nh gi s n nh b dc cng trng

khai thc qung APATIT khu m cc - Lo Cai

L Huy Hong*

Slope stability assessment for apatite mining sites of the

Coc Apatite Mine, Lao Cai Province
Abstract: Landslides frequently occur in the Lao Cai region which
cause instability for the slope and embankments. Human and
natural acts (raining and groundwater) are of key factors to result in
forming and developing process of landslides .Basing on the
obtained geological data and the latest researched results (2042006) the author assessed and warned stability risk grade of COC
apatite mining sites, Lao Cai province. Impact of permeable
capability of the raining water within the rocks and groundwater
hydraulics is steadily taken into consideration to the purpose of
mine design and apatite exploitation of the first ors grade under
the water level, elevation ranges from +170m high down to 90m.

I. IU KIN A CHT CNG

TRNH M
Khu m l mt np lm o dng tuyn. Vm
nhn. Mt trc c phng ty bc-ng nam, gn trng
vi ng phng t , cm v pha ng bc di
gc 650 - 850. t cu to khu m l trm tch bin cht, ch yu phin thch anh mica carbonat,
phin carbonat - apatit hay apatit - carbonat cha vt
cht than, xen cc lp mng (thu knh) dolomit, bt
kt v ct kt thuc h tng Cam ng tui Cambri
sm, gm cc tng Kc San mang s hiu t KS 2 n
KS8. Hai cnh l cc tng KS2-3, KS4, KS5 v KS6.
Cnh ng bc dc 65-800. Cnh ty nam thoi hn,
dc 45-650. t b chia ct bi nhiu ai mch
lamprofia v cc ph hy kin to ln nh. Nhiu ni
b v nhu, un np mnh. Chiu dy cc tng t 10-20
n 47m, tr tng KS2-3 v KS8 n 100-200m. Ni
chung, cu trc a cht rt phc tp.
Cn c vo c im thnh phn thch hc v
sc bn lin kt gia cc ht chia ra 4 i sau:
i I-Lp ph. Bao gm t thi v qung loi
III khai thc trc y c cht ng trn cc sn
v di thung lng, chiu dy n 50m v t mm
* Cng ty c phn T vn u t v Xy dng M.
38-Bch Cu, H Ni.
Tel. (04) 732-23-42

ri T, chiu dy 8-10m. Song, chng khc bit

nhau v tnh cht c l. c trng cho t thi l
nh v xp, cng chng ct suy gim mnh khi b
thm t, d b ra tri, rt km n nh.
i II-i phong ho mnh. Nm di lp ph.
l i phong ho mn, ta nh st, st pha, hay ct pha
cn dng dp mt lp nguyn sinh. Chiu dy 10-15,
trung bnh 12m. Sc bn c hc thp. Thun li cho vic
khai o m moong, nhng km n nh v mt a cht
cng trnh. Tnh cht c l tng t i I (bng 1).
i III-i phong ho yu. Nm di i II vi
ranh gii chuyn tip quy c, khng r rt. i ny
tng ng cc i v nh v v khi ca
I.V.Kolomenxki. c trng cho n l qung apatit
c lm giu t nhin do qu trnh ra tri thnh phn
carbonat, to thnh qung loi I v III cht lng cao.
vy quanh l phin st, bt kt, ct kt v
mch lamprofia tuy cn nguyn cu to khi nhng b
nt n v vn, sc bn c hc suy gim mnh, xp vo
lp na cng. t b bin dng nn di tc dng ti
trng ngoi. Song, d b bin dng trt theo cc mt
mm yu. Chiu dy t 7,4 n 57,3, trung bnh
24.3m.
S liu th nghim 186 mu cho khi lng th
tch trung bnh 2,11g/cm3. Cng chng nn 89 180kG/cm2. Cng chng ko 11 - 40kG/cm2.
Lc dnh kt 22,5 - 50kG/cm2, tng ng gc ma st

trong 28050-34023 (bng 2).

