MC LC

Chng 1. TNG QUAN V PHN TCH V THIT K HTTT 1.1 Tng quan v h thng thng tin 1.1.1 t vn 1.1.2 H thng - H thng thng tin 1.2 Cc h thng thng tin thng dng 1.2.1 H x l d liu (DPS-Data Processing System) 1.2.2 H thng tin qun l (MIS-Management Information System) 1.2.3 H h tr quyt nh (DSS- Decision Support System) 1.2.4 H chuyn gia (ES-Expert System) 1.3 Cc thnh phn ca mt h thng thng tin qun l 1.4 Cc tnh nng ca mt HTTT 1.5 Mc ch, yu cu phng php phn tch thit k HTTT 1.5.1 Mc ch 1.5.2 Yu cu 1.6 Xy dng thnh cng mt h thng thng tin 1.6.1 Khi nim v mt d n cng ngh thng tin thnh cng 1.6.2 Qun l v pht trin mt d n cng ngh thng tin 1.6.2.1 Khi to d n 1.6.2.2 Lp k hoch d n 1.6.2.3 Thc hin d n 1.6.2.4 Kt thc d n 1.7 Gii thiu mt vi phng php phn tch thit k 1.7.1 Phng php phn tch thit k c cu trc 1.7.2 Phng php phn tch thit k Merise 1.7.4 Phng php phn tch GLACSI 1.8 Nhng sai lm c th xy ra khi phn tch thit k HTTT 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 10 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 19 20

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1.9 Cc giai on xy dng mt h thng thng tin tin hc ha 1.9.1 Lp k hoch 1.9.2 Phn tch 1.9.2.1 Phn tch hin trng 1.9.2.2 Phn tch kh thi v lp h s nhim v 1.9.2.3. Xy dng m hnh h thng chc nng 1.9.3 Thit k 1.9.4 Giai on thc hin 1.9.5 Chuyn giao h thng 1.9.6 Bo tr 1.10 Cc mc bt bin ca mt h thng thng tin 1.10.1 Mc quan nim 1.10.2 Mc t chc 1.10.3 Mc vt l (tc nghip)

20 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 26 26 26 27 27

Chng 2.

NGHIN CU HIN TRNG CA HTTT

29 30 31 32 32 32 33 33 34 34 34 34

2.1 Mt s vn chung khi nghin cu h thng 2.2 Yu cu t ra i vi h thng thng tin tin hc ha 2.2 Quy m tin hc ha 2.3 Vai tr ca nhng ngi tham gia pht trin h thng thng tin 2.3.1 Ngi qun l h thng thng tin 2.3.2 Ngi phn tch h thng 2.3.3 Ngi lp trnh 2.3.4 Ngi s dng u cui 2.3.5 K thut vin 2.3.6 Ch u t 2.4 Nghin cu hin trng 2.4.1 Mc ch

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2.4.2 Ni dung nghin cu v nh gi hin trng 2.4.3 Cc k thut thu thp thng tin 2.4.3.1 Cc khi nim v thut ng s dng trong kho st hin trng 2.4.3.2 Cc phng php nghin cu hin trng 2.5 Cc cng vic sau kho st hin trng 2.5.1 X l s b kt qu kho st 2.5.2 Tng hp kt qu kho st 2.5.2.1 Tng hp cc x l 2.5.2.2 Tng hp cc d liu 2.5.3 Hp thc ho kt qu kho st 2.6 Gii thiu nghin cu hin trng ca mt s HTTT 2.6.1 H thng thng tin "Qun l kho hng" 2.6.2 H thng thng tin " Qun l cng chc" 2.5.3 H thng thng tin "Qun l o to" 2.7 Phn tch h thng v chc nng 2.7.1 Cc mc din t chc nng 2.7.2 Biu chc nng nghip v BFD 2.8.1 S ng cnh 2.8.2 Biu lung d liu DFD 2.8.3 K thut phn mc Chng 3. M HNH QUAN NIM CA HTTT 3.1 Gii thiu v m hnh quan nim 3.2 M hnh thc th-mi quan h (m hnh ER) 3.2.1 ngha ca m hnh 3.2.2 Cc thnh phn ca m hnh ER 3.2.1 Thc th v tp thc th 3.2.2 Thuc tnh

35 35 35 37 41 41 42 42 43 44 45 45 49 50 51 52 53 55 56 60

64 64 64 64 65 66

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3.3 Mi quan h gia cc tp thc th 3.3.1 Mi quan h 3.3.2 Bn s 3.3.3 Bn s trc tip gia cc mi quan h 3.3.4. Tch mt mi quan h a nguyn thnh cc mi quan h nh nguyn 3.3.5. Rng buc ph thuc hm trn mi quan h a nguyn 3.4 Mt vi nhn xt r sot li m hnh ER 3.4.1 i tng no c th lm tp thc th? 3.4.2 Yu t thng tin g c th lm thuc tnh cho mt tp thc th? 3.4.3 Loi b cc thuc tnh v ngha 3.4.4 Tnh c lp ca cc thuc tnh 3.4.5 Xc nh thuc tnh kha 3.4.6 Tch thuc tnh c dung lng ln 3.4.7 X l mt thuc tnh lp nm trong mt tp thc th 3.4.8 X l mt nhm thuc tnh lp nm trong cng mt tp thc th 3.4.8 X l cc thuc tnh phc hp 3.4.9 Cc tp thc th c mi quan h ISA 3.5 M hnh quan nim v d liu 3.6 M hnh quan nim x l 3.6.1 Mc ch 3.6.2 Mt s thut ng v khi nim Chng 4. M HNH T CHC CA HTTT 4.1 Khi nim 4.2 M hnh d liu quan h 4.2.1 Cc nh ngha c bn

67 67 70 71 72 75 78 78 79 79 79 79 80 80 81 81 81 82 85 85 85 94 94 94 94

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4.2 M hnh t chc d liu 4.2.1 Khi nim 4.2.2 Quy tc chuyn i 4.2.3. Thut ton chuyn i m hnh ER thnh cc quan h 4.2.3 M hnh t chc d liu 4.3 Chun ho v kim tra li m hnh ER 4.3.1 Mc ch ca chun ha 4.3.2 nh ngha cc dng chun 4.3.3 Chun ho cc lc quan h 4.3.4 Mt s v d v chun ho 4.4 Rng buc ton vn 4.5 M hnh t chc v x l 4.5.1 Mc ch 4.5.2 Cc khi nim 4.4.2 Bng cng vic 4.4.4 M hnh t chc v x l

96 96 97 105 111 114 114 115 116 118 129 131 131 131 132 133

Chng 5.
138

MC VT L CA HTTT

5.1 M hnh vt l v d liu 5.1.1 Thit k c s d liu vt l 5.1.2 Thit k cc trng 5.1.2 Thit k cc file 5.1.3 Cc h qun l file 5.1.4 Cc cu trc d liu v phng thc truy nhp 5.1.6 Xc nh quy m file v khng gian lu tr cn thit

138 138 139 140 140 141 142

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5.2 M hnh vt l v x l 5.2.1 Mc ch 5.2.2 M un x l 5.2.3 Phn r m un 5.2.4 S tng th phn r chc nng 5.2.5 M t cc m un

145 145 145 146 147 150

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Chng 1:

Phn tch thit k h thng thng tin

1.1 Tng quan v h thng thng tin

1.1.1 t vn :
H thng thng tin tin hc ho l mt trong nhng ng dng y v ton din nht cc thnh tu ca cng ngh thng tin vo mt t chc. Ti sao phi phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin? . C mt ci nhn y , ng n v chnh xc v h thng thng tin c xy dng trong tng lai. . Trnh sai lm trong thit k v ci t. . Tng vng i (life cycle) h thng . D sa cha, b sung v pht trin h thng trong qu trnh s dng hoc khi h thng yu cu. thy c s cn thit ca vic phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin t ng, chng ta xem cc s liu lin quan n xy dng cc phn mm m cng ty IBM thng k c trong giai on 1970-1980. Phn tch v sai st: nim /quan nim M ha Son tho Cc sai st mc 2 Cc sai st khng xp loi Phn tch v chi ph Bo tr Pht trin Phn tch phn b hot ng : : : : : : : 45% 25% 7% 20% 3% 54% 46%

Sn xut m : 15% Pht hin v sa cha sai st : 50% Khc : 35% Cc s liu trn cho thy sai st ln nht trong tt c cc loi sai st mc phi l phn nim, quan nim, tc l nm trong vic phn tch v thit k. Chi ph chim t trng ln nht l chi ph bo hnh, lng cng vic chim t l ln nht l pht hin v sa cha. Tnh trng ny bt ngun t cc thiu st trong phn tch v thit k, do cc nh tin hc lun tm ra mt phng php phn tch hu hiu nht nhm khc phc cc tnh trng trn.
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1.1.2 H thng - H thng thng tin

H thng l tp hp cc phn t c quan h qua li vi nhau cng hot ng hng n mt mc tiu chung thng qua vic tip nhn cc u vo v sn xut cc u ra nh mt qu trnh chuyn i c t chc. H thng ny cn c gi l h thng ng (Dynamic System) H thng thng tin l mt tp hp gm nhiu thnh phn m mi lin h gia cc thnh phn ny cng nh lin h gia chng vi cc h thng khc l lin h thng tin vi nhau. 1.2 Cc h thng thng tin thng dng

Trong thc t, bn h di y thng c s dng. 1.2.1 H x l d liu (DPS-Data Processing System)

Chc nng X l cc giao dch v ghi li nhng d liu cho tng chc nng c th. D liu a vo c thng xuyn cp nht. D liu u ra nh k bao gm cc ti liu hot ng v bo co. H x l d liu c tnh cc b thng dnh cho cc cho cc nh qun l cp tc nghip.

1.2.2 H thng tin qun l (MIS-Management Information System)

H thng tin qun l l mt h thng thng tin c s dng trong cc t chc kinh t x hi, h gm nhiu thnh phn, mi thnh phn l mt h thng con hon chnh. V d: h thng thng tin qun l trong mt x nghip c cc h thng con l h thng Qun l vt t, h thng Qun l ti chnh,..., h thng thng tin qun l trong mt trng i hc c cc h thng con l h thng Qun l vt t, h thng Qun l o to, h thng Qun l NCKH,... Chc nng ca MIS: H tr cc chc nng x l d liu trong giao dch v lu tr. Dng mt c s d liu hp nht v h tr cho nhiu chc nng. Cung cp cho cc nh qun l cc thng tin theo thi gian ca h thng. C c ch bo mt thng tin theo tng cp c thm quyn s dng.

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Cch xem xt tt nht mt h thng thng tin qun l l t n trong mc ch ca t chc ang s dng h thng , mt trong cc cch nh vy l nhn h thng thng tin di gc ca mt h h tr ra quyt nh. 1.2.3 H h tr quyt nh (DSS- Decision Support System) Mc ch ca h l gip cho t chc nhng thng tin cn thit ra quyt nh hp l v tin cy. Kh nng ca h: Cung cp, sp xp cc phng n theo tiu chun ca ngi lm quyt nh. Cung cp v phn tch d liu, biu din d liu bng th mt cch t ng. Chn la gip mt phng n ti u trn c s cc thng tin a vo. c trng ca DSS H tr cc nh lm quyt nh trong qu trnh ra quyt nh. To nhng m hnh a chc nng, c kh nng m phng v c cc cng c phn tch. To thun li cho lin lc gia cc mc lm quyt nh. 1.2.4 H chuyn gia (ES-Expert System) H thng tin gip cc nh qun l gii quyt v thc hin vn mc cao hn DSS. H ny lin quan n lnh vc tr tu nhn to, lm cho my tnh c kh nng lp lun, hc tp, t hon thin nh con ngi. Chng hn cc chng trnh lp k hoch ti chnh, chn an bnh, dch my,... 1.3 Cc thnh phn ca mt h thng thng tin qun l Theo quan im ca h thng th mt h thng thng tin qun l thng c 3 thnh phn: Thnh phn quyt nh: thc hin chc nng ra quyt nh. Thnh phn thng tin: thc hin chc nng tip nhn, x l, truyn tin

v lu tr thng tin trong h thng.

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Thnh phn tc nghip: l thnh phn bo m cc hot ng c s

ca mt t chc. V d: h thng thng tin qun l trong mt x nghip c thnh phn quyt nh l Ban Gim c, thnh phn thng tin l cc phng ban chc nng, thnh phn tc nghip l cc phn xng, c s sn xut. Chng ta c th thy mi quan h gia cc thnh phn ca mt h thng thng tin qua s di y.

TP QUYT NH

Quyt nh

Bo co

Thng tin vo t mi trng ngoi

TP THNG TIN

Thng tin ra t mi trng ngoi

Thng tin iu hnh Nguyn liu vo

Thng tin Kim tra

TP TC NGHIP

Sn phm ra

H thng thng tin theo quan im h h tr ra quyt nh

By gi chng ta i n mt nh ngha c tnh cht m t ca mt h thng thng tin:

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H thng thng tin ca mt t chc l tp hp cc phng tin, nhn lc, thng tin v phng php x l tin nhm cung cp cc thng tin cho qu trnh ra quyt nh ng thi hn v tin cy. Trong : *T chc: c th l c quan, x nghip, trng hc... *Phng tin (phn cng-phn mm): c s vt cht dng thu nhp, x l, lu tr, chuyn ti thng tin trong h thng nh my tnh, my in, in thoi ... *Nhn lc: bao gm tp th, c nhn tham gia vo vic thu thp d liu, x l, truyn tin,...nhng ngi pht trin v duy tr h thng. *Thng tin (d liu): Cc thng tin c s dng trong h thng, cc thng tin t mi trng bn ngoi vo h thng, cc thng tin t h thng ra mi trng bn ngoi. Tuy nhin, khi ni n thng tin phi ni n cc yu t km theo n nh: .Gi mang thng tin: l cc phng tin lu tr tin nh giy, a t, m thanh... .Kiu thng tin: thng tin vn bn, m thanh, hnh nh, tri thc. .Qui tc tip nhn v hnh trnh ca thng tin. .Vai tr ca thng tin trong hot ng tc nghip, trong vic a ra quyt nh. *Phng php x l tin: l cc ti nguyn phi vt cht nh cc m hnh ton hc, cc thut ton, tri thc ca con ngi trong h thng, cc phn mm tin hc. Tm li, h thng thng tin c cu thnh t 4 yu t chnh: thng tin, phng php x l tin, con ngi v phng tin.

1.4 Cc tnh nng ca mt HTTT

Thi gian tr li: c tnh bng khong thi gian t khi thng tin c h thng tip nhn n khi h thng tc nghip nhn c quyt nh tng ng vi thng tin n.

161

 Bn cht ca quyt nh thuc loi t ng ha c hay khng. Kiu sn phm ca h thng tc nghip. Khi lng thng tin c x l. phc tp ca d liu. phc tp ca x l. phc tp v cu trc ca h thng. tin cy ca h thng.

1.5 Mc ch, yu cu i vi mt phng php phn tch thit k HTTT 1.5.1 Mc ch

. HTTT c vng i di (long life cycle) . C chc nng l mt h h tr ra quyt nh . Chng trnh ci t d sa cha, bo hnh . H thng d s dng, c chnh xc cao. 1.5.2 Yu cu . Quan im tip cn tng th: bng cch xem mi b phn, d liu, chc nng l cc phn t trong h thng l cc i tng phi c nghin cu. Do hiu bit tt c nhng iu l cn thit cho pht trin ca h thng. . Quan im top-down: l quan im phn tch t trn xung theo hng t tip cn tng th n ring bit. . Nhn dng c cc mc tru tng v bt bin ca h thng ng vi chu trnh pht trin h thng . Nhn dng c cc thnh phn d liu v x l ca h thng. . nh ra c cc kt qu cn t c cho tng giai on pht trin h thng v cc th tc cn thit trong mi giai on. 1.6 Xy dng thnh cng mt h thng thng tin 1.6.1 Khi nim v mt d n cng ngh thng tin thnh cng Trong thc t cha c mt tiu chun c th no xc nh c mt h thng thng tin c xem l thnh cng. Ngay c mt h thng thng tin nh ang hot ng tt th mi ngi vn khng ng vi nhau v hiu qu ca n. Tuy nhin c c c cho vic nh gi mt h thng thng tin ngi ta a ra mt s tiu chun v quy tc sau: Mt h thng thng tin c xem l c

162

hiu lc nu n gp phn nng cao cht lng hot ng v qun l tng th ca mt t chc, n th hin c th trn cc mt: . Ph hp vi chin lc hot ng ca t chc. . t c mc tiu thit k ra ca t chc. . Chi ph vn hnh l chp nhn c. . C tin cy cao, p ng c cc chun mc ca mt h thng thng tin hin hnh. Chng hn nh tnh sn sng: thi gian lm vic trong ngy, tun; thi gian thc hin mt dch v, mt tm kim; cc kt xut thng tin ng yu cu nh biu mu, s ch tiu... . Sn phm c gi tr xc ng: thng tin a ra l ng n, kp thi, c ngha thit thc i vi hot ng chc nng v qun l, nng cao cht lng sn phm v dch v ca t chc, cc sai st c th cho php. . D hc, d nh v d s dng. . Mm do, hng m, d bo tr. 1.6.2 Qun l v pht trin mt d n cng ngh thng tin Mc tiu ca vic qun l d n l m bo cho cc d n pht trin HTTT p ng c s mong i ca khch hng v c thc hin trong phm vi gii hn cho php (nh ngn sch, thi gian, iu kin ca t chc). y l mt khu quan trng ca vic pht trin HTTT. Qun l mt d n l s tin hnh c k hoch mt lot cc hot ng c lin quan vi nhau t mt mc tiu, c im bt u v im kt thc. N bao gm 4 pha: Khi to d n - Lp k hoch d n - Thc hin d n - Kt thc d n. Mi pha ca d n yu cu mt s cng vic phi c thc hin. 1.6.2.1 Khi to d n y l bc u tin ca qu trnh qun l d n m trong cn thc hin mt s hot ng nh gi quy m, phm vi v s phc tp ca d n. Cc hot ng l: . Thit lp i d n ban u . Thit lp mi quan h vi khch hng . Thit lp d n s b: cng vic ny bao gm: xc nh quy m v phm vi d n, lp lch trnh cho cc cuc hp . Thit lp cc th tc qun l: bo m cho s thnh cng ca d n, cn phi lp cc th tc qun l c hiu qu nh: th tc bo co, truyn thng, xt duyt, thay i d n, xc nh thi hn cp vn, hon tt chng t,... . Thit lp mi trng qun l d n v lp nht k cng vic d n: Nht k d n nhm ghi li cc cng vic, cc s kin, ci vo, ci ra, th tc, cc chun s dng cho vic kim tra d n. 1.6.2.2 Lp k hoch d n

