34(3), 205-216

Tp ch CC KHOA HC V TRI T

9-2012

GP PHN XC NH NGUYN NHN ST L B SNG TIN V SNG SI GN BNG CC KHO ST A VT L GN MT T

L NGC THANH1, NGUYN VN GING2, E-mail: lnthanh@vast-hcm.ac.vn 1 Vin a l Ti nguyn Tp. HCM - Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam 2 Vin Vt l a cu - Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam Ngy nhn bi: 15 - 6 - 2012 1. M u Qua kt qu nghin cu kho st trong nhng nm gn y trn cc im st l b sng Tin, sng Si Gn, chng ti nhn thy nguyn nhn st l b sng u c im chung lin quan n iu kin a hnh, a mo (trng thp, sng un khc), iu kin a cht (vt liu trm tch bn st v ct mn ln bt c chiu dy ln), iu kin a cht thu vn (mc nc ngm dng cao st mt t, ch triu, p lc thu ng ca nc trong t), iu kin a cht cng trnh (t c lin kt kin trc yu, thuc loi t c thnh phn trng thi v tnh cht c bit nh c tnh xc bin khi c ti trng ng, t d tan r khi c dng chy ln), iu kin dng chy (triu, l, ma,), iu kin kinh t x hi (xy dng tri php ln chim lung lch, sng; tn cao nn qu mc ca cc hot ng dch v theo b sng, khai thc ct qu mc di lng sng). Nhng ni no, v tr no trn on sng m tp trung nhiu iu kin nu trn th b sng ni khng n nh, s b st l m trong nguyn nhn ch yu l tc ng ca con ngi lm thay i ch dng chy v n nh hai bn b sng. D bo st l t b sng phi da trn c s nghin cu quy lut ca dng chy, lng dn v cu trc a cht b sng [9, 13]. Trong phi coi cu trc a cht b sng l ni lc v l yu t bin i theo thi gian vi tc bin i nhanh hay chm tu thuc vo tc ng ca ngoi lc gy ra [3, 8, 10]. Nu coi d bo s thay i dng chy, lng dn l di hn th cc nghin cu nh gi hin trng cu trc a cht b sng l xp vo d bo ngn hn. Nu bit c cu trc trm tch gn mt t b sng mt cch chi tit, ta c th tm ra c ngun gc ca chng v gp phn quan trng vo vic d bo kh nng st l gp phn thch ng vi bin i kh hu hin nay. Phn ln, cc nghin cu t trc n nay u da ch yu vo ti liu cc l khoan a cht cng trnh v quan st a hnh, a mo trn mt [6, 14]. Bng cch ny, mun t c nhng mt ct cu trc a cht chi tit th phi tiu tn nhiu kinh ph v thi gian. khc phc tnh trng ny, chng ti nghin cu la chn t hp cc phng php a vt l o v trn mt t gii on hin trng cu trc a cht b sng. Trong , phi k n cng ngh Georadar (GPR) kt hp vi phng php in t tn s rt thp (VLF), cc phng php in tr nh: o su in i xng (VES), o su mt ct in (EP), o nh in, o mt ct in a cc 2D, 3D, [16, 19]. Phn tch tng hp cc ti liu o v bng a vt l v a cht a ra nhng mt ct cu trc a cht tng nng chi tit vi chnh xc cao. Kt qu nghin cu ny gp phn lm sng t cu trc di mt t ng b vi vic xc nh cc ranh gii gia nhng lp trm tch, cc lng knh cha nc, cc n ct c hnh thnh qua nhiu giai on khc nhau, gp phn quan trng trong vic d bo st l t v lm tin cho cc lun im v tch t trm tch vng b sng Tin, b sng Si Gn,... 2. Phng php v thit b 2.1. Phng php Georadar GPR l phng php a vt l ng dng cc nguyn l ca sng in t di tn s rt cao (12000MHz) nghin cu cu trc v cc c tnh 205