i IV-i cha b phong ho. L gc cng
nm di cng, c phn bit vi i III bng ranh
gii phong ho ho hc, gm cc tng Kc San khng
qung v cha qung nguyn sinh loi II v IV cht
lng thp. rn chc, t nt n. Sc bn c hc cao.
Khng thun li cho vic khai o nhng tng i an

ton v mt n nh b m.
Kt qu th nghim 433 mu cho khi lng th
tch trung bnh 2,79 g/cm 3. Cng chng nn
720-1738, trung bnh 1185kG/cm2. Cng chng
ko 95 167, trung bnh 130kG/cm2. Lc dnh kt
260 489, trung bnh 385KG/cm2. Gc ma st trong
26043-33056, trung bnh 31031(bng 3).

Bng 1. Cc c trng c l ca t

t
Thi
i I
i II
KS8
KS7
KS6
KS4
Lamprofia

W,

w,

k,

Ct t nhin

,
3

C,

mu

g/cm3

g/cm3

g/cm

12
28

27
21

1,89
1,71

1,48
1,32

2,76
2,70

0,86
0,66

kG/cm2
0,225
0,235

30
13
9
8
5

21
17
18
20
17

1,99
1,91
2,06
1,98
2,06

1,64
1,63
1,75
1,64
1,76

2,73
2,78
2,75
2,77
2,74

0,66
0,71
0,57
0,68
0,55

0,270
0,223
0,171
0,229
0,278

Ct bo ho

Cbh,

0
bh

K,
m/ngy

20033
34011

kG/cm2
0,15
0,216

14044
22046

0,007
0,006

26006
27053
28049
21033
26004

0,258
0,210
0,164
0,175
0,268

17051
27050
25041
20051
21042

0,02
0,149
0,55
0,075
0,021

Bng 2. Cc c trng c l ca na cng

Tng

S mu

w ,
g/cm3

,
g/cm3

n,
kG/cm2

k,
kG/cm2

c,
kG/cm2

KS8
KS7
KS6
KS5
KS4

42
40
32
8
46

1,85
2,37
1,93
2,56
1,89

2,77
2,79
2,86
3,0
2,84

114
169
89
153
155

26
40
26
20
11

22,5
41,5
23
50
43

31040
31025
28050
32015
34023

Lamprofia

18

2,09

2,83

180

17

39

32010

c,
kG/cm2
260
439
489
386
423
347
353

Bng 3. Cc c trng c l ca cng

Tng
KS8
KS7
KS6
KS5
KS4
KS2-3
Lamprofia

S
mu
79
19
118
20
141
23
33

w ,
g/cm3
2,73
2,74
2,82
2,95
2,78
2,72
2,80

,
g/cm3
2,83
2,84
2,88
3,05
2,85
2,80
2,89

Nc di t khng p, hoc c p cc b.
Chiu su mc nc tnh t 4 - 5 n 30m, tng
ng cao tuyt i 120 - 160, trung bnh 143m.
t ngho nc. T lu lng l khoan vo

n,
kG/cm2
720
1229
1397
1738
1230
1103
876

k,
kG/cm2
127
122
146
115
167
45
136

26043
33056
33045
31030
31018
32013
31017

khong 0,019 - 0,133l/sm. H s thm trung bnh

0,031 - 0,162 m/ngy. pH =7,2 - 8. khong
ho 0,171 - 0,382 g/l. Kiu nc bicarbonat calci magi. Ngun cung cp l nc ma. Thot ra mng

