Gio khoa ha v c

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Bin son: V Hng Thi

II. Cc cht kh thng gp

II.1. Kim loi Tt c kim loi u l cht kh. Kim loi b kh to thnh hp cht ca kim loi trong kim loi c s oxi ha dng. Phn ng no c kim loi tham gia th l phn ng oxi ha kh v kim loi lun lun ng vai tr cht kh. Kim loi c th kh cc phi kim, axit thng thng, nc, axit c tnh oxi ha mnh, mui ca kim loi yu hn, oxit ca kim loi yu hn, dung dch kim, a. Kim loi kh phi kim (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, O2, S, N2, P, C, Si, H2) to mui hay oxit Th d:
0 0 +3 -1

Fe
S t (Cht kh)
0

3/2Cl2
Clo (Cht oxi ha)
0

t0

FeCl3
St (III) clorua

+2 -2

Fe
S t (Cht kh)
0

t0

FeS
St (II) sunfua

Lu hunh (Cht oxi ha)

0

+8/3 -2

3Fe +
St (Cht kh)

2O2

t0

Fe3O4
St t oxit

Oxi (Cht oxi ha)

Khi t nng, st chy trong oxi theo phn ng trn. Khi s dng cc cng c bng thp, khi gia cng thp, nhng tia la sng bn te ra l nhng vy ht st t oxit (Fe3O4) c t nng trng. Trong khng kh m, hay trong nc c ha tan oxi, st b g (r) d dng theo phn ng:
0 0 +3 -2

2Fe hay: Fe
0

+ + +

3/2O2 3/4O2
0

+ +

nH2O 3/2H2O

+3 -1

Fe2O3.nH2O Fe(OH)3

Al
Nhm (Cht kh)

Halogen (Cht oxi ha)

3/2X2

Nhm halogenua

AlX3

(X2: F2, Cl2, Br2, I2)

Nhm t bc chy khi tip xc vi halogen (flo, clo, brom, iot), mc mnh lit gim dn t F2 n I2. I2 cn c H2O lm xc tc.

2Al

3/2O2

Al2O3

Bt nhm chy trong khng kh vi ngn la sng chi v ta ra lng nhit ln

http://vietsciences.free.fr http://vietsciences.org V Hng Thi

Gio khoa ha v c

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Bin son: V Hng Thi

+3 -2

2Al

3S

t0

Al2S3
Nhm sunfua

Al2S3 ch hin din dng rn, trong dung dch nc n b thy phn hon ton, to nhm hiroxit v kh hiro sunfua: Al2S3 + 6H2O
0

2Al(OH)3

+ 3H2S

2Al + N2 4Al Al Al Cr Cr 2Cr Cr 2Cr Cr Cu + 3C + P

t
t t t
0 0

2AlN (Nhm nitrua) Al4C3 (Nhm cacbua) AlP

(Nhm photphua)

+ H2 + 3/2F2

t t t t
0

CrF3

(Ch F2 mi tc dng vi Cr nhit thng, cc phi kim khc tc dng Cr nhit cao)

+ 3/2Cl2 + + + + P + 3S 1/2N2 3/2O2

CCl3 [ Crom (III) clorua ] Cr2S3 CrN [ Crom (III) nitrua ] Cr2O3 [ Crom (III) oxit ]
[ Crom (III) photphua ]

CrP
0

1/2O2(d)
Oxi

CuO
ng (II) oxit (mu en)

ng (mu )

2Cu

+ 1/2O2(thiu)

Cu2O
ng (I) oxit (mu gch)

Cu 2Cu Cu Cu

+ + +

S S Cl2

t t t t
0 0

CuS [ ng (II) sunfua ] Cu2S [ ng (I) sunfua ] CuCl2

+ H2

213

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Cu Cu 3Cu 4Cu Ag Ag 2Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn 3Zn Zn Zn

t + N2 t t Cu3P [ ng (I) photphua , Phosphur ng (I)] t t

0
0

+ + +

C P Si

Cu4Si

[ng (I) silixua, Silicur ng (I)]

+ O2 + H2 + + + + + + + + + + + + C + Si S 1/2Cl2 N2 C Si H2 1/2O2 S Cl2 N2 2P

Ag2S AgCl

(Bc sunfua, Sulfur bc, c mu en)

t t t
0

ZnO

(Km oxit, Oxid km)

ZnS

(Km sunfua, Sulfur km)

t
0

ZnCl2

Zn3P2

(Km photphua, Phosphur km, Thuc chut)

214

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Bin son: V Hng Thi

2Na 2Na Na Na

+ + + +

1/2O2 O2(d) 1/2Cl2 1/2H2

Na2O

(Natri oxit. Natri chy cho ngn la mu vng)

Na2O2 (Natri peoxit, Peroxid natrium) NaCl NaH

(Natri hirua, Hidrur natrium)

t
0

2Na + S Na2S (Kim loi kim tc dng ngay vi bt lu hunh nhit thng) 3Na 3Na Ca + + 1/2N2 P
0

Na3N

(Natri nitrua, Nitrur natrium)

Na3P CaO
t
0

(Natri photphua) (Canxi oxit, Oxid calcium)

+ 1/2O2 +

H2

Ca(nng chy) Ca Ca 3Ca 3Ca Ca 2Ca Mn Mn 3Mn 2Mn Mn + + + + + + + + + + + Cl2 S N2 2P 2C Si Cl2 S

CaH2

(Canxi hirua)

t
0 t0

CaCl2 CaS Ca3N2 Ca3P2 CaC2 Ca2Si MnCl2 MnS (Canxi nitrua)
(Canxi photphua) (Canxi cacbua, Carbur calcium) (Canxi silixua) (Man gan (II) clorua, Clorur mangan (II))

t t t t t
0

N2 Si H2

t t
0

Mn3N2 Mn2Si

(Mangan (II) nitrua) (Mangan (II) silixua)

t0

215

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Bin son: V Hng Thi

3Mn Mn Ag Ag 2Ag Ag Ag Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg 3Hg Hg Pb

Pb

+ + + + + + + C Si

2P O2 H2 O2 Cl2

t t t t t
0
0

Mn3P2

(Mangan (II) photphua)

MnO2 (Mangan ioxit)

2AgCl

t t t t
0 0 0

+ H2 + + + + + + +

1/2O2 S Cl2 H2 N2 2P C, Si

HgO

(Thy ngn (II) oxit, c mu hay vng)

t t t
0 0 0

HgS HgCl2

Hg3P2

(Thy ngn (II) photphua)

t t
0

+ 1/2O2
+ S

PbO

(Ch (II) oxit)

t
0

PbS PbCl2 PbH4

(Ch (IV) hirua)

Pb Pb

+ +

Cl2 2H2

t C 800
0

216

Gio khoa ha v c

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Bin son: V Hng Thi

b. Kim loi kh ion H+ ca axit thng thng, to mui v kh hiro. Kim loi ng trc H trong dy th in ho kh c ion H+ ca axit thng thng to kh hiro (H2), cn kim loi b oxi ho to mui. K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Th d:
0 +1 +2 0

Fe
St (Cht kh)

H2SO4(l)
Axit sunfuric (long) (Cht oxi ha)

FeSO4
St (II) sunfat

H2
Kh hiro

Al Cu Na Hg Cr Ca Ag Zn

+ + + + + + + +

3HCl HCl

AlCl3

3/2H2

CH3COONa + 1/2H2

CH3COOH HBr 2HCl 2HBr

CrCl2 CaBr2

+ +

H2 H2

H2SO4(l) 2HCOOH
Axit fomic

Zn(HCOO)2
Km fomiat

H2
Hiro

Km

c. Kim loi kim, kim th kh c nc nhit thng, to hiroxit kim loi v kh hiro. Kim loi kim: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Kim loi kim th: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Th d:
0 +1 +1 0