ca vt cht bn di lng t m khng cn phi o bi. Thit b pulse EKKO100 [18], thit b Ramac/GPR [17], thit b Ingegneria Dei Systemi (IDS) Detector Duo [15] l nhng h my hin i nht ang c s dng Vit Nam. Kt qu cui cng m thit b GPR a ra l mt ct hin trng cu trc ca vt cht bn di mt t c phn gii cao. Nng lng pht ra t ng ten pht lan truyn vo trong lng t, mi trng ng nht chng tip tc i su v suy yu dn, khi gp d thng mi trng bt ng nht s to ra cc sng phn x v c anten thu ghi li cc tn hiu phn x ny mt cch lin tc. Chng ta c th tip cn c n ngun gy ra d thng trn c s xc nh gi tr cc i lng vt l ca sng in t nh: vn tc truyn sng (v), bc sng ( ), su thm thu (), h s suy gim (B), in thm (r), t thm (r), dn in (),... Di y l cc i lng c s dng trong GPR [2] c trnh by trong bng 1.
Bng 1. Cc i lng ca sng in t c dng trong GPR
S truyn sng in t mi trng c dn thp ngha ca biu thc Vn tc truyn sng ch ph thuc vo r , r = 1 Bc sng ph thuc vo vn tc su lp mt gim khi dn tng

S dng GPR mi trng a cht l mi trng c dn in thp, v lin quan ch yu n t v lc th t thm c gi tr xp x bng 1. Do cc sng phn x ny c to ra t nhng mt ranh gii trung gian trong mi trng nghin cu bt ng nht nn chng thng lin quan n c im trong cu trc a cht nh: ranh gii cc lp trm tch c tnh cht vt l khc nhau, cc khe nt n, cc khi xm thc, cc d vt,... su thm thu ca phng php ph thuc vo tn s ca ng ten pht-thu tn hiu v ph thuc vo tnh cht ca t trong mi mi trng a cht [1, 2]. Cc loi anten thng thng c dng kho st cu trc a cht y c tn s l: 50, 100 v 200 MHz v bc o tng ng l 0,5; 0,25 v 0,1m. Trong trng hp ny su kho st c th t c n 30m, 20m v 10m [4, 5]. Mt ct radar l mt bc tranh tng hp phn nh cu trc a cht chi tit lm c s cho cng tc iu tra c bn, nghin cu a cht cu trc, a cht cng trnh, a cht thu vn, a k thut v mi trng [1, 7]. Vi nhim v chnh l nghin cu cu trc a cht gn mt t bng cc ti liu a vt l ca cng trnh ny nn cc tc gi thc hin vic ly mu c trng cho trm tch b sng Tin v sng Si Gn, ng thi tin hnh phn tch mu theo cc tham s vt l (xem bng 2). Di y l kt qu ca 18 mu chun c nghin cu kho st ti ch v phn tch trong phng th nghim theo tiu chun mu a cht ca Cc a cht Ba Lan ban hnh nm 1998 ti phng th nghim mu thuc H Khoa hc v Cng ngh AGH (Krakow, Ba Lan). Kt qu trong bng 2 l gi tr trung bnh vi sai s <5%.
Vn tc truyn sng in t (m/ns) 0,085 0,081 0,080 0,088 0,086 0,092 0,141 0,132 0,150 H s suy T trng , gim , 3 (g/cm ) (dB/m) 10,57 11,95 9,47 1,98 1,88 1,76 1,44 1,24 1,64 1,536 1,241 1,350 2,147 2,213 2,191 1,841 1,862 1,856 Vn tc truyn sng n hi (km/s) 0,615 0,515 0,583 1,678 1,795 1,903 1,745 1,809 1,791

r r

2 a

= =
2

1 f

1 b

r r

B = 20blog10(e)

B = 1636,01 *

H s tt dn khng ph thuc vo tn s

Bng 2. Bng thng s vt l ca cc mu vt liu trm tch b sng

K hiu Tn vt liu mu t trng kh Tn Chu Vnh Long Thanh a t st kh Tn Chu Vnh Long Thanh a Ct ht mn, kh 7 8 9 Tn Chu Vnh Long Thanh a 550 600 515 1,818 1,667 1,942 4,53 5,17 4,00 1 1 1 35 36 39 in tr sut , (m) 45,3 38,2 47,6 250 258 295 dn in , (mS/m) 22,075 26,178 21,008 4,000 3,876 3,390 in thm r t thm r rng , (%)

1 2 3 4 5 6

12,46 13,72 14,06 11,62 12,17 10,63

1 1 1 1 1 1

25 23 27 17 20 17

206

Ct ht mn, bhn 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Tn Chu Vnh Long Thanh a Ct ht th, kh Tn Chu Vnh Long Thanh a Ct ht th, bhn Tn Chu Vnh Long Thanh a 66,8 56,5 49,9 616 793 833 167 171 192 14,970 17,699 20,040 1,623 1,261 1,200 5,988 5,848 5,208 9,97 9,57 11,89 3,08 2,94 2,75 23,41 24,19 20,05 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0,095 0,097 0,087 0,171 0,175 0,181 0,062 0,061 0,067 8,01 9,67 9,82 1,56 1,24 1,22 2,09 2,01 1,97 2,018 2,045 2,027 1,694 1,758 1,700 1,706 1,804 1,800 49 41 42 2,285 2,276 2,312 1,297 1,492 1,515 1,338 1,632 1,620

