Jounla!

of P syc hol ical ienc e 20 11 , 34 (4) :8 28 833

(, , 5
1 063
1 )

:,
;;

(m etaeo
m prehension )

, ,

(Z
i~

e~

&

hun
k ,2
0 0
1 ) ,

;, ,

, , M ak i ,

, 3
0

, .2
5
(D
u n
lo
k y & Li pko , 20 07 )
s

T hi ed e

, ?
N elso n nlosky(1991)

, ,

, ,

(K el eme n, 2000)

M ak i

(19
9 8
)

T hi e
d e

, (de lay ed ke yw ord

, ,

eff
e et, A nd
e r
n
o
s

, ,

&

&

T hiede , 20 08 ;T
h

T herriau lt, 2003 ; T h iede , D

l

iede , A nders
n
o

nl
o sky , G rif
f in

&

w Ucy , 20 05 ) ,

(0
9 Y
J C
x L X0 07 ) (09 SJ Y 07)
(30870784 )
: E
a i
m
l :k
a is
n eh a
a
n @ yaho
o co
m

n
c

, ,

400 90 ,

, ;

2 .1

2 , 6

, ,

; ,

6 ;

: ,

5 ; ,

2 .2

, ,
,

2 .2 .1

5 ,

10 5 , 4
3 , 62

3 ,

3 , 17

2 .2 .2

,7 , 1 ,

6 987 118
0

4 ,

36 ,

3
6 , 6

, 3 , 3

2 .3

2 .2 .3

2 .3 .1

E -

,
,

prim e ,

1, 6

1 M SD ))

J
,

J
R

( % )

G n

4 .64 (.9 1)

5 .37(1 .4 4)

13 ( .56 )

5 .20 (.79 )

5 .74 (11 .22 )

10 (.62 )

4 .73 (1.00 )

53 .62(1 .92 )

56 (.44 )

, F = 3 .78 , M S E = .81 , P < .05 :

p < .05 :(M = 2 .16 , sD = 1.16)

(M 1 .61 , sD = 1 .00 ), P < .05 ;

(P < .0
1 ) (P <

(M = 1 .5
1 ,s
D

.05 ) , (P = .67 ) ,

( bia : )
, , F 3 .37 , M S E = 1 .12 ,

= 1 .12 ) , p < .0
1 ;

(P = .69 )

, F = .92 , M SE = .01 , p = .40 ,

8 30

2 .3 .2

G a
m nla (N e
ls
o n,

Na
e n
r
s & D unlosky ,20 04 ):

3 .3

3 .3 .1

, ;

, 17

(M 5 .28 , s
D

1 .03 )(M = 5 .37 , SD

.81)

, F 7 .54 , M SE = .2
9 , p < .0
1 ,

, F = .08 , E = .86 , P

(P < .0
1 ) (P < .01 ),

= .7 ,
,

(M 1.12 , 51 = .90)

(M 1.31 , = .95) , F .43 , M SE =

(P = .84)

.86 , P .52
(M 69 .44% , SD =
1 .35 )(M = 67 .63 % , SD = 9 .24)
, F .34 , M SE =

.0 1 , P = .5 6

3 .1

, ,

3 .3 .2
(M

.52 , SD = .38 ) (M .11, SD

.49 ), F = 8 .13 , M SE = .19 , P < .01

, ,

3 .2

3 .2 .1

40 , 17 , 23

, , 20 ,

3 .2 .2

,
,

:
, ; ,
1

4
4 .1

, ,

; 2

5 ,

, ,

5 ,

4 .3 .2

4 .2

(M .49 , S
D

4 .2 .1

8 , 14 , 24
3

= .43 ) (M = .10 , SD .66 ),

F 4 .25 , M SE = .32 , < .05

, , 18 20 ,

4 .2 .2

1 72 ,
1
2 ,

, 36 ,

1 2 ;

, ,

, ;

, ,

,
2

T hi ed e M aki

, , 36

; ; ,

3
6 ,

6 ,

; ;

