=
=
) (
) (
) (
t z z
t y y
t x x

Cc im A,B tng ng vi cc tham s
B A
t t , kh chng minh hon ton tng t, ta
c: :
/ / /
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) ( ( ), ( ), ( )) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
B
A
t
t
AB
P x y z dx Q x y z dy R x y z dz P x t y t z t x t Q y t R z t dt

+ + = + +

(3.17)
Khi cung
AB phng cho bi phng trnh dng tng minh y=y(x), A,B c honh tng
ng l a, b th theo cng thc (3.14) , coi x l tham s, ta nhn c:
[ ]
( , ) ( , ) ( , ( )) ( , ( )) '( )
b
a
AB
P x y dx Q x y dy P x y x Q x y x y x dx + = +

(3.18)
hoc nu
AB cho bi phng trnh x=x(y) , A,B c tung tng ng l c,d th
[ ]
( , ) ( , ) ( ( ), ) '( ) ( ( ), )
d
c
AB
P x y dx Q x y dy P x y y x y Q x y y dy + = +

(3.19)
V d 3: Tnh cng sinh bi lc j x i y F + = sinh ra dc theo ellipse 1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
v theo
hng dng ca n.
Gii: Phng trnh tham s ca ng ellipse cho l:
2 0
sin
cos

=
=
t
t b y
t a x

t tng t 0 n 2 ng vi hng dng ca ng ellipse. Do cng sinh bi lc F s
l:

68

2
0 L
2
0
A xdy ydx (a cos t.bcost bsin t.a sin t)dt
ab dt 2 ab.
+
= = +
= =

V d 4: Tnh
+ + =
L
dy y x dx x xy I ) ( ) 2 (
2 2
trong L l cung ca parabn
2
1 x y =
i t im A(0,+1) n im B(-1,0).
Gii: xdx dy x y 2 1
2
= =

1
2 2 2 4
0
I 2x(1 x ) x (x 1 2x x )( 2x) dx
= + + +

1
5 3 2
0
7
( 2x 2x 3x )dx .
6
= + =

3.3. Cng thc Grin (Green)
Gi s D l min lin thng, b chn c bin l L gm mt hay nhiu ng cong kn trn
hoc trn tng khc. Sau y ta s a ra cng thc lin h gia tch phn ng loi hai dc theo
L v tch phn bi hai trn min D c tnh cht nu ra.
nh l 3.3. Cho cc hm s P(x,y), Q(x,y) lin tc cng cc o hm ring cp mt trong
min D c bin l ng L, khi :

+
+ =
L D
Qdy Pdx dxdy
y
P
x
Q
) ( (3.20)
) (
2
x y
) (
1
x y

Chng minh:
a. Trc ht xt min D n lin v n gin theo ngha n c m t bi h bt phng
trnh: (Xem H.3.5)

) ( ) (
2 1
x y y x y
b x a

hoc

) ( ) (
2 1
y x x y x
d y c


69

L AB BC CA =

AC c phng trnh : b x a x y y = ), (
1

BC c phng trnh ) ( ) ( ,
2 1
b y y b y b x =

AB c phng trnh b x a x y y = ), (
2

Theo cng thc tnh tch phn kp ta c:

=
=
b
a
b
a
b
a
x y
x y
b
a D
dx x y x P dx x y x P
dx
x y
x y
y x P dy
y
P
dx dxdy
y
P
)) ( , ( )) ( , (
) (
) (
) , (
1 2
1
2
) (
) (
2
1

Theo cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi hai (3.18) v ch a. ta c:

2 1
( , ( )) ( , ) , ( , ( )) ( , )
b b
a a
AB AC
P x y x dx P x y dx P x y x dx P x y dx = =

,suy ra

( , ) ( , )
D
AB CA
P
dxdy P x y dx P x y dx
y
= +

Mt khc
( , ) 0
BC
P x y dx =
BC c phng trnh x=b nn dx=0. Vy

( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
D L
AB BC CA
P
dxdy P x y dx P x y dx P x y dx P x y dx
y
= + + =

Tng t ta c:

=
L D
dy y x Q dxdy
x
Q
) , (
T cc kt qu ny suy ra cng thc Green (3.20)
b. Xt D l min n lin bt k (H.3.6). Ta lun c th phn hoch min D thnh hu hn
cc min n gin, chng hn c th chia D thnh 3 min c chung bin l on AB v BC. Theo
tnh cht ca tch phn bi hai v kt qu chng mnh phn trn, ta c
y
x
0
A
b
H.3.6
2
D
3
D
1
D
m
p
n
B
C


70

+ + =
3 2 1
) (
D D D D
dxdy
y
P
x
Q

1
2
3
( )
( )
( )
D
AB BC CmA
D
CB BpC
D
BA AnB
Q P
dxdy Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy
x y
Q P
dxdy Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy
x y
Q P
dxdy Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy
x y

= + + + + +

= + + +

= + + +

Cng cc v vi cc h thc trn v n ch a. ca tch phn ng loi hai, ta nhn
c c cng thc Green (3.20).
c. Trng hp D l min a lin, chng hn D l min nh lin (H.2.7), bin L gm hai
ng L
1
v L
2
ri nhau. Ta c th chia min D thnh 4 min nh. p dng cng thc Green cho
c 4 min v s dng ch a, ta cng nhn c cng thc (3.20). Trong trng hp ny cn lu
: Tch phn dc theo L
1
c hng ngc chiu kim ng h, cn tch phn dc theo L
2
c hng
thun chiu kim ng h. Nh vy tch phn
+
+
L
Qdy Pdx ng l ly theo hng dng ca
bin L nh qui c ch d.
y
x
0
H.3.7
1
L 2
L

Ch : Cng thc Green (3.20) cho ta cng thc tnh din tch min phng D nh vo tch
phn ng loi hai nh sau:
Ly trong (3.20) cc hm y y x P = ) , ( v x y x Q = ) , ( th 1 , 1 =
x
Q
y
P

Suy ra:
+
=
L
ydx xdy S
2
1
trong S l din tch min D. (3.21)

V d 5: Tnh din tch ellipse vi cc bn trc a,b.
Gii: C th coi ellipse c phng trnh 1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
hay dng tham s
t a x cos = , 2 0 , sin = t t b y .

71
p dng (3.21) c ab dt t ab t ab ydx xdy S
L
= + = =

+
2
0
2 2
) sin cos (
2
1
2
1

V d 6: Tnh
+ + + + =
L
y
dy e y xy x dx y xarctgx I ) 2 ( ) (
3
2 2

L l bin na hnh trn cho bi bt phng trnh 0 , 2
2 2
+ x y y x .

Gii: ng L cho trn hnh H.3.8 l bin ca na hnh trn bn knh l 1. t:

1 2 2
2
3
2
2
+ =
+ + =
=
+ =
y
x
Q
e y yx x Q
y
y
P
y xarctgx P
y

Vy:
2
) (

= =
=

D D
dxdy dxdy
y
P
x
Q
I (na din tch hnh trn bn knh l 1).
V d 7: Tnh

+ + + + =
C
y
dy e y yx x dx y xarctgx J ) 2 ( ) (
3
2 2
vi C l na ng trn
bn phi i t gc to n A(0,2): 0 , 2
2 2
= + x y y x .
Gii: Gi L l ng cong gm na ng trn C v on OA. R rng :

3
2 2
( ) ( 2 )
y
AO
I J xarctgx y dx x yx y e dy
= + + + + +

trong I l tch phn ca v d 6.
on thng AO c phng trnh x 0, 0 y 2 dx 0 = = .
p dng cng thc tnh tch phn ng (3.19) ta c:

3 3 3
3
0 0
2 2 2 3
2 2
8
1
( ) ( 2 ) ( )
3
0
1 1 1
( 1).
2 3 3

+ + + + = =
= =

y y y
AO
y
xarctgx y dx x yx y e dy y e dy e d y
e
e

Cui cng
8
1 1
J (1 ).
2 3 e
= +

72
Ch : Trong v d 7 ta thm mt ng thng thch hp p dng cng thc Green,
ng nhin sau phi bt i tch phn ly dc theo on thng (hay cng vi tch phn ly
theo hng ngc li). Nhiu bi ton phi lm nh vy bi v nu tnh trc tip s rt kh khn.
3.4. nh l bn mnh tng ng
Xut pht t cng thc Green (3.20), sau y ta s nhn c cc iu kin biu thc
P(x, y)dx Q(x, y)dy + l vi phn ton phn ca hm u(x,y) no ; tch phn ng ca mt
biu thc khng ph thuc vo dng ng cong ly tch phn. Trong cc trng hp ny, min
lin thng D phi l n lin (bin c duy nht mt ng cong kn).
nh l 3.4: Gi s cc hm P(x,y), Q(x,y) lin tc cng vi cc o hm ring cp mt ca
chng trong min n lin D. Khi bn mnh sau y tng ng vi nhau:
(1). D y x
x
Q
y
P

) , ( ,
(2). 0 = +
L
Qdy Pdx , L l ng cong kn bt k nm trong min D.
(3).
AB
Pdx Qdy +
, trong cung
AB nm trong min D, ch ph thuc vo 2 im A,B

m khng ph thuc dng cung
AB .
(4). Biu thc Qdy Pdx + l vi phn ton phn ca hm u(x,y) no trn min D.
Chng minh: nh l c chng minh theo s sau: ) 1 ( ) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (

: ) 2 ( ) 1 ( Gi D
1
l min gii hn bi L, D L suy ra D D
1
. p dng cng thc
Green (3.20) cho min D
1
ta c:

1 1
D D L
Q P
Pdx Qdy ( )dxdy 0dxdy 0
x y
+

+ = = =

Suy ra D L Qdy dx P
L
= +
, 0
: ) 3 ( ) 2 ( Ly D B D A , v

, AmB D AnB D (dng ca cc cung l tu . H.3.9)
Suy ra ng cong kn
AmBnA D . Theo (2) ta c:
0
AmBnA
Pdx Qdy + =

hay :

0
AmB BnA
Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy + + + =

Suy ra :

. + = +

AmB AnB
Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy
Chng t cc tch phn khng ph thuc vo dng cung
AB .
: ) 4 ( ) 3 ( Ta s xy dng hm u(x,y) di y sao cho: Qdy Pdx y x du + = ) , (

73
1
M
) , (
0 0
y x A

Ly A(x
0
,y
0
) c nh thuc D v im M(x,y) chy trong min D (H.3.10).
Xt hm s

( , )
AM
u x y Pdx Qdy C = + +
vi
, AM D C l hng s tu . (3.22)
R rng hm s ny ph thuc vo im M(x,y) ch khng ph thuc dng cung
AM v
C y x u = ) , (
0 0
. Ta s chng minh ) , ( y x P
x
u
=
. Tht vy, theo nh ngha o hm ring ti

(x,y) ta c

1
0 0
( , ) ( , ) 1
lim lim ( )
h h
AM AM
u u x h y u x y
Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy
x h h
+
= = + +

trong M
1
v M cng c tung l y, cn honh ca M
1
l x+h vi h b
D M
1
.
Theo (3) c th ly
1
AM gm cung
AM v on thng nm ngang MM
1
. Vy

1
0
1
lim
h
MM
u
Pdx Qdy
x h
= +

on MM
1
vung gc vi trc Oy v hng i t M(x,y) n M
1
(x+h,y), suy ra dy=0
Vy:
h x
x
h
dx y x P
h x
u
) , (
1
lim
0

Theo nh l v gi tr trung bnh ca tch phn xc nh th:
h y x P dx y x P
h x
x
) , ( ) , (
*
=
+

trong 1 0 , .
*
< < + = h x x , t ta c:
) , ( lim
*
0
y x P
x
u
h
=


74
Do tnh lin tc ca hm P(x,y) vy ) , ( y x P
x
u
=
.
Tng t ta chng minh c ). , ( y x Q
y
u
=
Vy tn ti hm u(x,y) cho bi (3.22) c

du = P(x,y)dx+Q(x,y)dy
: ) 1 ( ) 4 ( ) , ( y x u du = Pdx+Qdy hay Q
y
u
P
x
u
=
, . Suy ra:

x
Q
x y
u
y
P
y x
u
2 2
,
Do cc o hm ring ca P,Q lin tc trn min D nn cc o hm hn hp
y x
u

2
v
x y
u

2
cng lin tc trn D. Theo nh l Schwarz, ta c
x y
u
y x
u

2 2
hay l:
D y x
x
Q
y
P

) , ( ,
H qu 1: Nu Qdy Pdx y x du + = ) , ( trong min D th :

( ) ( )
AB
Pdx Qdy u B u A + =
(3.23)
Chng minh:

( , )
AB AB
Pdx Qdy du x y + =

Gi s
AB cho bi phng trnh y=y(x) v A(x

A
,y
A
),B(x
B
,y
B
) r rng y
A
=y(x
A
),y
B
=y(x
B
).
Chuyn tch phn ng v tch phn xc nh theo cng thc (3.18), ta c:

( , ) ( , ( )) ( , ( )) ( ) ( )
B
A
x
B
A
x
AB
x
du x y du x y x u x y x u B u A
x
= = =

H qu 2: Nu Qdy Pdx + l vi phn ton phn ca hm u(x,y) trn ton mt phng R
2
th
hm u(x,y) cho bi cng thc:
C dy y x Q dx y x P y x u
y
y
x
x
+ + =

0 0
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
0
(3.24)
hoc
y
y
x
x
+ + =

0 0
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
0
(3.25)
trong
2 2
0 0
) , ( , ) , ( R y x M R y x A

75
x
0
x
y
0
y

Chng minh: Lp hm s u(x,y) theo cng thc (3.22). V tch phn khng ph thuc dng
AM v th c th chn
AM l ng gp khc ANM hoc ALM (H.3.11)

on AL song song vi trc 0y nn dc theo n dx=0.
on LM song song vi trc 0x nn dc theo n dy=0.

( , )
( , ) ( , )
AM AL LM
AL LM
u x y Pdx Qdy C Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy C
Q x y dy P x y dy C
= + + = + + + +
= + +

p dng cng thc (3.18) c:
C dx y x P dy y x Q y x u
x
x
y
y
+ + =

0 0
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
0

Tng t, ly tch phn theo ng ANM s nhn c cng thc (3.25)
Ch :
a. Cc hm u(x,y) nu tn ti s sai khc nhau hng s cng C.
b. Thng thng ly ) 0 , 0 ( ) , (
0 0
= y x th tnh tch phn (3.24) hoc (3.25) s n gin hn.
V d 8: Chng minh biu thc:
dy y x y dx xy x ) 3 2 ( ) 3 2 (
2 2 2 2
+ + +
l vi phn ton phn ca hm u(x,y) trn R
2
v hy tm hm .

Gii: t:

2 2 2
2 2
) , ( , 4 3 2 ) , (
4 3 2 ) , (
R y x
y
P
xy
x
Q
y x y y x Q
xy
y
P
xy x y x P

= =
+ =
=
+ =

Vy c hm s u(x,y) du=Pdx+Qdy.
Ta c:

76

C y x y x y x
C dy y dx xy x
C dy y Q dx y x P y x u
y x
y x
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
+ + =

) ( 3 ) (
3
1

) 3 ( ) 3 2 (
) , 0 ( ) , ( ) , (
2 2 3 3
0
2
0
2 2
0 0

V d 9: Tnh
2 2
, (1,1), (2, 4)
AB
xdy ydx
I A B
x y
=
+

a. Cung
AB cho bi phng trnh: 2 1 ,

2
= x x y ,
b. Cung
AB bt k to vi on AB thnh ng cong kn khng bao gc to .

c. Cung
AB bt k to vi on AB thnh ng cong kn bao gc to

Gii: t
) 0 , 0 ( ) , ( ,
) (
) (
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2

=
+
+
=
+
+
=
y x
y
P
y x
x y
x
Q
y x
x
Q
y x
x y
y
P
y x
y
P

a. xdx dy x y 2
2
= = ,(cung AnB)
4
2
1
2
1
2 2
2
1
2
2
1
4 2
2 2
= =
+
=
+
=

arctg arctgx dx
x
dx
dx
x x
x x
I
b. V cc hm P, Q tho mn nh l 4 mnh tng ng trn bt k mt min n lin
khng cha gc to ,do tch phn cho khng ph thuc vo dng cung
AB ,sao cho cung

to vi on AB mt ng cong kn khng bao gc to (H.3.12). Vy I arctg2 .
4
=
c. Khi cung
AB to vi on AB mt ng cong kn bao gc to th khng th p

dng nh l 4 mnh tng ng c na do P,Q khng lin tc trong min n lin cha

77
gc to . Trc ht, t cng thc Green suy ra: Tch phn khng ph thuc dng cung
AB ,
min l cung to vi on AB thnh ng cong kn bao gc to . By gi ta v ng trn
C tm gc to , bn knh b r. Xt min lin thng nh lin D c bin l C v ng cong
kn. Theo cng thc Green ta c:

0 ( )
D C AnB BmA
Q P
dxdy Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy
x y

= = + + + + +

Suy ra:

2
4
C AmB
Pdx Qdy arctg Pdx Qdy
+
+ = +

C cho bi phng trnh tham s:

=
=
sin
cos
r y
r x
, 2 0

2
sin cos
2
0
2
2 2 2 2
=
+
= +

+
d
r
r r
Qdy Pdx
C

Vy
9
2 .
4
= + =
AmB
I Pdx Qdy arctg

3.5. Tch phn mt loi mt
3.5.1. nh ngha
Cho hm s ) , , ( ) ( z y x f M f = xc nh trn mt cong S.
* Chia mt cong S thnh n mnh khng dm ln nhau, gi tn v din tch ca mnh th i l
n i S
i
, 1 , = v k hiu ng knh ca mnh th i l
i
d , i 1, n. =

* Ly tu n i S z y x M
i i i i i
, 1 , ) , , ( =

* Lp tng
=
=
n
i
i i n
S M f I
1
) ( gi l tng tch phn mt loi mt ng vi mt cch chia
mt cong S v mt cch chn n i S M
i i
, 1 , =

Nu khi n sao cho 0 max
i
d m
n
I hi t v s I khng ph thuc cch chia mt
cong S v cch ly im n i S M
i i
, 1 , = th s I gi l tch phn mt loi mt ca f(M) trn mt
cong S k hiu
S
dS z y x f ) , , ( .
Nh vy
=
n
i
i i i i
d
S
S z y x f dS z y x f
i
1
0 max
) , , ( lim ) , , ( (3.26)

78
Ch :
a. T nh ngha ta thy cng thc tnh din tch mt cong S nh vo tch phn mt loi
mt:
=
S
dS S (3.27)
b. Nu S l mt cong vt cht c hm mt khi lng l ) , , ( z y x th khi lng ca
mt cong vt cht s l:

=
S
dS z y x m ) , , ( (3.28)
c. Ngi ta chng minh c rng: Nu mt cong S trn (mt cong S c php tuyn bin
thin lin tc) hoc l trn tng mnh (chia S thnh hu hn cc mt cong trn) v hm s
) , , ( z y x f lin tc hoc lin tc tng mnh trn mt cong S th tn ti tch phn mt loi mt ca
hm s trn S.
d. Tng t, tch phn mt loi mt c cc tnh cht ging nh tch phn kp.
3.5.2. Cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi mt
nh l 3.5: Gi s hm s f(x,y,z) lin tc trn mt cong S trn cho bi phng trnh
D y x y x z z = ) , ( ), , ( . Khi :
dxdy y x z y x z y x z y x f dS z y x f
y x
D S
) , ( ' ) , ( ' 1 ) ) , ( , , ( ) , , (
2 2
+ + =