2.2. Phng php VLF VLF (Very Low Frequency) l mt phng php a vt l o ghi trng t th cp gy bi cc vt dn nm bn di mt t khi b tc ng bi trng in t s cp c pht i t nhng i pht sng raio cng sut ln trong di tn s t 15 n 30 kHz nm ri rc trn th gii [12]. Cc vt dn to ra trng th cp thng lin quan n i ph hy kin to, t gy a cht, thu knh cha nc, ranh gii trung gian hoc cc thn qung. Thit b VLF-WADI ng dng cc thnh phn t ca trng sng in t c to ra t cc i pht cng sut c 300 - 1000 kW di tn s rt thp, t 15 n 30 kHz v c truyn i vi khong cch ln [20]. ng ten ca cc i pht VLF thng l mt dy cp thng ng c di mt vi trm mt. Trng in t pht ra lin tc t cc ng ten theo phng nm ngang c dng nh l cc ng trn ng tm. Sng VLF t i pht lan truyn trong khng gian v i vo lng t. Khi mi trng a cht l ng nht, ngha l khng tn ti d thng th t s gia in trng v t trng xp x bng 0. Nhng khi gp d thng, nht l d thng c in tr sut thp (lin quan n cc i cu trc b ph hu trong mi trng a cht) th s xut hin trng th cp c phng thng ng v ngc du vi trng s cp. Lc t s gia in trng v t trng s khc 0. V vy, khi quan st ng cong o c ta cng c th bit cc thng tin c bn v d thng [12]. Bng cc cng thc ton hc ngi ta chng minh c rng phn thc ca t s gia thnh phn thng ng trn thnh phn nm ngang ca trng in t VLF khi lan truyn qua vt dn xp x bng tang vi l gc nghing gia trc chnh ca elip phn cc so vi phng nm ngang: phn o ca t s gia thnh phn thng ng trn thnh

phn nm ngang xp x bng tm sai ca e lip phn cc: Phn thc Hz/Ho(%) 100 tang (tang tnh theo radianes) Phn o Hz/Ho(%) 100 e (e l tm sai=t s trc ln/trc b ca Elip) su thm thu ca sng in t tn s rt thp: p ph thuc vo in tr sut (R) ca mi trng kho st v tn s i pht (f) theo cng thc:
p = 500 R f

R l in tr sut ca mi trng lp ph (m); f l tn s i pht (kHz). Trong trng hp lp t ph c chiu dy ln th cng tn hiu thu c s b nh hng cc b. Trng th sinh pht ra s bao xung quanh b mt ca i tng a cht, trng ny c th o v phn tch c. WADI tin hnh o ghi cng ca trng v s thay i v pha xung quanh cc i dp v trong t [20]. 2.3. Cc phng php in tr Mi trng a cht ni chung thng l dn in km, v vy phng php GPR trnh by trn pht huy c li th ca mnh khi s dng kho st cu trc a cht gn mt t, nhng i vi cu trc b sng m vt liu lin quan n st v bn th su nghin cu ca GPR b hn ch. nghin cu cc i tng a cht c s khc bit v in tr sut ca cc loi t trong mi trng v c dn cao th cc phng php in tr pht huy c hiu qu s dng. Gi tr ca in tr sut hay l mc dn in ca t ph thuc vo cc yu t nh: thnh phn khong vt, rng v nt n, m, khong ho ca nc ngm, cu kin trc ni ti, nhit , p sut,... Tu thuc vo i tng cn nghin cu m 207