163

Giai on ny tp trung vo vic xc nh v m t cc hot ng v cng vic cn thit ca mi hot ng c th trong d n. Ni dung lp k hoch d n bao gm: . Pht ho mt k hoch truyn thng . Xc nh cc chun v cc th tc d n . M t phm vi d n, cc phng n c th v nh gi kh thi . Phn chia d n thnh cc nhim v c th qun l c . Pht trin mt lch trnh s b . Xc nh v nh gi cc ri ro . Lp k hoch v ngn sch ban u . Thit lp m t cng vic . Lp k hoch d n c s 1.6.2.3 Thc hin d n Thc hin d n l a k hoch d n c s vo thc hin. Ni dung ca vic thc hin d n bao gm: . Trin khai k hoch d n c s, a d n c s vo thc hin : bao gm khi ng d n, nhn v phn b ngun lc, nh hng v o to thnh vin mi, theo di tnh hnh thc hin m bo cht lng ca sn phm to ra. . Thc y tin trnh thc hin d n theo k hoch c s : nh gi kt qu thc hin, iu chnh hot ng, ngun lc v ngn sch. Trong trng hp c th phi sa i k hoch d n c s cho ph hp. . Qun l s thay i i vi k hoch d n c s : mi thay i cn c phn nh trong k hoch d n c s v nht k cng vic ca d n. . B sung nht k cng vic ca d n: tt c cc s kin din ra ca d n cn phi c ghi vo nht k cng vic. N cung cp cho nhng thnh vin mi cc thng tin lm quen vi nhim v ca d n. N cung cp ti liu lch s phn tch, ra cc quyt nh v lp bo co. . Thng bo v tnh trng d n: mc ch l gi mi lin h gia cc thnh vin ca d n. Vic thng bo kp thi cc din tin ca d n l mt yu cu c c nhng hiu bit gia cc thnh vin cng lm vic vi nhau. m bo s phi hp hnh ng mt cch c hiu qu. 1.6.2.4 Kt thc d n Mc tiu ca giai on ny l hon tt d n, bao gm cc cng vic sau: . ng d n li: cn thc hin mt s cc hot ng nh nh gi cc thnh vin v kin ngh li ch cho h, hon tt cc ti liu v chng t thanh ton. Cm n nhng ngi ng gp, tham gia v h tr trong qu trnh thc hin d n. . Tng kt sau d n: mc tiu l xc nh c mt mnh, mt yu t cc sn phm ca d n, ca qu trnh hnh thnh ln n v qu trnh qun l d n, t rt ra nhng kinh nghim cho cc d n sau.
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. Kt thc mi hp ng: k kt cc bn thanh l hp ng vi cc bn lin quan. 1.7 Gii thiu mt vi phng php phn tch thit k 1.7.1 Phng php phn tch thit k c cu trc (SADT- Structured Analysis and Design Technique-K thut phn tch v thit k c cu trc): Phng php ny xut pht t M, tng c bn ca n l Phn r mt h thng ln thnh cc h thng con n gin. SADT c xy dng da trn 7 nguyn l sau: . S dng mt m hnh . Phn tch kiu Top-down. . Dng mt m hnh chc nng v mt m hnh quan nim (cn c gi l m hnh thit k m t h thng. . Th hin tnh i ngu ca h thng . S dng cc biu din di dng ho . Phi hp cc hot ng ca nhm . u tin tuyt i cho h s vit. Cng c phn tch: . S dng s chc nng cng vic BFD (Business Function Diagram) v lu lung d liu DFD (Data Flow Diagram) . . M hnh d liu (Data Modes) . Ngn ng c cu trc SL (Structured Language) . T in d liu (Data Dictionary) . Bng v cy quyt nh (Warnier/orr) . c t cc tin trnh (Process Specification). Phng php phn tch thit k SADT c u im l da vo nguyn l phn tch c cu trc, thit k theo li phn cp, bo m t mt d liu vo sn xut nhiu d liu ra. Nhc im ca phng php ny l khng bao gm ton b cc tin trnh phn tch do nu khng thn trng c th a n tnh trng trng lp thng tin. 1.7.2 Phng php phn tch thit k Merise MERISE vit tt t cm t Methode pour Rassembler les Ides Sans Effort (phng php tp hp cc tng khng cn c gng). Phng php ny ra i vo nhng nm cui ca thp nin 70. Xut pht t nhng suy ngh ca mt nhm nghin cu ng u bi J.L.Lemoigne ti trng i hc Aix-EnProvence - Php v nhng nghin cu hin thc ng thi Trung tm nghin cu trang b k thut (CETE), di s lnh o ca H.Tardien.Trong s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh mi, MERISE cn c dng iu hnh d n khng ch trong cng s m cn trong nhiu x nghip loi khc nhau.
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 tng c bn ca phng php Merise: tng c bn ca phng php phn tch thit k Merise da trn 3 mt c bn sau: Mt th nht: quan tm n chu k sng (life cycle) ca h thng thng tin qua cc giai on: Thai nghn (Gestation) - Quan nim/ nim - Qun tr - Cht. Chu k sng ny c th ko di t 15n 20 nm i vi cc h thng thng tin ln. Mt th hai: cp n chu k c trng ca h thng thng tin, cn c gi l chu k tru tng. Mi tng c m t di dng m hnh tp trung bao gm tp hp cc thng s chnh xc. Theo khi nhng thng s ca tng di tng trng, tng ang m t khng bin i v n ch thay i khi cc thng s ca mnh thay i. Mi m hnh c m t thng qua mt hnh thc da trn cc quy tc, nguyn l ng vng v c php quy nh. C nhng quy tc cho php chuyn t m hnh ny sang m hnh khc mt cch t ng nhiu hoc t. Mt th ba: mt ny lin quan n chu k cc quyt nh cn phi a ra trong cc chu k sng ca sn phm. c trng ca phng php Merise l tch ri d liu v x l nhm m bo tnh khch quan trong qu trnh phn tch v cung cp y cc m hnh din t cc bc cp nht. H thng bao gm d liu v x l c biu din ba mc: - Mc quan nim (Concept): xc nh cc thnh phn ca d liu v x l . - Mc t chc (Oganization): chi tit ha nhng quan h gia chng. - Mc tc nghip (Physic): cc thnh phn c th hin trong thc t nh th no. Cng c phn tch: Trn c s ba mc bt bin ca h thng thng tin, phng php phn tch thit k Merise s dng cc m hnh tng ng trn cc mc ny phn tch thit k mt h thng thng tin. MC Mc quan nim Mc t chc Mc vt l D LIU MH quan nim v d liu MH t chc v d liu MH vt l v d liu X L MH quan nim v x l MH t chc v x l MH vt l v x l

u im ca phng php phn tch thit k MERISE l c c s khoa hc vng chc. Hin l mt trong nhng phng php c dng nhiu Php v Chu u khi phi phn tch cc h thng ln. Nhc im ca phng php ny l cng knh. Do , gii quyt cc ng dng nh phng php ny thng a n vic ko di thi gian. Trong gio trnh ny, chng ti s bm st phng php ny trnh by cc bc phn tch thit k mt h thng thng tin C th hnh dung cc bc pht trin ca mt h thng thng tin thng qua m hnh khng gian ba chiu: chiu cc thnh phn ca h thng thng tin,

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chiu cc mc bt bin ca h thng thng tin v chiu cc giai on phn tch thit k mt h thng thng tin.

167

Mc vt l

Mc t chc

Mc quan nim

thit b

con ngi

X l

Thng tin

Lp k hoch Phn tch Thit k Thc hin

1.7.3 Phng php phn tch MCX (Mthode de xavier castellani) Phng php phn tch MCX c ngun gc t Php, do gio s ca Hc vin Tin hc cho cc x nghip IIE (Institut Informatique dEntrerise) sng to. Phng php phn tch MCX da trn cc nguyn l v c trng c bn sau: Cho php xy dng c mt m hnh tng qut chnh xc biu din h thng thng tin hoc cc phn h ca h thng thng tin. Cho php phn tch, nm d liu, qu trnh x l v truyn thng ca h thng thng tin. Cho php lng ho cc x l. MCX c u im l thch hp vi vic thc hnh. Nhc im l rm r. 1.7.4 Phng php phn tch GLACSI (Groupe d Animation et de Liaison pour l Analyse et de conception de Systme d Information) Phng php ny cng c ngun gc t Php, ra i vo thng 4 nm 1982. Tc gi ca n l mt nhm gio s ca Hc vin Cng ngh Php (IUT). Ni dung c bn ca phng php l trnh by mt tp hp cc cng c v nguyn liu tin hnh cc giai on c bn sau y ca tin trnh phn tch: Nghin cu h thng Nghin cu hin trng Nghin cu kh thi Phn tch chc nng
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 M hnh d liu M hnh x l Phn tch cu trc T chc d liu: mc logic v mc vt l T chc x l: x l theo l, x l theo thi gian thc Mi trng tip nhn: my tnh, mng my tnh, ngn ng, cc phn mm chuyn dng Giao din ngi-my Nhc im ca phng php l cha th nghim nhiu trong thc t. u im ca phng php l mt cng c tt ging dy. Ngoi cc phng php phn tch thit k ni trn cn c phng php phn tch hng i tng (OOA: Object Oriented Annalysis) s c bn n chng cui cng.

1.8 Nhng sai lm c th xy ra khi phn tch thit k HTTT

Nhng phng php phn tch hin i mong mun v hng ti gii quyt ton b hoc tng phn cc tn ti v khim khuyt trong qu trnh phn tch nh sau: Thiu s tip cn tng th trong pht trin h thng: .Ngi phn tch b nh hng n nhu cu trc tip ca ch u t v NSD. Thu thp nhiu ln cng mt thng tin Dng cc thut ng khc nhau i vi cng mt quan nim S phin din, khng y ca h s S bt hp tc ca ngi s dng. Thiu mt chun thng nht .Ngi phn tch thiu mt chun thng nht m t, ci t cc ng dng trong h thng

1.9 Cc giai on xy dng mt h thng thng tin tin hc ha

Mi phng php phn tch thit k h thng thng tin phi tri qua cc giai on sau:

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 Nghin cu nhu cu (h thng cn g?) Nghin cu kh thi (cn nhc gia nhu cu v kh nng) xut mt kiu kin trc mi ca h thng M ha (t chc d liu v lp trnh) Th nghim v khai thc Qu trnh pht trin ca h thng thng tin phi bt u t tnh trng ca h thng thng tin c v t s thiu hiu qu ca h thng c so vi nhim v t ra ca t chc.

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PHN TCH

THIT K

H thng c hat ng nh th no?

H thng mi phi lm g?

Xc nh h thng mi phi lm nh th no?

H thng c lm g?

Tm hiu yu cu thc t v yu cu s dng.

THC HIN

M ha, chuyn giao, bo tr. Bt u

S xy dng mt h thng thng tin tin hc ha

1.9.1 Lp k hoch (kho st h thng):

y l giai on u tin thng qua vic tip xc gia ngi phn tch v ch u t nhm xc nh cc cng vic cn thit trc khi c th tin hnh nghin cu cc lnh vc, b phn, h thng con, cc t chc c lin quan n h thng thng tin cn xy dng. Giai on ny l lm r c mun ca ch u t l: xy dng 1 h thng thng tin mi hay nng cp 1 h thng thng tin c. Mc ch cn lm sng t nhng vn sau: C cn thit xy dng h thng thng tin mi hoc nng cp HTTT c khng? Nu c, Thi gian bt u, thi gian kt thc c tnh chi ph thc hin Nhn lc, vt lc phc v cho h thng tng lai. C ch li v nhng cn tr g. Trch nhim mi bn cng c tha thun s b vo giai on ny.

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Ni tm li, kt thc ca giai on ny l mt hp ng khng chnh thc gia ngi phn tch thit k v ch u t.

1.9.2 Phn tch:

L giai on trung tm khi xy dng 1 h thng thng tin, giai on ny bao gm cc giai on v khi s ngay trong giai on lp k hoch. Phn tch bao gm cc cng on sau: 1.9.2.1 Phn tch hin trng: Giai on ny nhm hiu r tnh trng hot ng ca h thng c trong mc ch hot ng ca t chc. C th, n bao gm cc cng vic: - Tm hiu hin trng: thng qua vic nghin cu h s, ti liu tm hiu thng tin chung v ngnh dc ca t chc. Tm hiu hot ng hin ti ca t chc lin quan Cc mi quan h thng tin gia cc thnh vin trong t chc Xc nh cc thnh phn tham gia trong t chc Cc nhim v ca cc t chc thnh vin v cc t chc bn ngoi c

1.9.2.2 Phn tch kh thi v lp h s nhim v: Phn tch kh thi phi tin hnh trn 3 mt: . Phn tch kh thi v k thut: xem xt kh nng k thut hin c xut gii php k thut p dng cho h thng thng tin mi. . Phn tch kh thi kinh t: xem xt kh nng ti chnh chi tr cho vic xy dng h thng thng tin mi cng nh ch ra nhng li ch m h thng s em li. . Phn tch kh thi hot ng: kh nng vn hnh h thng trong iu kin khun kh, iu kin t chc v qun l cho php ca t chc. Sau , ngi phn tch phi nh ra mt vi gii php v so snh, cn nhc cc im tt v khng tt ca tng gii php. Tm li, trong giai on ny ngi phn tch phi tm ra mt im cn bng gia nhu cu v kh nng. Sau khi chn la xong gii php ngi phn tch cn phi lp h s nhim v. Cng vic ny nhm mc ch: nh hnh cc chc nng h thng cn t c. nh ra cc th tc xy dng quan nim v thc hin h thng.
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tng lai.

nh hnh s lc giao din ca h thng vi ngi s dng trong

tng lai. Lm cc bn mu (prototype) NSD hnh dung c h thng trong

Tm li, lp h s nhim v l mt tha thun khng chnh thc gia 3 pha: Ngi phn tch, Ch u t v Ngi s dng. 1.9.2.3. Xy dng m hnh h thng chc nng: Ngi phn tch da vo kt qu phn tch xy dng m hnh nghip v ca h thng, t lm r m hnh thng tin v m hnh hat ng ca h thng. Trong ton b hot ng phn tch th y l giai on quan trng nht. Qu trnh tm hiu v xy dng m hnh h thng c gi l hon tt nu khng cn mt phn hi no t pha ch u t.

1.9.3 Thit k:
Thit k v phn tch khng phi l hai giai on ri nhau. Thit k h thng s cho mt phng n tng th hay mt m hnh y ca h thng thng tin. N bao gm tt c cc c t v hnh thc v cu trc ca h thng. Trong giai on thit k ngi phn tch phi xc nh mt cch chi tit: Cc thng tin. Cc qui tc pht sinh, tip nhn v x l thng tin Cc kiu khai thc Cc phng tin cng v mm c s dng trong h thng.

Tm li, thit k bao gm cc cng vic sau: Thit k d liu: xc nh cc i tng (tp thc th) v cu trc d liu c s dng trong h thng. Thit k chc nng: nh ra cc modun x l th hin cc chc nng x l ca h thng thng tin. Thit k giao din: chi tit ha hnh thc giao tip ngi - my Thit k an ton h thng Thit k phn cng: tnh ton cc yu cu k thut cho h thng

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 D kin nhn s ti cc v tr cng tc ca h thng.

1.9.4 Giai on thc hin

Trong giai on ny xy dng h thng bao gm xy dng cc file c bn. Vit cc chng trnh thc hin cc chc nng ca h thng mi tng ng vi cc kiu khai thc t ra. Thc cht ca giai on ny l thc hin m ha d liu v gii thut nn cn c gi l giai on m ha (coding) Mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng ca giai on ny l lm ti liu s dng cho hng dn cho ngi s dng v lm ti liu k thut cho cc chuyn gia tin hc pht trin h thng sau ny.

1.9.5 Chuyn giao h thng

Giai on ny l giai on cui cng ngi phn tch hiu chnh h thng thng tin v a h thng vo khai thc, vn hnh th bng s liu gi pht hin sai sot. Sau o ngi phn tch phi o to ngi s dng ti mi v tr trong h thng.

1.9.6 Bo tr
L qu trnh sa i, khc phc nhng thiu st ca h thng thng tin lm cho h thng thch nghi hn, thun tin hn trong s dng. Tm li, qu trnh xy dng mt h thng thng tin c th m t theo s di y:
Lp k ho c h Ph n t ch Thi t k Thc hi n Chuy n giao B o t r

1.10 Cc mc bt bin ca mt h thng thng tin

Vic nh ra cc mc tru tng ha ca mt h thng thng tin xut pht t nhu cu ca cc nh phn tch. Cc nhu cu bao gm:

174

 Cn c mt m hnh hoc mt ngn ng c t n gin nhng n ngha xc nh nhng yu cu trong mi giai on phn tch. Cn c mt m hnh hoc mt ngn ng i thoi vi nhng ngi khng chuyn tin hc trong h thng thng tin. Cn c mt ngn ng m t cc mc quan nim khc nhau ca h thng thng tin lin quan n chu k sng ca h thng. C 3 mc tru tng ca mt h thng thng tin:

1.10.1 Mc quan nim

Mc quan nim ca mt h thng thng tin l s m t mc ch h thng thng tin v nhng rng buc phi tn trng trong mi quan h vi mc ch ca h thng. Cc m t ny phi c lp vi mi gii php ci t sau ny. V d, h thng thng tin qun l cc chuyn bay ca mt cng ty hnh khng. C th, mc quan nim ngi ta cn m t: Cc i tng c s dng trong h thng. Cc hin tng v cc mi quan h thng tin gia cc i tng, gia

cc h thng con trong h thng v gia h thng vi mi trng bn ngoi. Th t cng vic c thc hin trong h thng. Cc qui tc bin i, cng thc tinh ton, thut ton. Cc nhim v m h thng phi thc hin v cc rng buc m h

thng phi tn trng. C 3 loi quy tc: + Qui tc qun ly: qui inh mc tiu v rng buc ca h thng (thng l nhng quy nh, lut l p t t mi trng ngoi). V d: " SV phi np hc ph khi vo hc", "doanh nghip phi ong thu VAT". Mt cch xem xt mt quy tc c phi l quy tc qun l khng l nu hy b quy tc ny th h thng c nguy c b ph v khng? + Qui tc t chc: qui tc lin quan n gii php hat ng ca h thng.

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+ Qui tc k thut: qui tc lin quan n cc yu cu k thut m bo h thng c th hat ng c. Tm li mc quan nim cn tr li cc cu hi: . Chc nng ca h thng thng tin l g? . H thng thng tin cn nhng yu t g? . H thng gm nhng d liu v cc quy tc qun l nh th no? 1.10.2 Mc t chc Mc ch ca mc t chc l xc nh cc phng tin, nhn lc, my mc, cch t chc cung cp cc thng tin cho ngi s dng ng thi hn v tin cy. Ti mc ny, cn tr li cc cu hi: Ai lm? Lm u? Lm khi no? Thng tin mc t chc c m t theo gii php c s d liu v thc cht l quan h logic ca chng. Do , i vi d liu mc t chc cn gi l mc logic. 1.10.3 Mc vt l (tc nghip) y l mc t tru tng nht v n chnh l h thng c th hat ng v vn hnh. Ti mc ny, cn tr li cc cu hi h thng hot ng nh th no? Mc tiu ca mc vt l l xc nh cch thc hin ca h thng thng tin trong mt mi trng ci t no , thng tin y c m t vi cc cu trc, gi mang v phng thc truy nhp.

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M hnh ca khng gian pht trin h thng:

MVL

MTC

TTin Lp k hoch MQN Phn tch

XL

Cngi

Thb

C th xem mi bc trong qu trnh phn tch thit k h thng l mt im trong khng gian 3 chiu trong hnh v trn. Mc Logic Vt l D liu M hnh t chc d liu M hnh vt l d liu X l M hnh t chc x l M hnh vt l x l

Thit k

Quan nim M hnh quan nim v d liu M hnh quan nim v x l

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Chng 2

NGHIN CU HIN TRNG CA H THNG THNG TIN

2.1 Mt s vn chung khi nghin cu h thng Trong thc t gn 75% cc h thng thng tin ln v phc tp hot ng yu km, khng t c mc tiu ra ban u. Nhng yu km ny thng ri vo cc vn c bn sau: Sai lm v thit k: khng hiu bit y cc yu cu thng tin ca t chc. Nhiu chc nng ca t chc khng c p ng. Giao din ngi-my ngho nn, kh s dng. Cu trc ri rm, phc tp kh bo tr v hn ch cng vic pht trin. Chng trnh khng mm do. Nguyn nhn ca sai lm ny thc cht l do vic phn tch khng y v h thng. Sai lm v d liu: D liu trong h thng khng thng nht, khng y hoc khng thch hp cho mc ch ca h thng, i khi cn sai lch v ngha. Hot ng yu km: h thng hot ng khng hiu qu, lm mt nhiu thi gian bo tr sa cha, cha p ng chc nng ca mt h h tr ra quyt nh. Khng t c yu cu cc chun v thng tin, ngi dng khng mun s dng. Khng bo m tnh nng hon vn u t : h thng hot ng vi chi ph cao, tn km nhn lc. i khi khng s dng h thng cn tt hn, nhanh hn. Nhng vn trn c nghin cu v ci thin tng bc tng ng vi mi nguyn nhn gy ra chng. Cch thc gii quyt cc vn trn tp trung vo ba mt: - Nng cao k nng ca cc nh pht trin h thng.