(3.29)
Chng minh: Trc ht, ta tha nhn cc kt qu sau:
Nu mt cong S cho bi phng trnh 0 ) , , ( = z y x F th cc csin ch phng ca vct
php tuyn ti M(x,y,z) c tnh theo cng thc:

2 2 2
'
2 2 2
'
2 2 2
'
' ' '
cos
' ' '
cos ,
' ' '
cos
z y x
z
z y x
y
z y x
x
F F F
F
F F F
F
F F F
F
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +
=

(3.30)
Trong cng thc (3.30), , , l gc lp bi vct php tuyn ca mt cong S ti
M(x,y,z) vi cc trc to 0x,0y,0z (H.3.13)

79

Do nu mt cong S cho bi phng trnh D y x y x z z = ) , ( ), , ( th cc csin ch
phng ca vct php tuyn s l:
2 2 2 2
'
2 2
'
' ' 1
1
cos ,
' ' 1
cos ,
' ' 1
cos
y x y x
y
y x
x
z z z z
z
z z
z
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +
= (3.31)
Khi vct php tuyn n xc nh th gc , , xc nh v nh vy trong cc cng thc
trn ch c du + hoc du -. By gi ta chia S thnh n mnh nh n i S
i
, 1 , = , tng ng nhn
c n hnh chiu cc mnh trn mt phng 0xy l n i D
i
, 1 , = . Ngha l ta gin tip chia
min D, hnh chiu ca mt cong S trn mt 0xy, lm n phn
i
D (H.3.14).

i
M
) (
i
M n

i
D
i
S


80
Ly tu
i i i i i
S z y x M ) , , ( v dng tip din ) (
i i
M T ca mt S ti M
i
(mt phng
vung gc vi php tuyn n ti M
i
hay l mt phng tip xc vi mt S ti M
i
).
Gi
i
T l mnh ca tip din c hnh chiu trn 0xy trng vi mnh
i
D . Vi ng knh
ca
i
S kh nh th din tch mnh
i
T xp x din tch mnh
i
S v r rng
i
i
i
D
S
cos
,
theo cng thc (3.31) nhn c:

= =
+ + =
n
i
i y x i i i
n
i
i i n
D z z z y x f S M f I
1
2 2
1
. ' ' 1 ) , , ( ) (
V phi chnh l tng tch phn kp ly trn min D ca hm s:

2 2
' ' 1 )) , ( , , (
y x
z z y x z y x f + +
Vy cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi mt khi mt cong S cho di dng hin
D y x y x z z = ) , ( ), , ( c cho bi cng thc (3.29).
Ch :
a. Nu mt cong S cho bi phng trnh ) , ( x z y y = hoc ) , ( z y x x = th ta phi chiu S ln
mt phng 0zx hoc 0yz tm min tnh tch phn kp tng ng.
b. Nu mt cong kn, ta phi chia thnh hu hn cc phn tho mn nh l trn, sau p
dng cng thc (3.29).
V d 10 : Tnh din tch phn pha trn mt cu
2 2 2 2
4a z y x = + + nm trong hnh tr
0 , 2
2 2
> + a ay y x .
Gii : Xem H.3.15


81
Do tnh i xng, ta ch cn tnh din tch mt phn hai ca phn mt cu trn.. Phn mt
cu trn c phng trnh :
2 2 2
4 y x a z = .
Hnh chiu trn mt 0xy l na hnh trn D c bt phng trnh :

2 2 2
( ) , 0 x y a a x +
Vy

+ + = =
D
y x
S
dxdy z z dS S
2 2
' ' 1 2

2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
4
' ,
4
'
y x a
y
z
y x a
x
z
y x

=

=

=
D
dxdy
y x a
a
S
2 2 2
4
2
2
Chuyn sang to cc ta c :

2asin 2asin
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
2 2
2 2
0 0
2 2
rdr d( r )
S 4a d 2a d
4a r 4a r
2a sin
4a 4a r d 4a (2a-2a cos )d
0
2
8a ( sin ) 8a ( 1).
2 2
0

= =

= =

= =

3.6. Tch phn mt loi hai
3.6.1. Mt nh hng
Mt cong S trn gi l nh hng c nu vct php tuyn n v ) (M n hon ton xc
nh ti mi S M (c th tr bin ca S) v bin i lin tc khi M chy trn S. Tp hp
S M M n ), ( ca mt cong c nh hng xc nh pha dng ca mt cong, l pha m ngi
ta ng th ) (M n hng t chn ln u. V rng ) (M n cng l vct php tuyn nn mt
nh hng lun c hai pha.
Khi mt cong S khng kn nh hng c, ngi ta thng dng t pha trn v pha di
ch hng xc nh bi ) (M n . Pha trn ca mt S l pha m ) (M n lp vi trc 0z gc
nhn, cn pha di l pha m ) (M n lp vi trc 0z gc t.

82
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Pha trn
Pha di
Pha ngoi
Pha trong

Khi mt cong S kn nh hng c, ngi ta dng t pha trong v pha ngoi m t
hng xc nh. Pha ngoi l pha m ) (M n hng ra pha ngoi vt th V bao quanh bi mt
cong S, pha trong l pha ngc li. (H.3.16).
C mt cong khng nh hng c, chng hn mt cong sau y gi l l Mobius c
to nh sau : Ly ch nht ABCD vn cong hai u gn nhau sao cho A trng vi C v B trng
vi D (H.3.17). Xc nh mt vct ) (M n ti M no ca l Mobius v cho M di chuyn theo l
khng ct bin mt vng v li im ban u th ) (M n i hng. Chng t ) (M n khng bin
thin lin tc. Vy l Mobius l mt mt pha.

3.6.2. nh ngha
Cho mt cong S nh hng theo pha trn hoc pha di. Tc l vct php tuyn
) (M n lp vi trc 0z mt gc nhn (hoc gc t) v hm R(x,y,z) xc nh trn S.
Chia mt cong S thnh n mnh khng dm ln nhau n i S
i
, 1 , = . K hiu ng knh ca
mnh th i l n i d
i
, 1 , = . Gi
i
D l hnh chiu ca
i
S ln mt to 0xy km theo du xc

83
nh theo quy tc : S nh hng theo pha trn th
i
D c du dng, cn S nh hng theo
pha di th
i
D c du m, n i , 1 = .
Ly tu n i S z y x M
i i i i i
, 1 , ) , , ( =
Lp tng
=
=
n
i
i i i i n
D z y x R I
1
) , , ( gi l tng tch phn mt loi hai ca hm ) , , ( z y x R ly
trn mt cong S nh hng ng vi mt cch chia v mt cch chn n i S M
i i
, 1 , = .
Nu khi n sao cho 0 max
i
d m
n
I hi t v s I khng ph thuc cch chia S v
cch chn
i i
S M th s I gi l tch phn mt loi hai ca biu thc dxdy z y x R ) , , ( trn mt
cong S nh hng v k hiu :
dxdy z y x R I
S
= ) , , ( (3.32)
Tng t, nu chiu ln cc mt phng 0yz v 0zx v thm cc hm P(x,y,z), Q(x,y,z) xc
nh trn S th ta gi :
dxdy z y x R dzdx z y x Q dydz z y x P I
S
) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , ( + + =
(3.33)
l tch phn mt loi hai ca cc hm P, Q, R, chnh xc hn l ca biu thc
Pdydz+Qdzdx+Rdxdy ly trn mt cong S nh hng.
Ch :
a. Theo nh ngha, nu i hng (pha ngc li ca S) th tch phn mt loi hai s i
du.
b. Cng thc (3.33) m t thng lng ca trng vct

+ + = k R j Q i P F qua
mt cong S nh hng.
Rdxdy Qdzdx Pdydz
S
+ + =

(3.34)

n
) (M V
M


84
thy r ngha thc t ca tch phn mt loi hai v t thng lng ta xt bi ton
sau y : Gi s c mt dng cht lng chy trong min
3
R V v trong min V c mt mt
cong S nh hng vi vct php tuyn S M M n ), ( . Gi s tc ca dng cht lng l
) (M v (H.3.18). Hy tnh lng cht lng chy qua S trong mt n v thi gian.
Trc ht ta tnh trong mt thi gian, lng cht lng chy qua yu t din tch dS ca mt
cong S. V mnh dS l rt b nn c th coi vct ) (M n v vct vn tc ) (M v l vct hng ti
mi im dS M . Vy lng cht lng chy qua dS s l (ct cht lng) dS n v d . . = .
Gi cc thnh phn ca v l
z y x
v v v ,
,
, cn cc thnh phn ca n l cos , cos , cos
th :

dxdy v dzdx v dydz v
dS v v v
z y
S
x
z
S
y x
+ + =
+ + =

) cos cos cos (
(3.35)
chnh l tch phn mt loi hai ca cc hm
z y x
v v v , , trn S nh hng.
Cng thc (3.35) m t mi lin h gia tch phn mt loi mt v loi hai.
Trong trng hp tng qut khi c trng vct ) , , ( R Q P F th thng lng ca n qua
mt cong S nh hng cho bi cng thc (3.34).
c. Ngi ta cng chng minh rng, nu mt S nh hng c, trn hoc trn tng mnh
v cc hm P,Q,R lin tc trn S th tch phn mt loi hai (3.33) tn ti.
d. Tch phn mt loi hai cng c cc tnh cht nh tch phn ng loi hai.
3.6.3. Cng thc tnh
nh l 3.6 : Gi s R(x,y,z) lin tc trn mt cong nh hng S trn cho bi phng
trnh D y x y x z z = ) , ( ), , ( .
Khi

=
D S
dxdy y x z y x R dzdy z y x R )) , ( , , ( ) , , ( (3.36)
Du + khi ly tch phn mt loi hai theo pha trn ca mt S.
Du khi ly tch phn mt loi hai theo pha di ca S.
Chng minh : T cng thc (3.35) v (3.29)

= =
S S S
dxdy
y x z y x R dS z y x R dxdy z y x R

cos
cos )) , ( , , ( . cos ) , , ( ) , , ( nu 0 cos
v
=
S
z y x R 0 ) , , ( nu 0 cos = .
Vy khi ly theo pha trn ca mt S tc l 0 cos th cos cos = . Do :

85
dxdy y x z y x R dxdy z y x R
D S

= )) , ( , , ( ) , , (
cn khi ly theo pha di ca mt S tc l 0 cos th cos cos = . Do :
dxdy y x z y x R dxdy z y x R
D S

= )) , ( , , ( ) , , (
Tng t ta c : dydz z y z y x P dxdy z y x P
yz
D S

= ) , ), , ( ( ) , , ( (3.37)
dzdx z x z y x Q dxdy z y x Q
zx
D S

= ) ), , ( , ( ) , , ( (3.38)
Trong D
yz
l hnh chiu ca S ln mt 0yz v mt S c phng trnh :
D z y z y x x = ) , ( ), , (
D
zx
l hnh chiu ca S ln mt 0zx v mt S c phng trnh :
D x z x z y y = ) , ( ), , ( .
Ch : Khi ly tch phn mt loi hai, phi c bit lu n vic nh hng ca mt S,
tc l hng ca ) (M n . Tu theo ) (M n lp vi cc trc to gc nhn hay t m xc nh du
cng hay tr trong cc cng thc (3.36), (3.37), (3.38).
V d 11 : Tm thng lng ca trng vct ) , 0 , (
2
x z F = qua pha trn ca mt
1 1 , 1 1 ,
2 2
+ = y x y x z .
Gii : Mt cong
2 2
y x z + = l paraboloid trn xoay .H.3.19 m t phn mt cong nm
gc phn tm th nht. Thng lng tnh theo cng cng thc (3.35).
dxdy x zdydz
S
2
+ =


86
x
y
z
1
1
2
D
H.3.19

S c nh hng ln trn nn
1 4 4
2
cos , 0 cos
2 2
+ +
=
y x
x
. Do mt cong S i
xng qua cc mt to 0yz,0zx nn 0 =
S
zdydz v

3
4
4 4
1
0
1
0
2 2 2
= = =

dy dx x dxdy x dxdy x
D S

(D l hnh vung
1 0
1 0

y
x
)
V d 12 : Tnh
=
S
zdxdy I vi S l pha ngoi ca mt cu
2 2 2 2
R z y x = + +
Gii : Mt cu cho bi H.3.20.
Chia mt cu thnh na trn
+
S v na di
S c phng trnh ln lt l :

2 2 2
y x R z = v
2 2 2
y x R z =
Chiu cc na mt cu ln 0xy ta c hnh trn :

=
+
0
:
2 2 2
z
R y x
D

87
R
R
-R
R
x
y
z
0
H.3.20
2 2 2
y x R z =
2 2 2
y x R z =

+
+ =
S S
zdxdy zdxdy I
Tch phn ly theo pha trn ca
+
S v tch phn ly theo pha di ca S .
T ng thc (3.36) ta c :

=
=
+
D S
D S
dxdy y x R zdxdy
dxdy y x R zdxdy
2 2 2
2 2 2

Vy
=
S
dxdy y x R I
2 2 2
2
Chuyn sang to cc ta c :

3
2
3
2 2
0
2 2
2
0
3
4
0
) (
3
2
2 . . 2 R
R
r R dr r r R d I
R
=
= =

3.7. Cng thc Stokes
Di y ta s c cng thc m rng cng thc Green, l mi lin h gia tch phn
ng loi hai trong khng gian vi tch phn mt loi hai.
nh l 3.7(Stokes) : Gi s mt cong S nh hng c, trn tng mnh c bin l
ng L trn tng khc. Nu cc hm s P,Q,R lin tc cng vi cc o hm ring cp mt ca
chng trn mt cong S th :
dxdy
y
P
x
Q
dzdx
x
R
z
P
dydz
z
Q
y
R
Rdz Qdy Pdx
S L

= + +

+
(3.39)
trong tch phn ng v tri ly theo hng dng quy c nh sau : i theo hng dng
ca L sao cho mt cong S pha tay tri, khi mt cong S c nh hng bi vct php
tuyn n hng t chn ln u (H.3.21).

88
Gi (3.39) l cng thc Stokes.
n

Ch :
a. Cng thc Green l trng hp ring ca cng thc Stokes ( khi thay
0 ) , , ( , 0 = = z y x R z vo (3.39) nhn c cng thc (3.20)).
b. Tnh tch phn ng loi hai khi
3
R L thng rt kh khn (ta mi ch a ra cng
thc tnh khi L cho bi phng trnh tham s, xem cng thc (3.17)). Do cng thc Stokes t
ra rt hiu lc khi m L l bin ca cc mt cong no m tch phn mt loi hai trn n c th
tnh d dng.
c. Xut pht t cng thc Stokes, ta nhn c nh l bn mnh tng ng xt trong
khng gian
3
R tng t nh nh l 3.4.
nh l 3.8: Gi s cc hm ( , , ), ( , , ), ( , , ) P x y z Q x y z R x y z lin tc cng vi cc o hm
ring cp mt ca chng trn min n lin V. Khi bn mnh sau y l tng ng vi
nhau:
(1). V z y x
y
P
x
Q
x
R
z
P
z
Q
y
R

) , , ( , , ,
(2). 0 = + +
L
Rdz Qdy Pdx , L l ng cong kn bt k nm trong min V.
(3).
AB
Pdx Qdy Rdz + +
, trong
AB V , ch ph thuc vo hai im A,B m khng

ph thuc dng cung
AB .
(4). Biu thc Rdz Qdy Pdx + + l vi phn ton phn ca hm u(x,y,z) no trn min
V. Trng hp min V l khng gian th hm u(x,y,z) c th tnh theo cng thc :

0 0 0
0 0
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , )
y x z
o
x y z
u x y z P x y z dx Q x y z dy R x y z dz C = + + +

(3.40)
trong C V z y x V z y x , ) , , ( , ) , , (
0 0 0
l hng s tu v:

( ) ( )
AB
Pdx Qdy Rdz u A u B + + =
(3.41)

89
trong
AB V .
V d 13: Tnh
+ + =
C
xdz zdy ydx I , vi C l ng trn, giao ca mt cu
2 2 2 2
R z y x = + + v mt phng 0 = + + z y x v hng ca L l ngc chiu kim ng h nu
nhn v pha 0 > z .

R
R
x
y
z
0
H.3.22
n
C

Gii : Mt phng 0 = + + z y x i qua tm mt cu. Vy giao tuyn l ng trn ln .
Xem hnh H.3.22. Ly hnh trn l mt cong S c bin l C. Cc csin ch phng ca n nh
hng theo hng ca C l
3
1
cos cos cos = = = (Xem cng thc (3.30)). t
x R z Q y P = = = , , , p dng cng thc Stokes v cng thc lin h gia tch phn mt loi hai v
loi mt theo cng thc (3.35), ta c :

2
S S
I dydz dzdx dxdy 3 dS 3R . = + + = =

3.8. Cng thc Gauss Ostrogradski
Di y ta c cng thc lin h gia tch phn bi ba v tch phn mt loi hai, gi l
cng thc Gauss Ostrogradski.
nh l 3.9 (Gauss Ostrogradski) : Gi s V l min gii ni trong R
3
c bin l mt S
trn tng mnh. Nu cc hm s P,Q,R lin tc cng vi cc o hm ring cp mt ca chng
trong min V th :

= + +
V S
dxdydz
z
R
y
Q
x
P
Rdxdy Qdzdx Pdydz (3.42)
trong mt ly tch phn nh hng ra pha ngoi min V.
Ch :

90
a. Nu trong cng thc (3.41) t z R y Q x P = = = , , th ta nhn c cng thc tnh th
tch vt th V nh vo tch phn mt loi hai :

+ + =
S
zdxdy ydzdx xdydz V
3
1

trong S c nh hng ra phi ngoi min V.
b. C th coi rng cng thc Gauss Ostrogradski l m rng cng thc Green t khng
gian hai chiu ra ba chiu. V th i khi tnh tch phn trn mt S khng kn, ta c th thm mt
cong no p dng cng thc Gauss Ostrogradski.
V d 14 : Tnh thng lng ca trng in t
3
.
r
r q
F = trong q l in tch t ti gc
to , k z j y i x r + + = ,
2 2 2
z y x r + + = qua pha ngoi mt cu :

2 2 2 2
R z y x = + +
Gii : t ) 0 , 0 , 0 ( ) , , ( , , ,
3 3 3
= = = z y x
r
z
q R
r
y
q Q
r
x
q P .
V th ta khng th p dng cng thc Gauss Ostrogradski
Ta c
+ + =
S
zdxdy ydzdx xdydz
r
q ) (
1
3
.
Do mt cu i xng qua gc to v biu thc di du tch phn i xng i vi x,y,z
do :
3
S
z
24q dxdy
r
=

, S l phn mt cu gc phn tm th nht nh hng ln trn.