ngi ta la chn cc kiu thit b o. Trong iu kin c th nh mi trng trm tch b sng th cc kiu thit b c s dng ph bin nh: o su i xng kiu Schlumberger c su kho st n mt vi trm mt khi ta m rng khong cch gia hai cc pht dng n 1000m; o su mt ct in kiu Wenner vi khong cch cc cc t 2, 5, 10 hoc 20m [3]. o su nh in hoc o in a cc nghin cu phn nng vi chi tit cao. Thit b s dng o trong cc phng php in tr l Terrameter SAS 300C, Terrameter SAS 1000, Terrameter SAS 4000 do ABEM sn sut [19] hay SuperSting R/IP do AGI sn xut [16]. 3. Kt qu kho st 3.1. Th trn Tn Chu - An Giang Khu vc xi l b th trn Tn Chu tnh An Giang, nm pha b hu sng Tin. Thi gian gn y hin tng xi l b sng Tin th trn Tn Chu xy ra v xy ra lin tc vi tc cng ngy cng mnh v phm vi cng cng ngy cng m rng thm vi chiu di khong 2500m v tc xi l trung bnh hng nm l 6m/nm (trc nm 2000) gy nhiu thit hi c v ngi v ca ci. c im st l b khu vc ny l thng hai ti ba nm mi st l mt ln v st l thng xy ra vo nhng thng cui ma l u ma kh [10]. Mc tiu ca kho st a vt l nhm xc nh hin trng cu to ng b sng Tin th trn Tn

Chu, khoanh vng cc i xung yu, xut phng n chnh tr. Trn ton on ng b sng Tin trc cng UBND huyn Tn Chu tin hnh o GPR, VLF v mt ct in. Hnh 1 l cnh s dng ng ten 50 MHz ca thit b Pulse Ekko 100 kho st ti b sng tuyn trc cng UBND huyn Tn Chu vi bc o l 0,5m nhm nghin cu n su 45m [5]. d theo di cc mt ct cu trc ca c tuyn o di 1200m chng ti ct ra lm 3 on tuyn cng vi kt qu minh gii a cht v c trnh by trn cc hnh 2 v bng 2 cho on tuyn Tchau1; hnh 3 v bng 3 cho on tuyn Tchau2; hnh 4 v bng 4 cho on tuyn Tchau3.

Hnh 1. Kho st b sng Tin ti Tn Chu bng GPR

Hnh 2. Mt ct cu trc theo ti liu Georadar tuyn Tchau1 (cc k hiu bng s c ch gii trong bng 3)

208

Bng 3. Kt qu minh gii tuyn TChau1

K hiu lp 1 2 3 III 4a IV 5a 5b V 6 VI Vn tc, (m/ns) 0,100 0,130 0,120 0,080 0,070 0,052 0,059 0,065 0,062 0,080 0,075 thm in, () 9,000 5,325 6,250 14,063 18,367 36,000 19,464 21,302 23,413 14,063 16,000 dn, (mS/m) 0,700 3,750 4,000 5,250 8,000 9,000 11,500 12,000 11,000 14,000 13,000 suy gim, (dB/m) 0,383 2,665 2,624 2,296 3,061 2,460 4,275 4,264 3,728 6,123 5,330 Gii on Nn ng Ct hn hp Ct ht nh Ct ht nh ln st Bn ln ct ht nh Nc bn ln mn thc vt Bn ln st Bn ln st nho St do nho + bn St St + bn

Hnh 3. Mt ct cu trc theo ti liu Georadar tuyn Tchau2 (cc k hiu bng s c ch gii trong bng 4) Bng 4. Kt qu minh gii Tuyn TChau2
K hiu lp 1 2 3 III 4a 4b IV 5a 5b V 6 VI Vn tc, (m/ns) 0,110 0,132 0,117 0,075 0,065 0,060 0,056 0,057 0,065 0,062 0,080 0,075 thm in, () 7,438 5,165 6,575 16,000 21,302 26,754 28,699 20,049 21,302 23,413 14,063 16,000 dn, (mS/m) 0,800 4,000 4,150 5,500 8,175 10,000 9,000 11,000 13,000 10,500 15,000 12,800 suy gim, (dB/m) Gii on 0,481 Nn ng 2,886 Ct hn hp 2,654 Ct ht nh 2,255 Ct ht nh ln st 2,905 Bn ln ct ht nh 3,171 Nc bn ln ct ht nh 2,755 Nc bn ln mn thc vt 4,029 Bn ln st 4,619 Bn ln st nho 3,559 St do nho + bn 6,560 St 5,248 St + bn

209

Hnh 4. Mt ct cu trc theo ti liu Georadar tuyn Tchau3 (cc k hiu bng s c ch gii trong bng 5) Bng 5. Kt qu minh gii Tuyn TChau3
K hiu lp 1 I 3 III 4a IV 5a 6 Vn tc, (m/ns) 0,097 0,090 0,130 0,075 0,069 0,057 0,057 0,082 thm in, () 9,5653 11,1111 5,3254 16,0000 25,0000 29,7521 27,7008 13,3849 dn, (mS/m) 0,900 7,000 4,000 5,250 9,000 9,500 12,000 17,000 suy gim, (dB/m) Gii on 0,4772 Nn ng t 3,4440 Ct hn hp bo ho nc 2,8427 Ct ht nh 2,1525 Ct ht nh ln st 2,9520 Bn ln ct ht nh 2,8563 Nc bn ln mn thc vt 3,7392 Bn ln st 7,6205 St