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- Khng ngng hon thin v pht trin cng ngh, tng cng s dng cc cng c tin ch t ng ho ngy cng nhiu cc hot ng pht trin,... lm cho h thng c tnh m (openning) cao. - Hon thin qu trnh qun l cc d n pht trin phn mm. 2.2 Yu cu t ra i vi h thng thng tin tin hc ha Mi tp th hoc c nhn tham gia vo vic pht trin h thng thng c nhng quan im khc nhau tu theo v tr ca h trong h thng. Yu cu t pha ch u t (ngi lnh o): vi t cch l ngi i din cho quuyn li ca t chc, ngi lnh o quan nim h thng theo kha cnh li ch c tnh chin lc. Cc yu cu m ch u t thng t ra i vi nhng ngi pht trin h thng l: . H thng thng tin tin hc ho phi ph hp vi chin lc hot ng ca t chc. Yu cu cu ny l hin nhin, v mc ch ca vic tin hc ho l lm th no c nhng thng tin chnh xc v nhanh nht phc v cho qu trnh ra quyt nh ph hp vi hot ng ca t chc. . H thng thng tin tin hc ho phi c chc nng h tr ra quyt nh v gim thi gian ra quyt nh. Trong thc t nhiu ngi nhm ln rng, mt cng vic no c thc hin trn my tnh l mt h thng thng tin, v d nhp im v in im cho sinh vin mt trng i hc, nhp s KW in tiu th hng ca khch hng in ra ho n tin tin in,... ch l mt cng on no trong h thng thng tin bi v kt qu ca cng on ny khng c chc nng h tr ra quyt nh. . H thng thng tin tin hc ho phi cho sn phm hoc dch v mi tt hn. V d nu h thng thng tin qun l trong ngn hng khng c tin hc ho th vic chuyn khon, thanh ton khng c hiu qu tc thi, cng khng ny sinh ra cc dch v tin li khc nh rt tin t ng trn cc my ATM, Credit Card, mua hng ho tr vo ti khon,... . Kh nng hon vn u t: khng nn hiu hon vn l chuyn nhng h thng thng tin ny cho nhng t chc khc thu li nhun. Mt h thng thng tin c kh nng hon vn u t nu h thng c th em li cho t
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chc nhiu dch v, to ra u th cnh tranh, a ra thng tin c gi tr gip cho t chc c nhng chin lc ng n. Yu cu t pha ngi s dng : ngi s dng u cui thng quan nim h thng nh l mt s m phng cng vic thng ngy ch c khc l c s tham gia ca my tnh. Cc yu cu m ngi s dng thng t ra i vi nhng ngi pht trin h thng l: . H thng thng tin phi c nhiu kh nng . Ngha l h thng phi lm c cc cng vic ca ngi s dng u cui. V d, trong h thng thng tin Qun l nhn s c th in n v thng k theo mt hoc nhiu iu kin khc nhau ca cn b cng chc trong c quan. . H thng thng tin phi d s dng v c ch thc s cho ngi s dng: h thng phi lm cho ngi s dng thy c s ni tri, hn hn so vi khi cha s dng h thng. Tuy nhin, ngi pht trin h thng phi lm th no h thng thn thin v d s dng nht. . H thng phi c tin cy cao Ngi k thut vin quan nim h thng nh l s t chc li cc cng vic theo mc ch x l thng tin. Cc quan nim ny i khi mu thun nhau m s thnh cng ca h thng i hi chng ta phi dung ho cc quan nim c th rt khc nhau. Quan nim ng n nht l h thng thng tin tn ti ngay trong hot ng ca t chc, v n phc v cho mc ch chin lc ca t chc. Nh vy i vi h thng thng tin tin hc ho th trc ht phi phc v cho mc ch chin lc ca t chc sau mi n nhu cu c th ca ngi s dng cng nh nhn vin k thut. 2.2 Quy m tin hc ha Quy m tin hc ho ca mt t chc cho bit trnh qun l v mc tin hc ho ca t chc , n ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: . T chc c nhu cu tin hc ho nhiu hay t. . Trnh qun l ca t chc cao hay thp.

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. Quy m hot ng ca t chc Trong thc t vic tin hc ho mt h thng thng tin xy ra mt trong hai dng: tin hc ho ton th v tin hc ho tng b phn. Vic tin hc ho ton th thng i hi mt tp th ngi phn tch ng thi tham gia v phi c mt u t ln ban u, thi gian xy dng i vi tin hc ho loi ny cng di hn. Mt kh khn i vi tin hc ho ton b l vn tm l, bi v n thay i hu nh ton b cc hot ng c bn ca t chc v thi quen ca ngi s dng. Nhng c mt u im l h thng ng hot ng ng b, khng manh mm, chp v. Vic tin hc ho tng b phn thng xy ra i vi t chc ln. Phng php ny c nhiu u im: khng gy xo trn hot ng ca t chc, u t dn dn. Tuy nhin, phng php ny c nhc im l s khng nht qun gia cc phn h thng tin trong h thng. iu ny thng xy ra i vi cc h thng thng tin m nhng ngi pht trin h thng khng cng trong mt tp th phn tch hoc hot ng c lp ln nhau. 2.3 Vai tr ca nhng ngi tham gia pht trin h thng thng tin Mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh s thnh cng ca mt h thng thng tin l tp th v c nhn tham gia vo qu trnh pht trin h thng. Thng thng c su i tng tham gia vo cng vic ny. 2.3.1 Ngi qun l h thng thng tin: l nhng ngi c lnh o ca t chc giao trch nhim a ra cc yu cu chi tit cho phn tch vin v trin khai t chc thc hin khi h thng hot ng. i vi cc h thng thng tin va v nh th ngi qun l h thng thng tin thng l cc trng phng ban chc nng c nhim v cung cp tnh hnh, s liu, phng thc x l, cng thc tnh ton,... trong hot ng ni b ca phng mnh v mi quan h thng tin gia phng mnh vi cc b phn khc. 2.3.2 Ngi phn tch h thng L ngi ch cht trong qu trnh pht trin h thng, nhng ngi ny s quyt nh vng i ca h thng. Trong cc h thng thng tin va v nh
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mt phn tch vin c th l l ngi lp trnh cho h thng. Tuy nhin i vi cc HTTT ln th b phn phn tch vin phi l mt tp th, v nh th mi c kh nng nm bt cc lnh vc v hot ng ca t chc. Mt phn tch vin c gi l c nng lc nu h hi cc iu kin sau: . C k nng phn tch: c th hiu c t chc v s hot ng ca n. C th xc nh c cc vn t ra v gii quyt chng. C kh nng suy ngh mang tnh chin lc v h thng. . C k nng k thut: hiu bit v thit b v phn mm. Bit chn la cc gii php phn cng v mm cho cc ng dng c bit ni cn tin hc ho. Hiu bit cng vic ca ngi lp trnh v ngi s dng u cui. . C k nng qun l: c kh nng qun l nhm lm vic, bit c im mnh, im yu ca nhng ngi lm vic trong nhm. Bit lng nghe, xut v gii quyt vn . C kh nng lp k hoch, iu phi cc ngun lc. . C k nng giao tip: phn tch vin phi ng vai tr chnh trong vic lin kt gia cc i tng: ch u t, ngi s dng, ngi lp trnh v cc thnh phn khc trong h thng. K nng giao tip ca phn tch vin th hin ch: nng lc din t v thuyt phc, kh nng ho hp vi mi ngi trong nhm lm vic. C kh nng t chc v iu hnh cc cuc hp. 2.3.3 Ngi lp trnh L tp th hoc c nhn c nhim v m ho cc c t c thit k bi phn tch vin thnh cc cu trc m my tnh c th hiu v vn hnh c. Ngi lp trnh cng phi vit cc ti liu chng trnh v cc chng trnh th nghim h thng, chun b cc s liu gi kim nh chnh xc ca h thng. 2.3.4 Ngi s dng u cui Trong qu trnh phn tch thit k phn tch vin phi lm vic vi ngi s dng bit c chi tit cc thng tin ca tng b phn, tng mng cng vic trong h thng. Ngi s dng s cho phn tch vin bit u im v nhc im ca h thng thng tin c, cho nn nhng kin ca h c ngha quan trng n vic s dng h thng mt cch c hiu qu.
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2.3.5 K thut vin L b phn ph trch v mng k thut ca h thng nh: bo m s hot ng ca phn cng my tnh, ng truyn d liu t b phn ny n b phn khc trong h thng v t h thng n mi trng ngoi. 2.3.6 Ch u t Thng l thnh phn quyt nh ca t chc, l ngi cung cp cho phn tch vin nhng thng tin chung ca t chc. H thng thng tin tin hc ha bao gi cng c chc nng h tr ra quyt nh, chc nng ny gip cho lnh o ca t chc nhng thng tin cn thit trong qu trnh ra quyt nh. 2.4 Nghin cu hin trng 2.4.1 Mc ch Trong thc t mt h thng thng tin mi c xy dng l nhm thay th h thng thng tin c bc l nhiu yu km. V vy m vic tm hiu nhu cu i vi h thng mi thng bt u t vic kho st v nh gi h thng c . V rng h thng ny ang tn ti v ang hot ng nn chng ta gi l hin trng. Nghin cu hin trng mt h thng thng tin l nhm cc mc ch sau: . Tip cn vi nghip v chuyn mn, mi trng hot ng ca h thng. . Tm hiu cc chc nng, nhim v v cung cch hot ng ca h thng. . Ch ra cc u im ca h thng k tha v cc khuyt im ca h thng nghin cu khc phc. Tm li, mc ch ca vic nghin cu hin trng l tr li cho c cc cu hi sau: . H thng ang lm g? Gm nhng cng vic g? ang qun l ci g? . Nhng cng vic trong h thng do ai lm? Lm u? Khi no lm? . Mi cng vic c thc hin nh th no? Mi cng vic lin quan n d liu no? . Chu k, tn sut, khi lng cng vic?

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. nh gi cc cng vic hin ti: tm quan trng nh th no? Cc thun li, kh khn? Nguyn nhn dn n kh khn? 2.4.2 Ni dung nghin cu v nh gi hin trng Vi mc ch ni trn, nghin cu hin trng mt h thng thng tin, phn tch vin nn kho st cc ni dung sau: . Tm hiu mi trng x hi, kinh t v k thut ca h thng. Nghin cu c cu t chc ca c quan ch qun ca h thng . . Nghin cu cc chc trch, nhim v, cc trung tm ra quyt nh v iu hnh, s phn cp quyn hn trong t chc (s t chc). . Thu thp v nghin cu cc h s, s sch, cc file d liu cng vi cc phng thc x l cc thng tin . . Thu thp v m t cc quy tc qun l, tc l cc quy nh, cc quy tc, cc cng thc tnh ton,... . Thu thp v tm hiu cc chng t giao dch. M t cc lung thng tin v ti liu giao dch c lun chuyn nh th no. . Thng k cc phng tin v ti nguyn v c th s dng. . Thu thp v tm hiu cc kin khen ch v h thng thng tin c v nhng yu cu, i hi v h thng tng lai. . Lp h s tng hp v hin trng Mt trong nhng yu t quan trng quyt nh s thnh cng ca h thng thng tin l giai on nghin cu hin trng ca h thng. iu ny i hi phn tch vin phi lm vic nghim tc v chnh xc. 2.4.3 Cc k thut thu thp thng tin 2.4.3.1 Cc khi nim v thut ng s dng trong kho st hin trng im cng tc (ni lm vic) L cc im, u mi pht sinh hoc thu nhn thng tin. Thng thng th im pht sinh hoc thu nhn thng tin cng l ni lu tr v x l n. C hai loi im cng tc: im cng tc trong v im cng tc ngoi. im cng tc trong c th l ni lu tr, x l, thu nhn v pht sinh thng tin. Trong khi
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im cng tc ngoi ch c th l ni pht sinh hoc thu nhn thng tin. Trong SADT im cng tc trong v im cng tc ngoi cn c gi l tc nhn trong v tc nhn ngoi. V d, trong HTTT Qun l kho hng th im cng tc K ton kho l im cng tc trong, v y l ni lu tr, x l, pht sinh v thu nhn thng tin. Trong khi im cng tc Nh cung cp phi l im cng tc ngoi, v y khng cn thit phi lu tr thng tin ca h thng m ch l ni pht sinh hoc thu nhn thng tin m thi. Ti liu c dng vi ngha l mi gi mang thng tin c s dng trong h thng. V d: ti liu giy nh ho n, h s,...; ti liu s ho nh cc file d liu, nh s,... Ti liu lu tr-Kho d liu Cc thng tin c lu tr phc v cho cc chc nng cng vic ca h thng. Chc nng-Cng vic Mt chc nng c hiu l mt hoc nhiu cng vic nhm thc hin mt nhim v mt phm vi no c tc ng trc tip ln d liu v thng tin ca h thng . Nhng tc ng trc tip ln d liu v thng tin thng c nhc n nh: cp nht, lu tr, truyn thng tin, x l v biu din thng tin. Kt thc mt chc nng thng cho mt sn phm cng l thng tin v c th l sn phm trung gian hoc sn phm cui cng. V d, trong HTTT Qun l o to mt trng i hc, chc nng Xp loi sinh vin c thc hin khi cc cng vic Nhp im thi, Tnh im trung bnh c thc hin. Kt thc ca chc nng ny l mt danh sch (thng tin) sinh vin c xp loi. Quy tc nghip v Quy tc nghip v l nhng quy nh hoc nhng hng dn c chp nhn m chng s chi phi cc hot ng ca t chc nhm bo m cho hot ng ca t chc t c cc mc tiu ra trong nhng iu kin c th. Cc quy tc nghip v c chia lm 3 loi:

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a. Quy tc v qun l: l cc quy tc quy nh mc tiu v rng buc ca h thng. Cc quy tc ny c th c p t t bn ngoi h thng, cng c th l do t chc quy nh. V d, Sinh vin c c s tit vng hc ln hn 1/3 tng s tit ca hc phn th khng c d thi kt thc hc phn hoc Doanh nghip phi ng thu VAT l 5% v thu li tc l 35% l cc quy tc v qun l c p t t bn ngoi h thng. Xt quy tc, Sinh vin c th hc li ln th 3 theo phng php t hc. l quy tc do h thng quy nh. b. Quy tc v t chc: l cc quy tc lin quan n gii php hot ng ca h thng. y l cc quy nh, trnh t lm vic cn tun th t c mc tiu trong iu kin ca t chc. V d, quy tc Ch t chc thi ln 2 cho sinh vin sau khi hon tt vic thi ln 1 l mt quy tc t chc. c. Quy tc v k thut: l cc quy tc lin quan n cc yu cu k thut bo m s hot ng ca h thng. V d, quy tc my in khng c s dng lin tc qu 1 gi l mt quy tc k thut. xc nh hin trng ca h thng thng tin, phn tch vin cn nghin cu, tm hiu nm c tnh trng hot ng ca HTTT c, cc cng vic, quy tc hot ng ca mi b phn trong t chc, trn c s quyt nh phi lm g v lm nh th no. C nhiu phng php nghin cu hin trng mt HTTT nh: phng php quan st, phng php iu tra bng phiu thm d, phng php phng vn,...

2.4.3.2 Cc phng php nghin cu hin trng a. Phng php quan st Phng php ny phn tch vin c th quan st trc tip hoc gin tip (quan st qua phng tin hoc c ti liu) v hin trng h thng thng tin. Vi phng php ny phn tch vin phi ghi chp li cc yu cu sau: Cc b phn trong t chc Mi quan h nghip v gia cc b phn trong t chc
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Cc hot ng tc nghip ca mi b phn Cch thc giao tip v trao i thng tin gia cc b phn Khi lng cng vic ca mi b phn Nhng yu t bt thng xc nh tnh kh thi ca d n m trong giai on lp k hoch trc y chng ta cha lng c ht.

Phng php ny c nhiu khim khuyt: Mang li mt kt qu c tnh ch quan do s thiu hiu bit ca ngi phn tch. Kh gii hn c lnh vc nghin cu vi phn tch vin c phn th ng trc cc hin tng. Ch c th nm bt c cc yu t bn ngoi Gy tm l kh chu cho ngi b quan st

Tuy nhin, phng php ny cho mt bc tranh khi qut v h thng thng tin tng lai. Chng ta nn s dng phng php quan st kt hp vi cc phng php khc th c hiu qu hn. b. Phng php iu tra bng phiu thm d Phng php ny thng c s dng trong x hi hc, nhng iu tra mang tnh v m. i vi vic nghin cu hin trng mt h thng thng tin phng php ny t c s dng, n ch thch hp vi mc ch iu tra tn sut trong nghin cu kh thi. Thng thng phng php ny ch ly nhng thng tin mang tnh nh hng. c. Phng php phng vn Phng php ny thng c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin kinh t x hi, bi v n mang li nhng thng tin xc thc v chi tit cho qu trnh phn tch v thit k. Phn tch vin cn phi phng vn: Ban lnh o v cc im cng tc.

Phng vn lnh o:
Mc ch l nm cc thng tin chung nht ca t chc, c th l cn nm: - Nhim v chung ca t chc
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- S t chc - Chng s cho danh sch cc im cng tc v vai tr ca chng trong h thng - Cc s liu chung - Chng s cho bit quy m ca h thng - Cc lnh vc cn nghin cu c lin quan n h thng thng tin sp c xy dng

Phng vn cc im cng tc:

Mc ch l thu thp cc thng tin chi tit lin quan n cc hot ng c th v tt c cc thng tin lin quan n h thng thng tin. Ti mi im cng tc cn phi m t v lit k cc quy trnh ca cng vic phi thc hin. Mi qui trnh phi nm cho c: - Phng thc hot ng: cng vic c thc hin t ng hay th cng. - Cc thng tin v khi lng thng tin lin quan n cng vic, cc quy tc thc hin cng vic. - iu kin khi ng: khi no, vi iu kin no th cng vic c khi ng. - Thi gian v chu k thc hin cng vic: cng vic c thc hin khi no v khong thi gian bao lu thi cng vic c thc hin li. Ngoi ra, phn tch vin cng phi nm: - Ngn ng cng vic ti mi im cng tc thit k giao din ngi-my gia ngi s dng vi h thng thng tin tng lai. - Cc lung thng tin tc nghip i t im cng tc ny n im cng tc khc hoc n mi trng ngoi ca h thng.

T chc phng vn
Trc khi phng vn phn tch vin nn thng bo trc thi gian, a im v ni dung phng vn vi ngi c phng vn. Phng vn vi lnh o v cc im cng tc khng phi l mt ln duy nht, nn phn tch vin phi to to quan h tt vi ngi c phng vn. Cn m u hp l, biu l
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thin cm, s tin cy v tn trng i vi ngi c phng vn. Sau khi phng vn xong, phn tch vin phi tm tt ni dung phng vn, khng nh cc tho thun, ng kh nng tranh lun pht huy tnh tch cc ca ngi c phng vn. c c ti liu tng kt giai on nghin cu hin trng, sau mi ln phng vn phn tch vin phi ghi chp li cc thng tin v cuc phng vn nh: ngi c phng vn, chc v, ch phng vn, tn d n, ai hi, thi gian hi, a im hi, cc cu hi, cc cu tr li tng ng, nh gi ca ngi phng vn, ngy thng nm phng vn,... cc thng tin ny nn t chc trn cc phiu phng vn nh sau:

Tn d n: <..............> PHIU PHNG VN S: <......> Tn d n con: <................................> Ni phng vn: <........................> Ni dung phng vn (cc cu hi v cc cu tr li) ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ Cc tho thun tip theo ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ Mt s nh gi ca ngi phng vn ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ Ngi phng vn (H tn v ch k) <........................................................>
Ni dung mt phiu phng vn

d. Nghin cu cc ti liu Nghin cu ti liu cng l mt phn cng vic ca nghin cu hin trng. Qua cc ti liu ca h thng phn tch vin c th nm c: Cc chc nng ca t chc. Cc quy tc, cng thc tnh ton,... ti mi im cng tc.
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 Cc ti liu nghin cu bao gm: - Cc vn bn php quy, quy nh v chc nng, nhim v ca t chc. - Cc vn bn php quy, quy nh v tiu chun, quy tc, phng thc lm vic. - Cc ch trng chnh sch ca t chc nh nc ban hnh. - Cc bo co, bo biu, thng k c. Phn tch hin trng mt h thng thng tin l vic lm rt quan trng, quyt nh s thnh cng ca d n, thng thng phn tch vin phi s dng tt c cc phng php trn mt cch kho lo t c mc tiu ra.

2.5 Cc cng vic sau kho st hin trng Sau khi dng cc phng php khc nhau thu thp thng tin v d liu lin quan n h thng tng lai, phn tch vin phi x l s b, phn loi v tng hp cc d liu thu c tin vic theo di, qun l, phc v trc tip qu trnh kho st v lm t liu cho cc bc tip theo. 2.5.1 X l s b kt qu kho st D liu thu thp c trong qu trnh kho st hin trng l mt khi cc d liu th, phn tch vin phi xem li v hon thin ti liu thu c. Cng vic ny bao gm vic phn loi, sp xp, b sung,... lm cho n tr nn y , chnh xc, cn i, gn gng, d kim tra v d theo di. Pht hin ch thiu b sung, ch sai sa cha. Nhng vic cn lm l: . Lm r cc chc nng ca h thng: qua kho st hoc bng kinh nghim phn tch vin c th xc nh c cc chc nng v d liu ca h thng: nh cc i tng, cc im cng tc, cc hot ng. i vi mi chc nng cn lm r: iu kin khi ng, kt qu thu c, thi gian thc hin, tn s, chu k, cc quy tc phi tun th.