1
2 2 2
3
D
R x y
24q dxdy
R

=

D
1
l phn t hnh trn tm 0, bn knh R. Chuyn sang to cc ta c :

R 3 2
2 2 2 2
2
3 3
0 0
R
q 1
24 d R r rdr 24q (R r ) 4 q.
0 R 2R 3
= = =

V d 15 : Tnh zydxdy yxdzdx xzdydz I
S
+ + =
ly theo pha ngoi ca S l bin ca hnh

chp x 0, y 0, z 0, x y z 1. + +
Gii : Hnh chp V cho trn hnh H.3.23

91
x
y
z
1
1
1
0
H.3.23

p dng cng thc (3.41) c :
+ + =
V
dxdydz y x z I ) (
Chiu V ln mt phng 0xy c tam gic :

+
0 , 0
1
y x
y x

[ ]
8
1
24
1
6
1
4
1
2
1

0
1
24
1
6
1
0
1
4 2
1
0
1
) (
3
1
) 1 (
2
1

) ( 1
2
1
0
1
) (
2
1

) (
4
2
1
0
1
0
3
1
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
= + =
+ =

+ =
+ =

+ + =
+ + =

x
x
dx
x
y x dx x
dy y x dx dy
y x
z y x dx
dz z y x dy dx I
x x
y x x

TM TT CHNG 3
Cch tnh tch phn ng loi mt
1. Gi s cung
AB trn cho bi phng trnh: b x a x y y = ), ( v hm s f(x,y) lin

tc trn cung
AB . Khi :

2
( , ) ( , ( )) 1 ' ( )
b
a
AB
f x y ds f x y x y x dx = +

2. Nu cung
AB cho bi phng trnh tham s:

2
,
) (
) (
t t t
t y y
t x x
i

=
=
:

92

2
1
2 2
( , ) [ ( ), ( )] ' ( ) ' ( )
t
t
AB
f x y ds f x t y t x t y t dt = +

Cch tnh tch phn ng loi hai
1. Gi s hai hm s P(x,y), Q(x,y) lin tc trn cung
AB trn cho bi phng trnh tham

s:
=
=
) (
) (
t y y
t x x
im A ng vi gi tr tham s
A
t t = , B ng vi gi tr tham s
B
t . Khi :

( , ) ( , ) [ ( ( ), ( )) '( ) ( ( ), ( )) '( )]
B
A
t
t
AB
P x y dx Q x y dy P x t y t x t P x t y t y t dt + = +

2 .Khi cung
AB phng cho bi phng trnh dng tng minh y=y(x), A,B c honh
tng ng l a, b, ta nhn c:

[ ]
( , ) ( , ) ( , ( )) ( , ( )) '( )
b
a
AB
P x y dx Q x y dy P x y x Q x y x y x dx + = +

. Cng thc Green.. Cho cc hm s P(x,y), Q(x,y) lin tc cng cc o hm ring cp
mt trong min D c bin l ng L, khi :

+
+ =
L D
Qdy Pdx dxdy
y
P
x
Q
) (
. . Bn mnh sau y tng ng trong khng gian
2
R
(1). D y x
x
Q
y
P

) , ( ,
(2). 0 = +
L
Qdy Pdx , L l ng cong kn bt k nm trong min D.
(3).
AB
Pdx Qdy +
, trong cung
AB nm trong min D, ch ph thuc vo 2 im A,B

m khng ph thuc dng cung
AB .
(4). Biu thc Qdy Pdx + l vi phn ton phn ca hm u(x,y) no trn min D.
y
y
x
x
+ + =

0 0
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
0

y
y
x
x
+ + =

0 0
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
0
trong
0 0
( , ) , ( , ) A x y D M x y D
Cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi mt: Hm s f(x,y,z) lin tc trn mt cong S trn cho
bi phng trnh D y x y x z z = ) , ( ), , ( . Khi :

93
dxdy y x z y x z y x z y x f dS z y x f
y x
D S
) , ( ' ) , ( ' 1 ) ) , ( , , ( ) , , (
2 2
+ + =

Cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi hai : Hm s R(x,y,z) lin tc trn mt cong nh hng
S trn cho bi phng trnh D y x y x z z = ) , ( ), , ( .
Khi

=
D S
dxdy y x z y x R dzdy z y x R )) , ( , , ( ) , , (
Du + khi ly tch phn mt loi hai theo pha trn ca mt S.
Du khi ly tch phn mt loi hai theo pha di ca S.
Cng thc Stokes
dxdy
y
P
x
Q
dzdx
x
R
z
P
dydz
z
Q
y
R
Rdz Qdy Pdx
S L

= + +

+

Bn mnh tng ng trong khng gian
3
R
(1). V z y x
y
P
x
Q
x
R
z
P
z
Q
y
R

) , , ( , , ,
(2). 0 = + +
L
Rdz Qdy Pdx , L l ng cong kn bt k nm trong min V.
(3).
AB
Pdx Qdy Rdz + +
, trong
AB V , ch ph thuc vo hai im A,B m khng

ph thuc dng cung
AB
(4) Biu thc Rdz Qdy Pdx + + l vi phn ton phn ca hm u(x,y,z) no trn
0 0 0
0 0
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , )
y x z
o
x y z
u x y z P x y z dx Q x y z dy R x y z dz C = + + +

trong C V z y x V z y x , ) , , ( , ) , , (
0 0 0
l hng s tu v:

( ) ( )
AB
Pdx Qdy Rdz u A u B + + =

Cng thc Ostrogradski

= + +
V S
dxdydz
z
R
y
Q
x
P
Rdxdy Qdzdx Pdydz
ng dng tnh th tch
+ + =
S
zdxdy ydzdx xdydz V
3
1
trong S c nh hng ra
pha ngoi min V.
3.1. C th dng tch phn ng loi 1 tnh di mt cung

94
ng Sai
3.2. Tch phn ng loi 1 ph thuc vo hng i ca ng cong
ng Sai
3.3. C th dng tch phn ng loi 2 tnh cng ca mt lc.
ng Sai
3.4. Tch phn ng loi 2 ph thuc vo hng i ca ng cong.
ng Sai
3.5. C th dng tch phn ng loi 2 tnh din tch mt hnh phng.
ng Sai
3.6. 0
L
Q P
Pdx Qdy
x y

+ = =

trong min D gii hn bi ng cong L

ng Sai
3.7 Cng thc Green ch ng cho min n lin.
ng Sai
3.8. nh l 4 mnh tng ng ng vi min lin thng.
ng Sai
3.9. C th dng tch phn mt loi 1 tnh din tch mt cong.
ng Sai
3.10. Tch phn mt loi 1 khng ph thuc vo hng ly tch phn mt
ng Sai
3.11. Dng tch phn mt loi 2 tnh thng lng ca mt trng vct.
ng Sai
3.12. C th biu din tch phn mt loi 2 qua tch phn mt loi 1
ng Sai
3.13. C th biu din tch phn ng loi 2 theo ng cong kn qua tch phn mt loi 2.
ng Sai
3.14 C th biu din tch phn mt loi 2 theo pha trong ca mt cong qua tch phn bi 3.
ng Sai
3.15. Tnh tch phn mt loi 1, mt loi 2 phi a v tch phn bi 2.
ng Sai
3.16. Tnh cc tch phn ng loi 1 sau:
a.
L
xyds , L l bin hnh ch nht ABCD vi A(0,0), B(4,0), C(4,2), D(0,2)

95
b.
L
xyzds , L cho bi phng trnh 1 0 ,
3
8
2
3
2

=
=
=
t
t
z
t
y
t x

3.17. Tnh khi lng ca dy vt cht c phng trnh a x e e
a
y
a
x
a
x

+ =

0 ,
2
vi
khi lng ring
y
y x
1
) , ( =

3.18. Tnh cc tch phn ng loi 2 sau:
a.
2 2
( ) ( )
ABC
x y dx x y dy + +
ABC l ng gp khc vi A(0,0), B(2,2), C(4,0)

b.
+
L
dy x y ydx ) (
2
, L l cung parabol
2
2 x x y = nm pha trn trc 0x theo chiu
kim ng h.
3.19. Tnh
+
L
ydy x dx xy
2
) 1 ( t A(1,0) n B(0,2) theo:
a. ng 2 2 = + y x
b. ng 4 4
2
= + y x
c. ng
=
=
t y
t x
sin 2
cos

3.20. Tnh
L
xdy v
L
ydx theo chiu dng vi L l:
a. ng trn
2 2 2
a y x = +
b. bin ca na hnh trn 0 ,
2 2 2
> + y a y x
c. tam gic c ba nh O(0,0), A(a,0) v B(0,b)
3.21. Tnh
+ +
L
dy y x dx y x ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2
vi L l bin ca tam gic OAB theo chiu dng,
bit O(0,0), A(1,0), B(0,1).
a. bng cch tnh trc tip
b. dng cng thc Green
3.22. Tnh
+ +
L
dy y x ydx x ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 2
vi L l ng
2 2 2
R y x = + (theo chiu dng)
bng hai cch:

96
a. trc tip
b. dng cng thc Green

3.23. Tnh cc tch phn ng sau theo chiu dng:
a.
dx
y
x dy
x
y xy
L
2 2
, L l bin ca tam gic ABC, A(-1,0), B(1,-2), C(1,2).
b.
+
L
dx
y
x y dy
x
y x
4 4
3 3
, L l ng x y x 2
2 2
= +
3.24. Tch phn ng sau y c ph thuc vo ng ly tch phn khng? Tnh tch
phn theo
AB tng ng:
a.
2
2
1 cos sin cos
AB
y y y y y
dx dy
x x x x x

+ +

vi ), , 2 ( ), , 1 ( B A

AB khng ct trc Oy.
b.
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
AB
x y x y y x
dx dy
xy x y
+
+

vi
2 ,
2
), 1 , 1 (

B A
AB c phng trnh
2
0 ,
sin 1
cos
2
2
+ =
+ =
t
t y
t t x
v khng ct cc trc to .
3.25. Chng minh rng cc biu thc Qdy Pdx + sau y l vi phn ton phn ca hm
u(x,y) no . Tm u?
a. ( ) dy y x y dx xy x ) 3 2 ( 3 2
2 2 2 2
+ + +
b. cos( ) cos( ) 2
x y x y
e x y dx e x y dy
+ +
+ + +

c. [ ] [ ]dy y x e e dx y y x e e
y x y x
1 ) ( ) 2 ( + + + +
d. ydy
y x
y x
y x
xdx
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
+

+
+

3.26. Tnh
+
+
L
y x
xdy ydx
2 2
2
1
vi:
a. L l ng
2 2 2
a y x = + (theo chiu ngc kim ng h)
b.L l bin hnh vung vi nh (-1,-1), (-1,1), (1,1), (1,-1) (theo chiu thun kim ng h).

3.27. Tm m, a, b cc biu thc sau l vi phn ton phn ca hm s u no v tm hm
s
a.
m
y x
dy y x dx y x
) (
) ( ) (
2 2
+
+ +


97
b.
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
) (
) 2 ( 2
y x
dy by xy x dx y xy ax
+
+ + + +

3.28. Tnh
+
S
dS y x ) (
2 2
nu:
a. S l mt nn 1 0 ,
2 2 2
+ = z y x z
b. S l mt cu
2 2 2 2
a z y x = + +
3.29. Tnh cc tch phn mt loi mt sau:
a.
+ +
S
dS
y
x z
3
4
2 , S l phn ca mt phng 1
4 3 2
= + +
z y x
nm trong gc phn tm
th nht.
b. ( )
+ +
S
dS xy zx yz , S l phn ca mt nn
2 2
y x z + = nm trong mt tr
2 2
2 , 0 x y ax a + = >
c.
S
xdS , S l phn ca mt tr parabolic
2
2
x
z = nm trong gc phn tm th nht ca
mt tr 1
2 2
= + y x .
3.30. Tnh cc tch phn mt loi hai sau:
a.
S
xyzdxdy , S l mt ngoi ca phn hnh cu xc nh bi
2 2 2
x y z 1, x 0, y 0. + +
b.
2
S
xdydz dzdx xz dxdy + +
, S l mt ngoi ca phn hnh cu xc nh bi

0 , 0 , 0 , 1
2 2 2
+ + z y x z y x .
c.
+ +
S
z
dxdy
y
dzdx
x
dydz
, S l mt ngoi ca ellipsoid 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
+ +
c
z
b
y
a
x

d.
S
zdxdy y x
2 2
, S l mt trn na mt cu 0 ,
2 2 2 2
= + + z R z y x .
3.31. Tnh cc tch phn ng sau theo hng ngc kim ng h nhn t pha 0 > z :
a.
+ +
L
zdz dy dx y x
3 2
, L l ng trn
=
= +
0
2 2 2
z
R y x

b.
+ +
L
xdz zdy ydx , L l ng trn
= + +
= + +
0
2 2 2 2
z y x
R z y x

3.32. Tnh cc tch phn mt theo pha ngoi ca vt th bao bi mt cong S.
a.
S
xzdydz yxdzdx zydxdy + +
, S l bin ca hnh chp x 0, y 0, z 0, x y z 1. + +


98
b.
3 3 3
S
x dydz y dzdx z dxdy + +
, S l mt cu
2 2 2 2
x y z R . + + =
c.
2 2 2
S
x dydz y dzdx z dxdy + +
, S l bin ca hnh lp phng

0 x a, 0 y a, 0 z a.
Ti liu tham kho

99

Chng 4. L thuyt trng

101
CHNG 4. L THUYT TRNG
GII THIU
Trong vt l, c bit trong k thut thng gp khi nim trng: Trng nhit , t
trng, in trng,.... Khi nim trng trong ton hc l tng qut ho cc trng hp c th
. Min
3
xc nh mt trng v hng u(x,y,z) nu ti mi im ) , , ( z y x M u xc
nh i lng v hng u(M). Chng hn trng nhit l mt trng v hng. Vy c
trng ca trng v hng l mt hm v hng. Min
3
xc nh mt trng vct
) , , ( z y x F nu ti mi im ) , , ( z y x M u xc nh i lng vct:
) , , ( ). , , ( ). , , ( ). , , ( ) , , ( R Q P k z y x R j z y x Q i z y x P z y x F = + + =
Chng hn t trng l mt trng vc t. Vy c trng ca trng vct l mt hm
vct. Mt trng vct xc nh khi bit ba thnh phn ca vct c trng cho trng :
) , , ( ), , , ( ), , , ( z y x R z y x Q z y x P , tc l bit ba trng v hng. T nay v sau ta dng cc k
hiu: ) , , ( z y x r = thay cho M 0 , trong M c to (x,y,z), ) , , ( dz dy dx r d =
) , , ( dxdy dzdx dydz S d = .
hc tt chng ny, ngi hc cn thng tho php tnh vi tch phn hm nhiu bin.
Trong chng ny, yu cu nm vng cc ni dung chnh sau y:
1. Cc c trng ca trng v hng.
Mt mc, Grain v ngha vt l ca cc i lng .
2. Cc c trng ca trng vct.
ng dng, thng lng, phn k, hon lu, vct xoy v ngha vt l ca cc i
lng .
3. Cc trng c bit
iu kin nhn bit v tnh cht ca cc trng c bit: trng ng, trng iu ho,
trng th.
NI DUNG
4.1. Cc c trng ca trng v hng
4.1.1. Mt mc
Cho trng v hng u(x,y,z), ) , , ( z y x . Tp cc im ) , , ( z y x tho mn phng
trnh: C z y x u = ) , , ( , C l hng s (4.1)

102
gi l mt mc ca trng v hng ng vi gi tr C. R rng cc mt mc khc nhau (cc gi tr
C khc nhau) khng giao nhau v min b ph kn bi cc mt mc. Nu
2
th ta c khi
nim ng mc (ng ng tr) cho bi phng trnh:
C y x u = ) , (
Chng hn, mt in tch q t gc to gy nn mt trng in th
2 2 2
1
) , , (
R y x
z y x u
+ +
= . Khi mt mc c phng trnh: C
z y x
q
=
+ +
2 2 2

hay
2
2
2
2 2 2
R
C
q
z y x = = + + . l cc mt cu ng tm 0.
4.1.2.Grain (Gradient)
Cho trng v hng = ) , , ( ), , , ( z y x z y x u u v ) , , ( z y x u kh vi trn . Khi

= ) , , ( , , , ) , , ( z y x
x
u
y
u
x
u
z y x gradu . (4.2)
(Xem mc 1.2.8,Chng 1.) Vy mt trng v hng ) , , ( z y x u sinh ra mt trng vct
) , , ( z y x gradu .
T tnh cht ca php tnh o hm, ta c cc tnh cht sau y ca Grain
gradu u grad = ) ( , l hng s.

gradv u gradu v v u grad
gradv gradu v u grad
. . ) . (
) (
+ =
+ = +

2
u 1
grad (vgradu ugradv)
v v
= , nu 0 v
gradf (u) f '(u)gradu. =
4.2. Cc c trng ca trng vct
4.2.1. ng dng
Cho trng vct k z y x R j z y x Q i z y x P M F ) , , ( ). , , ( ) , , ( ) ( + + = , ) , , ( z y x . ng
cong C gi l ng dng ca trng vct ) (M F nu ti mi im M trn ng cong C,
tip tuyn ca C ti c cng phng vi vct ) (M F . Chng hn cc ng sc trong t
trng hoc in trng l cc ng dng. Nu ng dng c phng trnh :

=
=
=
) (
) (
) (
t z z
t y y
t x x

v P,Q,R l cc thnh phn ca
F th ta c h thc:

103

) , , (
) ( '
) , , (
) ( '
) , , (
) ( '
z y x R
t z
z y x Q
t y
z y x P
t x
= = (4.3)
Gi (4.3) l h phng trnh vi phn ca h ng dng ca trng vct ) , , ( z y x F .
Chng hn mt in tch q t ti gc to to ra mt in trng E , theo nh lut
Culng th :

+ + + + + +
= =
2
3
2 2 2
2
3
2 2 2
2
3
2 2 2
3
) (
,
) (
,
) (
.
z y x
qz
z y x
qy
z y x
qx
r
r q
E
Khi h phng trnh vi phn ca h ng dng l :

z
dz
y
dy
x
dx
= =
gii h phng trnh ny, bn c c th xem trong
[ ] [ ]
2 , 6 . Kt qu h ng dng
( trong vt l, thng gi l cc ng sc) cho bi phng trnh :
t k z t k y t k x
3 2 1
, , = = = ,
3 2 1
, , k k k l cc hng s tu .
l h ng thng i qua gc to .
4.2.2. Thng lng ca trng vct
Trong mc 3.6.2 ta a ra nh ngha thng lng ca trng vct ) , , ( z y x F qua mt
cong nh hng S xc nh theo cng thc (3.35) :

= + + = =
S S S
S d F Rdxdy Qdzdx Pdydz dS n F . . . (4.4)
Trong ) cos , cos , (cos n l vct n v ca vct php tuyn ca mt S c nh
hng, P, Q, R l cc thnh phn ca F .
4.2.3. ive (Divergence, phn k)
Ta gi phn k hay gi tt l dive ca trng vct ) , , ( z y x F ti im M(x,y,z) l i
lng v hng, k hiu ) , , ( z y x F div , xc nh theo cng thc :

z
R
y
Q
x
P
z y x F div
= ) , , ( (4.5)
Vy mt trng vct F sinh ra mt trng v hng F div .
Nu min V c bin l S th cng thc Gauss Ostrogradski (3.42) c dng :
dxdydz z y x F div dS n F
V S
) , , ( . .

= (4.6)

104
Ngha l thng lng ca trng vct F qua pha ngoi mt S bao min V bng tng
phn k ti tt c cc im trong min V ca trng vct. Theo ngha c hc ca tch phn bi
ba, suy ra ) , , ( z y x F div chnh l mt thng lng ti im M(x,y,z) ca trng. T ngha vt
l ca trng vn tc ta thy thng lng ca trng vn tc qua mt kn S ra pha ngoi l hiu
ca lng vt cht t trong chy ra v t ngoi vo qua S (chng hn lng nc). Nu thng
lng 0 > , t ngha vt l, cng nh t tnh cht ca tch phn ta thy trong min V bao bi S
phi c im ngun. Chnh v th ta gi M l im ngun ca trng nu 0 ) ( > M F div , ngc
li nu 0 ) ( < M F div th M l im ht.
4.2.4. Hon lu
Cho trng vct ) , , ( ) , , ( R Q P z y x F = v mt ng cong L trong trng vct. Ta gi :

= + + =
L L
r d F Rdz Qdy Pdx C (4.7)
l hon lu hay lu s ca trng ) , , ( z y x F theo ng cong L. Theo ngha c hc ca tch
phn ng loi hai ta thy nu ) , , ( z y x F l trng lc th hon lu ca n theo L l cng do lc
) , , ( z y x F sinh ra khi vt di chuyn dc theo L.
4.2.5. Rta (Rotation,Vc t xoy)
Cho trng vct ) , , ( ) , , ( R Q P z y x F = , vct xoy ca trng, k hiu l F rot , xc nh
theo cng thc :

R Q P R Q P
rotF i j k
y z z x x y
i j k

x y z
P Q R

= + +

=

(4.8)
Vy mt trng vct F sinh ra mt trng vct ) , , ( F z y x rot .
Gi s c mt cong S trong trng c nh hng v bin ca n l ng L trn tng
khc. Khi cng thc Stokes (3.39) c dng :
. F. . F.
L S S
F d r rot n dS rot dS

= =

(4.9)
Ngha l hon lu ca trng vct F dc theo chu tuyn L ca mt cong S chnh bng
thng lng ca vct xoy qua mt cong S ca trng.