sng sui. Khi khai thc su hn gc xm thc a

phng (+120m), ngun nc chy vo m ch yu
l nc ma, cn lu lng dng mt v dng ngm
khng ng k. C th tho kh m bng cch bm
thot nc t y moong. Tuy nhin, nc ma
thm t t v tc ng thu lc ca nc ngm
l nhng yu t quan trng lm gim sc bn c hc
ca t , gy mt n nh sn dc v b dc.
II. C IM HNH THI - CU TO B M
Khu m Cc l mt phn ca M Cc rng ln,
nm phn trung tm b apatit Lo Cai. Ni y c
nhiu cng trng v ang khai thc nh P
Cht, Hu Hoi, n M, khu D, Lng Ho pha
ng bc v i Cung, i Cc, i Phi mn
ty nam. Sau gn 30 nm hot ng (1956-1985),
ly ht qung loi I trn cao, buc phi m moong
xung su khai thc phn tr lng nm di
mc thot nc t chy.
Theo thit k, cng trng khai thc khu m Cc
c chiu di 800m, rng 250 - 400m. Din tch mt
moong 24ha. Gc dc chung ca b m d kin 30 0.
Cc tng khai thc cao 5m, rng 10m v dc 55 0.
su m moong t +170 (y moong khai thc c)
xung +90m (H.1).
B tnh pha ty nam, cao t 40 - 50 n 107m,
ct theo tr va tng KS 5, ni c a hnh thp v
c cu to bi t thi, qung khai thc v
t mm ri thuc i I, II. na cng i III
cu thnh phn di mt ct ch phn b trong phm
vi t tuyn T.6 n T.12. Mp moong vt qua
ng chia nc, nm trn sn thung lng v chy
gn song song vi sui Cc.

B ng pha ng bc, cao 70 - 100m, ct

ngang hu ht cc tng Kc San, t tng KS 2-3 n
tng KS8. Ln cao na, t cao +180 n 320m, l
b dc cc cng trng khai thc c nghing di
gc 350 - 580. t cu to b mong ch yu l
na cng i III v cng i IV, tr phm vi
T.12 - T.20 b ph bi t thi v t mm ri
i I, II (bng 4).

Hnh 1. S cng trng khai thc

Khu m Cc (Cnh 4) - Lo Cai

Hnh 2. Trt khu D

(Sn ng bc m Cc)

Bng 4. Cc c trng hnh thi-cu to b m

cao
Mt ct

y
mong Z,
m

B ty nam

Chiu
rng,

Ch.cao t

H, m

T.6

+130

250

55

T.8

+100

250

75

B ng bc

Ch.dy,

Th

Ch.cao

nm

H, m

I-II

42

III

13

450

70

I-II

42

III

33

55

85

t Ch. dy,

Gc
Th nm dc mt

IV

55

650

400

IV

85

750

40020

sn

 cao
Mt ct

y
mong Z,
m

T.10

T.12

+90

+90

B ty nam

Chiu
rng,

Ch.cao t

H, m

300

85

250

107

T.14

+90

350

83

T.16

+90

400

75

T.18

+90

300

50

T.20

+90

300

40

B ng bc

Ch.dy,

Th

Ch.cao

nm

H, m

I-II

42

III

43

480

80

Thi

50

I-II

42

III

15

Thi

50

I-II

33

Thi

42

I-II

33

Thi

14

I-II

36

Thi

30

I-II

10

Hin tng trt pht trin mnh trn sn dc

v b dc, nht l trn cc b m Lng Phi, Lng
Cc, i nh, Hu Hoi, n M, v.v
ng k hn c l khi trt khu D xy ra vo
cui nm 1962. Ni y vn l sn cao gn 200m
vi dc trung bnh 400, c cu to bi phin
st giu carbonat v vt cht than tng KS 2-3. B
moong khai thc c (cnh 3) di 1000m v cao
180m, ct vo sn di gc nghing 450, ln hn
gc dc ca sn t nhin. Kch thc thn trt
rng 200m theo ng phng, di 120m theo
hng dc, chiu dy 20-30, trung bnh 25m. Th
tch khi trt n 600000m3. Trt ct ngang my
tng khai thc, x ct in v ph lp phn ln
y moong. Rt may tai ho khng xy ra, nhng
hot ng khai thc phi sm ngng cao
+180m, nh b li 400000 tn qung loi I. Trt
ti din nhiu ln v cho ti nay vn cha n nh,
gy nguy c e da an ton khai thc (cnh 4) khu
m Cc (H.2).
Nguyn nhn gy trt ch yu do thit k b m
dc hn mt nghing ca sn. Thm vo , di
tc dng phong ho, phin st bin thnh st. Bt
kt v ct kt thnh st pha, hoc ct pha. mch