Na

H 2O

NaOH
Natri hiroxit

1/2H2
Hiro

Natri (Cht kh)

Nc (Cht oxi ha)

K Ca

+ +

H2O 2H2O

KOH + 1/2H2 Ca(OH)2 + H2 217

Gio khoa ha v c

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Bin son: V Hng Thi

d. Trn nguyn tc, cc kim loi ng trc H trong dy th in ho c th kh c hi nc nhit cao, to oxit kim loi v kh hiro. K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Th d:
0 +1 +2 0
t0

Zn

H2O

ZnO
Km oxit

H2
Kh hiro

Km (Cht kh)

Hi nc (Cht oxi ha)

3Fe Fe Mg

+ + +

4H2O H2O H2O 3H2O

570 C <
570 C > t t
0 0

Fe3O4 FeO MgO + +

+ H2 H2

4H2

2Cr +

Cr2O3 + 3H2

e. Kim loi (tr vng, bch kim) kh c axit c tnh oxi ho mnh [HNO3, H2SO4 (c, nng)] to mui, kh NO2, NO hay SO2 v H2O. Th d:
0 +5 +3 +4

Fe

S t (Cht kh)

Axit nitric m c nng (Cht oxi ha)

6HNO3(,nng)

St (III) nitrat

Fe(NO3)3

+ 3NO2

Nit ioxit

+ 3H2O

Fe 2Fe Cu 3Cu Cu 3Ag

+ + + + +

4HNO3(l)

Fe(NO3)3 +

NO

2H2O

6H2SO4(, nng) 4HNO3() 8HNO3(l)

Fe2(SO4)3
Cu(NO3)2 + 3Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4

+ 3SO2 + 6H2O 2NO2 + 2NO + + + 2H2O 2H2O 4H2O 2H2O

2H2SO4(, nng)

+ SO2

+ 4HNO3(l) 2HNO3() H2SO4(l)

3AgNO3 + NO +

Ag + Ag +

AgNO3 + NO2 + H2O

218

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Bin son: V Hng Thi

2Ag Zn +

+ 2H2SO4(, nng) 4HNO3()

Ag2SO4

+ SO2

+ 2H2O

Zn(NO3)2

+ 2NO2 + 2H2O

f. Kim loi mnh (tr kim loi kim, kim th) kh c ion kim loi yu hn trong dung dch mui. K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Th d: 3Mg
0

+ 2AlCl3(dd)
+3

3MgCl2
+2

+ 2Al
0

3Mg

2Al

3+

3Mg

2+

2Al
Kim loi nhm (Cht kh)

Magie dd mui nhm (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

Mui magie (Cht oxi ho)

Phn ng trn xy ra c l do: Tnh kh: Mg > Al Tnh oxi ha: Al3+ > Mg2+

Fe + Cu Cu

CuSO4

FeSO4 +

Cu

+ FeCl2
+ 2FeCl3

CuCl2 + 2FeCl2

Fe(d) + 2AgNO3 Fe + 3AgNO3(d) FeSO4

Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag Fe(NO3)3 + 3Ag

Ni +

Ni + Fe2(SO4)3

NiSO4

+ 2FeSO4

Zn + Fe(CH3COO)2 Zn + FeS Fe + ZnCl2 3Zn(d) + 2FeCl3 Zn + 2FeCl3(d)

Zn(CH3COO)2 + Fe

3ZnCl2 ZnCl2

2Fe

+ 2FeCl2 Cu

Na + CuSO4(dd)

Na2SO4 +

219

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NaOH + 1/2H2 Na + H2O Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 2NaOH + CuSO4 CaCl2 + Fe Ca + FeCl3(dd) Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 3Ca(OH)2 + 2FeCl3 2Fe(OH)3

+ 3CaCl2

g. Kim loi mnh kh c oxit kim loi yu hn nhit cao (Thng gp nht l phn ng nhit nhm). K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Th d:
0 +3 +3 0

2Al

Fe2O3

t0

Al2O3
Nhm oxit

2Fe
St

Nhm St (III) oxit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

2Al

+ 3CuO

t t t t t
0 0 0 0

Al2O3 + 3Cu

Al + MgO 4Al 3Mg

+ 3MnO2 + Al2O3 TiO2

2Al2O3 3MgO 2MgO 3MgO

+ 3Mn + 2Al + Ti + 2Cr

2Mg +

3Mg + Cr2O3

h. Cc kim loi c oxit lng tnh (tr Cr, gm Al, Zn, Be, Sn, Pb) kh c dung dch kim, to mui v kh hiro.
0 +1

Al

OH

+3

+ H 2O

AlO2

3/2H2
Kh hiro

Nhm (Cht kh)

Dung dch kim (Cht oxi ha)

Mui aluminat

Zn
Km

+ 2OH + 2OH

ZnO22 + H2
Mui zincat

Be
Berili

Mui berili

BeO22

+ H2

220

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Bin son: V Hng Thi

Sn
Thic

2OH

SnO22
Mui stanit

+ H2

Pb
Ch

+ 2OH

PbO22 + H2
Mui plumbit

Cr
Crom

+ OH + H2O

II.2. Hp cht ca kim loi trong kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian, m thng gp l Fe(II) [nh FeO, Fe(OH)2, FeSO4, FeCl2, Fe(NO3)2, Fe2+, FeS, FeS2], Fe3O4, Cr(II), Cu2O. Cc cht kh ny b oxi ha to thnh hp cht ca kim loi c s oxi ha cao hn. Th d:
+2 0 +3 -2

2FeO
St (II) oxit (Cht kh)

1/2O2

t0

Fe2O3
St (III) oxit

Oxi (Cht oxi ha)

3FeO + 10HNO3(l)

3Fe(NO3)3

+ NO + 5H2O + SO2 + 4H2O

2FeO + 4H2SO4(, nng) 2Fe(OH)2 + 1/2O2

(Mu trng hi xanh lc)

+ H2O

Fe2(SO4)3

2Fe(OH)3
(Mu nu )

(KK)
t
0

2Fe(OH)2 + 1/2O2
+2 0

Fe2O3 + 2H2O
+3 -1

2Fe(OH)2 + Cl2
(Cht kh)
+2 +1

+ 2NaOH 2Fe(OH)l3 + 2NaCl

+3 -1

(Cht oxi ha)

2Fe(OH)2 + NaClO + H2O 3Fe(OH)2 + 10HNO3(l)

2Fe(OH)3 + NaCl + NO + 8H2O

3Fe(NO3)3

5Fe2(SO4)3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O 10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4

FeCl2 + 1/2Cl2 2Fe3O4
FeCl3

+ 10H2SO4(, nng) 3Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 10H2O

221

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Bin son: V Hng Thi

FeCO3

+ 4HNO3() Fe(NO3)3 +
t
0

NO2 +

CO2 + 2H2O

2FeS + 9/2O2 FeS2 + 18HNO3()

Fe2O3

+ 2SO2 + 2H2SO4 + 15NO2 + 7H2O

Fe(NO3)3

2FeS2 + 2CrO
+2

14H2SO4(, nng) Fe2(SO4)3 + 15SO2 + 14H2O

t
0

+ 1/2O2 +

Cr2O3
+3 -2

2Cr(OH)2

1/2O2 + H2O
Khng kh (Cht oxi ha)