105
T ngha c hc, ta thy .
L
F d r

l cng ca trng lc ) , , ( z y x F khi di chuyn dc

theo L. Nu L l ng cong kn th cng sinh ra thng bng khng v cng sn ra trn phn
thun chiu ca ng cong kn L cn bng vi cng sn ra trn phn ngc chiu, nu
khng c xoy ( 0 F = rot ). Do , t cng thc Stokes ta thy hon lu theo chu tuyn kn L
c trung cho tnh xoy ca trng trn mt S c chu tuyn L, ni cch khc l tnh cht xoy
ca trng theo chu tuyn . Do , nu 0 ) ( F M rot ta ni rng M l im xoy ca trng v
0 ) ( F = M rot ta ni rng M l im khng xoy.
4.3. Mt s trng c bit.
4.3.1. Trng th
a. nh ngha : Trng vct ) (M F gi l trng th nu tn ti mt trng v hng
) (M u sao cho :
V M M gradu M F = ), ( ) ( (4.10)
Khi hm ) (M u c gi l hm th hay hm th v ca trng ) (M F , cn
) ( ) ( M u M V = gi l th nng ca trng.
Gi s ) , , ( ) ( R Q P M F = l trng th vi hm th l ) (M u .
Khi
z
u
R
y
u
Q
x
u
P
= , , , tc l : Rdz Qdy Pdx du + + = ngha l

Rdz Qdy Pdx + + l vi phn ton phn ca hm ) (M u .
b. Tnh cht : Xut pht t nh l bn mnh tng ng (mc 3.4,Chng3.), suy ra :
1. trng ) (M F l trng th, iu kin cn v l trng ) (M F khng xoy
) , 0 ) ( F ( V M M rot = .
2. Hon lu ca trng ) (M F theo mi chu tuyn kn, trn tng khc trong V u bng 0
L
r d F 0 . .
V d 1 : Chng t rng trng lc hp dn to bi tri t tc ng ln v tinh l trng
th v tm hm th ca n.
Gii : Theo nh lut Newton, trng lc hp dn s l :
r
r
m M
z y x F
3
.
) , , ( =

106
trong M l khi lng tri t, m l khi lng v tinh. l h s hp dn, P(x, y, z) l v tr
ca v tinh, cn gc to coi l v tr tri t. Ta c :

3
rotF 0, P(x, y, z) \{0,0,0} =
(xem v d 14 chng 3)
Vy trng lc hp dn l trng th. Hm th tnh theo cng thc (3.40) :

0 0
0
0 3
2 2 2
2
0 0
( ) ( )
( )
1
( ) ( ) ( )
M M M M
M M
xdy ydy zdz
u P F d r u M Mm
x y z
Mm
Mm d u M u M
r r

+ +
= + =
+ +
= + = +

trong cc im
0
P , P khng trng gc to .
4.3.2. Trng ng
a. nh ngha : Trng vct ) (M F gi l trng ng nu V M M F div = , 0 ) ( hay :
0 =
z
R
y
Q
x
P
(4.11)
Ta gi ng dng ca trng vct l phn khng gian trong V to bi cc ng dng ta
trn bin ca mt mt cong S no trong trng. Bn thn mt S cng nh cc thit din ngang
ca ng gi l thit din ca ng dng.
b. Tnh cht : T cng thc Gauss Ostrogradski ta suy ra cc tnh cht sau y ca
trng ng :
* Thng lng ca trng ng qua mt cong kn S bt k trong trng u bng khng.
Tht vy, 0 . = = =

dxdydz F div S d F
S
.
* Nu V l n lin th thng lng ca trng ng qua mt S c bin L trong trng ch
ph thuc vo bin L m khng ph thuc vo mt S. Tht vy, gi s
1
S v
2
S l hai mt cng
cng bi bin L. Gi l min gii hn bi hai mt ny th :

= =
2 1
. . 0
S S
S d F S d F dxdydz F div
Suy ra

=
2 1
S S
S d F S d F .
* Thng lng qua mi thit din ca mt ng dng trong trng ng u bng khng.
Tht vy, gi s
1
S v
2
S l hai thit din ca ng dng (H.4.1). Gi
xq
S l mt xung
quanh ca ng dng gia
1
S v
2
S v l vt th gii hn bi
2 1
, , S S S
xq
.

107
n
2
n
1
n
2
S
1
S
H.4.1
F

Theo tnh cht 1, ta c :

+ + =
xq
S S S
dS n F dS n F dS n F . . . . . . 0
2 1
.
y n nh hng ra pha ngoi ca .
Theo nh ngha ca ng dng, nn trn bin
xq
S th 0 . = n F . Mt khc, trn bin
1
S
th
1
n ngc hng vi n , tc l
1
. . n F n F = .
Cn trn bin
2
S th
2
n cng hng vi n .
T suy ra :

+ =
2 1
2
1
. . 0
S S
dS n F dS n F .
Hay l :

=
2 1
S S
S d F S d F .
D dng kim tra thy c trng hp dn (v d 1) hay in trng (v d 14 chng 3)
u l cc trng ng v trng th tr gc to . Do thng lng qua mi mt cong kn
khng bao gc to u bng 0.
V d 2 : Tm thng lng ca in trng sinh ra bi in tch q t gc to qua pha
ngoi mt cong kn S bt k bao gc to .

n
n
R
S
S

Gii : T v d 14 chng 3 ta c in trng :

3
.
r
r
q E =

108
v thng lng qua mt cu bn knh R l q . . 4 ngha l khng ph thuc bn knh R. Gi s S l
mt cong kn no bao gc to . Gi
R
S l mt cu tm gc to v bn knh R ln
sao cho
R
S bao c S (H.4.2). Gi min gii hn bi S v S
R
. Khi :
0 . . = =

dxdydz E div dS n E
R
S S

Suy ra

=
S S
dS n E dS n E
R
. . . . , trong vct n ca S hng vo gc to . Vy thng
lng qua pha ngoi mt cong S chnh bng thng lng qua pha ngoi mt cu
R
S v bng
q . . 4
4.3.3. Trng iu ho
a. nh ngha : Trng vct ) (M F gi l trng iu ho nu n va l trng ng va
l trng th, tc l :

=
=
0
0 F
F div
rot
(4.12)
b. Tnh cht : Hm th ) (M u ca trng iu ho ) (M F l hm iu ho, ni cch khc
hm th ) (M u tho mn phng trnh Laplace : 0 = u
Hay 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
z
u
y
u
x
u
(4.13)
Tht vy, ) (M F l trng th nn hm th u tho mn R
z
u
Q
y
u
P
x
u
=
, , .
Mt khc ) (M F l trng ng nn 0 =
z
R
y
Q
x
P
.
Do 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
z
u
y
u
x
u
.
Theo nh ngha th trng hp dn v in trng l cc trng iu ho trong min V
khng cha gc to . Hm th ca trng c dng
2
1
C
r
C
+ . Trong
2 1
, C C l cc hng
s. Cc v d sau s ch ra cc hm iu ho tng qut hn.
V d 3. Chng minh hm s :

2 2 2 1
2 0 0 0
C
u(M) C , r (x x ) (y y ) (z z ) ,
r
= + = + +
1 2
C , C l cc hng s tu
l hm iu ho trong mi min V khng cha im ) , , (
0 0 0 0
z y x M .
Gii : Ta chng minh hm ) (M u tho mn phng trnh Laplace (4.13).

109
Tht vy
3
0
1
2
'
1
r
x x
C
r
r C
x
u
x

= =

5
2
0
2
1
2
2
) ( 3
r
x x r
C
x
u
=

Tng t :

5
2
0
2
1
2
2
5
2
0
2
1
2
2
) ( 3
) ( 3
r
z z r
C
z
u
r
y y r
C
y
u

=

Do :
[ ]
0
) ( ) ( ) ( 3 3
5
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
=
+ +
=
r
z z y y x x r
C u
Tng t kim tra thy rng hm
2
0
2
0
) ( ) ( ,
1
ln ) , ( y y x x r
r
y x u + = = l hm iu
ho trong mi min phng D khng cha im ) , (
0 0 0
y x M , tc l hm u cho tho mn
phng trnh Laplace trong mt phng :
0
2
2
2
2
=
=
y
u
x
u
u
4.4. H ta cong trc giao
4.4.1..nh ngha:
Mi mt im M trong khng gian thc c xc nh bi mt b 3 s sp th t
) , , (
3 2 1
u u u v ngc li, c k hiu M ) , , (
3 2 1
u u u . Cc s
3 2 1
, , u u u gi chung l to cong
ca im M. Cc mt cong ln lt c phng trnh: ,
10 1
u u = ,
20 2
u u =
30 3
u u = ,
(
30 20 10
, , u u u l cc hng s) gi l cc mt to trong h to cong. Giao ca cc mt to
gi l cc ng to . Nu cc ng to trc giao tng i th h to cong c gi l
h to cong trc giao. Nh vy h to cc, h to tr (xem mc 2.4.2.), h to cu
(xem mc 2.4.3.) l cc h to trc giao (H.4.3, H 4.4)


110
1
k
2
k
3
k
1
k
2
k
3
k

4.4.2. Lin h gia ta cc v ta cong trc giao
Mi lin h gia cc ta c cho bi h phng trnh:

=
=
=
) , , (
) , , (
) , , (
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
u u u z z
u u u y y
u u u x x
(4.14)
Cc ng ta
3 2 1
, , l l l cho bi h phng trnh:

=
=
0
0
) , , (
) , , (
j j
i i
u z y x u
u z y x u
, .) 3 , 2 , 1 , ( = j i v j i . (4.15)
Cc vct n v ca cc ng ta ti im M l

3 2 1
, , k k k (H 4.5), chng tho mn:
. khi , 0 j i k k
j i
=

t . 3 , 2 , 1 ,
) ( ) ( ) (
1
2 2 2
=
= i
z
u
y
u
x
u
h
i i i
i
Ngi ta chng minh c nhng cng
thc sau y, cho mi lin h gia to cc v to cong.
) , , ( ) , , (
3 3 2 2 1 1
du h du h du h dz dy dx r d = =

) , , ( ) , , (
2 1 2 1 1 3 1 3 3 2 3 2
du du h h du du h h du du h h dz dy dx S d = =
(4.15)

3 2 1 3 2 1
du du du h h h dxdydz dV = =
Trong to cu ) , , ( r , ta c: sin , , 1
3 2 1
r h r h h = = = .


111
Trong to tr ) , , ( z r , ta c: 1 , , 1
3 2 1
= = = h r h h .
4.4.3.Cc c trng ca trng trong h to cong trc giao
a. ) u , u , u ( GradU
3 2 1

Cng thc tng qut: .
1 1 1
3
3 3
2
2 2
1
1 1

= k
u
U
h
k
u
U
h
k
u
U
h
gradU
Trong to cu cho ) , , ( r U , ta c:
.
sin
1 1
3 2 1

= k
U
r
k
U
r
k
r
U
gradU

(4.16)
Trong to tr cho ) , , ( z r U , ta c: .
1
3 2 1

= k
z
U
k
U
r
k
r
U
gradU
(4.17)
b. ) u , u , u ( F Div
3 2 1

Cng thc tng qut:
) ( ) ( ) (
1
2 1 3
3
1 3 2
2
3 2 1
1 3 2 1
h h F
u
h h F
u
h h F
u h h h
F div
Trong to cu ) , , ( r , cho ) , , (

F F F F
r
=
, ta c:
) ( ) sin ( ) sin (
sin
1
2
2
r F r F r F
r
r
F div
r
(4.18)
Trong to tr ) , , ( z r , cho ) , , (
z r
F F F F

=
, ta c:
) ( ) ( ) (
1
r F
z
F r F
r r
F div
z r
(4.19)
c. ) u , u , u ( F Rot
3 2 1

Cng thc tng qut:

3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
2 1
3
1 3
2
3 2
1
F
F h F h F h
u u u
h h
k
h h
k
h h
k
rot
(4.20)
Trong to cu ) , , ( r , cho ) , , (

F F F F
r
=
, ta c:

112
+
) ( ) sin (
sin
2
1
r F r F
r
k
F rot

) sin ( ) (
sin
2

r F
r
F
r
k
r

+

) ( ) (
3
r
F r F
r r
k
(4.21)

Trong to tr ) , , ( z r , cho ) , , (
z r
F F F F

=
, ta c:
) ( ) (
1
r F
z
F
r
k
F rot
z
) ( ) ( 2
z r
F
r
F
z
k +
+

) ( ) (
3
r
F r F
r r
k

(4.22)
d. Biu din U
Cng thc tng qut:
= ) ( ) ( ) (
1
3 3
2 1
3 2 2
1 3
2 1 1
3 2
1 3 2 1
u
U
h
h h
u u
U
h
h h
u u
U
h
h h
u h h h
U
Trong to cu cho ) , , ( r U , ta c:

(4.23)

Trong to tr cho ( , , ) U r z , ta c:
.
1 1
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
z
U U
r r
U
r r
U
U
(4.24)
V d 4. Cho hm s ) sin (cos + = r U , trong r l khong cch t gc to O n
im M, cn l gc gia
OM v trc Oz.
a. Tnh gradU
b. Xc nh vct n v
0
n
ca mt phng Const U = ti im c .
3
=
Gii:
a. Theo gi thit, hm s U c cc i s l cc to cu.
Thay U vo cng thc (4.16), ta nhn c

2 1
) sin (cos ) sin (cos

+ + = k k gradU
2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2
2
sin
1 cos 1 2

=
U
r
U
r
U
r
r
U
r
r
U
U

113
b. Ta c //
o
n
gradU, theo trn , 2 = gradU thay

3
= vo cng thc trn suy ra:

1 2
0
1
n (1 3) k (1 3) k .
2 2

= + +
V d 5: Tm hng s k trng vct cho trong h to cu

= r r F
k
c thng lng
bo ton (trng ng).
Gii: Biu din ) 0 , 0 , (
1 +

= =
k k
r r r F , theo cng thc (4.18) nhn c:
, 0 ) 3 ( ) sin (
sin
1
3
2
= + =
=
+
k k
r k r
r
r
F div
suy ra 3 = k .
V d 6: Chng minh trng vct cho trong h to cu

= r r F
k
l trng th vi mi
s k.
Gii: Biu din ) 0 , 0 , (
1 +

= =
k k
r r r F , theo cng thc (4.21) nhn c
=
F rot
) (
sin
1 2 k
r
r
k

0 ) (
1 3
=
k
r
r
k
, vi mi k. Vy trng vct cho l

trng th.

V d 7. Bit 0 = u v ) (
2 2
y x u u + = . Tm dng tng qut ca hm u .
Gii : R rng hm u c cho trong to tr. Theo cng thc (4.24), ta c
0 ) (
1 1
2
2
= = + =
dr
du
r
dr
d
r dr
du
r dr
u d
u
Suy ra . ln , ,
2 1 1 1
C r C u
r
dr
C du C
dr
du
r + = = =
( , ,
2 1
C C l cc hng s tu )
V d 8. Bit 0 = u v ) (
2 2 2
z y x u u + + = . Tm dng tng qut ca hm u
Gii :R rng hm u c cho trong to cu. Theo cng thc (4.23), ta c
0 ) (
1 2
2
2 2
2
= = + =
dr
du
r
dr
d
r dr
du
r dr
u d
u
Suy ra ra .
1
, ,
2 1
2
1 1
2
C
r
C u
r
dr
C du C
dr
du
r + = = =
( , ,
2 1
C C l cc hng s tu )

114
TM TT CHNG 4
Phng trnh mt ng tr : C z y x u = ) , , ( , C l hng s
Grain ti im (x,y,z).
= ) , , ( , , , ) , , ( z y x
x
u
y
u
x
u
z y x gradu
Phng trnh ng dng :

) , , (
) ( '
) , , (
) ( '
) , , (
) ( '
z y x R
t z
z y x Q
t y
z y x P
t x
= =
Thng lng ca trng vc t ( , , ) F P Q R
qua mt cong S :

= + + = =
S S S
S d F Rdxdy Qdzdx Pdydz dS n F . . .
phn k ca trng vc t ( , , ) F P Q R
ti im (x,y,z):

z
R
y
Q
x
P
z y x F div
= ) , , (
Hon lu ca trng vc t ( , , ) F P Q R
dc theo ng cong L :
.
L L
C Pdx Qdy Rdz F d r

= + + =

Rta ca trng vc t ( , , ) F P Q R
ti im (x,y,z).

R Q P R Q P
rotF .i .j .k
y z z x x y
i j k

x y z
P Q R

= + +

=

Trng th : ( ) F M
l trng th nu :
( ) : ( ) ( ), u M F M gradu M M V =
hay F( ) 0, rot M M V =
.
Trng ng : ( ) F M
l trng ng nu :
V M M F div = , 0 ) (
0 =
z
R
y
Q
x
P


115
Trng iu ho : ( ) F M
l trng iu ho nu
=
=
0
0 F
F div
rot

Phng trnh Laplace : 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
z
u
y
u
x
u

Nghim ca phng trnh Laplace gi l hm iu ho.
4.1. Cc mt mc ca mt trng v hng khng giao nhau.
ng Sai
4.2. ( , , ) gradu x y z l mt vc t.
ng Sai
4.3. ( , , ) divF x y z
l mt vc t.
ng Sai
4.4. ( , , ) rot F x y z
l mt vc t.
ng Sai
4.5. Trng th l mt trng v hng c gradu = 0.
ng Sai
4.6. Trng th l mt trng khng xoy v ngc li
ng Sai
4.7 Trng iu ho l trng v hng u m u tho mn phng trnh Laplace.
ng Sai
4.8. Chng minh cc cng thc
a. F udiv F gradu F u div

+ = . ) (
b. [ ] F rot G G rot F F G div

= ,
c. [ ] F urot F gradu F u rot

+ = , ) (
4.9. Cho
y x
x
u
+
= arcsin . Tnh gc gia gradu ti im (1,1) v (3,4).
4.10. Cho
+ =
y
x u
1
ln . Xc nh im ti
=
9
16
, 1 gradu
4.11. Tm thng lng ca cc trng vc t sau:
a. k zx j yz i xy F

+ + = qua phn ca mt cu 0 , 0 , 0 ,
2 2 2 2
= + + z y x R z y x
hng ra ngoi.
b. k z j y i x F

3 3 3
+ + = qua mt cu x z y x = + +
2 2 2
hng ra ngoi.