4 .3

,
,

4 .3 .1

(M = 4 .99 , SD

.86) (M 5.1
3 D = .85
)
, F = .24 , E = .7
3 , p = .6
3

(M = .72 , S D = 1 .0 2) (M = 1 .3
4 ,

5 ) 1 .02 ) , F = 3 .50 , M SE =

1 .04 , P .07

, T hi ed e

(M = 74 .14 % , 5
) = 1 .70)

1 .93) , F = 5 .29 , M S E = .01 , < .05 ,

(M = 6
3 .0
6 % ,s
D

8 32

, ,

(H as
s elh
o m & H ager, 1989 ), n M etcal fe

(2
0 0 )

, D un
lo
s ky nnor (19 97)

,
, ,

ld
su
r
a
m

Iln l r
e
v
o

n leta co
n 1P re h en sio n

re
g u
a te
l
d l~
r
h
c

in
g :A t
h ~

ic
t
l s, t
a
h e
si
s .R
e o
f u,a
t i
o

ic
a l
en ,e , 1 6 , 2 2 8 2 3 2 .

l l
a
c a
o
t io n o
f

Perfo rnac

me t~
Ke
le
n
m

, ,
,

,
,
,

,
,

d iff
e ren ee
s

e: r el ational

an d exri m en tal test s of a

i w h
t
a

, 51 , 14 7 152 .
itor
in
g a
c eu
c
a
r

y:

o u know ld w h
y
a t y
o u w ill know . J
o urnal o
f

tio n
a l
, 9 2 , 8 0 0 8 10 .

M i, R . H . (1998 ). P re
d ieti rf
or
c
n
a
m

irn

in m ~

H er, W . ( 1989 ). P red ietion ac eurac y ld

, W . L . (2000 ). M etenl
or
y eue
s and m
n
o
Ju
g
d

eo
n te
x t: D
e laye
d v
e r
s us

iate Pred ietio ns an d test s &

itio n , 26 , 959

9 6 4 .

Ne
l , T . 0 ., & 1nlosky , J. (1
9 9
1 ) . W he
n ple 5iudle
t so
n
f

learn

i (J Ls ) are

ex trem

ly ac eura te at pred ieti su b ue

nt

ree1: T
h e del e
d JO L eff
C t. oh
e
a ic
a l c
e , 2 , 26 7 270 .

N els
n , T . 0 ., N ar
o
en
s , L ., & Inlo
s ky , J. (2004 ). A rev
is
e d
e th
m
i 01 y f
r
o

d
n
a

c c
a
o u
n t f
o r

ry hthes is .
,a 1 R e rch

u
a
c

w in ie, 1
9 9
5 )

e its aee u r
a ey . C u r
e z io n
s

e. nitio n , 25 , 69 1 700 .

nlen10ry perfo rTnac

,
(But ler &

v
o
r

stu d y tim
e

H aSSe lha rn , M ., &

to im
P

nlo
s ky , J. , & O )nnor, L . T . ( 1997 ). e difre
c e
n
s in th
e

D uzllo
s ky, J., & Lipk
o , A . (2007 ). M etacnlr
e he
s ion : A brief
n
h isto ry a
n d h
o w

, ,

A ct
a

, 6 5 , 2 4 5 2 8 1 .

3
1 2T
h ie
d e , ,

aee tlrac y ?

B utler D . L ., & W ln e , P . H . ( 1995 ). F e dbaek a

n d s
e lf -

2 ,

ie
s

a , 128 , 1 10 118.
c

T hi ed e

n , M . C . M ., & Th ied e , K . W , (2 00 8 ). W do dd ed

a
s
e
r

eh o
n

m eta
o
e
m

: P re judgm ent reca ll

or
t
in
g (P R A M ).
a lM
c
e t
h , 9 , 53 6
9 .

, L . K . , &
tr
s
a te
g i
esi
n

M etcal fe , J . (2000 ). M etacognltive an d con trol

t udy t~
s

l lo
a
a tlo
c
n . J
o u~

: 2 i , M , a n
d

T hied
e , K . W ., A
n de~

r
i~

ta l

, 2 6 , 2 0 4 2 2 1 .

, M . C . M ., & T heat, D . (2003 ).

c eu r
A
a ey o f m e
t a cog llitiv
e

o ur
J
a
n

Z o
f

G itz
n
o

o r
t
in
g

f
C ts le
e
n
r
a

in
g

o f tex ts .

lo
f uc
a ti
on
a l P 01, , 95 , 66 73 .