2Cr(OH)3
Crom (III) hiroxit (c mu xanh ru)

Crom (II) hiroxit (c mu vng nu) (Cht kh)

Cr2+ kh c ion H+ ca dung dch axit thng thng to kh H2, cn Cr2+ b oxi ha to Cr3+ Cr2+ + 2H+

Cr3+ + H2
t 2CuO
0 0

Cu2O + 1/2O2

t Cu2O + 3H2SO4(,nng) 2CuSO4 + SO2 + 3H2O

3Cu2O

+ 14HNO3(l) 6Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO

+ 7H2O

II.3. Mt s phi kim, nh H2, C, S, P, Si, N2, Cl2. Cc phi kim ny b oxi ha to thnh hp cht ca phi kim, trong phi kim c s oxi ha dng. Cc cht oxi ha thng dng oxi ha cc phi kim l oxit kim loi, oxi, HNO3, H2SO4(c, nng). Th d:
0 0 +1 -2

H2 +
Hiro

1/2O2
Oxi

t t t
0 0 0

t0

H2O
Nc

H2 H2 3H2

+ CuO + Al2O3 + Fe2O3

H2O + Cu

3H2O

+ 2Fe

222

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Bin son: V Hng Thi

C + 1/2O2(thiu) C + C C O2(d)
0

CO

t t t t
0 0 0
0

CO2 CO2

+ Fe2O3 + MgO ZnO

C + C C
0

CO + Zn CO2 CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O + 2SO2 + 2H2O

+ 4HNO3() + + 2H2SO4()
0

t t
0

+4 -2

C
Cht kh

2S

cao t cao t
0
0

t0

CS2 CO + H2 CO2 + 2CO 9CO + 6Fe 3CO2 CO2

0

Cht oxi ho
0

Cacbon isunfua

C C C 9C

+ H2O + 2H2O + CO2

2H2

cao t
0

+ 3Fe2O3

cao t t t
0 0

3C + 2KClO3 C C + 2KNO3

+ 2KCl + 2KNO2 + 2CuO 2CO + Cu + 4NO2 + 2NO2

+ 2Cu(NO3)2

t
0

CO2

2C(d) +

Cu(NO3)2
t
0

C + AgNO3
0 0

CO + Ag
+4 -2

+ NO2

O2

t0

SO2

Lu hunh Oxi (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

Kh sunfur; Lu hunh ioxit

223

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Bin son: V Hng Thi

S + S S

Cl2

SCl2 H2SO4 + 2NO

+ 2HNO3(l) + 6HNO3()

H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O 2H2O

3SO2 + S + 2H2SO4(, nng) S + H2SO4(l)

3S

+ 2KClO3 2KNO3

t t t
0

3SO2

+ 2KCl

S +

SO2 + 2KNO2 6SO2 + 4Cr2O3 +

+5 -2

6S + 8K2Cr2O7
0 0

8K2CrO4

4P
Photpho

5O2
Oxi

t t
0 0

Anhirit photphoric; iphotpho pentaoxit

2P2O5

4P + 3O2(thiu) 2P 2P 3P P + 5Cl2(d) + 3Cl2(thiu)

2P2O3 2PCl5 2PCl3

+ 5HNO3(l) + 2H2O + 5HNO3() H2SO4(l)

3H3PO4 + 5NO2

5NO

H3PO4 +

+ H 2O

P + 2P 6P

+ 5H2SO4(, nng) + 5KClO3

t t
0 0 0

2H3PO4 + 5KCl

+ 5SO2 + 2H2O

3P2O5

2P + 5KNO3

P2O5 + 5KNO2 3P2O5 + 5Cr2O3 + 10K2CrO4

6P + 10K2Cr2O7 Si + O2
t
0

SiO2

224

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Bin son: V Hng Thi

Si + Si + Si Si N2

2F2

SiF4

2KOH + H2O
C 800 C 500 C 3000
0 0 0

K2SiO3 + 3/2H2

+ 2H2O + 2Cl2 + O2

SiO2 + 2H2 SiCl4 2NO

Cl2 + H2O II.4.

HCl + HclO

Mt s hp cht ca phi kim, trong phi kim c s oxi ha trung gian, nh CO, NO, NO2, NO2, SO2, SO32, Na2S2O3, FeS2, P2O3, C2H4, C2H2,Cc hp cht ny b oxi ha to thnh hp cht ca phi kim trong phi kim c s oxi ha cao hn.
+2 0 +4 -2
t0

Th d:

CO

+ 1/2O2

CO2

Cacbon oxit Oxi (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

Cacbon ioxit

CO + 3Fe2O3 CO + Fe3O4 FeO

t t t t t
0 0
0

CO2 +

2Fe3O4

CO2 + 3FeO CO2 + Fe

CO +

CO + Al2O3 CO + CuO NO + 1/2O2

+4

CO2 NO2
+5

Cu

+2

3NO2 + H2O 2NO2 + H2O

2HNO3 + NO

+ 1/2O2

2HNO3

2NO2 + 2NaOH

NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2O

5KNO3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 3H2O 5KNO2 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4

225

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Bin son: V Hng Thi

SO2

+ 1/2O2

V2O5 (Pt), 4500C

SO3

SO2 SO2 SO2

+ Cl2 + + Br2 I2

+ 2H2O + 2H2O

H2SO4

+ 2HCl + 2HBr + 2HI + K2SO4

H2SO4 H2SO4 2H2SO4

+ 2H2O + 2H2O

5SO2 + 2KMnO4

+ 2MnSO4

6K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O 5K2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4

Na2SO3 + Cl2
+2

+ H 2O +

Na2SO4 +

2HCl
+2,5 -1

2Na2S2O3

I2

Na2S4O6
Natri tetrationat

2NaI
Natri ioua

Natri tiosunfat, Natri hiposunfit (Cht kh)

Iot (Cht oxi ha)

0

P2O3 C2H4 II.5.

+ 1/2O2 + 3O2

t t
0

P2O5 2CO2 + 2H2O

Cc hp cht ca phi kim, trong phi kim c s oxi ha thp nht (cc tiu), nh X (Cl, Br, I, HCl, HBr, HI), S2, H2S, NH3, PH3, CH4, NaH, CaH2, Cc hp cht b oxi ha to phi kim n cht hay hp cht ca phi kim c s oxi ha cao hn. Th d:
-1 +4 0 +2
t0

4HCl() +

MnO2

Cl2 + MnCl2 + 2H2O

Clo Mangan (II) clorua

Axit clohiric Mangan ioxit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

-1 +7 0

+2

Axit clohiric Kali pemanganat (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

-1 0 0

16HCl + 2KMnO4

5Cl2 + 2MnCl2
Kh clo

+ 2KCl

Mangan (II) clorua

+ 8H2O

-1

2KBr + Cl2

Br2 + 2KCl

226

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Bin son: V Hng Thi

2HBr

+ Cl2

Br2 + 2HCl I2 + 2NaBr

0

2NaI + Br2
-2 +4

2H2S

SO2

3S

2H2O

Hiro sunfua Kh sunfur Lu hunh (Kh mi trng thi) (Kh mi hc) (Cht rn mu vng nht) (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
-2 +3 0 +2