116
c. k z j y i x F

+ + = qua mt 0 , 1
2 2
+ = z y x z hng ln trn.
4.12. Tnh lu s ca trng k y x j x z i z y F

) ( ) ( ) ( + + + + + = dc theo cung trn nh
nht ca ng trn ln ca mt cu 25
2 2 2
= + + z y x ni cc im M(3,4,0) v N(0,0,5).
4.13.Tnh dz z y x yzdy x dx z xy
L
) 2 ( 2 2
2 2 2 2
+ +
,
L c phng trnh t z t y t x sin
2
1
, sin
2
3
, cos = = = hng theo chiu tng ca t.
4.14. Chng minh rng cc trng vect sau y l nhng trng th, tm hm th v ca
chng.
a. j
y x
e
i y x
y x
e F
x
x

+
+
+
+
=

) ln(
1

b. k y x z xy j x z y zx i z y x yz F

) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( + + + + + + + + =
c. k y x j x z i z y F

) ( ) ( ) ( + + + + + =
4.15. Cho u v v l cc hm iu ho. Chng minh trng vc t vgradu ugradv l
trng ng.

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

126
CHNG 5. PHNG TRNH VI PHN
GII THIU
Cng nh php tnh o hm v vi phn, phng trnh vi phn (PTVP) c tm quan trng
rt ln v c ng dng rng ri trong mi lnh vc khoa hc k thut v kinh t. C th l nhiu
bi ton kinh t, k thut in t, y hc,... u dn n phng trnh vi phn. Trong ton hc,
phng trnh vi phn l mt chuyn ngnh rt pht trin. Chng ny cung cp nhng kin thc
c bn v phng trnh vi phn thng ( gi vn tt l phng trnh vi phn). hc tt chng
ny, yu cu ngi hc phi nhn dng c tng loi phng trnh vi phn, qua mi c th
tch phn c (tm c nghim), bi v khng c mt phng php chung no gii phng
trnh vi phn. Gii PTVP l mt qu trnh tnh tch phn, v th yu cu ngi hc phi thng tho
php tnh tch phn v vi phn, l ni dung ct li ca ton hc cao cp.
Mt PTVP l mt phng trnh c dng 0 ) ,..., ' , , (
) (
=
n
y y y x F hay
0 ) ,..., , , , (
) (
) (
2
2
=
n
n
dx
y d
dx
y d
dx
dy
y x F trong x l bin s c lp, ) (x y y = l hm s phi tm,
) (
,..., ' ' , '
n
y y y l cc o hm ca hm s phi tm, (trong PTVP nht thit phi c mt t nht
o hm cp k no ca hm phi tm). Cp cao nht ca o hm ca hm s y phi tm c
mt trong PTVP c gi l cp ca PTVP, chng hn:
0 ' = +x y (PTVP cp 1)
0 ) ' ( "
2
= + y y (PTVP cp 2)
Hm s ) (x y y = l mt nghim ca PTVP nu nh n tho mn phng trnh tc l
thay n vo phng trnh s nhn c ng nht thc. Chng hn vi phng trnh x y = ' ta
c nghim
2
2
x
y =
,
thm ch C
x
y + =
2
2
trong C l hng s tu .
Gii hay tch phn mt PTVP l tm tt c cc nghim ca n. V mt hnh hc, mi
nghim ca PTVP l mt ng cong ( th ca nghim), v th ngi ta gi ng cong
l ng cong tch phn ca PTVP.
PTVP c gi l tuyn tnh cp n nu hm s F l bc nht i vi
) (
,..., ' ,
n
y y y , tc l
phng trnh c dng:
) ( ) ( ' ) ( ... ) (
1
) 1 (
1
) (
x f y x a y x a y x a y
n n
n n
= + + + +

trong ) ( ), ( ),..., (
1
x f x a x a
n
l cc hm s cho trc.
Nu 0 ) ( x f th ngi ta gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh cp n thun nht.
Nu 0 ) ( x f th ngi ta gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh cp n khng thun nht.

127
Trong chng ny cn nm vng cc ni dung chnh sau y:
1. Cc phng trnh vi phn cp mt thng gp.
Cn phn bit c tng dng phng trnh vi phn v phng php tch phn tng
ng vi tng dng.
2. Cc tnh cht ca PTVP tuyn tnh cp hai.
T cc tnh cht ca PTVP tuyn tnh c th tch phn c khi bit mt nghim ca
PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht tng ng, hoc hai nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun
nht cho, c bit l khai thc nguyn l chng cht nghim.
3. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai c h s hng s.
Bn cnh phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange, cn nhn bit dng hm c bit
v phi tch phn PTVP bng phng php h s bt nh.Vn dng, c th gii PTVP
tuyn tnh c h s hng s cp n.
NI DUNG
5.1. Phng trnh vi phn cp 1
Trc ht ta xt mt bi ton hnh hc dn n PTVP. Hy tm phng trnh ng cong L
)) ( ( x y y = c tnh cht: mi on ca tip tuyn vi ung cong C nm gia hai trc to u
b tip im chia thnh hai phn bng nhau.

) , ( y x M
L

Gi s L y x M ) , ( , khi h s gc tip tuyn vi ng cong ti M l:

PA
y
tg x y = = ) ( ' (xem H.5.1)
Do M l trung im ca AB nn x PA OP = = , suy ra
x
y
y = ' .

128
Nh vy hm s phi tm tho mn PTVP cp 1. Sau ny chng ta s c cch gii phng
trnh trn, nhng trc ht ta c th th li rng hm s
x
C
y = tho mn phng trnh vi C l
hng s tu . Tm li, h cc ng hyperbol c tnh cht t ra.
5.1.1. Cc khi nim c bn
Dng tng qut ca PTVP cp 1:
0 ) ' , , ( = y y x F hay 0 ) , , ( =
dx
dy
y x F (5.1)
Nu t (5.1) gii ra c y th ta c PTVP cp 1 gii ra i vi o hm:
) , ( ' y x f y = (5.2)
A. nh l tn ti duy nht nghim Cauchy-Peano
Cho phng trnh (5.2): ) , ( ' y x f y = v D y x ) , (
0 0
(5.3)
nh l 5.1. Nu f(x,y) lin tc trn min D trong mt phng Oxy th tn ti nghim:
) (x y y = trong ln cn
0
x tho mn ) (
0 0
x y y = . Ngoi ra nu ) , ( y x
y
f
cng lin tc trn min

D th nghim tm c l duy nht.
Bi ton tm nghim ca PTVP tho mn iu kin (5.3) gi l bi ton Cauchy. iu kin
(5.3) gi l iu kin ban u.
B. Nghim tng qut, tch phn tng qut
Ta gi nghim tng qut ca PTVP cp 1 l hm s
) , ( C x y = (5.4)
trong C l hng s tu , tho mn cc iu kin sau:
a. Tho mn PTVP vi mi hng s C.
b. C th tm mt gi tr
0
C C = sao cho ) , (
0
C x y = tho mn iu kin ban u
) , ( ) (
0 0 0 0
C x x y y = = vi ) , (
0 0
y x tho mn nh l tn ti v duy nht nghim.
Nghim tng qut cho di dng n:
0 ) , , ( = C y x (5.5)
H thc ny gi l tch phn tng qut ca PTVP cp 1. V mt hnh hc, nghim tng qut
hay tch phn tng qut xc nh mt h ng cong trong mt phng khng ct nhau gi l cc
ng cong tch phn ca PTVP cp 1.
C. Nghim ring, tch phn ring
Hm s ) , (
0
C x y = gi l mt nghim ring ca PTVP, tc l c suy ra t nghim tng
qut (5.4) vi hng s C xc nh
0
C C = . Tng t ta c mt tch phn ring ca PTVP
0 ) , , (
0
= C x

129
Ch : PTVP cn c cc nghim khc na, khng th nhn c t nghim tng qut,
c gi l nghim k d.
5.1.2. Cc PTVP cp mt thng gp
A. Phng trnh vi bin s phn li
a. nh ngha: Phng trnh vi bin s phn li (phng trnh tch bin) l PTVP c dng:
0 ) ( ) (
2 1
= + dy y f dx x f (5.6)
Chng hn: 0
1 1
2 2
2
=
+
+
+ y
ydy
x
dx x
l phng trnh vi bin s phn li.
b. Phng php tch phn
Phng trnh (5.6) c dng:
dx x y y f dy y f dx x f ) ( ' ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1
= =
Ly tch phn hai v ta c :
C dy y f C dx y y f dx x f + = + =

) ( ) ( ) (
2
,
2 1

Vy C dy y f dx x f = +

) ( ) (
2 1
(5.7)
l tch phn tng qut ca (5.6)
Ch : Phng trnh dng : 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1
= + dy y N x M dx y N x M c th a v dng
tch bin. Tht vy, nu 0 ) (
2
x M v 0 ) ( N
1
y th chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
) ( ). (
1 2
y N x M s c :
0
) (
) (
) (
) (
1
2
2
1
= + dy
y N
y N
dx
x M
x M

l phng trnh vi bin s phn li.
Nu 0 ) (
2
= x M ti a x = hoc 0 ) (
1
= y N ti b y = th bng cch thay trc tip nhn
c a x = hoc b y = l nghim.
V d 1 : Tm tch phn tng qut ca phng trnh :
0 ) 2 )( 1 ( ) 1 (
4 3
= + + dy y x dx y x
Gii : Vi 0 1 + y v 0 1
4
x ta c :
0
1
2
1
4
3
=
+
dy
y
y
dx
x
x

Tch phn tng qut l :

=
+
+
C dy
y
dx
x
x d
1
3
1
1
) 1 (
4
1
4
4


130
C y y x = + + 1 ln 3 1 ln
4
1
4

Ngoi ra 0 1 = + y hay 1 = y v 0 1
4
= x hay 1 = x u l cc nghim.
V d 2 : Tm nghim ca bi ton Cauchy

0 ) 0 (
) cos( ) cos( '
=
+ + =
y
y x y x y

Gii : y x y x y x y cos cos 2 ) cos( ) cos( ' = + + =
0 cos y tc Z k k y + ,
2

Ta c :

+ =
=
C xdx
y
dy
xdx
y
dy
cos 2
cos
cos 2
cos

C x
y
tg + = + sin 2 )
4 2
( ln

T iu kin ban u suy ra : 0 ,
4
ln = = C C tg

Vy nghim ca bi ton Cauchy cho l x
y
tg sin 2 )
4 2
( ln = +

.
B.Phng trnh ng cp cp mt
a. nh ngha : Phng trnh ng cp cp mt l PTVP c dng
), (
,
x
y
f y = hay
,
y f (t), = vi
y
t .
x
= (5.8)
b. Phng php tch phn
Coi
x
y
t = l hm ca x,
x
t
x
y
x
y
x
y
t = =
' '
'
2

Thay vo phng trnh s c :
) ( ' t f xt t = + hay t t f xt = ) ( '
* Nu 0 ) ( t t f ta c phng trnh dng (5.6)

t t f
dt
x
dx
=
) (

* Nu 0 ) ( = t t f tc l
x
y
x
y
f = ) ( . Vy ta c phng trnh tch bin dng (5.6)

131

x
y
dx
dy
=
* Nu ( ) 0 = t t f ti
0
t t = hay x t y .
0
= th bng cch th trc tip ta c nghim x t y
0
=

V d 3 : Gii phng trnh
0 ' 2
2 2
= + x y xyy
Gii : Chia hai v cho
2
x ta c :
0 1 ) ( ' 2
2
= +
x
y
y
x
y

t ' ' , xt t y tx y
x
y
t + = = = vo phng trnh s nhn c :

+ =
+
=
+
= + +
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
0 1 ' 2
C
x
dx
t
tdt
x
dx
t
tdt
t x tt

1
2
ln ) 1 ln( C x t + = +
Hay :
x
C
t = +
2
1
Tr v bin c ta c :
x
C
x
y
= +
2
2
1
Hay
4 2
2
2
2
C
y
C
x = +

l cc ng trn c tm nm trn trc Ox
V d 4 : Tch phn phng trnh :
(y x 1)dx (x y 2)dy = + +
Gii :

3
1
+ +

=
y x
x y
dx
dy

y cha phi l dng (5.8), tuy nhin thc hin php i bin :

+ =
+ =
0
0
y v y
x u x

c th a c v dng (5.8). Tht vy
du
dv
dx
dy
= v chn ) , (
0 0
y x sao cho :

132

+ = + + + +
= +
v u y v x u
u v x u y v
3
1
0 0
0 0

Hay
0 0 0
0 0 0
x y 1 0 x 2

x y 3 0, y 1
+ = =

+ + = =

Khi ) (
1
1
u
v
f
u
v
u
v
u v
u v
du
dv
=
+
=
+
=
t ' ut t
du
dv
u
v
t + = =

+ =
+
+
=
+
+
+

=
+
=
+
= +
1
2 2
2
1
) 1 (
,
1
) 1 (
1
1
1
1
1
1
C
u
du
t
dt t
u
du
t
dt t
t
t
t
t
t
du
dt
u
t
t
t
du
dt
u

u t
C
arctgt
C u arctgt t
. 1
ln
ln ) 1 ln(
2
1
2
1
2
+
=
+ = + +

Tr v bin c s c tch phn tng qut :

2
1
1 ) 2 (
ln
2
1
+
+
+ +
=
+
+
x
y
x
C
x
y
arctg
C. Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 1
a. nh ngha : PTVP c dng sau y c gi l PTVP tuyn tnh cp 1 :
) ( ) ( ' x q y x p y = + (5.9)
vi ) ( ), ( x q x p lin tc trn (a,b)
Nu 0 ) ( x q trn (a,b) th gi l PTVP tuyn tnh khng thun nht.
Nu 0 ) ( x q trn (a,b) th gi n l PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht.
b. Phng php tch phn
Cho phng trnh khng thun nht (5.9). Gi phng trnh vi phn sau y l PTVP tuyn
tnh thun nht tng ng vi (5.9) :
0 ). ( ' = + y x p y (5.10)
Trc ht, nhn thy (5.10) l PTVP vi bin s phn li. Nghim tng qut ca n c dng :

133

+ =
=
1
) (
) (
C dx x p
y
dy
dx x p
y
dy

=
p(x)dx -
Ce y (5.11)
By gi ta tm nghim tng qut ca (5.9) bng phng php coi hng s C trong (5.11) l
hm s v gi l phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange. C th thay

=
dx x p
e x C y
) (
) ( (5.12)
vo (5.9) ta c :

=
=

dx x p
dx x p dx x p dx x p
e x q x C
x q e x p x C e x p x C e x C
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( '
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( '

1
) (
) ( ) ( C dx e x q x C
dx x p
+
(5.13)
Nh vy tn ti hm s C(x) ph thuc vo mt hng s cng
1
C tu (5.12) l nghim
ca PTVP (5.9). Chng t nghim tng qut ca (5.9) c dng :

=

dx e x q e Ce y
dx x p dx x p dx x p ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( (5.14)
Nu trong (5.13) ly C 0 = ta c mt nghim ring ca (5.9). Do cng c th ni rng
phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange l phng php tm mt nghim ring ca phng trnh
khng thun nht khi bit nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng. Dng nghim
(5.14) c th m t tng qut sau y :

*
y y y + = (5.15)
trong y l nghim tng qut ca PTVP thun nht tng ng v
*
y l mt nghim ring ca
chnh phng trnh khng thun nht.
Dng (5.15) ng cho PTVP tuyn tnh c cp bt k ni ring v ng cho cc h tuyn
tnh ni chung.
V d 5 : Tch phn phng trnh :
x
x
y
y = '
Gii : t vo cng thc (5.14) trong
x
x p
1
) ( = , x x q = ) ( , ta c :
dx e x e Ce y
x
dx
x
dx
x
dx

+

Xt vi 0 > x :

2 ln ln ln
. x Cx dx x Cx dx e x e Ce y
x x x
+ = + = + =


134
Xt vi 0 < x

ln x ln x ln x
2
1
y Ce e x.e dx C x x x. dx
x
Cx x ( 1)dx Cx x .
= + = +
= = +

V C tu nn 0 x , nghim tng qut c th vit di dng :

2
y Cx x . = +
D. Phng trnh Bernoulli
y l PTVP khng tuyn tnh (phi tuyn) tuy nhin c th a v dng PTVP tuyn tnh
bng cch thay i bin s thch hp.
a. nh ngha : PTVP c dng ) ( ) ( ' x q y y x p y

= + (5.16)
trong R v 1 , 0 , cc hm ) ( ), ( x q x p cho trc, lin tc trn (a,b)
b. Phng php tch phn
Chia hai v ca (5.16) cho
y ta s c:
) (
1
) (
'
1
x q
y
x p
y
y
= +

t
1
1
) (

=

y
x u , do
y'
u ' (1 ) .
y
= (5.17)
Thay vo phng trnh trn s nhn c PTVP tuyn tnh cp 1 i vi hm ) (x u :
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ' x q u x p u = + (5.18)
Sau khi tch phn phng trnh (5.18), ta tr v bin c theo (5.17).
V d 6: Tch phn phng trnh:
y e y y
x
2
' = +
Gii: Chia hai v cho y s c:

2
'
x
e y
y
y
= +
t
y
y
u y u
2
'
' , = = phng trnh c a v dng:

2
2
1
2
1
'
x
e u u = +

135

C e e C y
e Ce y
dx e e Ce y
dx e e e Ce u
x x
x x
x
x x
dx
x
dx dx
+ + =
+ =
+ =

+
4
1
2
1
2
1
.
2
1
2
2 2
2 2
2
1
2 2
1
2
1

E. Phng trinh vi phn ton phn
a. nh ngha: Phng trnh vi phn dng:
0 ) , ( ) , ( = + dy y x Q dx y x P (5.19)
trong D y x
y
P
x
Q

) , ( , (5.20)
gi l mt PTVP ton phn.
iu kin (5.20) chng t v tri ca phng trnh (5.19) l vi phn ton phn ca hm
) , ( y x u no .
b. Phng php tch phn
iu kin (5.20) chng t tn ti hm ) , ( y x u dy y x Q dx y x P du ) , ( ) , ( + = theo cng
thc (3.24) th :

0 0
0
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
y x
x y
u x y P x y dx Q x y dy = +

Nh vy tch phn tng qut c dng : C y x u = ) , ( (5.21)
V d 7 : Gii PTVP
0 ) 3 ( ) 3 (
3 2 2 3
= + + + dy y y x dx xy x
Gii : t
3 2 2 3
P x 3x y , Q 3x y y = + = +

Q P Q P
6xy, 6xy , (x, y)
x y x y

= = =

Vy phng trnh cho l PTVP ton phn.