T h ie
d e , K . W ., nlo
s ky , J. , ff
n , T .D ., & W il, J. (2
i
0 0 5).

U nd
e r
s ta
n d i th
e

ac uracv. Jo urn al of ri ~

de
la
y e
d k
e o rd e
f f
c to
e
n

rn eta c
o n r
e h~

on

ta l 01
:
m ing ,

:
, a n
d

Z irnmea

learn

G n
t , 3 1 , 1 2 6 7 12 8 0 .

, B . J ., & hunk, D . H . (2001 ). If regulated

Th

e D ela y E f
e

i d aCad e aehiev ern

t: T lleo re tical

ed .) .
, NJ : La ~

rs tives (Znd

ce E rl um A tes .

ct o f M etac
o m P re h en sion M o n ito rin g A ccu rac y
a n d ItS M e e h a n ism
Ch en Q
sh a n

( nter f
r
o

A tct

M et
ac
n
r
o

preh ensl

per
o m lan ee o
f
n

que
t l
s
s
n
o

com

Ac cura

p re hens

a
s
e
r
r
o
c

lor

eh ha
s
l atl
e
n
o

u
r
o
m

on

morn

torj

related
te m
e

sho w e
d

b etw
n
e

Stu
i e
d
s of Psyeh
o loglc
l A
a
p plieatl
n , uth C hina NO n nU nive rsi ty , Gu allgzho u , 510631)
o

to

ta
m
o
c

ng

invol ves

preh en
s ion m
n
o

a pen 5 com preh

pro vldec ues for ~

iton

it
n
o

15 er
c
u

iton

ng 15 f
r
a

mon

enslo

ra ti

me

tacom

Pre he nsi on

10 5 c
l le
o
e
g
im
n
r

preh en
s io
n

rnon it o
i n
t
g

ia
l

c ~
a

m uc
h

that

r
o
f
y
c

o
t

an d i
s
t

r
o
f

n ts w
e
r
e

m liat
e g
e ~

m etac
m
o

t k
e y wo ~

pr
e hen
s io
n a
c eu
a ey w
r
s
a

the

ir
m
n

tr
o l. w ever, p r
v
e

y c
oddb
e d
r~

s
a

s
u
o
l

the in t
a
r
in div
i du
l
a
ion

i l
t
y in
c r
a by ha
e
i n
v
g
eo
f e
a eh

e c
n duet t
o
o in
v e
s tite th
e

de
l ay effeet o f

iv
d
i d i
nt
o de
a
l
gene
a t
r
ke
y

w ord g IJp ,

te
s t, th
o
r

wo rd s on

e lay
d
ner
a t
ke
y

the

( r
w
d

a com pu
t e
r , th ey r
a t th
e i
r

h w hieh their m
o

ren tia
l e
s tio
s
n

dra
m atieally gre
a ter f
r th
o
e gup of studen ts tha twro

g roup or th e g up o
f stud e
n ts th at D te k
e y w
o r
s
d

n
o
c

h e s
t
i x eX , Ito ry te
x t
s o
n

t n effeets of k ey

hi g her rhan

n
o
i

Iln p
o r
ta
n t r
l e in re
o
a d i

t 1. T he partic
iP
a nt
s ~

ig
s
u f
r
ic
n
a

pla a
n

o
r key w
o r
d listi ) th
a tc
a ptur the ~

ass ed tex t
b a w lge , and th
r e in
e
f

m el. T he re
s u
t s sh
l
a w th
a t there w e
r

ee V ariable
s th
a t af
te
c t the m
e tacom p rehe
s
n

e taCo
m
n
pre
h e
s io
n
n a
c c~

eac h text . F inal ly , al l p art ieiplts to k a er

i te
i o
r
n

m e
s u
a
r . In the te
t , th
s
r e est lons

n
o
t

to ri, the p ro
c e
s in v
l ve
o
d d a
n da
f te
r r
a din g th at r
e
a y
n

iat
- generat k
e
e y wo rd g uP or ke y w ord g . A
f te
r re
a d in
g a
l
n
o
l