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. R sot li d liu: ngoi cc kt qu ca phng vn, phn tch vin nn sao chp li cc bng biu, ti liu tch cc thng tin cn s dng. Kim tra li cc thng tin sau v d liu: - Tn d liu: do ngi phn tch la chn - nh ngha v d liu: m t bng li hoc bng cng thc - Kiu d liu (s, chui,...) - Loi: l d liu c s hay d liu c suy t d liu khc. - Rng buc v gi tr 2.5.2 Tng hp kt qu kho st Vic phng vn ti cc im cng tc cha ni ln c mi quan h gia cc im cng tc vi nhau nh th no. Lc ny ngi phn tch cn tng hp li c c mt bc tranh tng th ca h thng. Vic tng hp c tin hnh theo hai loi: tng hp cc x l v tng hp theo d liu. 2.5.2.1 Tng hp cc x l Mc ch ca tng hp cc x l l lm r cc thiu st v s ri rc ca cc yu t lin quan n cng vic khi phng vn. C hai cch tng hp cc x l: tng hp kt hp vi yu t t chc v tng hp tch ri cc yu t t chc. Tng hp kt hp vi yu t t chc Tng hp kt hp vi yu t t chc s kt hp cc chc nng vi im cng tc. Tng hp ny cho php chng ta kt ni c nhng cng vic cng thuc mt chc nng chung nhng lin quan n nhiu im cng tc. Thng qua tng hp ny chng ta s r sot c cc khim khuyt ca vic iu tra ti cc im cng tc khc nhau. Tng hp kt hp vi yu t t chc da trn c s lnh vc hot ng trong h thng. Lnh vc hot ng l mt tp hp cc nhim v cng lin quan n mt tp d liu v mt nhm quy tc qun l. tch ra mt lnh vc hot ng cn phi: - Nhm cc hot ng c mi quan h vi nhau theo mc ch - Kt hp cc hnh ng vi mt tp hp cc quy tc qun l chung.
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- Kt hp cc hnh ng vi mt tp hp cc d liu chung. Tng hp tch ri cc yu t t chc Mc ch ca tng hp loi ny l lm xut hin mc bt bin cao nht (mc quan nim) ca h thng. Nu b i cc yu t t chc (nh cc im cng tc) v yu t k thut th h thng ch cn li cc im cng tc ngoi, cc chc nng v thng tin v cc i tng c x l. 2.5.2.2 Tng hp cc d liu Mc ch ca tng hp d liu l lit k ra tt c cc d liu c lin quan n h thng nhm xy dng mt t in d liu chung cho ton nhm phn tch. Nu khng sau ny c th gy nhiu rc ri khi xy dng quan nim v m ho h thng. Cc mc t a vo t in cn phi chn lc v chnh xc ho, loi b nhng t ng ngha v a ngha. V d: Bng tng hp h s, ti liu theo thc th d liu STT
1 2 3 4 .....

Tn - vai tr
PHIU VT T: ghi hng ho xut hoc nhp N T HNG: ghi lng hng ho t gi nh cung cp PHIU GIAO HNG: ghi s lng hng ca Nh cung cp pht ra S T HNG: tp hp cc n hng t .....

Cng vic lin quan

T1 T1 T2,T3 T1,T2 .....

V d: Bng tng hp t in d liu ST T

1 2 3 .....

Tn gi ngha
S HO N TN HNG NGY HO N .....

Kiu
k t k t ngy .....

c
8 20 8 .....

Khun dng

Lnh vc
K ton K ton K ton .....

Quy tc, rng buc

Ch hoa

dd-mm-yy .....

.....

2.5.3 Hp thc ho kt qu kho st Mc ch ca vic hp thc ho kt qu kho st l nhm xc nh tnh ng n ca thng tin v d liu phn nh yu cu thng tin ca h thng v

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bo m tnh php l ca n cho vic s dng sau ny. Hp thc ho kt qu kho st bao gm cc cng vic: - Hon chnh v trnh by cc d liu thu c ngi s dng xem xt v cho kin. - Tng hp cc ti liu cc nh qun l v cc nh lnh o nh gi v b sung. - t thm mt s quy tc mi (nh cc quy tc v an ton h thng, cc yu cu v nhn s,...) Do hp thc ho cn mang ngha l s tho thun cc quy tc mi. Hp thc ha l mt khu khng th b qua, nu khng c th s i mt vi nhng kh khn khng lng trc c khi trin khai d n. 2.6 Gii thiu nghin cu hin trng ca mt s HTTT Di y chng ta hy xt mt s nghin cu hin trng ca h thng thng tin thng thng trong thc t. Cc h thng thng tin ny c s dng trong cc chng sau. 2.6.1 H thng thng tin "Qun l kho hng" Mt cng ty sn xut bnh ko, c nhiu kho cha vt t v hng ho: . Kho nguyn liu: cha ng, bt, hng liu, bao b,... . Kho nhin liu: cha xng, du, than . Kho ph tng: cha cc thit b thay th . Kho thnh phm: cha bnh ko sn xut c Mi kho u c th kho chuyn trch. Nhim v ca th kho l xut nhp vt t hng ho theo phiu xut hoc phiu nhp do ngi qun l kho vit ra. V d, phiu xut hoc phiu nhp kho thnh phm do b phn kinh doanh vit, phiu xut hoc phiu nhp kho nguyn liu do phng cung ng vit theo cng vic thc t. Ngoi ra nh k, ngi th kho phi kim k v bo co tn kho tng loi mt hng trong kho. Bo co tn kho c dng vi mc ch sau: . lm k hoch sn xut, v d xem xt kh nng c th p ng mt hp ng hay khng.
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. i chiu vi cc chng t xut nhp xem tn kho trn thc t c ph hp vi tn kho theo chng t hay khng. Cng vic ny nhm mc ch xem c tht thot v vt t hoc c nhm ln v chng t khng. . bo m sn xut n nh, mt s mt hng v vt t phi t c mt d tr ln hn mt mc no c gi l d tr ti thiu, nu mc d tr ny thp hn th qun l kho phi lm n t hng b sung. M s mt hng no cng quy nh mt mc gi l d tr ti a, nu tn kho vt qu mc ny th phi c bin php khc phc trnh ng vn trn nguyn vt liu hoc hng ho khng tiu th c. Nu khng c s ph hp gia thc t v theo chng t th hoc c s tht thot v vt t hng ho hoc c s nhm ln v chng t. Cn kim tra. tin theo di xut nhp theo chng t, th kho lp cho mi mt hng mt th kho. Mi ln xut hoc nhp hng u ghi vo th kho s lng xut, s lng nhp, s lng tn kho tng ng. Bn bo co tn kho c dng nh trong ti liu A v th kh c dng nh trong ti liu B. Ngi qun l kho khng trc tip xut nhp hng ho m ch l ni pht sinh cc chng t xut nhp. Cc chng t ch yu l chng t xut hoc nhp. Khi c nhu cu v vt t, ngi qun l kho tip xc vi Nh cung cp lm n t hng. Khi hng v, sau khi gim nh cht lng, ngi qun l kho vit phiu nhp lu li mt bn, mt bn gi cho k ton thanh ton, mt bn gi cho Nh cung cp v mt bn cho th kho lm th tc nhp kho. i vi kho thnh phm, vic nhp kho ch l th tc ni b theo thng bo ca cc phn xng di s kim tra ca nh my. Mt phiu nhp kho cng c th c nhiu mt hng nhng ch t mt Nh cung cp hoc t mt phn xng m thi. Phiu nhp kho c dng nh ti liu C. i vi kho nguyn liu hoc kho nhin liu, phiu xut kho c thc hin theo yu cu ca sn xut do Ban gim c ra lnh. i vi kho thnh phm, vic xut kho chnh l bn hng, phiu xut kho c vit theo lnh ca Phng kinh doanh. Mt phiu xut cng gm bn bn nh phiu nhp. Ho n kim Phiu xut kho c dng nh ti liu D.
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Cng ty khng bn l m bn bun cho mt s i l c hp ng vi cng ty, v vy cc phiu xut khng nht thit phi thanh ton ngay. tuy nhin, nu khch hng thanh ton ngay s c mt khon khu tr trn gi gi l chit khu. H s khch hng (lp t hp ng i l) cng c lu tr xc nhn khi h n ly hng. H s c dng nh trong ti liu E nh k (hng ngy, hng tun, hng thng, hng qu, hng nm) ngi qun l kho phi bo co vi Ban lnh o bin ng ca kho hng bao gm: tn kho mi mt hng u k, s lng nhp, s lng xut trong k v tn kho cui k. Ban lnh o cn c vo cc s liu ny nm tnh hnh kinh doanh ca cng ty. Bo co tn kho c dng nh trong ti liu F. Mt s ti liu lin quan n HTTT Qun l kho hng". Ti liu A Cng ty Hi H Stt 1 2 3 Tn hng Ko chanh Bnh quy b bo co tn kho tnh n ngy .............. M hng B07 A12 .... n v Kg Kg Kg .... .... n gi Tn kho 356 250 57 .... Ghi ch

Bnh Chocola A01

4 .... Ti liu B

Cng ty Hi H Tn kho: Kho Thnh phm

TH KHO S .....

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Tn vt t hng ho: Ko Chocola D tr ti thiu: D tr ti a: 50Kg 500Kg

M hng: A01 n gi: 2500 n v tnh: Kg

S chng t Nhp Xut Tn Tn u k 25 12/01/2004 8345 200 225 16/01/2004 5467 150 75 02/03/2004 2345 20 55 ... ... ... ... ...

Ngy

Ti liu C Cng ty Hi H Kho Nguyn liu

PHIU NHP KHO

Ngy .....

S phiu: 015

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H tn ngi giao: T th p

a ch: 16 Phan nh Phng

n v: Cng ty Nng sn thc phm Tnh TT Hu Theo Hp ng s: 1234/KT

Stt Tn hng M hng n v

Ngy 12/10/2004
n gi S lng Thnhtin

1 2 3

ng RE Bt m Php Sa H lan ...

C09 B14 B16 ... ...

Kg Kg Lit

5000 2500 8000 ...

12000 5000 1500

60000000 12500000 12000000 ...

Tng cng:
Ngi giao Ngi kim tra Th kho Th trng

84500000

Ti liu D Cng ty Hi H Kho Thnh phm HO N KIM PHIU XUT KHO

Ngy xut.....

S phiu: 215

H tn ngi nhn: Hong Di n v: i l s 4

a ch: 18 Hng vng

Theo Hp ng i l s : 124/HDDL ngy 12/02/2004

Stt Tn hng M hng n v n gi S lng Thnhtin
197

1 2 3

Ko Chcla Bnh quy b Ko sa ...

A09 A14 C16 ... ...

Kg Kg Kg

7000 3000 8000 ...

120 50 10 ...

840000 150000 80000

Tng cng:
Ngi nhn Ngi vit phiu K ton Th kho

1070000
Th trng

Ti liu E

Cng ty Hi H

DANH SCH I L

Tn i l

a ch

S hp ng

Ngy k

i din

S CMND

D1 D2 D3

Ca hng 1-5 B Ni ... ...

01-L Dun 12 L li

1356 5678 ...

1/2/03 4/6/02

B Nm Ch To

1234567 9876544 ...

Ti liu F Cng ty Hi H Kho Thnh phm BNG CN I KHO

Tnh t ngy ......... n ngy ...........

Stt

Tn vt t hng ho

n v

Tn u k

Lng xut

Lng nhp

Tn cui k

1 2 3

Ko Chcla Bnh quy b Ko sa ...

A09 A14 C16 ...

Kg Kg Kg

120 80 40 ...

200 20 250

150 0 300 ...

70 60 90

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2.6.2 H thng thng tin " Qun l cng chc" Mt c quan hnh chnh s nghip cn tin hc ho vic qun l cn b cng chc ca c quan mnh. Qua nghin cu hin trng phn tch vin nm c cc thng tin sau: Mi cng chc c c quan qun l cc thng tin sau y: H tn, n v cng tc, gii tnh, ngy sinh, ni sinh, a ch, dn tc, tn gio, chnh tr, trnh vn ha, ngoi ng, loi hnh o to, cu chin binh, ngy vo c quan, ngy vo bin ch, cha m, v chng, con, khen thng, k lut. Trong l lch, qun l: Ni sinh ch qun l cp huyn v tnh. a ch c phn lm hai loi: Nu a ch thnh th th qun l s nh, ng ph. Nu a ch nng thn th qun l x, huyn. Cha m bao gm Tn, ngh nghip, c quan, chc v ca cha v m. V chng bao gm: Tn, ngy sinh, ngh nghip, c quan v chc v ca v hay chng. Con bao gm: Tn, ngy sinh, ngh nghip ca tng a con. Chnh tr bao gm on vin, ng vin. Nu l ng vin th qun l: Ngy V, ngy CT, ni vo ng (Tnh). i nc ngoi vo thi gian no, nc i. Cu chin binh: Ngy NN, ngy XN, binh chng, cp bc khi xut ng. Cng vic tin hc ho h thng nhm p ng: . Bt k lc no cng c th tr li cc thng tin chnh xc v tnh hnh cng tc, l lch ca mt cng chc. . Thng k theo mi lnh vc. 2.5.3 H thng thng tin "Qun l o to"

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Mt trng i hc dn lp cn tin hc ho vic qun l o to ca trng, qua nghin cu hin trng, mt phn tch vin nm c cc thng tin nh sau: Trng i hc dn lp ny ch gm mt b my qun l, cn ton b gio vin phi thu t cc trng i hc khc v cc vin nghin cu di danh ngha cng tc vin. Trng lp sn mt h s cc cng tc vin gm tn, tui, gii tnh, a ch, trnh chuyn mn (c nhn, thc s, tin s). Ty theo trnh , cng tc vin c tr mt th lao (tnh theo tit) khc nhau. Trng c mt s lp, mi lp c th c s sinh vin khc nhau. Cc mn hc c tun theo mt chng trnh o to c B GD & T ph duyt v ni dung chuyn mn v s tit cn thit. Trng phi thu mt s phng hc nhiu ni nn phi c mt h s v cc phng hc bao gm s phng v a ch. Vic xp lch hc cho cc lp phi ph hp vi s ch ca mi phng hc. u nm hc, hi ng nh trng lp mt bng phn cng ging dy gm thy no, dy lp no, mn no. Cn gio v phi xp lch hc v phng hc. D nhin mt thy c th dy nhiu mn v nhiu lp khc nhau. Do thi gian ca gio vin ph thuc rt nhiu thi gian cng tc ca h ti c quan, nn thi kha biu ch c th lp v iu chnh theo tng tun. Gio vin phi t yu cu ca h vo th nm hng tun kp lm lch hc cho tun sau. Trong thi kha biu s ch ra th my, t tit no n tit no, ai dy lp no, mn no, phng hc no. Trong thi kha biu pht cho cc lp, mi ca thi kha biu u c mt khong trng gio vin k xc nhn ging dy. V vy nhng bn ny cng gi l phiu ging dy. Cui tun cc lp phi np li cho gio v phiu ging dy ny. Hng thng cn c vo bng xc nhn, nh trng lm bng thanh ton cho gio vin trn c s s gi thc dy. i khi cng phi lp bng thanh ton theo yu cu ca gio vin hay hiu trng trong nhng trng hp c bit, v d nh gio vin chm dt hp ng ging dy gia thng.

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Cui mi hc k, gio v cn c vo bng xc nhn xc nh s gi dy ca mi mn. Nu mn no ca lp no dy cha thi gian th lp k hoch dy b. Ngoi vic qun l v thanh ton ging dy, h thng thng tin ny cn phi p ng c cc thng tin v gio vin, hc sinh, mn hc, cc phng hc c hu v cc phng hc thu mn ca trng. 2.7 Phn tch h thng v chc nng c th m t cc kt qu nghin cu qua tng giai on v m t cc chc nng nghip v ca h thng, ngi phn tch cn s dng mt s phng tin v m hnh c ni di y. 2.7.1 Cc mc din t chc nng Chc nng c ni y l cc chc nng x l thng tin trong cc h thng thng tin qun l. Tu theo ng cnh m vic m t cc chc nng ca h thng c th hin nhiu mc khc nhau. M t vt l v m t logic : m t chc nng mc vt l

i hi phi ni r mc ch v cch thc hin ca qu trnh x l, ngha l phi tr li cu hi: lm g? v lm nh th no?. S m t chc nng mc logic li n gin hn, ch cn tr li y cu hi lm g? Ngha l ch din t mc ch, bn cht ca qu trnh x l m khng cn quan tm n cc yu t v thc hin, ci t nh phng php, phng tin, tc nhn, thi im, thi gian,... Thng
M t HT c lm

thng m t vt l c s dng trong giai on kho st s b mt h c sn, cn m t logic c s dng trong giai on thit k. nhthng th no? lm nh th no? C th thy s thay i mc m t vt l/logic trong hnh di y, (1) (3) Mc vt l trong cc bc chuyn i (1) v (2) thuc giai on phn tch cn
Mc logic M t HT mi

bc chuyn i (3) thuc giai on thit k. M t HT mi (2) g?i th v m t chi tit : mc i thlm g?chc nng c M t mt n t hng Phiu xut kho Lp trong hp m t di dng hp en. Ni dung bn en khng c ch r
M t HT c lm

Mt trnh t m hnh ho h thng

Ho n

Thng tin v tn kho

201

m ch m t cc thng tin vo v ra hp en . V d qu trnh lp ho n xut hng c m t qua hp en nh sau:

mc chi tit th ni dung ca qu trnh x l phi c ch r hn. Thng thng th cn ch ra cc chc nng con, cc mi quan h thng tin v iu khin gia nhng chc nng . Nu mt chc nng c nhiu chc nng con th m t chi tit ngi phn tch phi phn r cc chc nng con ny thnh nhiu mc. Cc mc ny c biu din qua biu phn cp chc nng di y. 2.7.2 Biu chc nng nghip v BFD (Business Function Diagram) Biu chc nng nghip v l mt s hnh hc dng m t s phn r c th bc cc chc nng ca h thng t i th n chi tit. Mi nt trong biu l mt chc nng, cc chc nng ny c quan h bao hm vi nhau v chng c ni vi nhau bng cc cung to nn mt cu trc cy. V d: Biu chc nng nghip v ca h thng thng tin qun l doanh nghip
Qun l Doanh nghip Qun l Nhn s Ti sn c nh Qun l Vt t Thit b Qun l Ti chnh Lng tin K ton

C hai dng biu din m hnh chc nng nghip v l dng phn cp chc nng v dng phn tch cng ty. a. Xy dng BFD theo phn cp chc nng:
202

 hnh thnh biu phn cp chc nng ngi ta phn chia mt chc nng ca mt b phn thnh cc chc nng con v da trn nguyn tc sau: Tnh thc cht ca mi chc nng: mi chc nng c phn r t mt chc nng mc trn phi l mt b phn thc s tham gia thc hin chc nng phn r ra n. Do , hnh thnh mt mc tip theo, ngi phn tch phi t cu hi hon thnh chc nng ny th cc chc nng con no s c thc hin? Tnh y ca mi chc nng con: Vic thc hin cc chc nng mc k tip phi bo m thc hin c chc nng mc trn phn r ra chng B tr, sp xp cc chc nng: khi thit lp biu BFD khng nn c qu 6 mc, mt h thng nh thng thng c khong 3 mc. Mi chc nng trong m hnh c th c nhiu chc nng con. mi mc cc chc nng con nn t trn cng mt hng. S nn cn bng, ngha l cc chc nng cng mt mc nn c kch thc v phc tp tng ng nhau. t tn cho chc nng: Mi chc nng nn c mt tn ring n gin nhng th hin bao qut cc chc nng con v phn nh c thc t nghip v ca n. M t chi tit chc nng l: cc chc nng cui cng ca mt BFD c gi l chc nng l. Cc chc nng ny thc hin trc tip cng vic
Qun trng gi ca h thng nn n cn phil c m t xe mt cch trnh t v chi tit.

V d: BFD v Qun l trng gi xe

1. Nhn xe 2. Tr xe 3. Gii quyt s c

1.1 Nhn dng xe

2.1 Kim tra v

3.1 Kim tra s gi

1.2 Ktra ch trng

2.2 i chiu v

3.2 Ktra hin trng

1.3 Ghi v xe

2.3 Thanh ton

3.3 Lp bin bn

1.4 Ghi s xe vo

2.4 Ghi s xe ra

3.4 Thanh ton s c

203

b Xy dng BFD theo dng cng ty: BFD dng cng ty c s dng m t chc nng tng qut ca t chc, thng c s dng trong cc h thng ln, i hi phi phn tch sao cho d liu phi c x l v s dng chung trong ton b h thng. m t BFD dng cng ty phn tch vin phi xc nh tt c cc chc nng nghip v mc cao nht ca t chc v ch rng bt k d n no cng l b phn ca mt hoc nhiu chc nng cao nht ny. V d: Biu chc nng nghip v mc cao nht (dng cng ty) ca h thng thng tin qun l o to trong mt trng i hc.

Qun l o to Qun l Sinh vin Qun l Gio vin Qun l Mn hc

Ch : cn phn bit mt BFD vi mt s t chc ca mt c quan. S t chc ca mt c quan m t cc b phn, cc t chc hp thnh ca c quan nn cng c dng hnh cy. S t chc thng dng m t lung thng tin i t b phn ny n b phn khc trong t chc. 2.8 M hnh ho cc tin trnh ca h thng Trong qu trnh phn tch, mt yu cu thng tin cn phi c m t khi h thng vn hnh l cc lung d liu i t v tr ny n v tr khc ca t

204

chc. Hai loi biu thng c cc phng php phn tch thit k h thng s dng l s ng cnh v cc loi biu lung d liu. Chng th hin vic chuyn ti, lu tr thng tin trong h thng, gip phn tch vin hnh dung c cc loi thng tin c s dng v lu chuyn nh th no.