4 2 2 4
0
3
0
2 3
4
1
2
3
4
1

) 3 ( ) , (
y y x x
dy y dx xy x y x u
y x
+ + =
+ + =

Tch phn tng qut : C y x u = ) , (
Hay
4 2 2 4
x 6x y y C. + + =

136
c. Tha s tch phn
Trong mt s trng hp iu kin (5.20) khng tho mn. Khi PTVP (5.19) cha phi
l PTVP ton phn. Nu tn ti hm s ) , ( y x phng trnh :
0 = + Qdy Pdx (5.19)
/

l PTVP ton phn, tc l tho mn iu kin :
D y x P
y
Q
x

) , ( ), ( ) ( (5.22)
th hm s ) , ( y x gi l tha s tch phn ca PTVP.
Ngi ta chng minh c rng nghim ca PTVP (5.19)
/
cng l nghim ca PTVP (5.19). V
vy gii PTVP (5.19) khng tho mn iu kin (5.20) ngi ta c th tm mt tha s tch
phn (x, y) v i tch phn PTVP ton phn.
V d 8 : Cho phng trnh :
0 cos sin 2
2 2
= + dy y xy dx y
Chng t rng
3
) , ( x y x = l tha s tch phn ca phng trnh v gii phng trnh .
Gii : Nhn hai v ca phng trnh vi
3
x ta c :
0 cos sin 2
2 4 2 3
= + dy y y x dx y x
t
2 4 2 3
cos , sin 2 y y x Q y x P = = ,
3 2 3 2
Q P Q P
4x ycos y , 4x ycos y , (x, y)
x y x y

= = =

Chng t
3
) , ( x y x = l tha s tch phn. Theo cng thc (3.24.Chng 3), tch phn
tng qut ca PTVP l
u(x,y)= C, trong
= =
x
y x dx y x u
0
2 4 2 3
sin
2
1
sin 2
Vy : C y x =
2 4
sin .
Trong mt s trng hp c bit ta c th kt lun v s tn ti tha s tch phn ph
thuc vo mt bin x hoc y. Tht vy gi s ) (x = l tha s tch phn ca PTVP khng ton
phn (5.19). Khi [ ] [ ] ) , ( ). ( ) , ( ). ( y x P x
y
y x Q x
x

tc l
x
Q
Q
y
P
+ =

Chia hai v cho Q v bin i ta c :

=
y
P
x
Q
Q dx
d 1 1


137
Chng t
y
P
x
Q
Q
1
ch l hm ca x v tch phn s c :

=
y
P
x
Q
Q
d 1

dx
y
P
x
Q
Q
e x

=
1
) ( (5.23)
Tng t nu
y
P
x
Q
P
1
ch l hm ca y th s tn ti tha s tch phn l hm ca
mt bin y v cng thc tm:

dy
y
P
x
Q
P
e y

=
1
) ( (5.24)
V d 9. Tch phn PTVP :
0 )
3
2 ( ) (
3
2 2 2
= + + + + dy
x
xy xy dx y x
Gii.
t
3
2 ,
3
2 2 2
x
xy xy Q y x P + + = + =
y
y
P
x y y
x
Q
2 , 2
2 2
=
+ + =

1
1
=
P y
P
x
Q
Suy ra mt tha s tch phn l
y
dy
e e y =
= ) (
Nhn hai v ca phng trnh trn vi e
y
s c :
0 )
3
2 ( ) (
3
2 2 2
= + + + + dy
x
xy xy e dx y x e
y y

V tri l vi phn ton phn ca hm s :

+ =
+ + =

x y
x
e y x u
dy dx y x e y x u
y
y x
y
2
3
0 0
2 2
3
) , (
0 ) ( ) , (

Vy tch phn tng qut ca PTVP l :
C y
x
x e
y
=
+
2
2
3
(C l hng s tu ).

138
5.2 Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai
Trc ht, ta xt mt bi ton dn n PTVP tuyn tnh cp hai. Xt mch RLC (hnh 5.2).

Gi u(t) l tng in p trn cc phn t ca mch, vy u(t) = 0. i(t) l cng dng in
trong mch. Trong k thut in t bit hiu in th trn in tr l Ri(t), trn cun t cm l
dt
di
L v trn t l
0
0
1
q idt
C
t
trong q
0
l in lng ban u trn t. Vy ta c mi lin h
sau y:
+ + + = =

0
0
) (
1
) ( ) ( 0 q dt t i
C dt
di
L t Ri t u
t

Ly o hm 2 v ta s c :

C
i
i L i R t u + + = ) (
Vy nhn c phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 2 i vi hm s i :

i
Li Ri 0
C
+ + =
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 l phng trnh c dng :
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
x f y x a y x a y = + + (5.25)
trong ) ( ), ( ), (
2 1
x f x a x a lin tc trn (a,b).
Nu 0 ) ( x f th (5.25) gi l PTVP tuyn tnh khng thun nht.
Nu 0 ) ( x f th (5.25) gi l PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht.
Ngi ta chng minh rng vi cc gi thit trn, PTVP (5.25) lun tn ti nghim v
nghim ca bi ton Cauchy sau y l duy nht.
Tm nghim ca PTVP (5.25) tho mn:

=
=
0 0
0 0
) (
) (
y x y
y x y
(5.26)

139
trong (x
0
, y
0
, y
0
) cho trc. Cc iu kin (5.26) gi l cc iu kin ban u. Bi ton
trn gi l bi ton Cauchy
Ngi ta gi PTVP (gi nguyn v tri ca (5.25))
0 ) ( ) (
2 1
= + + y x a y x a y (5.27)
l PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht tng ng vi PTVP tuyn tnh khng thun nht (5.25).
Mi h tuyn tnh u c tnh cht chung nn tng t nh PTVP cp mt, nghim ca
PTVP (5.25) c quan h vi nghim ca PTVP (5.27). V th trc ht ta xt PTVP (5.27).
5.2.1 Tnh cht nghim ca PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht.
Xt PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht:
0 ) ( ) (
2 1
= + + y x a y x a y (5.28)
nh l 5.2. Nu y
1
v y
2
l nghim ca PTVP (5.28) th y
1
+y
2
v Cy
1
(hoc Cy
2
) vi C l
hng s tu , cng l nghim ca (5.28).
Chng minh : Tht vy thay y = y
1
+ y
2
, y = Cy
1
vo PTVP (5.28) s nhn thy chng tho
mn PTVP :

[ ] [ ] 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) )( ( ) )( ( ) (
2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1
2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1
+ + + + +
=
+ + + + +
y x a y x a y y x a y x a y
y y x a y y x a y y

( ) [ ] 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) )( (
1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
+ + = + +
y x a y x a y C Cy x a Cy x a Cy
Trc ht ta xt khi nim hai hm ph tuyn tnh, c lp tuyn tnh. Cc khi nim ny
cng tng t nh cc khi nim ca vc t trong khng gian hc trong ton cao cp A
2
.
Cc hm ) ( ), (
2 1
x x lin tc trn (a,b) gi l ph thuc tuyn tnh trong (a,b) nu tn ti 2
hng s
2 1
, khng ng thi bng 0 sao cho :
) , ( , 0 ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1
b a x x x + (5.29)
Ngc li, tc l (5.29) ch xy ra khi 0
2 1
= = th ni rng ) ( ), (
2 1
x x l c lp
tuyn tnh trn (a,b). D dng ch ra rng : Hai hm s c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi t s ca
chng khng phi l hng s. Hai hm s ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi chng t l vi nhau
Chng hn :
2
3 2 1
) ( , ) ( , 1 ) ( x x x x x = = =

x x
e x e x x x x x
2
7 6 5 4
) ( , ) ( , cos ) ( , sin ) ( = = = = l c lp tuyn tnh tng
i trn khong (a,b) bt k.
nh l 5.3. Nu cc hm ) ( ), (
2 1
x x ph thuc tuyn tnh trn (a,b) th :
[ ] ) , ( , 0 ,
2 1
2 1
2 1
b a x W

=

Gi
[ ]
1 2
1 2
1 2
W , .

=

(5.30)

140
l nh thc Wronski ca hai hm
2 1
,
Chng minh :
Tn ti
2 1
, khng ng thi bng khng 0 ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1
+ x x
Gi s 0
2
, vy ) ( ) (
1
2
1
2
x x
= suy ra :
[ ]
1
1 1
2 1 1
1
1 2
1 1 1 2
1 1
2
( )
, 0.
( )
= =

x
W
x

nh l 5.4. Nu cc nghim y
1
, y
2
ca PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht (5.28) l c lp tuyn
tnh trn (a,b) th [ ] ) , ( , 0 ,
2 1
b a x y y W (5.31)
Chng minh :
Ga s ngc li [ ] 0 ) ( ), (
0 2 0 1
= x y x y W vi a < x
0
< b. Xt h phng trnh i s vi cc
n C
1
, C
2
:

= +
= +
0 ) ( ) (
0 ) ( ) (
0 2 2 0 1 1
0 2 2 0 1 1
x y C x y C
x y C x y C

H ny c nghim khng tm thng C
1
, C
2
(gi s
0
2
C
) v nh thc ca h bng
khng.
Mt khc hm s
2 2 1 1
~
y C y C y + = cng l nghim ca (5.28) (theo nh l 5,2).
Theo trn th 0 ) (
~
, 0 ) (
~
0 0
= = x y x y . T tnh duy nht nghim suy ra 0
~
= y trn (a,b) tc
l :
) , ( , 0
2 2 1 1
b a x y C y C +
M 0
2
C chng t y
1
, y
2
ph thuc tuyn tnh, mu thun vi gi thit.
nh l 5.5. Nu y
1
, y
2
l hai nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca (5.28) th nghim tng qut ca
PTVP (5.28) c dng :
2 2 1 1
y C y C y + = (5.32)
trong
2 1
, C C l cc hng s tu
Chng minh :
Trc ht ta thy (5.32) l nghim ca (5.28) (theo nh l 5.2) v ph thuc vo 2 hng s
C
1
, C
2
tu .
Ngoi ra vi iu kin u
0 0 1 0 0
) ( , ) ( y x y y x y = = th s tm c C
1,
C
2
duy nht. Tht
vy h phng trnh :
= + =
= + =
0 0 2 2 0 1 1 0
0 0 2 2 0 1 1 0
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
y x y C x y C x y
y x y C x y C x y
c 0
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
0 2 0 1
0 2 0 1
x y x y
x y x y

Suy ra nghim (C
1
, C
2
) tn ti duy nht.

141
nh l 5.6 Nu bit 0
1
y l nghim ca (5.28) th c th tm c nghim y
2
ca (5.28)
c lp tuyn tnh vi y
1
dng :

=

dx e
x y
x y x y
dx x a ) (
2
1
1 2
1
) (
1
) ( ) ( (5.33)
Ch : Trong tch phn trn hng s cng ca tch phn bt nh lun ly bng 0.
Chng minh :
Trc ht ta c th tm nghim y
2
trong dng ) ( ) ( ) (
1 2
x u x y x y =
t vo (5.28) s nhn c PTVP i vi hm u(x)
[ ] 0 ) ( 2
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + + u y a u y u y x a u y u y u y
0 ) (
2
) (
1
1
1 1 2 1 1 1
=
+ + + + u x a
y
y
u y y a y a y u
Chn u khc hng s tho mn phng trnh :
0 ) (
2
1
1
=
+ u x a
y
y
u
t u v = c 0 ) (
2
1
1
,
=
+ v x a
y
y
v
y l PTVP tuyn tnh cp 1, do :

dx x a
dx x a
y
dx x a
dx
y
y
dx x a
y
y
e
y
C
e Ce
e Ce
Ce v
) (
2
1
) (
ln 2
) (
2
) (
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.
1
.
.

Ly 1 = C do c th chn u l :

=

dx e
x y
x u
dx x a ) (
2
1
1
.
) (
1
) (
V
1
a (x)dx
2
1
1
u (x) e 0
y

= nn u(x) khng phi l hng s, chng t y

1
, y
2
c lp tuyn
tnh.
V d 10 : Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh :
0
2
= + + y y
x
y bit mt nghim ring
1
sin x
y .
x
=
Gii : Tm y
2
c lp tuyn tnh vi y
1
trong dng (5.33)

142

= dx
x
e x
x
x
dx
x
e x
x
x
y
x
dx
x
2
ln 2 2
2
2
2
2
sin
. sin
sin
. sin

2
sin x dx sin x cos x
( cot gx) .
x sin x x x
= = =

Vy nghim tng qut :
( )
1 2
1
y C sin x C cos x .
x
= +
V d 11 : Gii phng trnh
0 ) 1 (ln
2
= + y y x y x x bit rng n c mt nghim ring dng R x y =
,
Gii : Trc ht tm
t
x y =
1
vo phng trnh s c :
) , ( , 0 ) 1 ( ) 1 (ln
2 2
b a x x x x x x = +

) , ( , 0 1 ) 1 )( 1 (ln b a x x = +
suy ra x y = =
= +
=
1
1
0 1
0 ) 1 (

Tm y
2
trong dng (5.33)

=

2
) 1 (ln
2
2
x
dx e
x y
x x
xdx

= dx
x
e
x dx
x
e
x
x
x
x d
2
) 1 ln(ln
2
1 ln
ln

=
+ =
= x
x
dx
x
x
x dx
x
x
x ln ) 1 (ln
1 1 ln
2 2

Nghim tng qut x C x C y ln
2 1
+ =
Ch : bit c mt nghim khng tm thng ca PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht l rt
kh khn. V th trong qu trnh tch phn ta phi xem xt dng phng trnh suy on c
nghim hoc tm nghim theo s gi ca bi ton.
5.2.2 Tnh cht nghim ca PTVP tuyn tnh khng thun nht
Xt PTVP (5.25) v PTVP thun nht tng ng(5.27).
nh l 5.7. Nghim tng qut ca PTVP (5.25) bng tng nghim tng qut ca PTVP
(5.27) cng vi mt nghim ring bt k ca chnh phng trnh (5.25)

*
y y y + = (5.34)

143
y ngi ta dng k hiu :
y l nghim tng qut ca PTVP (5.27)

*
y l nghim ring ca PTVP (5.25)
Chng minh : Thay
*
y y y + = vo (5.25) ta c:

) ( ) ( 0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) )( ( ) )( (
2
'
*
1
"
*
2
'
1
"
*
2
'
*
'
1
"
*
"
x f x f
x f y x a y x a y y x a y x a
x f y y x a y y x a y y
= +
= + + + + +
= + + + + +
y
Chng t
*
y y y + = l nghim ca (5.25). N ph thuc hai hng s tu
2 1
, C C (c
trong biu thc ca y ) v vi iu kin u th
2 1
, C C s tm c duy nht nh chng minh
nh l 5.5
nh l 5.8 (Nguyn l chng cht nghim): Nu
*
2
*
1
, y y ln lt l cc nghim ring ca
phng trnh khng thun nht

) ( ) ( ' ) ( "
) ( ) ( ' ) ( "
2 2 1
1 2 1
x f y x a y x a y
x f y x a y x a y
= + +
= + +

th
*
2
*
1
*
y y y + = l nghim ring ca phng trnh (5.25) vi v phi
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
x f x f x f + =
Chng minh nh l ny cng tng t nh trn bng cch thay
*
2
*
1
*
y y y + = vo PTVP
(5.25) s nhn c ng nht thc.
ngha ca nguyn l l ch: v phi f(x) c th phn tch thnh tng hu hn cc hm
s, ng vi mi hm s, nghim ring thnh phn c th tm c d dng hn v nh vy
nghim ring
*
y s tm c.
nh l 5.9: Nu bit hai nghim ring ca PTVP (5.25)
*
2
*
1
, y y th hm s
*
2
*
1
y y y =
l nghim ca PTVP (5.27).
Chng minh nh l ny bng cch thay
*
2
*
1
y y y = vo phng trnh (5.27) v n
*
2
*
1
, y y l cc nghim ring ca (5.25) s nhn c ng nht thc.
nh l 5.10: Nu bit hai nghim ring
2 1
, y y c lp tuyn tnh ca (5.27) th mt
nghim ring ca (5.25) c th tm c bng phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange. Nghim
c dng:
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1
*
x y x C x y x C y + = (5.35)
trong :
/ /
1 1 2 2
/ / / /
1 1 2 2
C y C y 0
C y C y f (x)
+ =
+ =
(5.36)

144
Chng minh: Gi s bit hai nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca PTVP (5.27) l
2 1
, y y . Khi
nghim tng qut ca (5.27) l:
) ( ) (
2 2 1 1
x y C x y C y + =
Ni dung ca phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange l:
Coi ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1
*
x y x C x y x C y + = l nghim ring ca (5.25), vi s tn ti ca
) ( ), (
2 1
x C x C .
Tht vy
'
2 2
'
1 1 2
'
2 1
'
1
'
*
y C y C y C y C y + + + =
Trc ht t iu kin:
0
2
'
2 1
'
1
= + y C y C , khi
,
2
2
,
1
1
*,
y C y C y + = (*)
By gi thay
*
y vo (5.25) s nhn c:
) ( ) ( ) (
'
2
'
2
'
1
'
1 2 2
'
2 1
"
2 2 1 2
'
1 1
"
1 1
x f y C y C y a y a y C y a y a y C = + + + + + + +

*
y l nghim th phi c:
) (
'
2
'
2
'
1
'
1
x f y C y C = + (**)
Cc iu kin (*) v (**) by gi l:

= +
= +
) (
0
'
2
'
2
'
1
'
1
2
'
2 1
'
1
x f y C y C
y C y C

H phng trnh ny hon ton tm c
'
2
'
1
, C C do
[ ]
1 2
W y , y 0 . T tm c
) ( ), (
2 1
x C x C .
V d 12: Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh:

1
1
'
1
2
"
2 2
+
=
+
+
x
y
x
x
y .
Gii: Phng trnh thun nht tng ng l:
0 '
1
2
"
2
=
+
+ y
x
x
y
D nhn thy phng trnh thun nht ny c mt nghim l 1
1
= y
Nghim th hai c lp tuyn tnh tm theo cng thc (5.33) s l:
arctgx
x
dx
dx e y
dx
x
x

=
+
=
=
+
1
2
1
2
2
2

Nghim ring ca PTVP cho tm trong dng:
arctgx x C x C y ) ( ) (
2 1
*
+ =
trong :

145

+
=
+
+
= +
2 2
'
2
'
1
'
2
'
1
1
1
1
1
. 0 .
0
x x
C C
arctgx C C

Gii h ny s c:

) 1 ln(
2
1
.
1
2
1
'
1
2
'
2
x arctgx x arctgxdx C arctgx C
x C C
+ + = = =
= =

Vy nghim tng qut l:
arctgx C C x y
2 1
2
) 1 ln(
2
1
+ + + =
5.3. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 c h s khng i
5.3.1. Cc dng nghim ca phng trnh thun nht
Cho phng trnh:
0 ' "
2 1
= + + y a y a y (5.37)
trong
2 1
, a a l cc hng s thc.
Tm nghim ring ca (5.37) di dng

kx
e y = , k = const
Vy k tha mn iu kin:

kx 2 kx kx 2 2
1 2 1 2
y' k.e , y" k e , e (k a k a ) 0 k a k a 0 = = + + = + + = (5.38)
Phng trnh (5.38) gi l phng trnh c trng ca (5.37). Thng qua phng trnh ny,
chng ta c th bit c dng nghim ca chnh (5.37).
* Nu (5.38) cho 2 nghim thc khc nhau
2 1
, k k th c 2 nghim ring ca (5.37) l
x k x k
e y e y
2 1
2 1
, = = . Chng c lp tuyn tnh v
x k k
e
y
y
) (
2
1
2 1
= khng phi l hng s. Vy

nghim tng qut ca (5.37) s l:

x k x k
e C e C y
2 1
2 1
+ = (5.39)
* Nu (5.38) cho 2 nghim thc trng nhau th (5.37) c 1 nghim ring,
kx
e y =
1
. Nghim
ring
2
y c lp tuyn tnh vi
1
y tm c theo cng thc 5.33

1 2
uy y = v 0 ' ) 2 ( "
1
= + + u k a e u e
kx kx

v k l nghim kp ca (5.38) do 0 2
1
= + k a . Suy ra:
B Ax u u + = = , 0 " , ly u = x.
Vy nghim tng qut ca (5.37) :

146

kx
e x C C y ) (
2 1
+ = (5.40)
* Nu (5.38) cho 2 nghim phc i k = th hai nghim ring di dng phc s l:

) sin (cos
) sin (cos
2
1
x i x e e e y
x i x e e e y
x x i x
x x i x

= =
+ = =

Do
2 1
, a a l cc s thc, vy cc phn thc v phn o ca
2 1
, y y cng l nghim ca
(5.37).
Chng ta ly 2 nghim l x e x e
x x

sin , cos . Chng c lp tuyn tnh. Vy nghim
tng qut ca (5.37) trong trng hp ny c dng:
) sin cos (
2 1
x C x C e y
x

+ = (5.41)
V d 13: 0 6 ' 5 " = + + y y y
Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca n: 0 6 5
2
= + + k k cho nghim k
1
= -3,k
2
= -2. Vy :

x x
e C e C y
2
2
3
1

+ =
V d 14: 0 ' 2 " = + y y y
Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca n 0 1 2
2
= + k k c nghim k
1
=k
2
=1. Vy
) (
2 1
x C C e y
x
+ =
V d 15: Tm nghim ca bi ton Csi:
1 ) 0 ( ' ) 0 ( , 0 2 ' 2 " = = = + + y y y y y
Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca n:
i k k k = = + + 1 , 0 2 2
2

Nghim tng qut:

( )
x
1 2
x
2 1 2 1
1
2 1 2
y e (C cos x C sin x)
y' e (C C ) cos x (C C ) sin x
y(0) 1 C
y'(0) 1 C C C 2
= +
= +
= =
= = =

) sin 2 (cos x x e y
x
+ =

.
5.3.2. Phng php tm nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht
Cho phng trnh :
) ( ' "
2 1
x f y a y a y = + + (5.42)
trong a
1
,a
2
l cc hng s thc.
Nh vo phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange v cc dng nghim ca phng trnh
thun nht ta c th tm c nghim tng qut ca (5.42) vi f(x) l hm lin tc bt k.