K2S + 2FeCl3
-2 +3

S +
0

2FeCl2 + 2KCl
+2

H2S + 2FeCl3
-1 +3

S + 2FeCl2 +
0 +2

2HCl + K2SO4 3H2O

2KI +
-3

Fe2(SO4)3
+2
t0

I2

+ 2FeSO4
0

2NH3 + 3CuO
-3 0

0
Pt ,t 0 t0

N2 + 3Cu +
0 -2

2NH3 + 3/2O2
-3 0

N2 +
+2

3H2O
-2

2NH3 + 5/2O2
-1 +1

2NO

+ 3H2O

NaH

+ H2O

H2 +
Hiro

NaOH
Natri hiroxit

Natri hirua Nc (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

-1 +1

Canxi hirua (Cht kh)

-3

CaH2

2HCl

Axit clohiric (Cht oxi ha)

+5

Hiro

H2

Canxi clorua

CaCl2

+5

+4

PH3 + 8HNO3()
Photphin
-4 0

+4

H3PO4
-2

8NO2 + 4H2O
Nit ioxit

Axit photphoric

CH4
Metan (Cht kh)

2O2

CO2

+ 2H2O

Oxi (Cht oxi ha)

227

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Ghi ch quan trng G.1. Phn t no ch cn cha mt nguyn t c s oxi ha gim sau phn ng th c th kt lun phn t l cht oxi ha; Cng phn t no ch cn cha mt nguyn t c s oxi ha tng sau phn ng th c th kt lun phn t cht l cht kh. G.2. Nguyn t no c s oxi ha ti a (trong hp cht) nu tham gia phn ng oxi ha kh th nguyn t ny ch c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha, v s oxi ha ca nguyn t ny ch c th gim, ch khng tng c na. Th d: Fe3+ ; KMnO4 ; K2Cr2O7 ; HNO3 ; H2SO4(, nng) ; CuO ; H+ ; Ag+ ; Au3+ ; Zn2+ G.3. Nguyn t no c s oxi ha thp nht (trong n cht kim loi, trong hp cht ca phi kim) nu tham gia phn ng oxi ha kh th s ng vai tr cht kh, v s oxi ha ca nguyn t ny ch c th tng ch khng gim c na. Th d:
0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -2 0 -2 -1 -1 -1 -3 +3 +7 +6 +5 +6 +2 +1 +1 +3 +2

Tt c cc kim loi, nh: Na ; Mg ; Al ; Ag ; Hg ; Au ; Cc hp cht ca phi kim, nh: X (F , Cl , Br , I ) ; HCl ; HBr ; HI ; H2S ; S ; H ; NaH ; CaH2 ; NH3 ; PH3 ; CH4; SiH4 ; O2. G.4. Cn nguyn t no c s oxi ha trung gian (trong n cht phi kim, cc hp cht ca kim loi hay phi kim trong kim loi hay phi kim c s oxi ha trung gian) nu tham gia phn ng oxi ha kh th ty trng hp (ty theo tc cht m chng phn ng) m c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha hoc ng vai tr cht kh. Th d: H2 ; C ; Si ; O2 ; S ; Cl2 ; Br2 ; I2 ; Fe2+ ; FeO ; Fe3O4 ; FeCl2 ; FeSO4 ; Cu2O ; SO2 ;
+2 +4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +2 +2 +8/3 +2 +2 +1 +4 -3 -4 -4 -2
2

Na2S2O3 ; NO2.
0 0 +1 -2

H2
(Cht kh)
0

1/2O2
0

t0

H2O
+1 -1

(Cht oxi ha)

1/2H2
(Cht oxi ha)

Na
(Cht kh)

t0

NaH

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+5

+6

+4

S
0

+ 6HNO3()
0

+2 -2
t0

H2SO4 + 6NO2

+ 2H2O

S
0

+ Fe
+2

t0 t0 t0 t0

FeS
+1 0

H2 + CuO
0

H 2O
-1

+ Cu

H2 +
0 +2

Ca

CaH2
+2 0

C + ZnO
0

CO
-1

+ Zn
+2

3C + CaO
0

CaC2 + CO
-1 +1

Cl2 +
+2

2NaOH
+2
t0

NaCl + NaClO +
0 +4

H2O

FeO + CO
+2 +6

Fe

+ CO2
+3 +4

2FeO + 4H2SO4(, nng)

+8/3 0

Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2
+3

+ 4H2O

3Fe3O4 +
+8/3

8Al
+5

t0

9Fe + 4Al2O3
+3 +2

3Fe3O4 +
+2

28HNO3(l)
0

+3 -1

9Fe(NO3)3

+ NO

+ 14H2O

FeCl2 +
+2

1/2Cl2
0

FeCl3
+2

FeCl2 +
+4 0

Zn

Fe

+ ZnCl2
+6 -1

SO2
+4

+ Br2 + 2H2O
-2

H2SO4

+ 2HBr

SO2

+ 2H2S

3S + 2H2O

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+2

+2,5

-1

Natri tiosunfat Iot Natri hiposunfit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
+2

2Na2S2O3

I2

Natri tetrationat

Na2S4O6

+ 2NaI
Natri ioua

+4

Na2S2O3 + 2HCl
+4

+ SO2
+5

+ H2O + 2NaCl
+2

3NO2 + G.5.

H2O

2HNO3 +

NO

C phn t m trong phn t c cha c nguyn t c oxi ha cao nht ln nguyn t c s oxi ha thp nht, do ty trng hp m phn t ny hoc l cht oxi ha hoc l cht kh hoc l cht trao i (khng l cht oxi ha, khng l cht kh). Th d: HCl, H2S, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, Fe2O3, KClO3
+1 0

2HCl
(Cht oxi ha)
-1

Zn

ZnCl2
0

+ H2

4HCl() + MnO2
(Cht kh)

t0

Cl2 + MnCl2 + 2H2O NaCl + H2O

HCl
-2

+ NaOH

(Cht trao i)

(Cht kh)
+1

2H2S +

SO2

3S + 2H2O
0

H2S + 2Na
(Cht oxi ha)

+6

H2 + Na2S K2S + H2O

+4 0

H 2S +
(Cht trao i)
+7 -2

K2O

2KMnO4

t0

K2MnO4 + MnO2

+ O2

(Cht oxi ha, Cht kh)

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+6 -2

+6

+3

2K2Cr2O7
+3 -2

t0

2K2CrO4
+8/3

+ Cr2O3 + 3/2O2
0

(Cht oxi ha, Cht kh)

3Fe2O3
+5 -2

t 0 that cao

2Fe3O4 + 1/2O2
-1 0

(Cht oxi ha, Cht kh)

(Cht oxi ha, Cht kh)

KClO3

MnO2

t0

KCl + 3/2O2

Fe2O3
+3

+ 6HNO3
0

2Fe(NO3)3
0 +2

+ 3H2O

(Cht trao i)

Fe 2O 3 +
(Cht oxi ha)

3C

t0

2Fe

+ 3CO

Bi tp 84 B sung cc phn ng sau y (nu c), cn bng v ch r cht oxi ha, cht kh (nu l phn ng oxi ha kh) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 KMnO4 + K2SO3 + H2SO4 KMnO4 + K2SO3 + H2O KMnO4 + K2SO3 + KOH KMnO4 + NaNO2 + H2SO4 KMnO4 + NaCl + H2SO4 KMnO4 + HCl KMnO4 + CH2=CH2 + H2O KMnO4 + SO2 + H2O KMnO4 + H2S + H2SO4 KMnO4 + KI + H2SO4 KMnO4 to
+2

+ ...