Kt qu o VLF ton tuyn Tn Chu di 3500m bng thit b VLF-Wadi c trnh by trn hnh 5.

trc ca tuyn c phn chia r rt lm hai phn. Phn u n 2000 m l mt khi kh ng nht v phn sau t 2000m n 3500m l mt khi c dn cao hn hn. Kt qu o mt ct in tuyn Tn Chu c trnh by trn cc hnh 6, hnh 7 v hnh 8 di y. Nhn vo cc mt ct ny chng ta thy c dn in ca cc khi vt cht khc nhau v ni bt ln l cc khi ct th c dn in yu v cc khi st th ngc li. Trn c s kt qu kho st bng Georadar, VLF v mt ct in cho thy cu to a cht ca ng b sng ti Tn Chu c s bt ng nht cao. S xen k gia cc khi ct ht mn v cc khi st kiu thu knh u l nhng cu trc yu cho nn mng ng b. nhng ch ct ht mn, ngm nc nu c ca thng vi lng sng v di tc dng ca p lc nc th d gy ra st l. y cng l nhng c s cn phi da vo trong khi tin hnh cng tc d bo st l b sng y. Nguyn nhn xi l b sng on Thng Phc- Tn Chu, theo cc nghin cu cng b

Hnh 5. ng cong phn thc (--) v phn o (o o) VLF tuyn Tn Chu cc mc su 10, 20, 30, 40 v 50m

y, vi mc ch nghin cu s hin din ca d thng VLF lin quan n hin trng cu trc a cht ng b sng cc su t 10m n 20m c cc khi cu trc c phn bit bng dn in ca chng. T su 30 n 50m, cu 210

nh ring r, ri rc lng sng pha thng lu sau nhiu nm dch chuyn xung h lu b gi li, to thnh mt bi bi rng ln (c lao Mang C hay cn gi l cn lit s) nm pha b hu i din vi b sng Thng Phc. Mt khc, khu vc Thng Phc, b sng, lng sng c cu to bi cc lp st pha ct, bn st pha, bn ct pha v lp ct ht nh, cng c hc rt thp, d bin dng. Do c im ca on b v sng Tn Chu l: (1) Lng sng un cong gp, thu hp, dng chy t b t chy vung gc sang b hu; (2) H si cc b rt su- hn 40m v (3) Thng h lu l cc on phn lch khng n nh, nn cn bo v ngay khu vc th trn Tn Chu bng vic xy dng k b sng theo phng php truyn thng. Hnh 9 di y l b k ang c thi cng ti b sng Tn Chu.

Hnh 6. Mt ct a in tuyn Tn Chu 1-1

Hnh 7. Mt ct a in tuyn Tn Chu 1-2 Hnh 9. Xy dng b k ti b sng Tn Chu

3.2. B k thnh ph Vnh Long Mc tiu ca kho st bng GPR nhm xc nh hin trng cu trc a cht, khoanh vng nhng v tr xung yu ang c nguy c ph v kt cu v lm st ln trn mt k Vnh Long. Khu vc k Vnh Long l b hu sng Tin qua thnh ph Vnh Long ko di t cu Vnh Long n khch sn Cu Long. Cc tuyn o c thc hin t st chn cu Vnh Long dc theo mt k cnh cng vin, bn v n khch sn Cu Long vi tng chiu di 750m. Hnh 10 di y l on u ca k Vnh Long ang c o bng Pulse EKKO 100. 211

Hnh 8. Mt ct a in tuyn Tn Chu 1-3

[9, 10 ] l do lng dn sng y c to bi mt im nt gp khc vi gc khong 120 . im nt gp khc ny lm cho nhng c lao, cn ct

phc v cho vic minh gii a cht theo ti liu GPR chng ti chia tuyn o ra lm cc on tuyn ngn (100m) v y trnh by on tuyn th nht c chiu di 100m (hnh 11). Cn lu rng, trong minh gii cu trc t ti liu Georadar th cc tham s vt l ng vai tr quan trng, trong c bit l vn tc truyn sng in t c trng cho mi trng kho st. xc nh tham s vt l ny, tin hnh o theo kiu im su chung (CMP) [7]. T gin sng CMP vi ng ten 100MHz, khong cch hai ng ten l 1m v bc dch chuyn l 0,25m, ta c th xc nh c vn tc sng t y l: 0,12m/ns. Gi tr ny c s dng xy dng nhng mt ct cu trc theo ti liu GPR.