147
V d 16: Tch phn PTVP
1
"
+
=
x
x
e
e
y y
Gii: PTVP thun nht tng ng:
0 " = y y
Phng trnh c trng ca n:
1 0 1
2
= = k k
Nghim tng qut ca PTVP thun nht tng ng:

x x
e C e C y
2 1
+ =

By gi tm nghim ring ca PTVP cho bng phng php bin thin hng s
Lagrange:

x x
e x C e x C y ) ( ) (
2 1
*
+ =

trong
' x ' x
1 2
x
' x ' x
1 2 x
C e C e 0
e
C e C e
1 e
+ =
+ =
+

Suy ra:
2x
' '
2 1 x x
2 x
1 1 1 e
C , C
2 e 1 2 1 e
1 dx
C
2 e 1
= =
+ +
=
+

t t e
x
= +1 , ,
1
=
t
dt
dx

) 1 ln(
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
) 1 ln(
2
1 1
ln
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
) 1 ( 2
1
2
1
2
+ +
+
=
=
+
=
+ + =
=

x
x
x
x
x
e
e
dt
t
t
dx
e
e
C
x e
t
t
dt
t t t t
dt
C

Vy nghim tng qut:
[ ] [ ]
2 1
) 1 ln(
2
) 1 ln(
2
C e x
e
C e e
e
y
x
x
x x
x
+ + + + + =

Di y chng ta xt cc dng c bit ca f(x) ng vi n, nghim ring ca (5.42) tm
c m khng cn phi dng n php tnh tch phn.
Trng hp 1: ) ... ( ) ( ) (
0
1
1
A x A x A e x P e x f
n
n
n
n
x
n
x
+ + + = =


148
trong 0 ), , 0 ( , ,
1
=
n
A n i R A
Nu khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh thun nht
tng ng vi (5.42) :
0
2 1
2
= + + a k a k (5.43)
th mt nghim ring ca (5.42) tm di dng:
) ... ( ) (
0
1
1
*
B x B x B e n Q e y
n
n
n
n
x
n
x
+ + + = =

vi n+1 h s B
i
cha bit.
Thay y
*
vo (5.42) th:

n n n n
P Q a a Q a Q = + + + + + ) ( ) 2 (
2 1
2 '
1
"

ng nht cc h s ca ly tha cng bc ca x ta s c h (n+1) phng trnh tuyn tnh
vi vi (n+1) n s B
i
( n i , 0 = ). Phng php tm cc h s ca
n
Q nh trn gi l phng php
h s bt nh vi h hm s ,... ,..., , , 1
2 n
x x x
Nu l nghim n ca (5.43), nghim ring tm di dng:
) ... ( ) (
0
*
B x B xe x Q xe y
n
n
x
n
x
+ + = =

Nu l nghim kp ca (5.43) th:
) ... ( ) (
0
2 2 *
B x B e x x Q e x y
n
n
x
n
x
+ + = =

V d 17: Tm mt nghim ring ca PTVP: )) ( ( ' 2 "
1
. 0
x P e x y y y
x
= = + +
Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng:
0 1 2
2
= + + k k c nghim kp k = -1
0 , ,
"
*
1
*
0 1
*
/
= = + = y B y B x B y

2 2
0 2
1
2
1 0
0 1
1
0 1 1
= =
= +
=
= + +
B B
B B
B
x B x B B

2
*
= x y .
V d 18: Tm mt nghim ring ca PTVP: )) ( ( 3 ' 2
1
. 1 "
x P e x e y y y
x x
= = +
Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca PTVP thun nht:
0 3 2
2
= + k k c nghim k = 1, k = -3

) 2 2 ) 4 ( (
) ) 2 ( (
) ( ) ( .
1 0 1 0
2
1
"
*
0 1 0
2
1
'
*
0
2
1 0 1
*
B B x B B x B e y
B x B B x B e y
x B x B e B x B e x y
x
x
x x
+ + + + =
+ + + =
+ = + =

Thay vo phng trnh s c:
x B B x B = + +
0 1 1
4 2 8

149

1
1
1 0
0 1
* x
1
B
8B 1
8
2B 4B 0 1 1
B B
2 16
1 1
y x.e (x ).
8 2

+ =

= =
=

V d 19: Tm nghim ca bi ton Csi:
1 ) 0 ( ' ) 0 ( ), 1 ( 4 4 "
2 '
= = + = + y y x e y y y
x

Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng 0 4 4
2
= + k k cho
nghim 2
2 1
= = k k .
Trc ht tm mt nghim ring:
[ ]
( )
0 1 0
2
1 0
3
1
2
"
*
0
2
1 0
3
1
2
'
*
2
0
3
1
2
0 1
2 2 *
2 ) 6 8 ( ) 12 4 ( 4
2 ) 3 2 ( 2
) ( ) (
B x B B x B B x B e y
x B x B B x B e y
x B x B e B x B e x y
x
x
x x
+ + + + + =
+ + + =
+ = + =

1 2 6
0 1
+ = + x B x B

2
1
,
6
1
1 2
1 6
0 1
0
1
= =
=
=
B B
B
B

Nghim tng qut:
2x 2 2x
1 2
' 2x 2x 3 2
1 2 2
1
1 2
1 2
2x 2 2x
1
y e (C C x) x e (x 3)
6
1
y e (2C C C x) e (2x 9x 6x)
6
y(0) C 1
y'(0) 2C C 1
C 1, C 1
1
y e (1 x) x e (x 3).
6
= + + +
= + + + + +
= =
= + =
= =
= + +

Trng hp 2: [ ] x x Q x x P e x f
m n
x

sin ) ( cos ) ( ) ( + =
trong ) ( ), ( , , x Q x P R
n n
l cc a thc bc n,m cho trc vi cc h s thc.
Nu i khng phi l nghim ca (5.43) th mt nghim ring ca (5.42) c tm
di dng:
[ ] x x S x x R e y
l l
x

sin ) ( cos ) (
*
+ =
trong ) ( ), ( x S x R
l l
l cc a thc bc ) , max( m n l = c cc h s c tm bng phng php
h s bt nh vi cc h hm: x x x x cos , sin ,..., , , 1
2


150
Nu i l nghim ca (5.43) th tm nghim trong dng:
[ ] x x S x x R x e y
l l
x

sin ) ( cos ) (
*
+ =
V d 20: Tm nghim tng qut: x x y y cos
' "
= +
Gii: Phng trnh c trng tng ng 0
2
= + k k cho nghim k = 0,k = -1
Nhn thy i khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh c trng. Vy

x B A x B x A B x A y
x A B x A x B A x B y
x B x B x A x A y
sin ) 2 ( cos ) 2 (
sin ) ( cos ) (
sin ) ( cos ) (
0 1 1 0 1 1
"
*
0 1 1 0 1 1
'
*
0 1 0 1
*
+ + =
+ + + + =
+ + + =

Vy

( ) ( ) x x x B A A B x B A x A B B A x A B cos sin 2 ) ( cos 2 ) (
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
= + + + + + +

1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0
B A 1, A 2B B A 0
B A 0, 2A B B A 0
1 1 1
B , A , A 1, B
2 2 2
= + + =
+ = + =
= = = =

Nghim tng qut: x x x x e C C y
x
sin ) 1 (
2
1
cos ) 2 (
2
1
2 1
+ + + =

V d 21: Tm mt nghim ring ca phng trnh:
) sin 1 ( 2 ' 2 " x e y y y
x
+ = + +

Gii: Da vo nguyn l chng cht nghim, ta tm cc nghim ring ca cc phng trnh
sau:

x
x
e y y y
x e y y y
= + +
= + +
2 ' 2 "
sin 2 ' 2 "

Phng trnh c trng tng ng 0 2 2
2
= + + k k cho nghim i k = 1
( )
( ) x x A A B x x B A B e y
x x A x B B x A x A x B e y
x B x A xe y
x
x
x
sin ) 2 2 2 ( cos ) 2 2 2 (
sin ) ( cos ) (
) sin cos (
0 0 0 0 0 0
"
*
1
0 0 0 0 0 0
'
*
1
0 0
*
1
+ + =
+ + =
+ =

x
x x x
x
e y C
e C y e C y e C y
x
xe
y A B
x x A x B
= =
= = =
= = =
=
*
2 0
0
"
*
2 0
'
*
2 0
*
2
*
1 0 0
0 0
, 1
, ,
cos
2
,
2
1
, 0
sin sin 2 cos 2


151
Nghim ring ) cos
2
1 (
*
2
*
1
*
x
x
e y y y
x
= + =

Cc phng php trnh by trn c p dng cho phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp cao
c h s hng s, chng hn xt bi ton Csi sau:
V d 22: Gii PTVP:
1 ) 0 ( " ) 0 ( ' , 0 ) 0 ( , ' 2 ' ' 2 ' ' '
2
= = = = + y y y x y y y y
Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca PTVP thun nht tng ng:

) 3 1 (
2
1
, 1 , 0 ) 1 )( 1 (
0 1 2 2
3 , 2 1
2
2 3
i k k k k k
k k k
= = = +
= +

Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng:
)
2
3
sin
2
3
cos (
3 2
2
1
1
x C x C e e C y
x
x
+ + = C
1,
C
2
,C
3
l cc hng s ty .
Mt nghim ring tm di dng:

4 , 0 4 2
4 0 4
1
4 2 ) 4 ( , 0
2
2
0 2 0 1
1 1 2
2
2
2 0 1 1 2
2
2
' ' '
*
2
"
*
1 2
'
*
0 1
2
2
*
= =
= =
=
= + + =
=
+ =
+ + =
A A A A
A A A
A
x A A A x A A x A y
A y
A x A y
A x A x A y

Nghim tng qut :

2
2
3
sin ) 3 (
2
3
cos ) 3 (
2
1
"
4 2
2
3
sin ) 3 (
2
3
cos ) 3 (
2
1
'
4 4 )
2
3
sin
2
3
cos (
3 2 2 3
2
1
1
2 3 3 2
2
1
1
2
3 2
2
1
1
+ + =

+ + + =
+ + =
x C C x C C e e C y
x x C C x C C e e C y
x x x C x C e e C y
x
x
x
x
x
x

T iu kin ban u c:
0 , 2
1 2 ) 3 (
2
1
1 4 ) 3 (
2
1
0 4
3 2 1
2 3 1
3 2 1
2 1
= = =
= +
= + +
= +
C C C
C C C
C C C
C C


152
Vy nghim ca bi ton Csi l: x e e y
x
x
2
3
cos 2 2
2
1
+ =
TM TT CHNG 5.
Phng trnh c bin s phn ly. Dng phng trnh: 0 ) ( ) (
2 1
= + dy y f dx x f
Tch phn tng qut: C dy y f dx x f = +

) ( ) (
2 1

Phng trnh ng cp cp mt. Dng phng trnh: ), (
,
x
y
f y = hay
x
y
t t f y = = ), (
,

Phng php tch phn: Coi t l hm s ca x, thay vo phng trnh s a v
dng c bin s phn ly
t t f
dt
x
dx
=
) (

Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp mt. Dng phng trnh: ) ( ) ( ' x q y x p y = +
Nghim tng qut:
=

dx e x q e Ce y
dx x p dx x p dx x p ) ( ) ( ) (
) (
Phng trnh Bernoulli. Dng phng trnh: ) ( ) ( ' x q y y x p y

= +
Phng php tch phn: t
1
1
) (

=

y
x u ,
Thay vo phng trnh trn s nhn c PTVP tuyn tnh cp 1 i vi hm ) (x u :
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ' x q u x p u = +
Phng trnh vi phn ton phn. Dng phng trnh: 0 ) , ( ) , ( = + dy y x Q dx y x P
trong D y x
y
P
x
Q

) , ( ,
Tch phn tng qut:
0 0
0
( , ) ( , )
y x
x y
P x y dx Q x y dy C + =

hoc:
0 0
0
( , ) ( , )
y x
x y
P x y dx Q x y dy C + =

Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai thun nht:
0 ) ( ) (
2 1
= + + y x a y x a y (*)
Tnh cht nghim:
1. Nu y
1
v y
2
l nghim ca PTVP(*) th y
1
+y
2
v Cy
1
(hoc Cy
2
) vi C l hng s tu ,
cng l nghim ca(*)

153
2. Nu y
1
, y
2
l hai nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca (*) th nghim tng qut n c dng :
2 2 1 1
y C y C y + =
trong
2 1
, C C l cc hng s tu
3. Nu bit 0
1
y l nghim ca (*) th c th tm c nghim y
2
ca n c lp tuyn
tnh vi y
1
dng :

=

dx e
x y
x y x y
dx x a ) (
2
1
1 2
1
) (
1
) ( ) (
Ch : Trong tch phn trn hng s cng ca tch phn bt nh lun ly bng 0
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai khng thun nht

1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) y a x y a x y f x + + = (**)
Tnh cht nghim :
1. Nghim tng qut ca PTVP (**) bng tng nghim tng qut ca PTVP (*) cng vi
mt nghim ring bt k ca chnh phng trnh (**)

*
y y y + =
y ngi ta dng k hiu :
y l nghim tng qut ca PTVP (*)

*
y l nghim ring ca PTVP (**)
2. (Nguyn l chng cht nghim): Nu
*
2
*
1
, y y ln lt l cc nghim ring ca phng
trnh khng thun nht

) ( ) ( ' ) ( "
) ( ) ( ' ) ( "
2 2 1
1 2 1
x f y x a y x a y
x f y x a y x a y
= + +
= + +

th
*
2
*
1
*
y y y + = l nghim ring ca phng trnh (**) vi v phi ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
x f x f x f + =
3. Nu bit hai nghim ring
2 1
, y y c lp tuyn tnh ca (*) th mt nghim ring ca
(**) c th tm c bng phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange. Nghim c dng:
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1
*
x y x C x y x C y + =
trong :
/ /
1 1 2 2
/ / / /
1 1 2 2
0
( )
C y C y
C y C y f x
+ =
+ =

4. Nu bit hai nghim ring ca PTVP (**)
*
2
*
1
, y y th hm s
*
2
*
1
y y y = l nghim ca
PTVP (*)
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 thun nht c h s khng i
0 ' "
2 1
= + + y a y a y , (1)
2 1
, a a l cc hng s thc

2
1 2
0 k a k a + + = (2) gi l phng trnh c trng ca (1)

154
Dng nghim tng qut:
Nu (2) cho 2 nghim thc khc nhau
2 1
, k k th nghim tng qut ca (1) s l:

x k x k
e C e C y
2 1
2 1
+ =
Nu (2) cho 2 nghim thc trng nhau th nghim tng qut ca (1) s l

kx
e x C C y ) (
2 1
+ =
Nu (2) cho 2 nghim phc i k = th nghim tng qut ca (1) s l
) sin cos (
2 1
x C x C e y
x

+ =
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 khng thun nht c h s khng i
) ( ' "
2 1
x f y a y a y = + + , (3) a
1,
,a
2
l cc hng s thc
Trng hp 1: ) ... ( ) ( ) (
0
1
1
A x A x A e x P e x f
n
n
n
n
x
n
x
+ + + = =

trong 0 ), , 0 ( , ,
1
=
n
A n i R A
Nu khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh thun nht
tng ng vi (3) th mt nghim ring ca (3) tm di dng
) ... ( ) (
0
1
1
*
B x B x B e n Q e y
n
n
n
n
x
n
x
+ + + = =

Trng hp 2: [ ] x x Q x x P e x f
m n
x

sin ) ( cos ) ( ) ( + =
trong ) ( ), ( , , x Q x P R
n n
l cc a thc bc n,m cho trc vi cc h s thc.
Nu i khng phi l nghim ca (2) th mt nghim ring ca (3) c tm di
dng:
[ ] x x S x x R e y
l l
x

sin ) ( cos ) (
*
+ =
trong ) ( ), ( x S x R
l l
l cc a thc bc ) , max( m n l = c cc h s c tm bng phng
php h s bt nh vi cc h hm: x x x x cos , sin ,..., , , 1
2

Nu i l nghim ca (2) th tm nghim ring trong dng:
[ ] x x S x x R x e y
l l
x

sin ) ( cos ) (
*
+ =
CU HI V BI TP CHNG 5
5.1. Nghim tng qut ca PTVP cp n ph thuc vo n hng s tu .
ng Sai
5.2. Nghim ca bi ton Cauchy lun duy nht nghim
ng Sai
5.3. Phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange p dng ch cho PTVP tuyn tnh.
ng Sai
5.4. Phng trnh Bernoulli l PTVP tuyn tnh
ng Sai

155
5.5. PTVP ton phn l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh thun nht.
ng Sai
5.6. PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht lun lun c nghim
ng Sai
5.7. Bit 2 nghim y
1
v y
2
ca PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht th bit c nghim tng qut
ca phng trnh .
ng Sai
5.8. Bit 2 nghim ca PTVP tuyn tnh khng thun nht th c th bit c nghim tng
qut ca phng trnh .
ng Sai
5.9. Gii PTVP tuyn tnh c h s hng s khng cn dng n php tnh tch phn
ng Sai
5.10. PTVP tuyn tnh c tnh cht chng cht nghim.
ng Sai
5.11. Gii cc phng trnh:
a.
x
y
+
=
1
1

b.
x
e x y
2
' =
c.
y
y
x y
ln
cos ' = d. 0
1 1
2 2
=
+
x
ydx
y
xdy

e. ) sin( ) sin( ' y x y x y = + + f. ) cos( y x y =

5.12. Gii cc bi ton Cauchy:
a. 1 ) 1 ( , 0
) ( ) 1 (
= =
+
+
y
z x y
dy
y x
dx

b. 0 ) 0 ( , ) 1 (
2 2
= = + y dx e dy y e
x x

c. 1 ) 0 ( , 0 ln sin = = y ydx y xdy
d. 2 ) 1 ( , 4 ) 1 (
2 2
= + = + y y y x
a. dx y x ydx xdy
2 2
+ =
b. 0 2 '
2 2
= + y x xyy
c. ( ) ( ) ydx xdy
x
y
y xdy ydx
x
y
x = + sin cos
d. 0 ) ( ) ( = + + dy x y dx x y
5.14. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1:

156
a. 0 2 ) 1 ( ' ) 1 (
2 2
= + + x y x y x x
b.
2
2 '
x
xe xy y

= +
c.
2 2 2
) 1 ( 2 ' ) 1 ( x xy y x + = +
d. 0 ) 6 ( 2
2
= + dy x y ydx
5.15. Gii cc bi ton Cauchy:
a.
2
1
) 0 ( , ) 1 (
1
2
'
3
= + =
+
y x
x
y
y
b. 0 ) 0 ( , 1 ' ) 1 (
2
= = + + y xy y x
5.16. Chng minh hm s dt e x y
x
t
=
1
2
l mt nghim ca phng trnh
2
2
'
x
e x y xy = .
Hy tm nghim ca phng trnh tho mn iu kin y(1)=1
a.
3 3
' y x xy y = +
b.
2 3
( ) 1
dy
x y xy
dx
+ =
c. xdy ydx x y = ) 2 ln (
d. 0 ) (
2
= + + dy y x x ydx
5.18. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn ton phn:
a. 0
) (
1 1
) (
2
2
2
2
=
dy
y x
x
y
dx
x y x
y

b. 0
) (
) 2 (
2
=
+
+ +
y x
dy y x xdx

c. 0
1
sin cos
1
1 cos sin
1
2 2 2
=
+ +
+ dy
y y
x
y
x
x
y
x
dx
x
y
x
y
y
x
y

d. 0 2 ) ln 1 ( 3
3
2
=
+ dy
y
x
y dx y x
5.19. Gii cc phng trnh sau y bng cch tm tha s tch phn
a. ) ( , 0 2 ) 2 ( x xdy dx xy y = + +
b. ) ( , 0 ) (
3
2
2 2
3
2
x dy y x dx
y
y x xy = + +
+ +
c. ) ( , 0 ) 1 ( y xdy dx xy y = +
d. ) ( , 0 ln
2
xy xdx xy ydx xdy = +

157
5.20. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn sau:
a. 0 ) 1 (ln
2
= + y y x y x x , bit rng n c mt nghim ring dng R x y =
,
1

b. 0 8 ' ) 2 4 ( ) 1 2 ( = + + y y x y x , bit rng n c mt nghim ring dng
R e y
x
=
,
1

c. 0 6 ) 1 (
2
= y y x , bit rng n c mt nghim ring y
1
(x) c dng a thc.
d. 2 2 ' ) 1 ( 2 ) 2 (
2
= + y y x y x x bit rng n c hai nghim ring x y y = =
2 1
, 1
5.21. Gii cc phng trnh sau khi bit mt nghim ring ca phng trnh thun nht
tng ng.
a. x y x y xy y x = = +
1
3 2
, 2 2 ' 2
b.
x
e y x y
x
y
x
x
y = =
+
1
, 1
1
1
'
1

c. x y x
x
e y
x x
y
x
ln , ln
2
ln
1
1
2
=
+ = +
a.
1 +
=
x
x
e
e
y y
b. 1 3 ' 2 + = + +

x e y y y
x

c. tgx y y = +
d.
x x
y y
2 cos 2 cos
1
= +
a. x y y y sin 6 ' 7 = +
b. x y y 6 2 ' 3 =
c. x e y y y
x
cos 3 ' 2

= +
d.
x
e y y y

= + + 4 ' 2
e.
x
e x y y y
4 2
20 ' 9 = +
f. x x y y
2 2
cos = +
5.24. Gii cc bi ton Cauchy
a. 0 ) 0 ( , 1 ) 0 ( , cos 5 2 ' 2 = = = + y y x y y y
b. 0 ) 0 ( ' ) 0 ( , cos
3
= = = + y y x y y

p s v gi

161
P S V GI
P S V GI CHNG 1.
1.11.
a. { 0 , 0 ), , ( > > y x y x hoc } 0 , 0 < < y x
b. Vnh trn ng gii hn bi 2 ng trn tm gc ta bn knh 1 v 3.
c. Min m nm trong 2 ng y = x v y = -x, nm bn phi trc Oy
d. Ton mt phng tr ng parabol y = x
2

1.12.
a.
2 2 2 2 2 2
,
1
y x y x
y
z
y x
z
y x
+ + +
=
+
=
b.
y
x
x
y
x
y z
y
x
y z
y x
cos sin 2 , cos = =
c. x x z x y z
y
y
y
x
ln ,
3 3
1 3
= =

d.
2 2 2 2
,
y x
x
z
y x
y
z
y x
+
=
+
=
1.14.
a. ( ) y e z x x e z
y x x
y
y x x
x
4 . , 4 2 sin
) ( 2 cos ) ( 2 cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ +
= + =
b.
( )
( ) 1
1 2
,
2
4
4
+
= =
y y
y
z
x
z
y x

1.15.
a.
( )
x
y
x
ydx xdy
dz
2
sin
2
2
=
b. ( ) ( ) [ ] dx y x y y dy y y x e dz
x
sin cos sin sin cos + + + =
1.16.
a.
( )
2 2
2 2
3
) 3 (
'
x y x
y x y
y
=
b.
2
2
) (
'
y x
a
y
+
=
p s v gi

162
c.
1
1
' '
2 2 2
+ +
= =
z y x
z z
y x

d.
xy z
xz y
z
xy z
yz x
z
y x
=
2
2
2
2
,
1.18.
3
28

1.19.
r
u
r
u 2
=
khi a = b = c
1.20.
2
) , cos(
r
r u

trit tiu khi r

1.21.
a. im dng: ), 2 , 4 ( ), 2 , 2 (

x x
yy xx xy
e y x y x e y z z z
2 2 2 2 // //
2
//
) 10 4 8 ( 2 ) 2 ( 4 + + + + = =
, 0 4 ) 2 , 2 (
4
> =

e , 0 2 ) 2 , 4 ( , 0 4 ) 2 , 2 (
2 // 8
< = < =

e z e
yy

Vy
4
max
4 ) 2 , 4 (

= = e z z

b. im dng: ), 1 , 1 ( ), 0 , 0 ( , 36 9 ) , ( xy y x = , 0 9 ) 0 , 0 ( > =

, 0 27 ) 1 , 1 ( < = , 0 6 ) 1 , 1 (
//
> =
xx
z vy 1 ) 1 , 1 (
min
= = z z

c. C 5 im dng: ), , ( ), 2 , 2 ( ), 0 , 2 ( ), 2 , 0 ( ), 0 , 0 ( b a b a a b

), 2 )( 2 ( 4 ) )( ( 16 ) , (
2 2
y b x a xy y b x a y x =

0 4 ) , ( , 0 ) 2 , 2 ( ) 0 , 2 ( ) 2 , 0 ( ) 0 , 0 (
2 2
< = > = = = b a b a b a a b
, 0 2 ) , (
2 //
< = b b a z
xx
Vy . ) , (
2 2
max
b a b a z z = =

d. im dng: ), 2 , 1 ( ),
5
1 )(
2
1 ( 4 1 ) , (
2 2
y x
y x + + = 0 26 ) 2 , 1 ( < =
, 0 6 ) 2 , 1 (
//
> =
xx
z vy 2 ln 10 7 ) 2 , 1 (
min
= = z z

p s v gi

163
e. Tn ti 4 im dng: ),
3
1
,
3
1
( , 36 ) , ( xy y x =
, 0 12 )
3
1
,
3
1
( > = , 0 12 )
3
1
,
3
1
( > =
, 0 12 )
3
1
,
3
1
( < = , 0 12 )
3
1
,
3
1
( < = , 0 )
3
1
,
3
1
(
//
<
xx
z
, 0 )
3
1
,
3
1
(
//
>
xx
z Vy
3
4
)
3
1
,
3
1
(
max
= = z z
.
3
4
)
3
1
,
3
1
(
min
= = z z

f. Tn ti 3 im dng: ), 2 , 2 ( ), 2 , 2 ( ), 0 , 0 (
), 1 3 )( 1 3 ( 16 16 ) , (
2 2
= y x y x , 0 384 ) 2 , 2 ( ) 2 , 2 ( < = =

, 0 20 ) 2 , 2 ( ) 2 , 2 (
// //
> = =
xx xx
z z . 8 ) 2 , 2 ( ) 2 , 2 (
min
= = = z z z
Ngoi ra , 0 2 ) 0 , ( , 0 , 0 2 ) , ( , 0 ) 0 , 0 (
2 4 4
< = > = = x x x z x x x x z z khi x b.
Vy hm s khng t cc tr tai (0,0)

g. im dng: ). 2 , 5 ( ,
4000
1 ) , (
3 3
y x
y x = 0 3 ) 2 , 5 ( < =
0
5
4
) 2 , 5 (
//
> =
xx
z , . 30 ) 2 , 5 (
min
= = z z
h. im dng: (0,0), ), 3 ( 12 4 ) , (
2
y x y x y x = , 0 ) 0 , 0 ( =
Nhn xt: , ) , ( , 0 ) 0 , 0 (
3
x x x z z = = i du khi x i du, chng t hm s khng
t cc tr.

1.22. d = 1
1.23.
5
3
,
5
4
= = y x
P S V GI CHNG 2.
2.10.
p s v gi

164
a.

+
y
y y
dx y x f dy dx y x f dy
arccos
arccos
1
2
2
4
arccos
2
2
0
) , ( ) , (

b.

y
y
dx y x f dy ) , (
4
0

c.

+
3
2
6
2
3
1
2
0
) , ( ) , (
x
dy y x f dx dy y x f dx
d.

+
2
1 1
2
1
0
) , (
y
y
dx y x f dy
2.11.
a.
36
1

b.
3
8

c.
4
3
2 ln 2 3 ln
4
9

d.
504
1

2.12.
a.
3
3
14
a
b.
32
11

c.
1
2 2
5

d.

3
2
2 3
8

2.13.
a.
6
1

b.
5
2
38
c.
2 ln 2
7
4
97

p s v gi

165
d.
6
5

2.14.
a.
8

b.
2.15.
a.
3072
43

b.
! 4
1

c.
2
4
a

d.
3
4
5
a
(chuyn sang ta cu hoc ta tr)
P S V GI CHNG 3.
3.16.
a. 24
b.
143
2 16

3.17. 1
3.18.
a.
3
32

b. 4
3.19.
a. 1
b.
5
1

c.
3
4

3.20.
a.
2
a v
2
a
b.
2
2
a
v
2
2
a

p s v gi

166
c.
2
ab
v
2
ab

3.21. 0
3.22.
2
4
R

3.23.
a. 4
b.
2
5

3.24.
a. + 1
b.
( )
4
16
16
2
2

3.25.
a. C y y x y x x + + + + 3
3
1
3
3
1
3 2 2 3

b. C y y x e
y x
+ + +
+
2 ) sin(
c. [ ] C y x e y e
y x
+ + + ) 1 (
d. C
y
y x + +
2
) ln(
2
1
2
2 2

3.26.
a. 1
b. 1
3.27.
a. ( ) C
x
y
arctg y x u m + + + = =
2 2
ln
2
1
, 1
b. C
y x
y x
u b a +
+
= = =
2 2
, 1
3.28.
a. 2
b.
4
3
8
a
3.29.
a. 61 4
p s v gi

167
b. 2
15
64
4
a
c.
8

3.30.
a.
15
2

b.
15
2
12
5
+

c. ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
4
a c c b b a
abc
+ +

d.
105
2
7
R

3.31.
a.
8
6
R

b. 3
2
R
3.32.
a.
8
1

b.
5
12
5
R

c.
4
3a

P S V GI CHNG 4.
4.9.
0
8 , 99 , 0 cos
4.10.
4
3
,
3
7
,
4
3
,
3
1

4.11.
a.
16
3
4
R

b.
5

c. 2
4.12. 12
p s v gi

168
4.13. 0 (Hng dn: ) ( ) 2 , 2 , 2 (
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
z z y x grad z y x yz x z xy = cn L l giao ca
1
2 2 2
= + + z y x v mt z y 3 = )
4.14.
a. C y x e u
x
+ + =

) ln(
b. C z y x xyz u + + + = ) (
c. C zx yz xy u + + + =
P S V GI CHNG 5.
5.11.
a. [ ] C x x y + + = ) 1 ln( 2
b. C x x e y
x
+ + = ) 2 2 (
2

c. C
x
tg y +
+ =
4 2
ln ln
2
1
2

d. ( )( ) Cxy y x =
2 2
1 1 1 1
e. C
y
tg x = +
2
ln sin 2
f. C
y x
g x =
+
2
cot
5.12.
a. 2 ln ln 2 = + + y x y x
b.
4
3
3
3

=
x
arctge y
c. Mi nghim u tha mn
d.
x x
x x
y
2 1
4 ) 1 ( 2
2
2
+
+
=
5.13.
a. 0 2 1
2 2
= + x C Cy
b.
2 2
1 x C x y + =
c. C
x
y
xy = cos
d.
2 2 2
2 C x xy y = +
5.14.
p s v gi

169
a.
x
C Cx y
1
) 1 ( + + =
b.
+ =

2
2
2 x
C e y
x

c. ) )( 1 (
2
C x x y + + =
d.
3 2
2 Cy x y = (gii x theo y)
5.15.
a.
+ + + =
2
1
2
) 1 (
2
2
x
x
x y
b.
( )
1
1 ln
2
2
+
+ +
=
x
x x
y
5.17.
a. 1 ) 1 (
2
2 2
= + +
x
Ce x y
b. 2
1
2
2
1
2
+ =

y Ce
x
y
(gii x theo y)
c.
2
1 1
( ln ) 1
2 4
y x Cx + + =
d.
( ) C y y
x
+
=
ln
1
(gii x theo y)
5.18.
a. C
y x
xy
x
y
=
ln
b. C
y x
x
y x =
+
+ ln
c. C
y
x
y
x
x
y
= +
1
cos sin
d. C y y x = +
2 3
) ln 1 (
5.19.
a.
x
e
2
1
= , C e y x
x
=
2 2

b. C
y
x ye e
x x
=
+ =
3
,
2
2

p s v gi

170
c. C x
y
x
y
= + =
2
2
2
,
1

d. C
xy
x
y x
= + =
1
ln
2
1
,
1
2
2 2

5.20.
a. x C x C y ln
2 1
+ =

b.
+
+ =

x
x
C e C y
x
2
2
) 1 2 (
2
2
2
1

c.
+
+ + =
1
1
ln .
4
) 1 ( 3
2
3
1 ) (
2
2
2
3
1
x
x x x
x C x x C y
d. 1 ) 1 (
2
2
1
+ + = x C x C y
5.21.
a.
3 2
2 1
x x C x C y + + =
b. ) 1 (
2
2 1
+ + = x x C e C y
x

c.
+ + =

x
e
x
dx
C C x y
2
2 1
ln
ln
5.22.
a. [ ] [ ]
2 1
) 1 ln(
2
) 1 ln(
2
C e x
e
C e x
e
y
x
x
x
x
+ + + + =

b.
+ + + =

2
5
2 1
) 1 (
5
4
x x C C e y
x

c.
+ + =
4 2
ln cos sin cos
2 1
x
tg x x C x C y
d. x x C x C y 2 cos sin cos
2 1
+ =
5.23.
a.
74
cos 7 sin 5
6
2 1
x x
e C e C y
x x
+
+ + =
b.
2 3
2 1
x e C C y
x
+ + =
c. ( ) ) sin 4 cos 5 (
41
2 sin 2 cos
2 1
x x
e
x C x C e y
x
x
+ + =

d. ( )
x x
e x e x C C y

+ + =
2
2 1
2
p s v gi

171
e.
x x x
e x x x e C e C y
4 2 3 4
2
5
1
2
3
1
+ + + =
f.
27
2 cos 13
9
2 sin 4
6
2 cos
1
2
sin cos
2 2
2 1
x x x x x x
x C x C y + + + + =
5.24.
a. x e x y
x
sin ) 1 ( 2 cos + =
b. ( ) x
x
x x y sin
8
3
3 cos cos
32
1
+ =

p s v gi

172
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. G. M. FICHTENGN, Gio trnh php tnh vi tch phn, Tp 1,2,3, Nauka, Moskva,
1969. (ting Nga).
2. NGUYN NH TR (ch bin),Ton hc cao cp, Tp 1,2,3, NXB Gio dc, H ni,
2004.
3. K. MAURIN, Analiza,
, ,
es 1 Cz c , PWN, Warszawa, 1976.
4. PHAN QUC KHNH, Php tnh vi tch phn, Tp 2, NXB Gio dc, 2000.
5. JEAN-MARIE MONIER, Gio trnh ton, Tp 1,2,3,4, NXB Gio dc, H ni,
1999,(dch t ting Php, DUNOD, Paris, 1999).
6. V. V. STEPANOV, Gio trnh phng trnh vi phn, Nh xut bn Quc gia, Moskva,
1959.(ting Nga).

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

= , nhit lng to ra trn dy dn ph thuc vo in

u cha nhng im thuc E v im

c vc t n v ) cos , cos , (cos

khi 1 cos = , tc l cng

> > >

v chng bng nhau.

, D l giao ca hai hnh trn

AB ng vi mt phn hoch v mt cch chn tu cc im

= th s I gi l tch phn ng loi mt ca f(x,y) dc theo cung

AB .Trong tch phn (3.1), ds k

AB hay vi phn ca cung

AB v mt khi lng l ) , ( y x th khi lng

AB l cung trn (tip tuyn ca cung bin thin

AB thnh hu hn cc cung thnh phn, cc cung thnh

AB th f(x,y) kh tch trn cung

AB trn cho bi phng trnh:

, cn v phi chnh l tch phn xc nh ca hm s

AB cho bi phng trnh tham s:

AB cho di dng tham s:

= r . Theo cng thc

AB l ng cong trong khng gian c ba hm s P(x,y,z),Q(x,y,z),R(x,y,z) xc nh

AB th tch phn ng loi hai ca ba hm s cng c k hiu l:

AB trn hoc trn tng khc v cc hm P(x,y), Q(x,y) lin tc trn

AB trn cho bi phng

AB nh trnh by trong phn nh ngha.

AB trong khng gian 0xyz cho bi phng trnh tham s:

AB cho bi phng trnh x=x(y) , A,B c tung tng ng l c,d th

BC c phng trnh x=b nn dx=0. Vy

AB nm trong min D, ch ph thuc vo 2 im A,B

AmBnA D . Theo (2) ta c:

. Tht vy, theo nh ngha o hm ring ti

Vy tn ti hm u(x,y) cho bi (3.22) c

AB cho bi phng trnh y=y(x) v A(x

AM l ng gp khc ANM hoc ALM (H.3.11)

AB cho bi phng trnh: 2 1 ,

AB bt k to vi on AB thnh ng cong kn khng bao gc to .

AB bt k to vi on AB thnh ng cong kn bao gc to

AB ,sao cho cung

AB to vi on AB mt ng cong kn bao gc to th khng th p

AB V , ch ph thuc vo hai im A,B m khng

ly theo pha ngoi ca S l bin ca hnh

AB trn cho bi phng trnh: b x a x y y = ), ( v hm s f(x,y) lin

AB cho bi phng trnh tham s:

AB trn cho bi phng trnh tham

AB nm trong min D, ch ph thuc vo 2 im A,B

AB V , ch ph thuc vo hai im A,B m khng

trong min D gii hn bi ng cong L

ABC l ng gp khc vi A(0,0), B(2,2), C(4,0)

, S l mt ngoi ca phn hnh cu xc nh bi

, S l bin ca hnh chp x 0, y 0, z 0, x y z 1. + +

, S l bin ca hnh lp phng

l cng ca trng lc ) , , ( z y x F khi di chuyn dc

= , , , tc l : Rdz Qdy Pdx du + + = ngha l

gradU, theo trn , 2 = gradU thay

= vo cng thc trn suy ra:

, vi mi k. Vy trng vct cho l

cng lin tc trn min

= nn u(x) khng phi l hng s, chng t y

= khng phi l hng s. Vy

trit tiu khi r

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