Mn Mn + Cl2 Mn(OH)4 Mn(OH)2 + O2 + H2O 2+ Mn + ... Mn + HNO3 (l) Mn + HCl Mn2+ + ... Mn2+ + ... Mn + H2SO4 (, nng) Mn (II) + ... Mn + H2SO4 (l) Mn (IV) Mn + O2
Mn + S Mn + HNO3 ()

Mn
Mn(II) + ...

+2

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22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) 39) 40) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45) 46) 47) 48) 49) 50) 51) 52) 53) 54) 55) 56) 57) 58) 59) 60) 61) 62) 63) 64) 65) 66)

MnO2 (r) + K2MnO4 + K2Cr2O7 + K2Cr2O7 + K2Cr2O7 + K2Cr2O7 K2Cr2O7 + K2Cr2O7 + Cr + Cl2

HCl () t0 Na2SO3 + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2SO4 HI to H2S + H2SO4

t
o

+ ...

HBr KI + H2SO4 Cr (III)

+3

Cr Cr + O2 Cr + S Cr (III) to Cr2O3 + Al Cu + HNO3 (l) Cu + HNO3 () Fe + HNO3 (l) to Fe + HNO3 () Fe + HNO3 (, ngui) (5 phn ng) Mg + HNO3 (5 phn ng) Al + HNO3 (6 phn ng) Zn + HNO3 FeO + HNO3 (l) FeO + HNO3 () Fe2O3 + HNO3 (l) Fe2O3 + HNO3 () Fe3O4 + HNO3 (l) Fe3O4 + HNO3 () C + HNO3 () to to S + HNO3 () o t P + HNO3 () Pb2+ + ... Pb + HNO3 (l) FexOy + HNO3 (l) Mn + + MxOy + HNO3 (l) n+ M + ... M + HNO3 (l) Cu + H2SO4 (, nng) Fe + H2SO4 (, nng) Fe + H2SO4 (, nng) Fe + Cl2 Fe + H2SO4 (l) Fe + CuCl2 Fe (d) + AgNO3 Fe + AgNO3 (d) Fe + FeCl3 to thng Fe + H2O o t < 570oC Fe + H2O Fe + H2O to > 570oC

NO

+ ...

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to Fe 67) Fe + O2 68) FeO + H2SO4 (l) 69) FeO + H2SO4 (, nng) 70) Fe3O4 + H2SO4 (l) 71) Fe3O4 + H2SO4 (, nng) t0 72) C + CaO 73) Fe2O3 + H2SO4 (, nng) to FemOn 74) FexOy + CO 75) FeCO3 + HNO3 (l) 76) FeCO3 + HNO3 () 77) Fe(OH)2 + HNO3 (l) t0 , KK 78) FeCO3 79) FeCl2 + Cl2 t0 80) FeO + O2 81) Fe + Fe(NO3)3
+3 +8 / 3

+8 / 3

+ ....

82) Fe2O3 t0 tht cao ( Fe b kh to Fe , O b kh to O 2 ) 83) FeS2 + HNO3 (, nng) (3 phn ng) 84) FeS2 + HNO3 (l) (3 phn ng) (4 phn ng) 85) Mg + H2SO4 (4 phn ng) 86) Al + H2SO4 87) Zn + H2SO4 (4 phn ng) 88) C + H2SO4 (, nng) 89) C + H2SO4 (l) 90) S + H2SO4 (l) 91) S + H2SO4 (, nng) 92) P + H2SO4 (, nng) 93) SO2 + H2S 94) Al + H2SO4 (, ngui) 95) SO2 + Cl2 + H2O 96) SO2 + Br2 + H2O 97) SO2 + I2 + H2O V2O5 , 4500C 98) SO2 + O2 (2 phn ng) 99) SO2 + Ca(OH)2 100) FeS2 + H2SO4 (l) (2 phn ng) 101) CO2 + Ca(OH)2 102) FexOy + HCl (2 phn ng) (2 phn ng, dng O2 d v O2 thiu) 103) H2S + O2 (Na2S2O3 b oxi ha to Na2S4O6) 104) Na2S2O3 + I2 (Cc phn ng c th c) 105) Kim loi M (ha tr n) + H2SO4 (2 phn ng, ng vi khng c cht xc tc v c cht xc tc V2O5) 106) S + O2 107) S ha tan kh clo (Cl2) trong nc (2 phn ng) 108) Cl2 + NaOH (l) 109) Cl2 + KOH (l) to 110) Cl2 + KOH () 233

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111) 112) 113) 114) 115) 116) 117) 118) 119) 120) 121) 122) 123) 124) 125) 126) 127) 128) 129) 130) 131) 132) 133) 134) 135) 136) 137) 138) 139) 140) 141) 142) 143) 144) 145) 146) 147) 148) 149) 150) 151) 152) 153) 154)

clorua)

Cl2 + NaBr Cl2 + KI Cl2 + KF Br2 + KI Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 t0 (Fe2O3 b kh to kim loi) Fe2O3 + CO 0 t FeO + CO t0 Al4C3 + .... Al2O3 + C Cc phn ng xy ra trong l cao. 0 t Al + Fe2O3 0 H2 + Fe2O3 t t0 C + Fe2O3 SO3 + H2O MgO + H2 t0 t0 Al2O3 + CO t0 MnO2 + Al Cr2O3 + Al t0 t0 CuO + H2 t0 C + CO2 CuO + Al t0 o t (2 phn ng) C + H 2O (2 phn ng) C + O2 KClO3 to, MnO2 to KClO3 + C KClO3 + FeCl2 + HCl KClO3 + H2S KClO3 + KI + HCl (Hipoclorit oxi ha sunfit to sunfat, hipoclorit b kh to NaClO + Na2SO3

(2 phn ng) NO2 + H2O NO2 + H2O + O2 NO2 + NaOH NO2 + NaOH + O2 t0 tht cao N2 + O2 NO + O2 to (2 phn ng) NH4NO3 to NH4NO2 NH3 + O2 Pt NH3 + O2 Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O t0 Na + H2 NaH + H2O t0 (HgO b phn tch to n cht) HgO CaC2 + H2O CaC2 + HCl

234

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155) 156) 157) 158) 159) 160) 161) 162) 163) 164) 165) 166) 167) 168) 169) 170) 171) 172) 173) 174) 175) 176) 177) 178) 179) 180) 181) 182) 183) 184) 185) 186) 187) 188) 189) 190) 191) 192) 193) 194) 195) 196) 197) 198)

H2S)

Al4C3 + H2O Al4C3 + HCl Zn3P2 + H2O (2 phn ng) Na2SO3 + HNO3 () (2 phn ng) Na2SO3 + HNO3 (l) O3 + KI + H2O O2 + KI + H2O O3 + FeCl2 + HCl S + ... O 3 + H 2S FeCl3 + H2S S + ... NaAlO2 + CO2 + H2O (Hai phn ng) NaAlO2 + HCl (dd) Al(OH)3 + KOH Al(OH)3 + NH3 + H2O t0 ZnO + C 0 t K 2O + C (St (III) b kh to st (II)) FeCl3 + KI to (NH3 b oxi ha to nit n cht) NH3 + CuO t0 (Kim loi b oxi ha) SO2 + Mg 0 (CO kh c SO2) SO2 + CO t Zn/HCl Fe2+ FeCl3 + [H] FeCl3 + H2 C6H5NO2 + [H] Zn/HCl C6H5NO2 + H2 (Nhm sunfua b thu phn to hiroxit kim loi v Al2(SO4)3 (dd) + Na2S (dd) (O2 oxi ha cromit to cromat) KCrO2 + O2 + KOH (Cl2 oxi ha cromit to cromat) KCrO2 + Cl2 + KOH Na (d) + HCl (dd) K (d) + H2SO4 (dd) to thng Mg + H2O to cao Mg + H2O to thng Zn + H2O to cao Zn + H2O to cao Cu + H2O t0 CuS + O2 t0 (SO2 b kh) Mg + SO2 MaOna/2 (a = 1 ; 2) Kim loi M (ha tr n) + O2 NO +... NO2 + SO2 Ma(SO4)na/2 + ... (a = 1; 2) Kim loi M (ha tr n) + H2SO4 (l) o t FeS2 + O2 Al2O3 + NaOH Fe3O4 + O2 + H2SO4 FeSO4 + Cl2 + H2SO4 Cc phn ng xy ra trong l luyn thp.