u
r
o
m

te
s t r
o r
f
n
a
m

tas k
s (~

ha
n is
m

n
o

aeeu
a te , w h ieh 15 era
r
t io
n ali

it. In th
i s stu
d y , th
re e
x pe
m
n

t udent
s
s partic
iP
a i
n E xpen~

level o
f c
o nlp r
e he
s
n

th un de
s tan d a text and pre
r
d ieti fu tu
r e te
t
s

effe
c tive m etacom lreh e
s
n

fro
m

P e
y
t
s o
f te
x t
s , th e jud gnlent o
f m
u
r
o

itori ng . R ec en t at ud ies have shown

o judg i
t

how

and h is o
r h
r
e

part ieipan ts rea d tex ts an d then rf orm Cert ai n generatiori

te
x t pr
o
i

rec ent ly rea d texts. M etacom p r

e he
l
s
n

th
a t m etaeom p rehension

to
r i a
c uracy in
l ude t
c
e
h

mon

n
o
t

a
c c
a
r
u

y w
s
a

a k now lge of a situ

a ti
n
o

ngtud es of JO L and bi as ~
gr
o up arzd th
e

te key

n
o
c

tr
l
o

, th e

gm up . M drver,

w ords aft er a delay than for the con trol

iatel y af ter rea di a tex t. In oth er w ords , the del ay ke y wo rd effeC t was

reP llc
a t .
In E x Peri m en t Z , 4 0 c
l lege st
o
u de
n t
s

Vere d
i v
i d in t
o a generatin g o
r a r
a
e

by two di ffe rent ori en ti ng tas ks tha tgh tpro vi de di fe o nt cue

s f
r th
o
e ~
an d r
a ti th
e ir le
v d o
f an preh ens ion for

eac h tex t, th ey to
o k a c
i ter
r
io
n

T he re
s u
l ts sho
w th
a t the m etacom p re hens

ion

ac cura

ey was

din
g

gr
o uP f
o re
x o

nn
g p

n in
g

the w
a

y th w
r
e

ea
f f
C t
e

. te
r r
a d
e
in
g th
e s
ix e
x pository t
x t
e
s

te
t , b y w h ieh th
s
e ir m
u
r
o

r a
d
m atic
l ly in erea b y ha
a
i n
v
g

toh aec
a
r
u

ey w
s
a

r
u
s
a
e
m

pr
t ieip a
n t
s ta
k e a
c ti
v e ta
s k c
n
o

d .
e
ditl
s
n
o

(gen era te key wo rds ).

In E xP em ent

3 , we

i~

ig
t
a te
d

a w th
h
e

e
m

ac
t
o m prehen
s io
n

to
i n
r
g

c c~
a

y ~

affe
c t by tw
o

if~
d

to
i e
r
n t
in
g

s ks
a
t

tha t gh t pro de ffe rent cu es orf th e mo ni ton ng p~

.T
h eo
i e
r
n t
in
g a
t ~
s
t he
i
e
r t
a n
g aP
e e
r
t tafter r
s
a i
e
dn
g ~ e te
x t
s
(aetive tas k Conditlons ) or study tha pre tes t th answ
ers provi de
d (p
iv
e ta
s k eonditio
s ). 38 c
n
l s
o
td
u ents tieite
d in this
exp ~
the

t . T he ~
n
e

pas ive

W e am
~

cru

n efle
c to
f a
c t
iv
e v
s . paS
S lv
e ta
sk
s ~

v ed at the con

ci al to im p vlng

y w ds

i f
s
ic
n t, and t
a
hea
ct
iv
e ta
s kc
n d
o
i t~

l t
o ~

c c
a
ur
a t
e JO L th
a n

tas k eo nd itlon.

elu
n
o
l
s

th
a t the tim
e

e
n
z

pr
e he
s
n

a~
t

M etaco m p re hen
s ion m
u
r
o

io
n

del an d the Ori en ti ac tiv ity tha t y prov

~

ton , A
c eu
a
r

n
o
t

g
n

ac
c ~

y. T h
e

ey , lay effe
c t

ide cues

pn n t s
tu
d y has h t
h ~

for

tha

mon

i a
t
n d P
a
r

iton

iud gn lent

t i p li
c
a t
c
io
s
n