Hnh 10. on u ca k Vnh Long ang c o bng Pulse EKKO 100

Mt ct GPR ca tuyn b k di 400m.

Hnh 11. Mt ct GPR on 1 tuyn b k Vnh Long

Hnh 12 l mt ct cu trc on u tuyn (100m) b k Vnh Long theo ti liu Georadar. T gin sng radar, p dng chng trnh minh gii WinEKKO pro. chng ta chia ra c 4 lp vt cht phn b trn ton tuyn t trn xung di nh sau: Lp th nht xut hin trn ton tuyn c b dy trung bnh 1,5m. Vt liu trn mt ca lp ny l lp b tng mng v bn di l lp t p k. Lp th hai cng phn b trn ton tuyn c b dy 2m vi vt liu l st pha ct ht nh ngm nc. Lp th ba c b dy 8m v cng phn b rng khp c tuyn. Vt liu ch yu ca lp ny l bn st v bin phn x ca sng radar y rt nh. 212

Lp th t l lp su nht trn mt ct cu trc phn b rng khp trn ton tuyn c bin ca sng phn x nh lin quan n vt cht l ct ht mn. Trong mt ct cu trc cn xc nh c v tr ca 4 d thng lin quan n cu to hng hc v 1 i cu to xung yu. Cc v tr d thng ny c bin sng phn x khc bit hn vi bin sng phn x ba lp bn trn. i xung yu nm on u ca tuyn o v su ngay trn mt ca lp th 3 v di y ca lp th 2. Hin trng cu to ca k c bt ng nht song khng ln v cng cha gy ra mt an ton cho k. Do cu to ng b k nm ngay st ng nha ca thnh ph nn kh nng trin khai cc phng

php mt ct in rt kh thi cng v mt ct VLF b nhiu rt mnh, nn v tr cc d thng trn mt ct GPR c kim chng bng cc l khoan

a cht cng trnh vi mc tng ng rt cao. C quan ch qun b k da vo kt qu kho st bng GPR thc hin duy tu b k.

Hnh 12. Mt ct cu trc on 1 tuyn b k Vnh Long theo ti liu GPR

3.3. Kho st st l b sng Si Gn, bn o Thanh a Tnh trng st l b sng Si Gn, bn o Thanh a gy ra thit hi v ngi v ti sn rt nhiu. Tuy nhin, phm vi st l xy ra trn tng im v vn cn mang tnh bc xc cho chnh quyn thnh ph cng nh ngi dn sinh sng. c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v c im thy vn cng nh dng chy v s n nh ca ng b [13]. Kho st nh gi hin trng cu trc ng b bng cc phng php a vt l gn mt t c thc hin y trong sut thi gian gn y. Trong khun kh bi bo ny, tp trung gii thiu kt qu ca mt im kho st st l sn tenis L Hong bng t hp phng php GPR v mt ct in a cc. Ti y, thc hin 3 tuyn kho st song song vi ng b sng vi di 60 v khong cch tuyn l 15m. Tuyn kho st c thc hin cch mp nc sng 3m l tuyn 1 nm ngay trn sn tenis vi chiu di l 60 m c trch gii thiu di y (hnh 13). y cng cn phi ch rng, cho n thi im kho st th sn tenis ny b l mt 20m trong thi gian 4 tun trc . Kt qu o mt ct a in bng thit b Terrameter SAS 1000 [19] vi khong cch gia cc in cc l 2m cho ta cu trc theo dng phn lp ngang 5 lp c kch thc v gi tr in tr sut trong bng 6.