235

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199) NO + NaOH 200) NO2 + O2 + KOH to cao 201) M(NO3)n . xH2O 202) Na2O + H2O 203) K2O2 + H2O 204) AgNO3 + Fe(CH3COO)2 t0 205) AgNO3 206) SO2 + Na2CO3 (dd) 207) 208) 209) 210) 211) 212) 213) 214) 215) 216) 217) 218) 219) 220) 221) 222) 223) 224) 225) 226) 227) 228) 229) 230) 231) 232) 233) 234) 235) 236) 237) 238) 239) 240) 241) 242)

Oxit M + ...

(Axit sunfur mnh hn axit cacbonic)

(Cromit b brom oxi ha trong dd kim to cromat) KCrO2 + Br2 + KOH CuNO3 + CH3COOCu (Cho bit th in ha: Cu+/Cu > Cu2+/Cu+) Cu + HCl Cu + HCl + O2 Cu2O + H2SO4 (l) (ng (I) oxi ha ng (I) to ng (II) trong dd) Cu + CuCl2 Cu + Cu(NO3)2 Mg + CO2 C + ... t0 t0 Si + .... Al + SiO2 Cu + H2SO4 (l) Cu + H2SO4 (, nng) Cu + H2SO4(l) + O2 Al + Ba(OH)2 (dd) Zn + Ba(OH)2 (dd) (St (III) cacbonat b thu phn to hioxit kL v CO2) Fe2(SO4)3 + Na2CO3 0 S + NaOH t (Lu hunh tan trong baz mnh to mui sunfua, sunfit) NaNO3 + Zn + KOH NH3 + .... NH3 + .... KNO2 + Al + KOH (Axit flohiric ha tan thu tinh) HF + SiO2 (NO2 b kh to NO) SO2 + NO2 (NH4)2Cr2O7 t0 N2 + Cr2O3 + .... 0 t (KClO3 b oxi ha to Cl+7, b kh to Cl1) KClO3 3+ Fe + I (I b oxi ha to iot n cht, Fe3+ b kh to Fe(II)) 3+ Fe + H2S (To cht rn khng tan c mu vng nht) Fe3+ + S2 + H2O (Fe2S3 b thu phn to hiroxit v H2S) 3+ 2 + + H (S2 b oxi ha to S trong mi trng axit) Fe + S MnO2 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 (To dung dch c mu vng ti) Cr2O72 + OH (To dung dch c mu da cam) CrO42 + H+ CO2 + .... CrO3 + C2H5OH + H2SO4 (NH3 b oxi ha to nit n cht, CrO3 b kh to Cr(III) dng oxit) CrO3 + NH3 K2Cr2O7 + HBr Br2 + ... K2CrO4 + (NH4)2S + H2O (To Cr(OH)3, NH3, S) K2Cr2O7 + C t0 Cr2O3 + ... NO + .. Au + HNO3() + HCl() Pt + HNO3() + HCl() Pt2+ + NO + ...

236

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243) 244) 245) 246) 247) 248) 249) 250) 251) 252) 253) 254) 255) 256) 257) 258) 259) 260) 261) 262) 263) 264) 265) 266) 267) 268) 269) 270)

Ag + NaNO3 + H2SO4 KNO3 + C + S K2S + CO2 + N2 (Phn ng n ca thuc n en) SO2 + H2 S + ... CO + ... SO2 + C KNO2 + H2O2 H2O + ... I2 + ... KI + H2O2 (Cc kim loi vng, bch kim, bc khng b oxi oxi ha) Ag + O2 Ag + O3 (Ozon oxi ha c bc) PbSO4 + O2 PbS + O3 KI + H2O2 + H2SO4 (KI b oxi ha to iot n cht) I2 + H 2 S S + ... (I2 b oxi ha to axit ioic, HNO3 b kh to NO) I2 + HNO3 NaClO + KI + H2O I2 + ... I2 + AgNO3 AgI + INO3 SF6 F2 + S (To clorua vi, vit hai phn ng) Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 HBr + H2SO4 (, nng) Br2 + ... H2S + ... HI + H2SO4 (ac va, nong) Cl2 + ... CaOCl2 (Clorua vi) + HCl t0 O2 + ... CaOCl2 KClO3 + P P2O5 + .... N2 + .... NaClO + NH3 IO3 + ... ClO + I2 NaClO + Br2 NaBrO3 + ... N2O + Cu N2O + Cu t0 cao ( nhit cao N2O b nhit phn to N2 v O2) N2O + H2 t0 cao (Cu b mui nitrat oxi ha trong mi trng axit) Cu + Cu(NO3)2 + HCl

Cc bi tp sau y (t Bi Tp 85 n Bi Tp 90) c trch t B tuyn sinh i hc mn ha hc, do B Gio dc o to xut bn. Bi Tp 85 Ha tan mt mu hp kim Ba Na (vi t l s mol nBa : nNa = 1 : 1) vo nc, c dung dch A v 6,72 lt kh (ktc). 1. Cn dng bao nhiu ml dung dch HCl 0,1M trung ha va 1/10 dung dch A? 2. Cho 56 ml CO2 ( ktc) hp th ht vo 1/10 dung dch A. Tnh khi lng kt ta to thnh. 237

Gio khoa ha v c

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Bin son: V Hng Thi

3. Thm m gam NaOH vo 1/10 dung dch A ta c dung dch B. Cho dung dch B tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 0,2M, c kt ta C. Tnh m cho lng kt ta C l ln nht, b nht. Tnh khi lng kt ta ln nht, b nht. Cho: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, Na = 23, Al = 27, S = 32, Ba = 137. S: 600 ml dd HCl 0,1M; 0,4925g BaCO3; m = 2,4g NaOH; m 4g NaOH; 7,78g BaSO4, Al(OH)3; 4,66g BaSO4 Bi Tp 86 Dung dch A cha a mol Na+, b mol NH4+, c mol HCO3, d mol CO32 v e mol SO42 (khng k cc ion H+ v OH ca H2O). a) Thm (c + d + e) mol Ba(OH)2 vo dung dch A, un nng, thu c kt ta B, dung dch X v kh Y duy nht c mi khai. Tnh s mol ca mi cht trong kt ta B, kh Y v mi ion trong dung dch X theo a, b, c, d, e. b) Ch c qu tm v cc dung dch HCl, Ba(OH)2 c th nhn bit c cc ion no trong dung dch A? Bi Tp 87 Ha tan hon ton 11,2 gam CaO vo nc, thu c dung dch A. 1. Nu cho kh kh cacbonic sc qua dung dch A v sau khi kt thc th nghim thy c 2,5 gam kt ta th c bao nhiu lt CO2 (ktc) tham gia phn ng? 2. Nu ha tan hon ton 28,1 gam hn hp MgCO3 v BaCO3, c thnh phn thay i trong cha a% MgCO3, bng dung dch HCl v cho tt c kh thot ra hp th ht vo dung dch A th thu c kt ta D. Hi a c gi tr bao nhiu th lng kt ta D nhiu nht v t nht? Cho: C = 12, O = 16, Mg = 24, Ca = 40, Ba = 137 S: 0,56 lt, 8,4 lt CO2; a = 29,89%; a = 100% Bi Tp 88 1. So snh th tch kh NO duy nht thot ra trong hai trng hp sau: a) Cho 6,4 gam Cu tc dng vi 120 ml dung dch HNO3 1M (long).