50

100
87
90
100

75

t Ch. dy,
i

IV

80

I-II

42

III

58

I-II

42

III

45

I-II

42

III

48

I-II

42

III

58

Thi

25

I-II

42

III

Gc
Th nm dc mt
sn
o 550

580

o 700

36030

750

50040

850

38030

700

350

850

40025

lamprofia b caolin ho mnh.Thnh phn

carbonat b ho tan, ra la. t tr nn mm
v xp. l rng ln. Sc bn c hc suy gim.
Vo ma ma, t b tm t lm gia tng trng
lng, tc l tng lc gy trt. phn mi dc
nm di mc nc ngm, t b bo ho nc
v chu tc dng p lc thu ng, cng chng
ct b suy gim ng k. Cc khe nt, i ph hu,
mt lp v mt tip xc gia phin v mch
c bi trn bi vt cht than. Chng l nhng mt
mm yu, lun tim n nguy c gy trt trn cc
sn dc v b dc.
III. NH GI MC N NH B
DC CNG TRNG KHAI THC
III.1. S ho iu kin a cht v phng
php tnh gc dc n nh. t cu to b m
kh phc tp, gm nhiu lp (i) c c tnh a
cht cng trnh khc nhau. t thi v qung
khai thc phn b rng vi chiu dy ln, trng
thi vn ri km n nh, c coi nh mt lp
ring bit. t cc i I v II, tuy khc nhau cht
t v cu trc v thnh phn vt cht, nhng tnh cht
c l ca chng ging nhau, c th gp chung thnh
mt lp ng nht. gc phong ho yu v cha b

phong ho c c tnh a cht cng trnh khc bit

so vi t mm ri.
Nh vy, b mong c cu to 4 lp: t
thi, t mm ri, na cng v cng. Mi lp
c s ho nh mi trng a cht ng nht
v thnh phn thch hc v tnh cht c l, tng
ng vi mt n nguyn a cht cng trnh. V,
c th p dng phng php I.V. Popov tnh gc dc
n nh b m theo cc cng thc:
i vi t thi, t ph v phong ho
mnh (i I II):
tg =

tg

c
,
H

(1)

i vi na cng (i III) v cng

(i IV):
tg =

tg

c
,
H

(2)

trong , - khi lng th tch t nhin, T/m3;

- chiu cao b moong khai thc, m ;
c - lc dnh kt, T/m2;
gc ma st trong, ;
h s mm yu, ly bng 0,1 i vi cng
v 0,25 i vi na cng;
h s an ton, ly bng 1,2.

Ngoi ra, cn tnh cho c trng hp t b tm

t v c xt n s nh hng tc ng thu lc ca
nc ngm. Trng hp th nht p dng cng thc
(1) nhng thay cc thng s c, (ct iu kin
m t nhin) bng cbh, bh (ct bo ho nc). Cn
trng hp th hai tnh theo cng thc:
tgt =

tg

(3)

H
trong , - h s rt i, bng t s ca trng
lng th tch y ni v trng lng th tch t
nhin : = / ;
Cc k hiu khc nh trn .
III.2. Chn thng s tnh ton.
Cc ch tiu c l thng thng ca t c
rt ra t kt qu chnh l xc xut thng k 724 mu,
ly gi tr trung bnh, sau khi loi b sai s th vi
iu kin h s bin i khng qu 30%. Thng s
trng lng th tch y ni c nghin cu b
sung 50 mu, cho gi tr t 0,86 n 1,26, ly trung
bnh 1g/cm3. Cc thng s khc nh chiu dy cc
lp (i) v chiu cao b dc ly theo bn v thit
k khai thc. Thng s tnh ton c chn ring cho
cc b dc chnh (bng 5).