Bng 6. a tng theo ti liu a in sn tenis L Hong

a tng Lp 1 Lp 2 Lp 3 Lp 4 Lp 5 su (m) 0-2,5 2,5-7 6-15 15-30 30-40 in tr sut (Ohm.m) Thnh phn thch hc

20-28 t p 10-20 St, bn, ct ht mn 8-10 Bt st, ct ht mn-trung 10-35 Bt ct, ct ht trung 35-80 St ct, Ct ht th

Hnh 13. o GPR theo tuyn 1 dc b sng ti sn tenis L Hong bng thit b Pulse Ekko 100 vi tn s ng ten 100 MHz

Theo kt qu kho st bng GPR trn tuyn1 (hnh 14) cho thy s bc tranh bt ng nht in hnh bng cc khi vt cht khc nhau m tri hn 213

c l ct bo ha nc v ct st, bt st xen k nhau. Trong , ng k nht phi ni n vai tr ca n ct ngm nc (hnh 15). Khi ngoi sn c bao ph bng bn t v cc loi cy nh da nc th nhng khi ct di su c gi nguyn, nhng khi ci to sn l ra cc khi ct v di tc ng ca ngoi lc nh dng chy, sng v, thy triu ln xung cng nh s thay i

thng xuyn ca dng chy s lm cho khi ct tr thnh ct chy theo dng nc to ra nhng kiu hm ch khc nhau v gy st l ng b sng. Kt qu kho st ti sn tenis ny d bo s st l trong thi gian ngn l 40 m tnh t mp nc. n nay ng b ny c gia c cc mng su 28m v v tr 50m tnh t mp nc (hnh 13).

Hnh 14. Mt ct GPR tuyn 1 sn tenis L Hong bng ng ten 100 MHz

Hnh 15. Mt ct cu trc tuyn 1 sn tenis L Hong theo s liu GPR v mt ct in.

Ch gii: (1)=t p, (2)= St,

bn, ct ht mn, (3)= Ct ht mntrung ln bt st, (4)= Ct ht trung ln bt ct, (5)= Ct ht th, st ct

Nh chng ta bit, ton b mt ct a cht c on sng Si Gn qua khu vc Thanh a c cu to bi trm tch tui Holocen gia - mun. Thnh phn thch hc gm bn st, bn st, bn trn giu hu c, cc lin kt kin trc yu. Nh vy, on sng Si Gn vi su trung bnh 12m nm gn trong cu to t yu trm tch Holocen, y sng c ni khot vo lp ct trung mn ln bt. Ch dng chy phc tp, hai chiu theo nhp thy triu. y sng c nhiu vng su, xoy, d to nhng hm ch sn b, gp cc cu to ct chy h sn th hin tng st l 214

ng b l thng xuyn xy ra. Mt khc, on sng vng nghin cu c c im nc ngm ln cao ngang mt t v c quan h thu lc trc tip vi dng chy sng. Ch bn nht triu to iu kin cho mc nc sng nng ln v h xung 2 ln trong ngy, iu ny hnh thnh p lc thu ng tc dng trong t hai bn b gp phn thc y qu trnh st l, trt mt s v tr c iu kin a cht khng n nh. 4. Mt s nhn xt v kin ngh c im ca vt liu trm tch b sng Tin v sng Si Gn l mm, do v bo ho nc phn

di m thnh phn bao gm t bi, t st, ct ht mn n ht trung, bn, tn tch thc vt. Cc loi vt liu ny nu bo ho nc th chng thng c dn in cao, phn b rt phc tp v thng l mt hn hp trong tng lp cu trc. Chnh v th m t hp cc phng php a vt l nh GPR, VLF v mt ct in c th c s dng kho st i tng ny c hiu qu. St l b sng Tin ti Tn Chu - An Giang, b k Vnh Long v b sng Si Gn ti bn o Thanh a- thnh ph H Ch Minh u c ngun gc lin quan n dng chy, lng sng v cu to ng b. V vy, nghin cu cu to ng b bng a vt l nhm nh gi hin trng cu trc a cht chng ta phi thc hin cc tuyn kho st dc tng on ng b v nn b tr song song vi nhau. Tt c cc tuyn ny phi c o bng mt loi kch thc thit b lm iu kin so snh nh gi ngun gy st l. Ti mi on tuyn o cn phi xc nh vn tc truyn sng in t c trng cho mi trng a cht khi s dng cng ngh Georadar, bi v phi ch n tnh rt a phng y. Mt khc phi s dng t hp cc phng php bng vic o mt ct in v VLF trong iu kin cho php nhm xc nh dn in ca mi trng cc lp cu trc v tng chnh xc ca kt qu kho st. Cc s liu kho st bng GPR, VLF, mt ct in c x l, phn tch, minh gii t hp to ra nhng mt ct cu trc hin trng ng b trn tng on tuyn sng Tin v sng Si Gn, lm c s nh gi ngun gy st l, gp phn d bo st l b sng cng nh xut cc gii php chnh tr, gim thiu thit hi. TI LIU DN [1] Davis J.L., Annan A.P., 1989: Ground penetrating radar for high resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy. Geophysical Prospecting, 37(5), p.531-551. [2] David J. Daniels, 2004: Ground penetrating Radar - 2 nd edition. The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, pp.726. [3] N.V. Giang, J. Zietek, N.B. Duan, J. Karczewski, T. Golebowski, 2005: Study of geological sedimentary structures of Mekong river banks by GPR: Forecasting avulsion-prone zones. Acta Geophysica Polonica, vol. 53,2,pp.167-181.