238

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b) Cho 6,4 gam Cu tc dng vi 120 ml dung dch hn hp HNO3 1M H2SO4 0,5M (long, coi H2SO4 phn ly hon ton to 2H+, SO42). C cn dung dch trng hp (b) th thu c bao nhiu mol mui khan? Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, cc th tch kh c o cng iu kin nhit , p sut. 2. Cho hn hp A gm FeS2 v FeCO3, c s mol bng nhau, vo bnh kn cha khng kh c d, so vi lng cn, phn ng ht hn hp A. Nung bnh nhit cao phn ng xy ra hon ton, sau a bnh v nhit ban u. Hi p sut kh trong bnh trc v sau khi nung thay i th no? Gii thch. Gi thit th tch cht rn khng ng k; dung tch bnh khng i, khng kh ch gm N2 v O2, trong oxi chim 20% th tch. S: 1 : 2 ; 0,06 mol CuSO4 ; 0,03 mol Cu(NO3)2 2. p sut khng i Bi Tp 89 Cho 5,2 gam hn hp A gm Al, Fe v Cu tc dng vi 20 ml dung dch NaOH 6M, thu c 2,688 lt H2 (ktc); Sau thm tip 400 ml dung dch axit HCl 1M v un nng n khi kh H2 ngng thot ra. Lc tch cht rn B (ch gm kim loi). Cho B tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO3 long thu c dung dch C v 0,672 lt kh NO (ktc). Cho C tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c kt ta D. Nung kt ta D nhit cao ti khi lng khng i c cht rn E. 1. Tnh % khi lng ca cc kim loi trong A. 2. Tnh khi lng cht rn E. Gi thit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Cho: Cu = 64; Fe = 56; Al = 27 S: 1) 41,54% Al, 3,08% Fe, 55,38% Cu; 41,54% Al, 47,38% Fe, 11,08% Cu 2) 3,6 g CuO; 2,64 g hh (Fe2O3 CuO) Bi Tp 90

239

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1. Cc cht v ion sau y c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha hay cht kh: Zn; S; Cl2; FeO; SO2; Fe2+; Cu2+; Cl; H+; HCHO; H2; CO2; H2S; HCl; C; Al; NH3; S2. 2. Mt dung dch cha a mol Na+, b mol Ca2+, c mol HCO3, v d mol Cl. Lp biu thc lin h gia a, b, c, d v tnh tng khi lng mui trong dung dch. 3. Ha tan nhm trong dung dch axit nitric rt long, nng, d ta khng thy kh thot ra. Vit phng trnh phn ng di dng phn t v dng ion Cho: Na = 23; Ca = 40; H = 1; C = 12; O = 16; Cl = 35,5 Bi Tp 91 1. nh ngha axit, baz theo Arrhnius. Cho th d. 2. nh ngha axit, baz, cht trung tnh, cht lng tnh theo Bronsted Lowry. Cho th d. 3. Phn loi cc cht v ion sau y l axit, baz, cht trung tnh hay cht lng tnh: Na+, S2, H2O, Cl, Cu2+, CH3COO, HCO3, HSO4, Ag+, AlO2, Zn(OH)2, Ba2+, C6H5O, ZnO22, NO3, Mg2+, Ca2+, CH3O, Fe3+, HS, K+, Br, SO32, HSO3, SiO32, Li+, HPO42, Zn2+, Fe2+, Al(OH)3, NH3, 4. pH ca cc dung dch sau y < 7, > 7 hay bng 7. Dung dch c lm i mu qu tm khng? Nu c, th mu qu trong dung dch l mu g?: NaCl; (NH4)2SO4, KHSO4, Mg(NO3)2, CH3COONa, FeBr3, NaAlO2, Al2(SO4)3, Ba(NO3)2, C6H5ONa. Bi Tp 92 1. Nu iu kin mt mui b thy phn. Cho th d. 2. Mui no sau y b thy phn? pH dung dch mui nh th no (< 7, > 7, = 7?). Qu tm trong tng dung dch s c mu nh th no?: Na2CO3; KBr; Fe2(SO4)3; CH3COONa; NH4Cl; Ba(AlO2)2; Cu(NO3)2; CaCl2; CH3COONH4, KHSO4; ClCH2COONH4; CH3COOH3NCH3; NaCl; HCOONH4; Al2(SO4)3;
5

K2S;

NaHSO3; C6H5NH3Cl. Cho bit Ka ca CH3COOH bng 1,75.10 ; Kb ca NH3 cng bng 1,75. 105.

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Bi Tp 93 1. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t l g? Vit cu hnh electron nhm mc ch g? Cho th d. 2. Nu qui tc Klechkovsky v gin cch nh vit cu hnh electron ca mt nguyn t. 3. Nu qui tc Hund phn b in t vo obitan (orbital) ca cng mt phn lp. Cho th d. 4. Vit cu hnh electron, cho bit s phn b in t vo obitan. Hy cho bit v tr ca nguyn t trong bng phn loi tun hon ( th my, chu k no, phn nhm chnh hay ph no?). Hy nu mt s tnh cht ha hc c bn ca nguyn t (nh kim loi hay phi kim, c tnh kh hay tnh oxi ha, ha tr, s oxi ha thng gp trong phn t cha nguyn t) ca cc nguyn t sau y: F, Na, Ca, Fe, P, K, Mn, Cu, Cr, Zn, Al, Cl, S, Ag, Br, Mg, I, Rb, Li, O, C, S2, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Ne, Cl-, O2, Ni, Ba. Nguyn t F Na Ca Fe P K Li Ne Z 9 11 20 26 15 19 3 10 Nguyn t Mn Cu Cr Zn Al Cl O Ni Z 25 29 24 30 13 17 8 28 Nguyn t S Ag Br Mg I Rb C Ba Z 16 47 35 12 53 37 6 56

Bi tp 94 Gii thch s to lin kt ca cc phn t sau y (lin kt ion hay lin kt cng ha tr, gia nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t no?). C th d on mt s tnh cht vt l ca cc cht ny hay khng (nh trng thi tn ti, rn, lng hay kh iu kin thng, c nhit nng chy, nhit i si thp hay cao, tan nhiu trong nc hay trong dung mi hu c,): NaCl; CH4; CaO; NH3; NaOH; H2O; CH3COONa; CH3CH2OH; MgF2; HCl; NH4NO3; C2H6; C2H4; C2H2; N2; Ca(OH)2; K2SO4; H2. 241