2.8.1 S ng cnh a. Cc biu tng trnh by ti liu

im cng tc trong

im cng tc ngoi

Ti liu

Ti liu lu tr

CSDL Nhim v hoc chc nng S kin Lung d liu

b. S ng cnh: l s hnh hc c xy dng theo im cng tc no dng lm r mi quan h thng tin gia cc im cng tc ca h thng. im trung tm l im ang xt, cc im cng tc khc c lin h thng tin vi im trung tm s c m t bng mi tnkho v ghi ch km theo. Th V d: S ng cnh ca bi ton " qun l kho". im trung tm l Ngi qun l kho
i l Phiu Xut Ngi qun l kho Phiu
Xut/Nhp Bo co Phiu Xut/Nhp

K ton

Phiu Xut/Nhp

Phiu Phn xng Nhp Lnh o

Nh cung cp

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2.8.2 Biu lung d liu DFD Biu lung d liu (DFD-Data Flow Diagram ) l mt s hnh hc nhm din t cc lung ti liu thng qua cc chc nng ca h thng. a. Nhng h tr ca DFD Xc nh yu cu ca ngi dng. Lp k hoch v minh ho nhng phng n cho phn tch vin v ngi dng xem xt. Trao i gia nhng phn tch vin v ngi dng trong h thng. Lm ti liu c t yu cu hnh thc v c t thit k h thng. b. Cc thnh phn ca mt DFD: Lung d liu (Data flow): m t d liu di chuyn t mt v tr ny n mt v tr khc, mt DFD c m t bi mt mi tn vi tn d liu km theo, chiu ca mi tn ch hng di chuyn ca d liu. Tn ca lung d liu th hin trng thi logic ca thng tin ch khng phi dng vt l ca n.
i l

Phiu Xut

Ngi qun l kho

V d: Mt lung d liu l Phiu xut i t tc nhn trong Ngi qun l kho n tc nhn ngoi i l
206

 Kho d liu (Data store): l cc d liu c lu gi ti mt ni no trong h thng. V mt vt l, kho d liu l cc tp tin d liu trong my tnh hoc nhng tp ti liu c lu tr vn phng. Do mt kho d liu c th biu din cc d liu c lu tr nhiu v tr khng gian khc nhau, nh cc th mc khc nhau, cc my tnh khc nhau,... Kho d liu l cc d liu c lu gi trn gi mang n, v vy ngi ta thng ly tn ca vt mang n lm tn ca kho d liu. V d: Phiu xut kho, n t hng

D Phiu xut kho

n t hng

Tin trnh (Proccess) hoc chc nng: l mt cng vic hoc mt hnh ng c tc ng ln d liu lm cho chng di chuyn, thay i hoc c phn phi. Ch c xem l mt tin trnh trong DFD nu chng nhn thng tin u vo v c thng tin u ra. V d: Tin trnh Lm ho n trong h thng thng tin Qun l Kho hng Lm ho n

Trong SADT mt tin trnh cn c k hiu bi mt vng trn Lm ho n

207

 Tc nhn ngoi (extenal entity): Tc nhn ngoi cn c gi l i tc, l mt c nhn hoc mt t chc bn ngoi lnh vc nghin cu ca h thng, c th hiu tc nhn ngoi nh l im cng tc ngoi. Ngha l ni thu nhn, ni pht sinh thng tin nhng khng phi l ni lu tr chng. Tc nhn ngoi l phn sng cn ca h thng, bi v chng l ngun cung cp thng tin cho h thng v l nguyn nhn kch hot h thng. V d: mt lung d liu l Phiu nhp n mt tc nhn ngoi l Nh cung cp..
Nh cung cp
Phiu nhp

Tc nhn trong (intenal entity): tng t nh im cng tc trong. Ngha l, c th l ni thu nhn, ni pht sinh v ni lu tr v x l thng tin. V d: mt lung d liu l Phiu xut/nhp n mt tc nhn trong l Th kho
Th kho
Phiu nhp/xut

c. Cc ch khi xy dng mt DFD xy dng mt DFD ngi ta da vo biu chc nng nghip v v s ng cnh. S dng BFD xc nh cc tin trnh theo tng mc cho DFD. Bi v BFD c thc hin phn r thnh cc mc nn n dng ch ra cc mc tng ng trong DFD. S dng s ng cnh nhn dng ra c cc lung d liu vo v ra h thng, cc tc nhn ngoi ca h thng. Tuy nhin kim tra tnh ng n ca cc thnh phm trong mt DFD cn phi da vo cc c trng di y. Tin trnh: - Khng mt tin trnh no ch c ci vo m khng c ci ra. Nu mt i tng no m ch c ci vo th c th l mt tc nhn (ch-thu nhn thng tin).
208

- Khng mt tin trnh no ch c ci ra m khng c ci vo. Nu mt i tng no m ch c ci ra th c th l mt tc nhn (ngun-pht sinh thng tin). - Ci vo ca mt tin trnh phi khc vi ci ra ca tin trnh . - Tn mt tin trnh phi l mt mnh ch hnh ng. Kho d liu: - Tn mt kho d liu phi l mt mnh danh t. - D liu khng th di chuyn trc tip t mt kho d liu ny n mt kho d liu khc. - Khng th di chuyn trc tip d liu t mt tc nhn n mt kho d liu. - Khng th di chuyn trc tip d liu t mt kho d liu n mt tc nhn. Tc nhn: - Tn mt tc nhn phi l mt mnh danh t. - D liu khng th di chuyn trc tip t mt tc nhn ny n mt tc nhn khc. Lung d liu: - Tn mt lung d liu phi l mt mnh danh t. - Mt lung d liu ch c mt hng ch hng di chuyn ca d liu. - Mt lung d liu khng th quay lui ni n va i khi. - Mt lung d liu i vo mt kho c ngha l kho c cp nht d liu. - Mt lung d liu i ra khi mt kho c ngha l kho d liu c c.

2.8.3 K thut phn mc Cn c vo vic phn r chc nng ca mt BFD, chng ta c th m t mt DFD theo nhiu mc khc nhau. Mi mc c th hin trong mt hoc nhiu trang. . Mc 0: cn gi l mc bi cnh, ch gm mt DFD, trong ch c mt chc nng duy nht (chc nng tng qut ca h thng) trao i cc lung thng tin vi cc i tc. Tn ca trang mc 0 l tn ca h thng.

209

. Mc 1: cn gi l mc nh, cng ch gm mt DFD, v cc mc 2,3,4,... mi mc gm nhiu DFD c thnh lp nh sau: C mi chc nng mc trn, ta thnh lp mt DFD mc di, gi l biu DFD nh ngha chc nng theo cch sau: - Phn r chc nng thnh nhiu chc nng con; - V li cc lung d liu vo v ra chc nng trn, nhng by gi phi vo hoc ra chc nng con thch hp; - Nghin cu cc quan h v d liu gia cc chc nng con, nh b sung cc lung d liu ni b hoc cc kho d liu ni b. Cc chc nng c nh s theo k php chm tin mc 0 theo di vt trin khai t trn xung. Tng qut, c th nh ngha mt cch quy np biu lung d liu cc mc nh sau: Biu lung d liu mc n l biu lung d liu nhn c t vic phn r mt tin trnh thuc biu lung d liu mc n-1. Nh vy biu lung d liu mi mc l tp hp cc DFD mc . Biu phn r mc 0
1.0 2.0 3.0

1.0

2.3

3.1

2.1

2.2

3.2

Biu phn r mc 1

2.1

2.2.2

2.2.1

2.2.3

Biu phn r mc 2

Cc mc trong qu trnh phn r biu lung d liu

210

V d: Xt h thng thng tin Qun l tn dng c BFD nh sau:

Qun l

Cho vay

Thu n

Nhn n

Duyt vay

Tr li n

Xc nh k hn tr

X l n tr trong hn

X l n tr ngoi hn

Hy xy dng cc DFD ca cc mc c phn r t BFD cho.

211

. Mc 0: chc nng tng qut ca h thng l: Qun l tn dng. Tc nhn ca h thng l Khch vay. Ta c DFD mc bi cnh nh sau:
Tr li n vay

n vay

Khch vay

Qun l tn dng

N hon tr

DFD mc 0 (mc bi cnh)

. Mc 1: chc nng mc 0 c phn r thnh 2 chc nng con l Cho vay v

Thu n. Ngoi ba lung d liu c chc nng 0 phi c bo ton, th ta

thy lung d liu trao i gia hai chc nng Cho vay v Thu n khng trc tip m phi thng qua mt kho d liu l S n. Ta c DFD mc nh nh hnh di y.

. Mc 2: chc nng Cho vay mc 1 c phn r thnh 3 chc nng con l

Nhn n, Duyt vay v Tr li n; chc nng Thu n mc 1 c phn r

thnh 3 chc nng con l Xc nh k hn tr, X l n tr trong hn v X l n

tr ngoi hn. bo ton cc lung d liu vo/ra v thm cc lung d liu ni

b ta thnh lp c hai DFD nh ngha cho hai chc nng 1 v 2 nh sau:

Tr li n vay

1.Cho vay

Khch vay

n vay

S n

2. Thu n
N hon tr

DFD mc 1 (mc nh)

212

n
n vay

kim tra

Khch vay

1.1 Nhn n
n duyt

1.2 Duyt vay

S n

T chi vay

1.3 Tr li
p ng vay

DFD mc 2 (nh ngha chc nng 1: Chovay)

N tr trong hn

2.2 X l n
N hon tr

tr trong hn

Khch vay

2.1 Xc nh k hn tr
S n

2.3 X l n
N tr ngoi hn

tr ngoi hn

DFD mc 2 (nh ngha chc nng 2: Thu n)

213

Ch : - Qu trnh phn r thnh cc mc khng th ko di mi m phi dng sau mt s mc. Ta quyt nh dng vic phn r khi c nhng biu hin sau: . Cc chc nng c phn r cui cng kh n gin . Nu phn r tip s vt ra ngoi cu hi Lm g? v bt u sang cu hi Lm nh th no? - S mc vo khong 72 (tu thuc h thng l n gin hoc phc tp)

214

Chng 4 4.1 Khi nim

M HNH T CHC CA HTTT

M hnh t chc ca mt h thng thng tin c thit lp t hai m hnh lin quan n nhau l m hnh t chc v d liu v m hnh t chc v x l. M hnh t chc v d liu c hnh thnh do s chuyn i cc tp thc th v cc mi quan h trong m hnh quan nim d liu. mc t chc thng tin c m t theo gii php c s d liu v thc cht chnh l quan h logic ca chng, nn mc t chc cn c gi mc logic. Cn m hnh t chc v x l s tr li cc cu hi: Ai?, Khi no?, u?, Nh th no? 4.2 M hnh d liu quan h M hnh d liu quan h do Codd xut nm 1970, c hon thin v s dng rng ri trong cc h qun tr c s d liu thng mi. M hnh d liu quan h c nhiu u im nh: n gin, cht ch, tnh c lp gia d liu v chng trnh cao, cung cp cho cc ngn ng truy cp d liu mc cao, d s dng. M hnh quan h cho php phn bit r rng gia ng ngha v cu trc ca d liu. iu quan trng hn c, m hnh quan h c hnh thc ho l mt m hnh i s quan h, do c nghin cu v pht trin vi nhiu kt qu l thuyt cng nh nhng ng dng trong thc tin, c bit l cc ng dng vo vic thit k CSDL. c nhiu h qun tr CSDL c xy dng da trn m hnh ny v a vo s dng rng ri nh: DB2, Ingres, Sybase, Foxpro, Oracle, Informix, Microsoft SQL Server, ... y chng ta khng trnh by chi tit l thuyt c s d liu quan h m ch nhc li cc kin thc lin quan s dng cho qu trnh thit k d liu ca h thng. 4.2.1 Cc nh ngha c bn a. Quan h: Cho D1, D2,..., Dn l n min gi tr ca cc thuc tnh A 1, A2, ..., An. Mt quan h r trn cc min D1, D2, ..., Dn l mt tp con ca tch -cat D1 x D2 x...
215

x Dn. Ngha l, quan h r s bao gm nhng n-b <d 1, d2, ...,. dn> D1 x D2 x... x Dn, di Di. Ngi ta m t mt quan h l mt bng hai chiu cc gi tr, l tp hp cc b ca quan h ti mt thi im no . b. Lc quan h: Mt lc quan h (relation scheme) l s hp thnh bi hai yu t: - Mt cu trc, gm tn quan h v mt danh sch cc thuc tnh (mi thuc tnh gn vi mt min) thng cho di dng R(A1, A2, ..., An). - Mt tp hp cc rng buc, tc l cc iu kin m mi quan h trong lc u phi tho mn. Mt th hin ca quan h r (relation instance) trong lc quan h R l tp cc b tho tt c cc rng buc thuc ca lc quan h R (gi tt l th hin). Nu cho mt b t thuc th hin r ca lc quan h R, v X U={A1, A2, ..., An}, ta k hiu: t[X] l b t ch cha cc gi tr ca cc thuc tnh trong X. Cho lc quan h R, X U, X c gi l kho (key) ca lc quan h R nu tho mn hai iu kin sau: (1). Vi mi th hin r, v vi bt k hai b t1, t2 r sao cho: t1[X] = t2[X] suy ra t1[U]= t2[U] (hay t1=t2). (2). Khng tn ti tp X X (X l tp con thc s ca X) tho iu kin trn. Mt tp X tho iu kin (1) c gi l siu kho (super key) ca lc quan h R. c. Ph thuc hm nh ngha: Cho tp U l tp cc thuc tnh ca mt lc quan h R, X v Y l cc tp con ca U. Ta ni rng R tho ph thuc hm X Y (c l: X xc

216

nh Y, hoc Y ph thuc hm vo X) nu v ch nu: vi mi r l th hin ca R, vi mi t1, t2 r ta c: t1[X] = t2[X] ko theo t1[Y]= t2[Y]. V d: Trong quan h Nhn vin, ta c: M NV (H tn, qu qun, ngy sinh) tng ca ph thuc hm: mi phn t ca mt lp i tng no s c xc nh thng qua mt i din ca mt s lp i tng khc. V d: Cng nhn
MaCN
(1,1)

thuc

(0,n)

X nghip
MaXN

Vi quy tc qun l: "mi cng nhn lun thuc v mt x nghip no . Bit c mt cng nhn th s bit c x nghip". Ta c cc ph thuc hm: MaCN Hten MaXN TenXN Cng nhn X nghip

V d 2: Xt mi quan h 4 chiu trong HTTT qun l thi kha biu

PHNG HC MN HC

Dy hc GIO VIN LP HC

Ta c cc ph thuc hm:
(LP HC, MN HC) GIO VIN, (LP HC, MN HC) PHNG HC

Nu hai tp thc th c quan h ISA vi nhau, gi s (E 1 isa E2) th ta lun lun c E1E2

217

4.2 M hnh t chc d liu 4.2.1 Khi nim M hnh t chc d liu ca mt h thng thng tin cn gi l m hnh d liu logic. Hin nay, d liu c biu din di nhiu m hnh khc nhau: m hnh phn cp, m hnh mng, m hnh quan h, m hnh hng i tng. Tuy nhin, phn ln cc h qun tr c s d liu thng mi hin nay u s dng cc d liu theo m hnh quan h, nn m hnh t chc d liu c thit k y chnh l cc quan h m u vo ca chng l m hnh thc th - mi quan h ca h thng. y cng l bc trung gian chuyn i gia m hnh quan nim d liu (gn vi ngi s dng) v m hnh vt l d liu (m hnh trong my tnh), chun b cho vic ci t h thng. 4.2.2 Quy tc chuyn i Cho n nay c nhiu h thng thng tin, c bit l cc CSDL quan h, c thit k xut pht t m hnh ER. Theo cch ny, ngi ta xem qu trnh thit k mt CSDL phi tri qua ba giai on. u tin l giai on thit k m hnh khi nim, tip n l giai on thit k m hnh logic, v cui cng l giai on thit k CSDL vt l. Vic chuyn i mt m hnh ER thnh m hnh quan h l thuc giai on thit k m hnh logic t mt m hnh khi nim. lm c s cho vic chuyn i t m hnh quan h sang m hnh ER c bn n trong chng sau, mt phng php chuyn i truyn thng t m hnh ER sang m hnh quan h s c cp n trong phn ny. Phng php ny thng c s dng thit k cc CSDL quan h trong giai on thit k logic vi m hnh khi nim ban u l m hnh ER. Khi chuyn i t m hnh quan nim d liu sang m hnh t chc d liu chng ta theo cc quy tc di y. a. Chuyn cc tp thc tp thc th thnh cc quan h Quy tc 1: Mi tp thc th trong m hnh quan nim d liu c chuyn thnh mt quan h: c tn l tn l tn ca tp thc th; c thuc tnh v kha l

218

thuc tnh v kha ca tp thc th v c th c thm thuc tnh l kha ngoi nu c. V d: Tp thc th Nhn vin vi cc thuc tnh nh di y c chuyn thnh mt quan h nh sau: Nhn vin
- M NV - H NV - Tn NV -

Nhn vin (M NV , H NV, Tn NV, Ngy sinh)

Quy tc 2: Tp thc th tham gia vo mi quan h hai ngi khng c thuc tnh ring, c cp bn s (1,1) ----- (1,n) (mi quan h mt - nhiu) th quan h sinh ra bi tp thc th nhnh (1,1) s nhn thuc tnh kha ca tp thc th nhnh (1,n) lm kha ngoi. V d: Trong h thng thng tin Qun l cng chc, gia hai tp thc th Nhn vin v n v c mi quan h Thuc vi cp bn s (1,1) ----- (1,n) nh m t di y. Nhn vin
- M NV - H NV - Tn NV
(1,1) (1,n)

Thuc

n v
- M n v - Tn n v

c chuyn thnh cc quan h: Nhn vin (M NV , H NV,Tn NV, Ngy sinh, M n v) n v (M n v, Tn n v)

Ch , thuc tnh kha trong quan h, c gch di lin nt, thuc tnh kha ngoi c gch di khng lin nt. Quy tc3: Chuyn tp thc th con trong mi quan h ISA thnh quan h

219

Tp thc th con trong mi quan h ISA ca m hnh thc th mi quan h c chuyn thnh mt quan h: c tn l tn ca tp thc th con; c cc thuc tnh l cc thuc tnh ca tp thc th con; v c kha l kha ca tp thc th cha. V d 1: Mt trng i hc cn qun l cn b cng chc theo 3 i tng: cng chc bin ch, cn b hp ng di hn v cn b hp ng ngn hn. Mi cn b nhn vin c qun l cc thng tin: M nv, H tn, qu qun. Nu l cng chc bin ch th qun l thm: H s lng, ph cp, trnh chuyn mn (trung cp, cao ng. i hc, thc s, tin s). Nu l tin s th qun l thm: chuyn ngnh o to, ngy bo v, ni cp bng. Nu l cn b hp ng di hn th qun l thm: S hp ng, H s lng. Nu l cn b hp ng ngn hn th qun l: S hp ng, lng tha thun. Ty theo i tng, cng ty c cc cch tnh tin lng khc nhau.

