C2 revision on bondings.

Chemical bonding:

Mixing and reacting are two very different things. For example, we
can mix sand and salt together and separate them easily.
However, when the atoms of two or more elements react, they

make a new compound which is different to both of the starting atoms. The alkali metals react easily with the halogens because the alkali metals must lose an electron to gain a full outer shell, and so pass it on to the halogens, which need to must gain one to make a full outer shell. Sharing electrons - Covalent bonding Transferring electrons - Ionic bonding

Covalent bonding:
non-metal + non-metal

Giant covalent structures:

Diamond:

made of carbon high melting and boiling points due to many strong covalent bonds very strong due to regular arrangement of atoms Doesn't conduct electricity due to no free charged particles. 4 bonds between carbon atoms

Graphite:

made of carbon high melting and boiling points due to many strong covalent bonds conducts electricity due to delocalised electrons between layers Can be used as a lubricant as delocalised electrons allow layers to slide over each other 3 bonds between carbon atoms

Simple covalent structures:

Doesn't conduct electricity not very strong low melting boiling points

Ionic bonding:
Transferring electrons once it has transferred the electron, it has no power over it

Properties
High melting and boiling points strong ionic bonds Brittle; if the atoms move, the alternating lattice is disrupted so the

positives may be near positive atoms, which will repel and break. In a solid ionic structure, there are no free charged electrons. This means it will not conduct electricity.
They do conduct when molten, as the ions are free to move. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points because of the

strong electrostatic forces between the oppositely charged ions