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Bi tp 95 1. Cn c vo yu t no xc nh vn tc ca mt phn ng? 2. Gi s phn ng sau y thuc loi n gin (s cp, ch xy ra mt giai on duy nht): mA + nB pC + qD. Hy vit biu thc vn tc phn ng. Xc nh bc phn ng theo A, theo B v bc phn ng tng qut. 3. Vn tc phn ng ph thuc vo cc yu t no? 4. Coi cc phn ng sau y ch xy ra mt giai on duy nht, hy vit biu thc vn tc ca cc phn ng ny: 2SO3 a. 2SO2 + O2 b. N2 + 3H2 2NH3 2NO2 c. 2NO + O2 2HI d. H2 + I2 Bi tp 96 Xt phn ng: A + B Sn phm. 1. Nu gi nng ca B khng i, tng nng A hai ln th vn tc phn ng tng bn ln; Nu gi nng A khng i, tng nng B hai ln th vn tc phn ng tng hai ln. Hy xc nh bc phn ng theo A, theo B v bc phn ng ton phn ca phn ng. Vit biu thc vn tc phn ng trn. 2. Nu trong phn ng trn cc tc cht v sn phm u trng thi kh. By gi nu lm gim th bnh cn mt na, th vn tc phn ng s thay i th no? 3. Gi s phn ng trn l mt phn ng cn bng (thun nghch), c phn ng thun v nghch u l cc phn ng n gin, sn phm l mt cht kh do s kt hp ca hai tc cht A v B. Vit phng trnh phn ng. Vit biu thc vn tc phn ng nghch. Theo d kin cu (2), th khi lm gim th tch bnh cha mt na, th phn ng trn thin v chiu no nhiu hn? Ti sao? Bi tp 97 1. Pht biu nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng (Nguyn l Le Chtelier). 2. Phn ng tng hp amoniac t nit, hiro l mt phn ng thun nghch v ta nhit. Vit phng trnh phn ng. Nu cc iu kin v nng , p sut, nhit , xc tc thu c nhiu amoniac v nhanh t nit, hiro. 3. Cho NH3 v mt bnh kn, c cht xc tc thch hp, gi nhit bnh 5000C, p sut p1. Sau mt thi gian th p sut trong bnh s nh hn, ln hn hay khng i so vi p1? Sau khi p sut trong bnh n nh (khng i), nu ta a nhit bnh v 4000C, th thnh phn kh trong bnh s thay i nh th no so vi thnh phn kh trong bnh n nh 5000C? Bi tp 98 Phn ng nh hp NO2 (l mt kh c mu nu) to kh N2O4 (l mt kh khng c mu) l mt phn ng ta nhit v cn bng. 1. Vit phng trnh phn ng. 2. Cho mt hn hp kh NO2 v N2O4 ang trng thi cn bng iu kin thng (250C, 1 atm) trong mt bnh kn bng thy tinh trong (c th thy mu ca kh 242

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cha bn trong). Gii thch s thay i mu ca kh trong bnh khi em ngm bnh ny trong mt chu nc nng. Nu ly bnh thy tinh ny khi chu nc nng v em ngm tip vo mt chu ng nc , gii thch s thay i mu ca kh trong bnh. 3. Nu em nn bnh cha kh trn lm tng p sut, gii thch s thay i mu ca kh trong bnh; Cn nu em lm tng th tch bnh cha kh lm gim p sut trong bnh th mu ca kh trong bnh s thay i th no? Gii thch. Bi tp 99 1. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch axit, baz mnh sau y: HCl 0,1M; NaOH 0,1M; Ca(OH)2 0,005M; H2SO4 0,05M (nu coi H2SO4 phn ly hon ton to 2H+ v SO42). 2. Tnh li pH ca dung dch H2SO4 0,05M, cho bit chc axit th nht ca H2SO4 mnh (Ka1 rt ln), cn chc axit th nh c mnh trung bnh, c Ka2 = 102. Bi tp 100 1. Ngi ta pha long dung dch H2SO4 c pH = 1 bng cch thm nc ct vo thu c dung dch axit H2SO4 c pH = 3. Hi ngi pha long dung dch H2SO4 bao nhiu ln? 2. Ngi ta thm nc ct vo dung dch NaOH c pH = 14 nhm thu c dung dch NaOH c pH = 13. Hi ngi pha long dung dch NaOH bao nhiu ln? Bi tp 101 1. Tch s ion ca nc 250C l [H+][OH] = 1014. Hy tnh in ly () ca nc 250C. T hy cho bit trong bao nhiu phn t nc th s c mt phn t nc phn ly ion? Trong thc t ngi ta coi nc l cht in ly hay khng in ly? 2. Tnh pH gn ng v pH chnh xc ca dung dch HCl 107M 250C. (H = 1; O = 16) Bi tp 102 1. Cho 200 ml dung dch NaOH pH = 14 vo 200 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,25M. Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c. Coi th tch dung dch khng i khi pha trn nhau. 2. Cho 100 ml dung dch HCl pH = 0 vo 150 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M. Tnh pH dung dch sau trn. Coi th tch dung dch khng i. Bi tp 103 1. n mn kim loi l g? Th no l n mn ha hc, n mn in ha hc? 2. Nu bn cht ca s n mn ha hc, n mn in ha hc. Cho th d. 3. Gii thch s n mn thanh st c ln tp cht ng khi ngoi khng kh m c nhiu kh CO2. 4. Gii thch s n mn thp (hp kim st cacbon) khi ngoi kh quyn m.

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Bi tp 104 1. Cho mt inh st vo dung dch H2SO4 long, thy inh st b ha tan chm v kh thot ra khng nhiu. Nu nh tip vi git dung dch CuSO4 vo th thy nh st b ha tan nhanh hn v kh thot ra cng nhiu hn. Gii thch. 2. Ti sao ti cc mi hn th kim loi d b r hn cc ch khc? Bi tp 105 1. Th no l nc cng? Th no l nc cng tm thi, nc cng vnh cu, nc cng ton phn? 2. Th no l cng tm thi, cng vnh cu, cng ton phn ca nc? 3. Nu mt s tc hi ca nc cng. 4. Nu mt s phng php lm mm nc. lm mt cng ton phn ca nc th ngi ta thng x l nh th no t tn km nht? Bi tp 106 Nu mt s phng php chng n mn kim loi. Cho th d c th. Bi tp 107 Phn bn l g? Hy k mt s phn bn ha hc v thnh phn ch yu ca n. iu kin mt ha cht c th dng lm phn bn l g? Bi tp 108 Hy cho bit cng thc ca cc ha cht c ch yu trong: vi; phn; hoa; cm thch; Canxit (Calcite); Pyrit; Hematit; Hematit nu (Limonit); Xierit (Siderite); Manhetit (Magnetite); Boxit (bauxite); olomit; Criolit; t n ( n, Kh ); Xa (soda); Potat; Xt n da; Nhm cacbua; Blend km; Vi ti; Vi sng; Nc barit; Phn ure; m hai l; m mt l; Phn SA; Apatit; Tro; Nc tro tu; Vi ti xt; Thch anh (Thy tinh, Pha l, Ct); Thch cao; Thp; Gang; Clorua vi; Nc Javel; Cc hp kim: Dura (uya ra), Silumin, Amelec, Electron; Phn chua; Hn hp termit (thermite); Corunum (Corinon); Cacborunum; Xaphia (Bch ngc); Rubi (Hng ngc); Mica; Cao lanh; mi; Thy tinh lng; Xementit; Ximng; Ht xon; Graphit; Than ch; M hng (B hng, L ngh, Than v nh hnh); Than hot tnh; Mc tu; Thuc tm; Bt mi; Dung dch Fehling; Thuc th Lucas; Thuc th Tollens; H tinh bt; Nc oxi gi (Oxygn); Cn iot ; Nc cng toan (Cng thy; Vng thy).

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