V d 1: Vi s di y s c chuyn thnh cc quan h: B i

- Ngy NN
(1,1) (1,1) n

ISA 1

Nhn vin
- M NV - H NV

ISA n

ng vin
- Ngy V

B-CB
(1,n)

B-BC
(1,n)

Cp bc
- M CB

Binh chng
- M BC

c chuyn thnh: Binh chng (M BC, Tn BC) Cp bc (M CB, Tn CB)

220

ng vin (M NV,Ngy V, Ngy CT) B i (M NV,Ngy NN, Ngy XN, M CB , M BC,)

Nhn vin (M NV,H NV, Tn NV, Ngy sinh) Trong trng hp mt tp thc th l con ca hai tp thc th cha khc nhau th n phi c chuyn thnh hai quan h. Trng hp xy ra quan h ISA trong mt quan h ISA th quan h sinh ra t tp thc th "chu" nhn thuc tnh kha ca tp thc th " ng" lm thuc tnh kha. Cn b
M NV H tn
1 1 Qu qun 1

ISA
n

ISA
n

ISA
n

H di hn
S Hng HSL

Bin ch
HSL Ph cp Trnh
1

H ngn hn
S Hng Lng ISA
n

Tin s
Chuyn ngnh Ngy bo v

Nhn vin (M NV, H tn, Qu qun) Bin ch (M NV, HSL, Ph cp) H di hn (M NV, S Hng, HSL ) H ngn hn (M NV, S Hng, Lng) Tin s (M NV, Chuyn ngnh, Ngy bo v, Ni cp bng)

Ni cp bng

221

b. Chuyn i cc mi quan h Qui tc 4: a. Mi quan h hai ngi khng c thuc tnh ring, c cp bn s (1,1) ---(1,n) th khng chuyn thnh mt quan h. V d: Nhn vinM (1,1)
NV H NV Tn NV Thuc
(1,n)

n vM
n v Tn n v

Chuyn thnh:

Ngy sinh

Nhn vin (M NV , H NV,Tn NV, Ngy sinh, M n v) n v (M n v, Tn n v)

M t di dng bng:

b. Mi quan h hai ngi c thuc tnh ring, c cp bn s (1,1) ---- (1,n) th chuyn thnh mt quan h c tn l tn ca mi quan h, c thuc tnh l thuc tnh ca mi quan h v c kho l kho ca cc thc th tham gia vo mi quan h v kha ca mi quan h (nu c). V d: Nhn vin
- M NV - H NV - Tn NV
(1,1)

Thuc Nm

(1,n)

n v
- M n v - Tn n v

222

c chuyn thnh Nhn vin (M NV , H NV,Tn NV, Ngy sinh) n v Thuc (M n v, Tn n v) (M NV, M n v, Nm)

M t di dng bng:
1 n

Qui tc 5 Chuyn i mi quan h hai ngi 1-1 i vi mi quan h hai ngi c cp bn s (1,1)----(1,1) trong m hnh ER, ta xc nh cc quan h S v S tng ng vi cc tp thc th E v E tham gia vo mi quan h R. Khi , tu thuc vo s tham gia ca E v E i vi mi quan h R l ton b hay cc b (ch s cc tiu ca bn s ti cung ni tng ng trong s ER l 1 hay 0) m ta c cc chn la cch thc hin khc nhau cho vic chuyn i. Xt cch chuyn i mi quan h 1-1 nh sau: Trng hp 1 (khi c E v E tham gia ton b vo mi quan h) Ta gp cc quan h tng ng S v S thnh mt quan h T bao gm y cc thuc tnh ca S v S v tt c cc thuc tnh n tr ca mi quan h R. Chn kho chnh ca T l kho chnh ca S hoc S. V d: Trng khoaHTen
a ch
(1,1) (1,1)

Lnh o S nm

KhoaMK
hoa Tnkhoa ST
223

c chuyn thnh Lnh o (Mkhoa, HTen, a ch, Tnkhoa, ST, S nm) Trng hp 2: (ch c mt tp thc th tham gia ton b vo mi quan h) Thc hin vic gp cc quan h nh trng hp 1 nhng phi chn kho chnh ca T l kho chnh ca quan h tng ng vi tp thc th tham gia ton b vo mi quan h R. Ngc li, nu c E v E ch tham gia cc b vo mi quan h R (ch s cc tiu ca cc bn s ti cc cung ni tng ng u l 0), th ta khng th thc hin vic chuyn i mi quan h 1-1 theo cch ny, do kho ca mt quan h khng chp nhn gi tr null. Ngoi ra, ta cng gi thit rng cch thc hin ny s khng c s dng trong mi trng hp, bi v bn cht ca vic gp hai tp thc th thnh mt s lm mt ngha v vai tr ca cc tp thc th ny trong m hnh ER. Trng hp 3: (khi c E v E tham gia cc b vo mi quan h) Khi ta to thm mt quan h mi T nhm biu din mi quan h R. Cc thuc tnh trong T bao gm tt c cc thuc tnh n tr ca mi quan h R, v cc khongoi ca T ln lt tham chiu n cc kho chnh ca S v S. Ngoi ra chn kho chnh cho T l mt trong cc kho ngoi ny. V d: NamMna
m HTn nam a ch
(0,1)

Kt hn Ngy

(0,1)

NMn
HTn n ST

c chuyn thnh Nam (Mnam, HTn nam, a ch) N (Mn, HTn n, ST) Kt hn (Mnam, Mn, Ngy) Trng hp 4. (Thnh lp mt kho ngoi cho mt quan h) Chn mt trong hai quan h ny (nn u tin chn quan h c tp thc th tng ng tham gia ton b vo mi quan h R, hay ch s cc tiu ca cung ni tng ng l 1), gi s ta chn S, t b sung vo S tt c cc thuc
224

tnh n tr ca mi quan h R. ng thi b sung vo S kho ngoi ca S tham chiu n kho chnh ca S. Lu rng nu E v E u tham gia ton b vo mi quan h R, th kho ngoi F trn S ng thi cng l mt kho ca s. Mt hn ch ca cch chuyn i ny l: gi tr cc thuc tnh R v F ca mt s b trn S c th phi nhn gi tr null trong trng hp c E v E u khng tham gia ton b vo mi quan h R.

Qui tc 6: Mi quan h hai ngi c cp bn s (1,n) ---- (1,n) hay mi quan h nhiu hn hai ngi (khng phn bit bn s) c chuyn thnh mt quan h: c tn l tn ca mi quan h; c kha l kha ca tt c cc tp thc th tham gia vo mi quan h - c th c kha ring ca mi quan h - c thuc tnh l cc thuc tnh ring ca n (nu c). V d 1:
Gio vin
(1,n)

Dy

(1,n)

Sinh vin M SV H Tn Lp

M GV H Tn Trnh

Mi quan h Dy c chuyn thnh mt quan h sau: Dy(M GV, M SV) M t di dng bng:
1 n n 1

V d 2:
Phiu xut kho
(1,n)

Cha -S lng

(0,n)

Hng -M hng -Tn hng

225

-S phiu -Ngy

Mi quan h Cha c chuyn thnh mt quan h sau: Cha (S phiu, M hng, Slng) M t di dng bng:

1 n n

Qui tc 7: Mi quan h phn x ( quy) a. Mi quan h phn x dng (1,n) v khng c thuc tnh: Mi quan h phn x dng (1,n) v khng c thuc tnh c chuyn hnh mt quan h, c tn l tn ca mi quan h, c kha l kha ca tp thc th, c thm mt thuc tnh mi lm kha ngoi, thuc tnh mi ny nhn nhng gi tr thuc min gi tr ca kha tp thc th.
NHN VIN
(0,n)

-M NV -Tn NV -NSinh
(1,1)

Qun l

T quan h NHN VIN (M NV, Tn NV, NSinh) ban u tr thnh quan h

NHN VIN (M NV, Tn NV, NSinh, M ngi QL). Trong quan h ny, M ngi QL l kha ngoi c cng min gi tr vi M NV. Ngha l, vi mi nhn

vin c th, gi tr ca M ngi QL l m nhn vin ca ngi qun l m h trc thuc. b. Mi quan h phn x dng (n-n) hoc c thuc tnh ring Mi quan h dng ny c bin i thnh mt quan h c kha gm kha ca tp thc th v c mt thuc tnh thm vo tham chiu n kha ca tp thc th; c thuc tnh l cc thuc tnh ring ca mi quan h.

226

V d:

(0,n)

mc

Cha S lng

-S mc -Tn mc
(1,n)

-S trang Mi quan h Cha c chuyn thnh quan h Cha (S mc, S mc con,

S lng)

V d:
(0,1)

Cng chc

V chng Ngy ci

-M CC -Tn CC
(1,n)

Mi quan h V chng c chuyn thnh quan h:

V chng (M CC, M vchng, Ngy ci), trong gi tr ca M vchng

c gi tr c ly trong thuc tnh M CC ca quan h cng chc. 4.2.3. Thut ton chuyn i m hnh ER thnh cc quan h u vo ca thut ton chuyn i trong phng php ny l m hnh ER. Kt qu ca vic chuyn i ny l tp cc quan h v cc kho chnh (primary key) ca chng. Ngoi ra, nhm chi tit ho cc kt qu u ra ca thut ton chuyn i, cng nh xc nh r ng ngha mi quan h gia cc quan h (cc bng) bn trong m hnh quan h thu c, chng ta cn quan tm n vic xc nh r thng tin v tp cc kho ngoi (foreign keys) trn mi quan h kt qu, ng thi thc hin vic hnh thc ho thut ton chuyn i ny thng qua mt s nh ngha, k hiu quy c v cc thut ton ta Pascal. Cc quan h thu c c th xem l kt qu ca mt nh x t cc tp thc th v cc mi quan h tng ng. Thut ton thc hin vic nh x t m hnh ER vo m hnh quan h tri qua cc bc: chuyn i cc tp thc th, chuyn i mi quan h nh nguyn 1-1, chuyn i mi quan h nh nguyn 1 nhiu, chuyn i mi quan h nh nguyn nhiu-nhiu, chuyn i mi quan h a nguyn, chuyn i thuc tnh a tr, v chuyn i mi quan h is-a.
227

Trc tin, ta quy c mt s k hiu nh sau: ER: m hnh ER m ta mun thc hin vic chuyn i (u vo ca thut ton) DB: tp cc quan h trong m hnh quan h (u ra ca thut ton) UR : tp tt c cc thuc tnh ca quan h R E : tp tt c cc thuc tnh n tr ca tp thc th E R : tp tt c cc thuc tnh (n tr) ca mi quan h R PKR : kho chnh ca quan h R KE : tp cc thuc tnh kho ca tp thc th E FKR : tp tt c cc kho ngoi ca quan h R min(E; R), max(E; R): cc ch s cc tiu v cc i ca bn s trn cung ni tp thc th E vi mi quan h R Ngoi ra, ch FK l mt kho ngoi ca quan h R (tc: FK FKR) tham chiu n kho chnh ca quan h R ta s dng k hiu: FK PKR. Tn cc thuc tnh c trong FK c th khc so vi tn cc thuc tnh c trong PKR, nhng FK cn tho mn ng thi hai iu kin sau: (1). Cc thuc tnh trong FK c cng min tr vi cc thuc tnh trong PKR; (2). Gi tr ca FK ti mt b t thuc R ch c th l null hoc bng gi tr ca PKR ti mt b tno thuc R Cc iu kin trn ca kho ngoi FK c t mt rng buc ton vn tham chiu (referential integrity constraint) gia hai quan h R v R Lu rng, ch rng buc ton vn tham chiu ny, ng thi tn cc thuc tnh c trong FK phi trng tn vi cc thuc tnh tng ng c trong PKR, ta k hiu: FK PKR

228

Thut ton chuyn i t m hnh ER thnh m hnh quan h tri qua cc bc sau: Bc 1. Chuyn i cc tp thc th Tng ng vi mi tp thc th E trong ER, ta to ra mt quan h R cha tt c cc thuc tnh n tr ca tp thc th . i vi mi thuc tnh n tr v phc hp trn E phi c chuyn thnh cc thuc tnh n trn R. Chuyn i ny nhm cho php biu din mi thc th ca E bi mt b ca quan h R. Ta c: UR = E. Ngoi ra, chn PKR l mt trong nhng thuc tnh kho ca E. Ngha l: PKR = k, vi k KE. Nh vy, ta c thut ton chuyn i cc tp thc th nh sau. Thut ton 1.3. Chuyn i cc tp thc th Input: Output: Method: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. DB:= ; for mi tp thc th mnh E trong ER do To ra mt quan h R vi UR = E; Chn PKR = k, vi k KE; DB := DB {R}; endfor; Tp thc th E thuc ER Cc quan h R thuc DB v cc PKR tng ng

Bc 3. Chuyn i mi quan h nh nguyn 1-1 Thut ton 3.2. Chuyn i mi quan h 1-1 Input: Output: mi quan h Method:
229

Cc mi quan h 1-1 trn ER Cc quan h thuc DB km kho chnh, kho ngoi tng ng vi

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

for mi mi quan h R l quan h 1-1 trong ER do Xc nh cc tp thc th E v E tham gia vo mi quan h R; Xc nh cc quan h S v S tng ng vi cc tp thc th E v E; if min(E; R) = 0 and min(E; R) = 0 then To ra mt quan h mi T vi UT = R F F trong F FKT: F PKS v F FKT: F PKS;

6. 7. 8.

Chn PKT = F hoc F; Chn FKT = {F, F};

DB := DB {T}; 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. endif; endfor; endif; if min(E; R) = 1 then US:= US R F, vi F FKS: F PKS; FKS := FKS {F}; else (*khi : min(E; R) = 1*) US:= US R F, vi F FKT: F PKS; FKS := FKS {F};

Bc 3. Chuyn i mi quan h nh nguyn 1-nhiu Thut ton 3.3. Chuyn i mi quan h 1-nhiu Input: Output: mi quan h Method: Cc mi quan h 1-nhiu trn ER Cc quan h thuc DB km kho chnh, kho ngoi tng ng vi

230

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

for mi mi quan h R l quan h 1-nhiu trong ER do Xc nh cc tp thc th E (pha nhiu) v E (pha 1) tham gia vo mi quan h R; Xc nh cc quan h S v S tng ng vi cc tp thc th E v E; if min(E; R) = 0 then To ra mt quan h mi T vi UT = R F F trong F FKT: F PKS v F FKT: F PKS ;

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. endif; endfor; else

Chn PKT = F Chn FKT = {F, F}; DB := DB {T};

US:= US R F, vi F FKS: F PKS; FKS := FKS {F};

Bc 4. Chuyn i mi quan h nh nguyn nhiu-nhiu Thut ton 3.4. Chuyn i mi quan h nhiu-nhiu Input: Cc mi quan h nhiu-nhiu trn ER Output: Cc quan h thuc DB km kho chnh, kho ngoi tng ng vi mi quan h Method: 1. 2. for mi mi quan h R l quan h nhiu-nhiu trong ER do Xc nh cc quan h S v S tng ng vi cc tp thc th tham gia vo mi quan h R; 3. To ra mt quan h mi T vi UT = R F F vi F FKT: F PKS v F FKT: F PKS; 4. Chn PKT = F F;

231

5. 6. 7.

Chn FKT = {F, F}; DB := DB {T}; endfor; Nhn xt: Lu rng vic chuyn i mi quan h phn x R (hai vai

tr) trn cng mt tp thc th E l mt trng hp c bit ca cc mi quan h nh nguyn (1-1, 1-nhiu v nhiu-nhiu). C th, gi S l quan h tng ng vi tp thc th E. Khi , nu mi quan h phn x R l mi quan h 1-1 hoc 1-nhiu, th mt kho ngoi ca S tham chiu vo chnh kho chnh ca S s c b sung, cng vi tt c cc thuc tnh n tr ca mi quan h R. V nu mi quan h phn x R l mi quan h nhiu-nhiu th mt quan h mi T c to ra. Cc thuc tnh trong T gm hai kho ngoi ca T cng tham chiu (theo vai tr) n kho chnh ca S, v tt c cc thuc tnh n tr ca mi quan h R. Bc 6. Chuyn i mi quan h is-a Tng t nh mi quan h k tha trong m hnh hng i tng, mt tp thc th E c mi quan h is-a vi tp thc th E (k hiu l E is-a E) c ngha rng mt thc th thuc E th cng thuc E v tt c cc thuc tnh c trong E th cng c trong E. Cc thuc tnh b sung trn E nhm chi tit ho cc c im ca tp thc th E. V vy, E cn c gi l mt lp con ca E, hay E l lp cha ca E. Khi , vic chuyn i mi quan h is-a c thc hin nh sau: Xt mt tp thc th E c mi quan h is-a vi tp thc th E, ta ln lt xc nh cc quan h S v S tng ng vi cc tp thc th E v E. T b sung vo tp thuc tnh ca quan h S kho chnh PKS ng thi cng l kho ngoi tham chiu n kho chnh c cng tn trn quan h S. Tc l ta c: PKS FKS: PKS PKS ;

Thut ton 3.5. Chuyn i mi quan h is-a

232

Input: Cc mi quan h is-a trn ER Output: Cc quan h thuc DB km kho chnh, kho ngoi tng ng Method: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. for mi mi quan h E is-a E trong ER do Xc nh cc quan h S v S tng ng vi cc tp thc th E v E; US := US F , vi F FKS: F PKS ; PKS := F; FKS := FKS {F}; endfor; Lu rng, trn thc t c nhiu cch chuyn i mi quan h is-a gia cc lp con v mt lp cha. Chng hn, mt s phng php ch s dng mt quan h biu din lp cha v km thng tin v cc lp con, bng cch ghi nhn ng thi tt c cc thuc tnh ca tt c cc lp con trn . y chng ta ch nu mt phng php tiu biu cho bc chuyn i ny. Mc d phng php chuyn i ny c u im l gii quyt c hu ht cc kh nng v tnh k tha ca cc lp con, chng hn nh vic ti bi (overlapping). Tuy nhin, ng ngha ca mi quan h is-a l khng cn th hin r trong m hnh quan h thu c. Bn cnh , vic s dng nhiu quan h s i hi chi ph cho cc php kt ni t nhin i vi mt s cc truy vn. Ngc li, cc phng php ch s dng mt quan h biu din lp cha v cc lp con, mc d c nhc im l gy d tha d liu (xut hin nhiu gi tr null trn mt s thuc tnh i vi cc b thuc lp con khng c thuc tnh ), nhng s to thun li cho vic x l cng nh tit kim chi ph cc truy vn c thc hin trn quan h . Ngoi ra, chng ta cng c th pht hin ng ngha ca mi quan h is-a trn cc quan h da vo cc thut ton khai ph tri thc v cc lut lin quan n cc gi tr null.

233

4.2.3 M hnh t chc d liu M hnh t chc d liu, cn gi l m hnh c s d liu l ton b cc quan h ca bi ton c chuyn i t m hnh quan nim d liu theo cc quy tc chuyn i trn. V d 1: Chuyn m hnh quan nim v d liu sang m hnh t chc d liu ca HTTT "Qun l kho hng"
Nh CC Kho Khhng

M NCC
(1,n) Tn NCC

Tn kho
(1,n) ch kho

Mkhch
(1,n) Tn khch

ch NCC Nhp t

Cha Tn kho

ch khch Xut cho

(1,1)

(1,1)

(1,1)

Phiu nhp

(1,n)

Gm hng_N
SL nhp

(1,n)

Hng

(0,n)

Gm hng_X
SL_xut

(1,n)

PH XUT

S phiu N Ngy nhp

M hnh thc th -mi

M hng Tn hng n v n gi quan h ca

S phiu_X

bi ton "QL Kho hng"

Ngyxut

T m hnh trn cc quan h nhn c l

Nh CC Kho Khhng Phiu nhp Phiu xut Hng Gm hng_N Gm hng_X Cha (M NCC, Tn NCC, ch NCC) (Tn kho, ch kho) (M khch, Tn khch, ch khch) (S phiu_N, Ngy nhp, M NCC) (Sphiu_X, Ngy xut, Mkhch) (Mhng, Tnhng, nv, ngi, Tn kho) (Sphiu_N, Mhng, SL_nhp) (Sphiu_X, Mhng, SL_xut)

(Tn kho, Tn kho, M hng)

234

1 1

n n n n

1 1 n

V d 2: M hnh t chc d liu ca HTTT "Qun l Cng chc" TNH HUYN NG (M TNH, TN TNH) (M HUYN, TNHUYN, M TNH) (M NG, TN NG)

BINH CHNG (M BC, TN BC) CP BC (M CB ,TN CB) CC BINH (M CC, M BC, M CB, NGY NN, NGY XN)

CHC V (M CV, TN CV) C QUAN (M CQ, TN CQ) V CHNG (M CC, M V-C, NSINH V-C, M CV, M CQ, M NGH) NGH CON (M NGH, TN NGH) (M CON, NSINH CON, M CC, M NGH)

BLNG (M BL, HSL, M NGCH)

235

NGCH NC

(M NGCH, TN NGCH, TLL ) (M NC, TN NC)

NG VIN (M CC, NGY V, NGY CT, M TNH) LHT NG NG (M LHT, TN LHT) (M NN, TN NN)

DN TC (M DT, TN DT) TN GIO (M TG, TN TG) VN HA (M TVH, TN TVH) N V (M V, TN V)

CNG CHC (M CC, HTN CC, GTNH, NSINH, S NH, ON VIN,NGY

VO CQ, NGY BCH, TN CHA, TN M, M V, M NGCH, M LHT, M HUYN, M NG, M DT, M BL, M CV CHA, M CV M, M NGH CHA, M NGH M, M TG, M TVH)

NGH PHP (M CC, M TNH, NGY BD, NGY KT ) ANH EM QTL CC-NN CC-NN (M ANH, M EM) (M CC, M BL, NGY ) (M CC, M NC, NGY I, NGY V, L DO) (M CC, M NN, CP )

4.3 Chun ho v kim tra li m hnh ER 4.3.1 Mc ch ca chun ha Chun ha d liu l mt qu trnh chuyn mt cu trc d liu phc hp thnh cc cu trc d liu n gin, r rng v nhm cc mc ch sau: Ti u ha lu tr Trnh d tha d liu Thng tin nht qun m bo cc ph thuc d liu theo ng m hnh m vn khng lm tn tht thng tin.
236

4.3.2 nh ngha cc dng chun Dng chun 1 (1NF): Lc quan h R vi tp ph thuc hm F xc nh trn R c gi l dng chun 1 nu mi thuc tnh ca n l thuc tnh n (cc thuc tnh khng c nhu cu phn r trong cc x l- khng phi thuc tnh lp hoc thuc tnh phc hp). V d: Lc quan h NHANVIEN (MANV, HLOT, TEN, HSL) l dng chun 1 v cc thuc tnh ca n l cc thuc tnh n. Dng chun 2 (2NF): Lc quan h R vi tp ph thuc hm F xc nh trn R c gi l dng chun 2 nu n l dng chun 1 v mi thuc tnh khng kho phi ph thuc hm y vo kho chnh. Dng chun 3 (3NF): Ph thuc hm bc cu: cho lc quan h R v tp ph thuc hm F xc nh trn R; X, Y R, AR. Nu ta c: X Y , Y X, Y A v AXY th ta ni A ph thuc hm bc cu vo X. A c gi l thuc tnh ph thuc bc cu, Y l cc thuc tnh cu. nh ngha 1: Lc quan h R vi tp ph thuc hm F xc nh trn R c gi l dng chun 3 nu n l dng chun 2 v khng tn ti thuc tnh khng kho ph thuc hm bc cu vo kho. nh ngha 2: Lc quan h R vi tp ph thuc hm F xc nh trn R c gi l dng chun 3 nu mi ph thuc hm X A, AX ng trong R th X phi l siu kha hoc A l thuc tnh kha. 4.3.3 Chun ho cc lc quan h Chun ho l s phn tch mt lc quan h c cu trc d liu phc tp thnh cc lc quan h con mt dng chun quy c no , thng thng l dng chun 3. Trong thc t, ngay t lc ban u trong khi thit k d liu ngi phn tch thng gp tt c cc thuc tnh hnh thnh cc lc
237

quan h theo ch quan ca mnh. Cc lc nh th thng cha c chun ho nn thng mc phi nhng khim khuyt nh nu trn. a. Trng hp quan h cha l 1NF: Khi mt lc quan h khng l 1NF th n c cha thuc tnh lp. Khi ta tch lc quan h thnh hai lc quan h con: Lc quan h 1: gm cc thuc tnh lp v kho chnh xc nh chng. Lc quan h 2: gm cc thuc tnh cn li (n) v kho chnh. b. Trng hp lc quan h cha l 2NF Khi mt lc quan h l 1NF nhng khng l 2NF th trong lc quan h s tn ti thuc tnh khng kho ph thuc khng y vo kho chnh. Khi ta tch lc quan h thnh hai lc quan h con: Lc quan h 1: gm cc thuc tnh ph thuc khng y vo kho chnh v phn kho b ph thuc Lc quan h 2: gm cc thuc tnh cn li v kho chnh. c. Trng hp lc quan h cha l 3NF Khi mt lc quan h l 2NF nhng khng l 3NF th s tn ti ph thuc tnh lp thuc hm bc cu trong lc quan h. Khi ta tch lc quan h thnh
Tch cc thuc tnh lp Quan h vi cc

hai lc quan h con:

LcChun quan h 1: gm cc thuc tnh ph thuc bc cu v thuc tnh ho thnh cu.