Bng 5. Cc thng s tnh ton

B ty nam

S
mu

w ,
g/cm3

Thi
i I II

30
68

1,89
1,86

c,
kG/cm2

B ng bc
w ,

g/cm3

0,225

20033

0,150

14044

0,234

30 08

0,215

22 47

1,86

1,89

c,
kG/cm2

Ghi ch

0
20033

0,150

14044

0,234

30 08

Ct t nhin

0,215

22 47

Ct bo ha nc

i III

26

1,99

0,502

37

33016

2,06

0,502

36

31001

i IV

437

2,79

0,358

374

31036

2,79

0,358

385

31025

III.3. Kt qu tnh.
Trn c s cc cng thc ni trn, c xt n c
im hnh thi-cu to b m (bng 4) v s dng

Ct t nhin

0,225

Ct bo ha
nc

thng s tnh ton (bng 5) thu c kt qu tnh d

bo gc dc n nh b cng trng khai thc qung
apatit khu M Cc - Lo Cai (bng 6).
Trong bng 6 k hiu nh sau:

 - gc dc n nh b m iu kin t nhin, ;
- gc dc b t thi v t (i I - II) khi

t - gc dc b cng nm di mc nc
ngm, .

b tm t nc, ;
Bng 6. Kt qu tnh gc dc b m
Mt ct
T.6
T.8
T.10

T.12
T.14
T.16
T.18
T.20

B ty nam (b tnh)

B ng bc (b ng)

I - II

27012

20039

47034

IV

68002

64054

III

54018

I - II

27012

20039

40059

IV

64052

60046

III

49024

I -II

27012

20039

38031

IV

65053

62006

III

47034

Thi

18034

13013

34019

I - II

27012

I - II

26028

19054

III

43010

III

44027

Thi

18034

13013

I - II

27012

I - II

26031

20000

III

45005

Thi

18046

13023

I - II

27012

I -II

26036

20003

III

44035

Thi

21039

15022

I - II

27012

I - II

26058

20027

III

43010

Thi

19023

13045

Thi

I - II

27014

20045

T cc s liu ni trn c th rt ra my nhn

xt sau:
- Gc dc n nh b m ph thuc vo thnh
phn vt cht, mc phong ha, chiu cao b dc,
chiu dy v trng thi m t (hoc cha nc) ca
cc lp (i) t cu to khu m.
t thi c gi tr gc dc trung bnh t 19027
iu kin t nhin, gim xung 13 050 khi b tm
t. t thuc lp ph v phong ha mnh (i
III) c gc dc 26 059 trng thi t nhin, gim
xung 20027 trng thi bo ha nc. phin
st xen bt kt, ct kt v mch lamprofia b
phong ha yu (i III) c gc dc n nh
trung bnh 46 0 33 phn bn trn mc nc
ngm v 37046 nm di mc nc ngm. Cn
gc cha b phong ha (i IV) c gc dc trung

20039

33046

20039

36016

20039

35038

20039

33046

19047

14005

39008

I - II

26042

20009

III

47016

bnh tng ng 66015 v 62035.

- Trong iu kin t nhin, gc dc n nh b m
thng nh hn nhiu so vi gc cm cng chiu ca
cc lp t . i vi na cng, tr phm vi tuyn
T.6 b ty nam, gc dc chung 43010 - 49024 trong khi
th nm ca t t 480 - 550 b tnh n 650 - 850
b ng. Cn i vi cng, gc dc n nh n
64052 - 68002 nhng vn thp hn th nm chung ca
t trn khu m.
Trn thc t, nhiu cng trng khai thc trc
y M Cc c chiu cao 80-100m, gc dc n
nh trong nhiu nm cng ch vo khong t 25 0
0
n 320 - 360. i vi cc b thp hn 50m,
-27
gc dc c th n 400 500 trong iu kin th nm
t thng cm cng chiu vi mt nghing b
dc di gc 500 750 . Nhng s liu ny kh ph