[4] Nguyen Van Giang, 1999:. Detection fractures and defects in the dyke by Ground Penetrating Radar. Proceeding of the NCST of Vietnam,vol.11 (2), pp.95-101. [5] Nguyn Vn Ging, 2000: Kh nng p dng raa xuyn t trong a k thut v mi trng Vit Nam. Tp ch a cht, s 257 (34/2000), tr.23-32. [6] Nguyn Vn Ging, L Ngc Thanh, 2004: Kh nng s dng t hp cc phng php a vt l trong nghin cu cu trc a cht gn mt t ti cc tnh pha Nam.Tuyn tp Bo co HNKH nghin cu c bn, Tp. HCM 20/12/2004, tr.71-79. [7] Nguyen Van Giang, 2004: Geotechnical and Engineering Application of GPR in Vietnam. Procceedings of International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, 21-24 June 2004, Delf, the Netherland. [8] N.V. Giang, L.N. Thanh, J.Zietek, J.Moscicki, 2008: Characteristics of sedimentary structure of Mekong and Saigon river banks by geophysical and geological data. Poster presentation at the Near-surface 2008 EAGE conference, September 14-17, 2008, Krakow, Poland. [9] L Mnh Hng. inh Cng Sn, 2002: Xi l b sng Cu Long v gii php phng trnh cho cc khu vc trng im. NXB Nng Nghip, Tp. H Ch Minh, 196tr. [10] L Mnh Hng, Nguyn Tun Long, 2001: Thc trng st l b sng Cu Long. Tc. Hot ng Khoa hc, thng 10/2001. B KHCNMT. [11] Keller G.V., 1993: Electrical and electromagnetic methods in areas of complex geology. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 29, 181-192. [12] McNeill J.D., Labson V.F., 1989: Geological mapping using VLF radio fields. Investigations in Geophysics N.3. SEG. [13] Hunh Ngc Sang, Nguyn vn Thnh, Thim Quc Tun, 2003: Bn v nguyn nhn st l khu vc Thanh a Tp. H Ch Minh. Tc Pht trin KHCN, tp 6, s 3+4/2003, tr.43-50. [14] L.N. Thanh, N.V. Ging, N.S. Nhn, 2008: c im cu trc b sng Tin (khu vc Sa c) theo ti liu a vt l-a cht. Tc. Cc Khoa hc v Tri t, T.30, 1, tr.84-90. 215

[15] IDS Detector Duo Technical Manual Instruction, 2010 Pisa, Italy. [16] Ramac/GPR instrument manual instruction, 2004, Mala Sweden. [17] Sensors & Software, 1996: PulseEKKO100RUN, Users Guide, Version 1.2. Technical Manual 25.

[18] SuperSting R1/IP User Instruction Manual, 2010. Advanced Geosciences Inc. (AGI), USA. [19] Terrameter SAS1000 Resistivity, IP & SP, 2006. Manual Instruction ABEM, Sweden. [20] VLF WADI instrument introduction,1995. ABEM Sweden. manual

SUMMARY
Enhancement to source determination for Tien and Saigon rivers banks avulsion-prone zones by near-surface geophysical investigations The paper presents complex geophysical techniques as well as Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), Very Low Frequency electromagnetic method (VLF), resistivity methods for investigating near-surface geological structure of river banks to localize interfaces and weakness zones which are related to the source of Tien and Saigon rivers banks avulsion-prone zones. The field techniques and results of complex geophysical investigations on Tan Chau-Tien river banks, Vinh Long embankment and Saigon river banks in Thanh Da were presented for assessment of landslide by present river banks structure for short time forecasting. The near-surface geological cross-sections which were established by geophysical data are proved effectiveness by some engineering wells in site. The result of investigations is scientific based for Tien and Saigon river banks landslide forecast and maintenance/regulation to preventing hazards. The near-surface geophysical methods are good tools for delineating fracture zones, saturated, weakness zones in subsurface structures of river banks to landslide forecast in near future.

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