1NF cc ph thuc Lc quan h 2: gm cc thuc tnhTch cn li v thuc tnh cu.

S chun ho
Chun ho thnh 2NF

hm b phn

Qu trnh chun ho c th m t bng s di y.

Tch cc ph thuc hm bc cu Chun ho thnh 3NF

238

4.3.4 Mt s v d v chun ho V d 1: Mt Cng ty s dng hai loi chng t sau y theo di cc hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh.
S Ti chnh Vt gi S ho n: A99999999

Cng ty X

N T HNG
Ngi t hng: a ch: Ngy t hng: (27 k t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) (45 k t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) dd/mm/yyyy

239

Stt
xx

Tn hng
C(15)

M t hng
C(30)

v tnh
C(10)

S lng
xxxxxx

..... ........................... .

............................... .

................. .

......................

S Ti chnh Vt gi

S phiu: A99999

Cng ty X

PHIU GIAO HNG

Tn khch hng: a ch: Ni giao hng: Ngy giao hng: STT
xx

(27 k t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) (45 k t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) (45 k t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) dd/mm/yyyy v tnh n gi Slng

C(10) N(5,0) N(4,0)

Tn hng
C(15)

Thnh tin
N(10,0)

.....

..........................

............... ............... ..............

....................

Hy thit k c s d liu (m hnh t chc v d liu) t cc ti liu trn qun l cc hot ng kinh doanh ca cng ty. Ch rng d liu phi c chun ho dng chun 3. Gii quyt vn a. Xc nh cc tp thc th, thuc tnh v thuc tnh nh danh: Cn tr li cc cu hi ni 3.4: i tng no c th lm tp thc th? Yu t thng tin g c th lm thuc tnh cho mt tp thc th? C hai tp thc th c xc nh t n t hng v Phiu giao hng l: KHCH v HNG.

240

 Tp thc th KHCH c hai thuc tnh l: Tn khch v a ch khch. C hai thuc tnh ny u khng th dng lm nh danh cho tp thc th, nn phi b sung thm thuc tnh M khch lm nh danh. Tp thc th HNG c ba thuc tnh l: Tn hng, n v tnh v M t hng. C ba thuc tnh ny cng khng th lm nh danh nn phi p t thuc tnh M hng lm nh danh cho tp thc th. b. Xc nh cc mi quan h gia cc tp thc th C th tm ty hai ng t trong cc hot ng ca h thng l: t hng v Giao hng. xc nh cc tp thc th v thuc tnh cho mi quan h ta t cc cu hi chung quanh ng t : Ci g c t hng (hoc Giao hng)? Ai t hng (hoc Giao hng)? t hng (hoc Giao hng) nh th no? hin qua S ho n t hng (hoc Giao hng) bao nhiu? S lng t (giao) v n gi t hng (hoc Giao hng) khi no? t hng (hoc Giao hng) u? T ta c, hai mi quan h vi cc thuc tnh nh sau: Mi quan h t gia hai tp thc th KHCH v HNG vi cc thuc tnh: S ho n, Ngy t, S lng t. Mi quan h Giao gia hai tp thc th HNG v KHCH vi cc thuc (1,n)
t

HNG KHCH bng n hng th

Ngy t (Giao) Ni giao

KHCH
giao

tnh: S phiu giao, Ni giao, Ngy giao, S lng giao, n gi hng

(1,n)

S ho n

(1,n)

HNG

Ngy t hng S lng t Giao S phiu giao Ni giao Ngy giao

(1,n)

M khch c. Xy dng m hnh thc th - mi quan h (ER) Tn khch a ch

M hng Tn hng n v M t hng

241

n gi hng giao

d. Chuyn t m hnh ER sang m hnh quan h KHCH HNG t (M khch,Tn khch, a ch) (M hng, Tn hng, n v, M t hng)

(S ho n, M khch, M hng, Ngy t hng, S lng t)

Giao (S phiu giao, M khch, M hng, Ni giao, Ngy giao, S lng giao, n gi hng) e. Chun ho cc lc quan h nhn c thnh 3NF chun ho cc lc quan h c c chng ta c th xc nh cc ph thuc hm v s dng L thuyt chun ho c s d liu tch cc lc quan h thnh cc lc con dng chun 3. Chng ta cng c th chun ho bng cch phn r dn mt lc quan h thnh cc cc lc con 1NF, 2NF, 3NF theo nh cch di y: Chun ho d liu t N T HNG 0NF S ho n M khch Tn khch a ch Ngy t hng 1NF S ho n M khch Tn khch a ch Ngy t hng 2NF S ho n M khch Tn khch a ch Ngy t hng M khch 3NF S ho n Ngy t hng M khch

242

M hng(lp) Tn hng(lp) M t hng(lp) n v tnh(lp)

S ho n M hng Tn hng M t hng

S ho n M hng S lngt

Tn khch a ch S ho n

S lngt (lp) n v tnh S lngt

M hng Tn hng M t hng n v tnh

M hng S lngt

M hng Tn hng M t hng n v tnh

Chun ho d liu t PHIU GIAO HNG 0NF S phiu Ni giao hng Ngy giao hng M khch Tn khch hng a ch M hng(lp) Tn hng(lp) n v tnh(lp) n gi Slng giao (lp) S phiu M hng Tn hng n v tnh n gi M hng S phiu M hng Slng giao S phiu M hng Slng giao 1NF S phiu Ni giao hng Ngy giao hng M khch Tn khch hng a ch 2NF S phiu Ni giao hng Ngy giao hng M khch Tn khch hng a ch M khch Tn khch hng a ch 3NF S phiu Ni giao hng Ngy giao hng M khch

243

Slng giao

Tn hng n v tnh n gi

n gi

M hng Tn hng n v tnh

KHCH (M khch,Tn khch,a ch) N HNG (S ho n, Ngy t hng, M khch) DNG N HNG (S ho n, M hng, S lngt) PHIU GIAO HNG (S phiu, Ni giao hng, Ngy giao hng, M khch) DNG PHIU (S phiu, M hng, Slng giao, n gi) HNG (M hng, Tn hng, n v tnh) T cc kt qu chun ho, chng ta c c m hnh d liu quan h nh sau:

n n

244

n n 1 1

V d 2: Chun ho mt chng t xut trong bi ton Qun l kho hng HO N (Kim phiu xut kho) s phiu:________

H tn ngi mua hng: Nguyn vn Nam Tn i l: Hoa hng a ch: Mc ch: 45 Trn Hng o bun bn

S CMND: 1209234567

MHN G

TNHNG

VTNH S LNG

N GI THTIN

A01 B02

ng trng Bt m

Kg Kg

200 50

5000 6000

1000000 300000

0NF
SPHIUXUT NGY NGI MUA NGY

1NF
SPHIUXUT NGI MUA NGY

2NF
SPHIUXUT NGI MUA NGY

3NF
SPHIUXUT MCCH

245

IL SCMND ACH MCCH TNHNG (lp) MHNG (lp) NV (lp) NGI (lp) SLNG (lp)

IL SCMND ACH MCCH SPHIUXUT TNHNG MHNG NV NGI SLNG

IL SCMND ACH MCCH SPHIUXUT MHNG SLNG MHNG TNHNG NV NGI

SCMND NGI MUA IL SCMND ACH SPHIUXUT MHNG SLNG MHNG TNHNG NV NGI

V d 3: Chun ho mt chng t nhp trong bi ton Qun l kho hng

Cng ty Hi H Kho Nguyn liu

PHIU NHP KHO

Ngy .....

S phiu: 015

H tn ngi giao: T th p

a ch: 16 Phan nh Phng

n v: Cng ty Nng sn thc phm Tnh TT Hu Theo Hp ng s: 1234/KT

Stt Tn hng M hng n v

Ngy 12/10/2004
n gi S lng Thnhtin

1 2 3

ng RE Bt m Php Sa H lan ...

C09 B14 B16 ... ...

Kg Kg Lit

5000 2500 8000 ...

12000 5000 1500

60000000 12500000 12000000 ...

Tng cng:
Ngi giao Ngi kim tra Th kho

84500000
Th trng

246

0NF
SPHIUNHP MS_NCC TN_NCC ACH_NCC NGY TNHNG (lp) MHNG (lp) NVTNH (lp) NGI (lp) SLNG (lp)

1NF
SPHIUNHP MS_NCC TN_NCC ACH_NCC NGY SPHIUNHP TNHNG MHNG NVTNH NGI SLNG

2NF
SPHIUNHP MS_NCC TN_NCC ACH_NCC NGY SPHIUNHP MHNG SLNG TNHNG MHNG NVTNH NGI

3NF
SPHIUNHP MS_NCC NGY MS_NCC TN_NCC ACH_NCC SPHIUNHP MHNG SLNG TNHNG MHNG NVTNH NGI

V d 3: Phn tch thit k h thng thng tin " Qun l th vin trng HKH Hu" Nghin cu hin trng Th vin trng HKH Hu qun l khong 800.000 u sch v tp ch, phc v cho hc sinh, sinh vin ca trng. Sinh vin c th mn sch c ti ch hoc v nh. phc v c gi nhanh, gn v chnh xc, th vin cn tin hc ha cng vic qun l danh mc sch v qun l c gi ca mnh. Vic phn cp qun l ca th vin theo tng b phn nh sau: Gim c th vin: iu hnh chung ton b cc cng tc trong th vin.

247

Th th: c trch nhim cp nht thm sch bo v qun l c gi ca mnh. Hy b cc sch n thi im c thanh l khi danh mc, sp xp sch trong phng cha sch theo tng khu vc, k sch sao cho c th d dng tm kim khi c c gi mn. Ngoi ra nh k th th cn phi lp bo co thng k tnh hnh mn sch, thng k c gi, t xc nh c cc sch, ch sch c nhiu c gi s dng, ri c k hoch b sung sch mi mt cch hp l. B phn phc v c gi: c trch nhim cp th c gi, lp cc phiu mn sch, tr sch, kim tra t cch c gi, in phiu i sch cho nhng c gi tr hn, hy b cc c gi qu hn ng k. Cc nhim v ca h thng: Th vin trng HKH Hu gm 4 nhim v chnh: Qun l sch: bao gm nhp sch, hy sch khi danh mc. Qun l c gi: cp hoc hy th c gi Qun l vic mn tr sch: tra cu, cho mn sch, nhn li sch tr, i sch tr hn, kim tra t cch c gi. Bo co thng k: thng k sch, thng k c gi v tnh hnh mn sch. a. Chun ho d liu t Th qun l sch: TH QUN L SCH
M s sch: . . . . . . . . . . Nhan : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tp: . . . . . . . S trang: . . . . . . . . . . . . . S lng: . . . . . . . . . . Nm xut bn: . . . . . . M ngn ng: . . . . . . . . . Ngn ng: . . . . . . . . . . M NXB: . . . . . . . . . . Nh xut bn: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M phn loi: . . . . . . . Phn loi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M tc gi: . . . . . . . . . Tc gi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M v tr: . . . . . . . . Khu vc: . . . . . . .K: . . . . . .. Ngn: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0NF M s sch 1NF M s sch 2NF M s sch 3NF M s sch

248

Nhan S trang S lng Nm xut bn M ngn ng Ngn ng M phn loi Phn loi M nhm sch Nhm sch M tc gi Tc gi a ch tc gi ST tc gi M NXB NXB Nm XB a ch NXB ST NXB M v tr Khu vc K Ngn Ln XB Ngy nhp S ln mn

Nhan S trang S lng Nm xut bn M ngn ng Ngn ng M phn loi Phn loi M nhm sch Nhm sch M tc gi Tc gi a ch tc gi ST tc gi M NXB NXB Nm XB a ch NXB ST NXB M v tr Khu vc K Ngn Ln XB Ngy nhp S ln mn

Nhan S trang S lng Nm xut bn M ngn ng M phn loi M phn loi M nhm sch M tc gi M NXB M v tr Ln XB Ngy nhp S ln mn

Nhan S trang S lng Nm xut bn M ngn ng M phn loi M phn loi M nhm sch M tc gi M NXB M v tr Ln XB Ngy nhp S ln mn

M ngn ng Ngn ng

M ngn ng Ngn ng

M phn loi Phn loi

M phn loi Phn loi

M nhm sch M phn loi Nhm sch

M nhm sch M phn loi Nhm sch

M tc gi

M tc gi
249

Tc gi a ch tc gi ST tc gi

Tc gi a ch tc gi ST tc gi

M NXB NXB Nm XB a ch NXB ST NXB

M NXB NXB Nm XB a ch NXB ST NXB

M v tr Khu vc K Ngn

M v tr Khu vc K Ngn

c. Chun ho d liu t Th c gi:

TH C GI
S th: . . . . H tn:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Khoa: . . . . . . . . . . . . PHIU . . . Lp: . . . . . . SCH . . . . . . . . . . . .. MN a ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S th:. . . . . . . . . . . S phiu mn. . . . . . . . .

H v ho tn:d . . liu . . . t . . Phiu . . . . .mn . . . . sch ........ d. Chun n v: . . . . . . . . . . a ch: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[ ] Mn v nh [ ] c ti ch
250

Stt

M s sch

Tn sch

Tc gi

M loi

0NF
M phiu mn M s c gi Tn c gi Khoa Lp a ch ST M s sch (lp) Tn sch (lp) Tc gi (lp) M loisch (lp) M phn loi(lp) Phn loi (lp) Hnh thc mn Ngy mn

1NF
M phiu mn Ngy mn Hnh thc mn M s c gi Tn c gi Khoa Lp a ch ST M phiu mn M s sch Tn sch Tc gi M loisch M phn loi Phn loi

2NF
M s c gi Ngy mn Hnh thc mn M s c gi Tn c gi Khoa Lp a ch ST M phiu mn M s sch Tn sch Tc gi M phn loi Phn loi

3NF
M s c gi Tn c gi Khoa Lp a ch ST

4.4 Rng buc ton vn

251

Rng buc ton vn trong mt c s d liu l mt quy lut bt bin m tt c cc quan h trong c s d liu y phi tun theo. Rng buc ton vn thng c m t bng mt tn t. Mt c s d liu c th c nhiu rng buc ton vn khc nhau, mi rng buc ton vn lin quan n mt s quan h ca c s d liu. Tp cc rng buc ton vn ny do ngi thit k c s d liu t ra khi thit k h thng hoc do h qun tr c s d liu quy nh. Tu theo tnh cht, rng buc ton vn c phn thnh nhiu loi khc nhau. a. Rng buc ton vn trn thuc tnh . Rng buc ni ti: rng buc ny i hi gi tr ca cc b ca quan h ti thuc tnh b rng buc phi c xc nh (NOT NULL). V d, thuc tnh HTN trong quan h NHNVIN phi c xc nh trong tt c cc b ca quan h. Kho cng l mt trng hp ca loi rng buc ny. . Rng buc v min gi tr ca thuc tnh : rng buc ny yu cu gi tr thuc tnh ca quan h phi thuc mt min cho php no . V d: - Thuc tnh IMTBNH trong quan h SINHVIN c rng buc ton vn l: 0 IMTBNH 10. - Thuc tnh TNGNG trong quan h NHNVIN c rng buc: cc gi tr c th c ca thuc tnh ny phi trong danh sch (A, B, C, c nhn, thc s, tin s). . Rng buc v gi tr mc nh: loi rng buc c ch nh gi tr c th cho mt thuc tnh. V d, thuc tnh GIITNH c gi tr mc nh l T; NGYHON c gi tr mc nh l ngy hin ti. b. Rng buc ton vn trn cc b ca quan h Rng buc ny th hin bng mt tn t hoc mt cng thc cp n cc gi tr ca nhiu thuc tnh ca mt b. V d: . Trong bng KHCHHNG ca Cty in bo in thoi c thuc tnh ST c quy c nh sau: nu s in thoi bt u bng s ba s 090 th

252

khch hng s dng in thoi Mobiphone, nu s in thoi bt u bng s 091 th khch hng s dng in thoi Vinaphone. . Trong bng NHNS ca i hc Hu, thuc tnh MANV c quy c c 6 k t: hai k t u ch m trng trc thuc, hai k t tip theo ch m n v, hai k t cui ch s th t ca nhn vin trong n v. V d, KH0201 . c. Rng buc v kho Gi s K l kho ca lc quan h R trong c s d liu D th kho ca R s to ra mt rng buc trn tp cc quan h ca lc quan h R theo ngha nh sau: Vi mi quan h r trn lc quan h R, u, v l hai b bt k trn r th lun lun c u[K] v[K]. V d: Lc quan h DIEM(MSSV, MSMH, DIEMTHI, LANTHI) trong K= {MSSV, MSMH, LANTHI} l kho th trn lc ny ta c rng buc kho l: t1, t2 DIEM t1[K] t2[K] d. Rng buc ton vn trn nhiu quan h . Rng buc v kho ngoi . Rng buc ton vn tham chiu

4.5 M hnh t chc v x l 4.5.1 Mc ch: M hnh t chc v x l nhm xc nh r cc cng vic do ai lm, lm u, lm khi no, lm theo phng thc no? mc ny ngi phn tch s t cc cng vic trong m hnh quan nim v x l vo tng ni lm vic c th ca mi trng thc. 4.5.2 Cc khi nim a. Ni lm vic: mt h thng thng tin qun l c chia thnh nhiu b phn, mi b phn c gi l mt ni lm vic. Ni lm vic bao gm: v tr, con ngi, trang thit b ti ni lm vic .