hp vi kt qu tnh ton thu c, chng t gc dc

n nh b m khng ph thuc vo iu kin th
nm nguyn sinh ca t cu to b m.
- nhng ni cc sn t nhin v b dc nhn
to (cng trng khai thc c) c gc dc nh hn
gc dc tnh ton, chng u l nhng sn n nh
v tng i n nh. Ngc li, nu gc dc mt
sn ln hn gc dc tnh ton, cc sn dc v b
dc thng mt n nh. Chnh khi trt khu D
b ng bc l mt v d in hnh cho trng hp
ny v cho ti nay vn cn ng lo ngi i vi an
ton khai thc khu M Cc.
- Mc n nh b m khng ng u, c xu
hng gim dn theo phng cu trc chung ca
khu m, t ty bc xung ng nam. C th chia ra
4 khonh sau:

1.Nc v p lc nc ng vai tr quan trng

trong s hnh thnh tnh cht c l ca t , lin
quan n vic nh gi n nh b dc cng trng
khai thc. Khi tnh gc dc b m trong trng hp
t b tm t, hoc c xt n tc ng thy lc,
ngh p dng h s hiu chnh gc dc tnh iu
kin t nhin 0,7 0,76 i vi t mm ri, 0,8
i vi na cng v 0,9 i vi cng.
2. Trn c s kt qu nghin cu, tc gi kin ngh
gc dc thit k cng trng khai thc khu m Cc Lo Cai nh sau:
< 200 i vi t thi;
27 280 i vi cc i I II;
35 450 i vi i III;
60 650 i vi i IV.
3. m bo an ton khai thc qung loi I

Khonh 1 - rt km n nh trong phm vi T.12

T.20 b tnh, c cu to bi t thi, t lp
ph v t phong ha mnh c gc dc n nh
khng qu 300.
Khonh 2 km n nh t tuyn T.14 n T.20
b ng, ni m t lp ph v t phong ha
mnh chim ti gn mt na chiu cao b m (phn
trn mt ct) c sc bn c hc thp. Phn di l
na cng nm di mc nc ngm. Tip ni b m
l b moong khai thc c khu D c gc dc 35 0
50040, ln hn gc dc tnh ton 33046 - 39008 , d
mt n nh, gy ph hy b dc.
Khonh 3 tng i n nh gii hn t tuyn
T.6 n T.10 thuc b tnh c cu trc a cht
tng t khonh trn nhng b m c chiu cao thp
hn, phn di c cu to b na cng vi th
nm thoi 450 500 , gn trng vi gc dc n nh
38031 - 47034, t thun li cho iu kin pht sinh v
pht trin trt.
Khonh 4 - n nh l khonh T.6 - T.10 b ng,
c cu to bi gc cng c sc bn c hc cao.
Gc dc n nh 62006 64054, ln hn nhiu so vi
gc dc mt sn t nhin 400 580. rn chc, th
nm dc, cm cng chiu hoc o ngc. Kh xy ra
trt. C th c ln, st l, mng xi quy m nh.
IV. KT LUN V KIN NGH

khu m Cc (cnh 4) kin ngh khai thc kt hp

qung loi II (cnh 3) pha ng bc, x l khi trt
khu D bng cch xc bc, bt thoi b dc cng
trng khai thc c t cao +180m tr ln trong
phm vi T.14 T.20 (khonh 2).
4. Nn kt hp cc bin php KHCN mi nng
cao n nh b m, c bit trong cc lp t
mm ri.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. L Huy Hong v n.n.k. nh gi tng
hp iu kin khai thc m apatit Lo Cai
v phng php nghin cu a cht thy
vn - a cht cng trnh phc v thit k
khai thc m. Bo co tng kt ti
nghin cu khoa hc, 2006. Lu tr B
Cng Nghip.
2. L Huy Hong. Tc ng khai thc qung
apatit i vi mi trng vng Lo Cai. TS a k
thut, s 1 2007.
3. Nguyn Vn Thong v n.n.k. Bo co kt qu
thm d t m khu m Cc - m apatit Lo Cai,
1983. Lu tr Vin TTTLC.

Ngi phn bin: PGS.TS. Nguyn Huy Phng