253

b. Phng thc x l: l cch thc, phng tin thc hin cng vic. Mi cng vic c th c thc hin bi mt trong ba phng thc x l: X l th cng: cng vic do con ngi trc tip thao tc trn i tng lm vic. X l ny thng c thc hin trong trng hp cc quyt nh khng c gii thut hoc khng y thng tin, hoc kh cao cha c phng tin k thut t ng x l. V d, ghi s in hng thng ti cc h gia nh. X l t ng (x l theo l) : kiu x l bng my, do con ngi cung cp thng tin u vo my t ng thc hin cng vic. y l loi x l c gii thut v d liu y . V d, lm bo co tn kho, lm ha n xut hng,... X l tng tc ngi -my: l kiu x l bng my nhng trong qu trnh x l phi c nhng giai on cung cp thng tin ca ngi s dng. c. Bin c mc t chc: l bin c ca h thng nhng c t ni pht sinh ra n hay l ni nhn bit n. mc t chc, mt bin c cn phi quan tm: Thi gian phn ng: l thi gian ti a c ch i t khi bin c xut hin cho n khi cng vic c kch hot. Tn sut: l tn s xut hin bin c trong mt n v thi gian. Chu k: l khong thi gian m bin c s xut hin tr li

4.4.2 Bng cng vic mc t chc cng vic phi c xc nh r: ni lm vic, phng thc lm vic, tn sut v chu k ca n. Cc t trng ny c th hin trong bng cng vic sau y: Bng cng vic
STT Tn cng vic Ni thc hin Phng thc Tn sut Chu k

1 2 V d: Bng cng vic ca bi ton "QL tuyn sinh"

254

Bng cng vic

STT Tn cng vic Ni thc hin Phng thc Tn sut Chu k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Thng bo TS Nhn h s d thi nh SBD Lp danh sch TS In Giy bo thi Gi Giy bo thi Thi tuyn sinh Lm phch Chm thi Nhp im Rp phch Thng k im Lp DS xt tuyn Xt tuyn In giy bo kqu TB kqu

Ban Gim hiu Phng o to Phng o to Phng o to Phng o to Phng o to Phng o to Phng o to Gio vin Phng o to Phng o to Phng o to Phng o to Ban Gim hiu Phng o to Phng o to

Th cng Th cng T ng T ng T ng Th cng Th cng T ng Th cng Th cng T ng T ng T ng Th cng T ng Th cng

1ln/nm 1ln/nm 1ln/nm 1ln/nm 1ln/nm 1ln/nm 1ln/nm 1ln/nm 1ln/nm 1ln/nm 1ln/nm 1ln/nm 1ln/nm 1ln/nm 1ln/nm 1ln/nm

1 nm 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm

4.4.4 M hnh t chc v x l M hnh lin hon cc bin c v cc cng vic ca h thng. Cc bin c v cc cng vic ny c t ti mt v tr lm vic c th:

255

V tr 1
Bin c 1

V tr 2

V tr 3

V tr 4
Bin c 4

V tr 5

CNG VIC 2 CNG VIC 1

NO

YES
Bin c

NO

YES
Bin c 3 Bin c 5

Bin c 2

CNG VIC 3

NO
Bin c 7

YES
Bin c 8

Nhng bin c no khng xut pht t mt ni lm vic no khng c trong danh sach cc v tr, ta t gia hai ng phn cch.

256

V d: M hnh t chc x l ca bi ton "QL Tuyn sinh" X hi

u nm

BGH

P.o to
C ch tiu TS

Khoa

Gio vin

Thng bo TS

Trong thi hn np HS

YES
Thng bo pht

Nhn HS d thi

NO
H s b t chi

YES
Ht hn np HS

DS th sinh

nh SBD

YES
DS TSinh c Phng thi SBD

Lp DSTS-PT

YES
DS TSinh Phng thi

Lch thi

In Giy BT

YES
Giy BT in

257

X hi

BGH

P.o to
Gi Giy BT

Khoa

Gio vin

YES
Giy BT nhn

NO
Giy BT Bi thi TS khng nhn

Thi tuyn sinh

NO

YES
Bn hdn nh DS phch TS vng sinh thi
Bi thi b loi Bi thi nh Lch chm thi phch

nh phch BT

NO

YES

Chm thi

YES
Bi thi chm xong Bi thi

NO

Rp phch BT

b loi

NO
S phch vng thi

YES
Kt qu thi

Chm thi xong

Thng k im

NO
DS TS b loi

YES (2)

258

(2)
Kt qu thi ThK

Lp DS ng h x
DS TS b loi

DS TS ngh tuyn

Ch tiu TS

Xt tuyn

NO
DS TS b trt

YES
DS TS trng tuyn

In Giy bo KQ

YES

Giy bo kt qu thi

Gi Giy bo KQ

NO

YES

Chng 5

MC VT L CA HTTT

mc t chc, khi xem xt m hnh c s d liu thc cht chng ta ch quan tm n cu trc l gic ca d liu. Cu trc c th hin mt cch

259

c lp vi my tnh v cc phn mm qun tr d liu c th. Mc vt l s l th hin c th trn my tnh cho gii php d liu c la chn. N c th hin hai kha cnh: cu trc d liu c th v phng thc truy nhp. Cng nh hai mc kho st trc, mc vt l c m t qua hai m hnh: m hnh vt l v d liu v m hnh vt l v x l. 5.1 M hnh vt l v d liu 5.1.1 Thit k c s d liu vt l Thit k c s d liu vt l l bc cui cng ca giai on thit k d liu. Qu trnh thit k c s d liu vt l l qu trnh nh x cu trc d liu logic c xy dng m hnh t chc d liu vo m hnh bn trong h thng. a s cc h thng thng tin hin nay u s dng mt h qun tr c s d liu no to ra c s d liu cho h thng. Thit k c s d liu vt l bao gm cc bc sau: Thit k c s d liu: m t cc file d liu, file ch mc,... s c truy cp trong b nh my tnh nh th no. Thit k h thng v cu trc chng trnh : m t cc chng trnh v cc m un chng trnh khc nhau tng ng vi s lung d liu v nhng yu cu t ra trong cc bc phn tch trc. Thit k chin lc x l phn tn: m t h thng x l d liu nh th no v cc x l cho ngi s dng trn mng my tnh. Thng thng, ngi ta s dng cc thng tin di y to c s d liu vt l: Cc quan h chun ho nh ngha cc thuc tnh Cc m t cho bit u v khi no d liu c s dng (c, sa cha, xo,...) Cc cng ngh c s dng trin khai vic xy dng c s d liu.

260

Mc d trong giai on thit k d liu chng ta c gng chun ha cc lc quan h vi hy vng l cc lc u dng chun 3, nhng khi ci t c th cc file d liu tin li chng ta c th b sung vo mt s trng tnh ton, hnh thnh mt s trng phc hp, a vo mt s trng c phn r t mt trng khc. Thm ch, c th ghp hai lc dng chun 3, ph v ngha ca chun ha, tin vic x l. Hin nay nhiu cng c CASE c lp hoc c tch hp trong mt s h qun tr c s d liu h tr cho qu trnh thit k c s d liu. Trn c s cu trc d liu vt l c cung cp, cc CASE s to ra cc h thng file cn thit phc v cho hot ng ca h thng. Chng hn, Designer ca Oracle, SQL,... Tp hp tt c cc quan h c hnh thnh t m hnh t chc d liu, cc file phc v cho hot ng ca h thng c gi l m hnh vt l v d liu ca h thng thng tin. 5.1.2 Thit k cc trng mc vt l, mt trng c ng nht vi mt thuc tnh trong m hnh t chc d liu. Trng l n v d liu nh nht mt phn mm h thng nhn ra. Cc yu cu v vic thit k cc trng - Tit kim khng gian nh - Biu din c mi gi tr c th - Ci t cc rng buc ton vn ca d liu - t gi tr mc nh (Default) gim thiu thi gian nhp d liu Chn kiu d liu v rng ca trng Hu ht cc h qun tr c s d liu thng mi u cung cp cho ngi dng cc kiu d liu thng dng nh: text, number, logical, date, time,... Khi chn kiu d liu v rng trng nn chn ng kiu v

261

khai bo rng va , khng nn lm phc tp cu trc d liu ca h thng. 5.1.2 Thit k cc file Mt h thng thng tin hot ng thng s dng su loi file di y: File d liu (data file): file cha cc d liu nghip v lin quan n m hnh logic d liu v m hnh vt l d liu. Loi file ny lun tn ti v c ni dung thay i. V d, file cha cc thng tin v khch hng, file cha cc thng tin v sch trong th vin,... File tham chiu t bng (lookup table file): file cha cc d liu c ly t cc bng d liu. Nhng file ny thng s dng trong cc trng hp ly d liu nhanh kt xut thng tin. File giao dch ( transaction file): l file d liu tm thi phc v cho cc hot ng hng ngy ca t chc. File ny thng c thit k phc v vic x l nhanh cc tnh hung c th xy ra. File lm vic (work file): file tm thi lu kt qu trung gian, file ny t ng xo i khi khng cn thit. File bo v (protection file): file c thit k lu tr cc file khc nhau c nguy c b sai hng trong qu trnh lm vic. File lch s (history file): file cha nhng d liu c hin khng s dng, nhng c th s dng lm mt vic g khi cn thit. 5.1.3 Cc h qun l file File l n v lu tr ca b nh ngoi di mt h iu hnh no . Mi thng tin lu trn b nh ngoi u c t chc thnh tng file. V bn cht thng tin, file c th l vn bn, chng trnh, d liu,... nhng d th no chng ch l dy cc bit d liu. Qun l file l thc hin cc thao tc nh lu tr, tm kim, di chuyn, xa, thit lp thuc tnh cho file. Mc d cc thao tc ny c thc hin thng qua h iu hnh nhng trn thc t c nhiu phn mm c s dng qun l
262

cc file d dng v tin li hn. Ch rng khng c s tng hp gia kch thuc file v b nh trong nn khi c/ghi mt file h iu hnh s dng chin lc b nh m lu hnh nh ca file hoc mt on ca file trong b nh ny. 5.1.4 Cc cu trc d liu v phng thc truy nhp a. T chc file tun t v truy nhp tun t: Cc bn ghi trong file c sp xp lin tip nhau. Vic truy nhp n mt ni no trong file c thc hin theo th thc duyt ln lc cho n khi gp bn ghi cn tm. Cch ny thng mt thi gian nhng trong mt s trng hp l cch duy nht tm kim thng tin. b. Truy nhp ngu nhin theo hm bm Trong trng hp ny cc bn ghi c chia thnh nhiu khi c di nh nhau v ngi ta xy dng mt hm bm cho php tnh a ch ca khi d liu cha bn ghi theo kha ca bn ghi . c. Truy nhp theo file ch mc Cc bn ghi cc file c th sp xp ty . Mt file ch mc c to ra cho php xc nh c v tr ca mi bn ghi c th trong file gc. Nhc im ca phng php ny l phi tn khng gian lu file ch mc 5.1.5 Thit k kim sot cc file Nhm bo v d liu v chng li s ph hy ca ngi khc thng thng ngi ta s dng hai bin php k thut l sao lu v m ha file d liu. a. Th tc sao lu file Cc file quan trng cn c lu tr vo mt thit b ring theo mt chu k c xc nh, khi cn s ly ra s dng. T vic nghin cu h thng, hoc t kinh nghim chng ta c th quyt nh cc file no cn sao lu. Vic t chc sao lu cng c th thc hin bi phn mm tr gip, phn mm ny c nhim v nhc nh ngi s dng cng vic sao lu.
263

b. t mt khu cho chng trnh v m ho ni dung file Nhm bo m an ton ni dung cc file, nht l mt s ng dng v qun s, ti chnh,... thng thng ngi ta t mt khu (password) hoc m ha ni dung file. File ch c th c m ra lm vic nu ngi s dng a dung mt khu. M ha ni dung file l chuyn cch biu din d liu ca file sang mt dng khc. Nhiu h iu hnh v phn mm qun l d liu cung cp cng c m ha v gii m d liu. 5.1.6 Xc nh quy m file v khng gian lu tr cn thit Mt v d v thit k file d liu Trong h thng thng tin Qun l kho hng chng ta c m hnh t chc d liu ca h thng l cc quan h sau: Nh CC Kho Khhng Phiu nhp Phiu xut Hng Gm hng_N Gm hng_X Cha
(M NCC, Tn NCC, ch NCC) (Tn kho, ch kho) (M khch, Tn khch, ch khch) (S phiu_N, Ngy nhp, M NCC) (Sphiu_X, Ngy xut, Mkhch) (Mhng, Tnhng, nv, ngi, Tn kho) (Sphiu_N, Mhng, SL_nhp) (Sphiu_X, Mhng, SL_xut)

(Tn kho, Tn kho, M hng)

Da vo cc kho st trc y v cc quan h trn hy m t chng di dng cc khai bo sau:

NHA_CC Fieldname
MA_NCC (K) TEN_NCC

Data type Text Text

Field size 2 30

Format Ch hoa

Validation Rule Len()=2

Ch u vit hoa Not null

264

CHI_NCC

Text

50

Ch u vit hoa

KHO Fieldname
TENKHO (K) DCHI_KHO

Data type Text Text

Field size 8 25

Format Ch hoa Ch u vit hoa

Validation Rule

KHHANG Fieldname
MAKHACH (K) TENKHACH CHI_KHACH

Data type Text Text Text

Field size 3 30 50

Format Ch hoa

Validation Rule Len()=3

Ch u vit hoa Not null Ch u vit hoa

PHIEUXUAT Fieldname
SOPHIEU_X (K) MAKHACH (FK) NGAYXUAT

Data type Text Text Date

Field size 8 3 8

Format Ch s Ch hoa dd-mm-yy

Validation Rule Len()=8 Len()=3

PHIEUNHAP Fieldname
SOPHIEU_N (K) MA_NCC (FK) NGAYNHAP

Data type Text Text Date

Field size 8 2 8

Format Ch s Ch hoa dd-mm-yy

Validation Rule Len()=8 Len()=2

HANG

265

Fieldname
MAHANG (K) TENHANG DONVI DONGIA

Data type Field size Text Text Text Num 4 30 6 7 8

Format

Validation Rule

Ch hoa+Ch s Len()=6 Ch u vit hoa Not null Ch u vit hoa S nguyn Ch hoa

TENKHO (FK) Text

HANGNHAP Fieldname Data type Field size 8 4 4 Format Ch s Validation Rule Len()=8

SOPHIEU_N (K) Text MAHANG (K) SL_NHAP

Text Num

Ch hoa+Ch s Len()=6 S nguyn

HANGXUAT Fieldname Data type Field size 8 4 4 Format Ch s Validation Rule Len()=8

SOPHIEU_X (K) Text MAHANG (K) SL_XUAT

Text Num

Ch hoa+Ch s Len()=6 S nguyn

CHUA Fieldname
TENKHO (K) TONKHO MAHANG (K)

Data type Text Num Text

Field size 8 6 4

Format Ch hoa S nguyn

Validation Rule

Ch hoa+Ch s Len()=6
266

5.2 M hnh vt l v x l (mc tc nghip) 5.2.1 Mc ch: M hnh ny tr li cho cu hi cui cng l: cc cng vic hot ng nh th no? T m hnh t chc x l c, ngi phn tch s tin hnh xem xt, bin cc chc nng, cng vic thnh cc n v chng trnh. ng vi mi n v chng trnh ny ngi phn tch phi vit mt c t chi tit chun b cho vic lp trnh. 5.2.2 M un x l M un x l l th hin cc cng vic c lin quan vi nhau v c thc hin lin mch nhm thc hin mt chc nng no . Ni chung tiu chun xc nh mt m un x l kh m, n ch nu ln phng hng phn r chc nng m khng xc nh chnh xc quy m ca cc m un. Thng thng mt m un x l th hin mt cng on c bn cht l cp nht hoc tra cu d liu v thao tc trn mt nhm d liu nh. V d, Chc nng lm phiu xut kho s bao gm cc m un sau: - Tra cu danh sch cc i l kim tra khch hng - Kim tra hng tn kho - Ly yu cu lp phiu xut v cp nht tn kho 5.2.3 Phn r m un d dng trong vic m ho, ci t chng trnh v sa cha chng trnh, ngi ta phn r mt m un thnh nhiu m un con. Mt m un con phn r n lc khng th tch thm c na c gi l m un s cp. Tuy nhin, vic phn r ny phi bo m mi lin h gia m un ln vi cc m un con. Trong thc t thng xy ra trng hp phn r m un nh n mt mc no c th xut hin cc m un chung, iu ny s gim nh cng sc lp trnh sau ny. Phn r m un cng gi ra giao din chn chc nng theo kiu thc n trong chng trnh tng th sau ny. m t vic phn r m un thnh nhiu m un con, ngi ta dng s phn r chc nng nh sau:

267

Lm phiu xut kho

Kim tra t cch i l

Tra cu tn kho

Nhp yu cu, Lm phiu xut , Cp nht tn kho

Cc yu t phn r m un a. Phn r m un theo im cng tc: iu ny th hin ch nhiu ngi hoc nhiu b phn c nhng cng vic nh nhau, nh th cc chc nng c cng mt ni lm vic c gom thnh mt m un. V d, cc thng tin v nng bc lng, chuyn ngch,... khng nhng cn cho b phn t chc m cn cho b phn k ton. do phi c mt m un chung cp nht, tra cu cc thng tin ny. b. Phn r m un theo hng chc nng: theo cch ny cc chc nng c cng chung mt cng vic c t chc ring. c. Phn r m un theo thi gian: thi gian cng c th mt yu t phn r m un. V d, vic in bo co kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin c thc hin vo cui nm hc vi hng lot cc bo co khc nh bo co khi lng cng tc ca gio vin,... 5.2.4 S tng th phn r chc nng: Da trn kt qu phn r m un, ngi phn tch phi ln mt s tng th cc chc nng hng n cu trc ho chng trnh. Hin nay c mt vi quan im v vic gp cc m un thnh tng nhm chc nng trong chng trnh. a. Gp cc m un theo hng i tng: Gp theo i tng l nhm cc chc nng theo d liu hoc theo tp thc th. V d, ba tp thc th chnh trong h thng thng tin Qun l o

268

to l sinh vin, gio vin v mn hc. Chng ta c th gp cc m un theo cc tp thc th ny theo s sau:

SINH

CP NHT L LCH SINH VIN

CP NHT IM THI

THNG K KT QU HC TP

GIO

CP NHT L LCH GIO VIN

GHI NHN KHI LNG GDY

THNG K GING DY

MN

CP NHP MN HC

LP CHNG TRNH O TO

PHN CNG GING DY

269

Hnh 5.2a. Gp cc chc nng theo i tng

b. Gp cc m un theo s kin: Gp theo s kin l gp theo hot ng ca h thng. Mt s kin c th gy ra mt lot cc chc nng ca h thng. V d, trong h thng thng tin Qun l kho hng c ba s kin chnh l Nhp hng, Xut hng v Bo co. Chng ta c th gp theo s kin cc m un nay theo s di y.

QUN L KHO QUN L KHO

NHP HNG NHP HNG

CP NHT S LIU, CP NHT PHIU NHP, CP NHT S LIU, CP NHT PHIU NHP, CP NHT TN KHO CP NHT TN KHO

IN PHIU NHP IN PHIU NHP

XUT HNG XUT HNG

CP NHT S LIU, CP NHT PHIU XUT, CP NHT S LIU, CP NHT PHIU XUT, CP NHT TN KHO CP NHT TN KHO IN PHIU XUT IN PHIU XUT

BO CO BO CO

BO CO TN KHO BO CO TN KHO

CN I KHO CN I KHO

Hnh 5.2.b Gp cc chc nng theo s kin

c. Gp cc m un theo s tin li: Gp theo s tin li l gp cc m un theo tiu chun tin dng hoc theo ngi s dng c th hoc theo mch cng vic. V d, trong h thng thng tin Qun l khch sn thng c cc mch cng vic nh sau: Tip
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nhn khch bao gm cc cng vic: Cp nht phng, Gi ch, Check in. Dch v bao gm cc cng vic: cp nht dch v, ghi nhn dch v, thanh ton. Thng k bao gm cc cng vic: H s s dng phng, S lng khch, Doanh thu. Chng ta c th t chc cc m un theo mch cng vic nh sau:

QUN L QUN L KHCH SN KHCH SN

TIP NHN TIP NHN KHCH KHCH

CP NHT PHNG CP NHT PHNG

GI CH GI CH

CHECK IN CHECK IN

KHAI BO TM TR KHAI BO TM TR

DCH V DCH V

CP NHT DCH V CP NHT DCH V

GHI NHN DCH V GHI NHN DCH V

THANH TON THANH TON

THNG K THNG K

H S S DNG PHNG H S S DNG PHNG

S LNG KHCH S LNG KHCH

DOANH THU DOANH THU

Hnh 5.2.c. Gp cc chc nng theo mch cng vic

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5.2.5 M t cc m un Sau khi phn r cc m un, ngi phn tch phi chuyn giao cc kt qu phn tch thit k cho ngi lp trnh chun b ci t. Cc m un ny phi c m t mt cch chi tit thng qua cc biu c gi l IPO Chart nh sau:

IPO CHART
Name of modun: System: Objective: <tn m un> <tn h thng thng tin> <m t mc ch ca m un>

S:______ Date: <ngy to mun> Designer: <ngi thit k>

Call by: < danh sch cc m un gi m un ny> Input: < danh sch cc tham bin v d liu vo>

Call: < danh sch cc m un m m un ny s gi> Output: < danh sch cc tham bin v d liu ra>

Processing: < m t chi IPO tit qu trnh x l bng thut gii r rng> CHART S:______ Name of modun: Nhp Huyn Date: 01/01/2005

System :Qun cng chc Nguyn Mutin Hn V d: M unl Nhp d liu cho bng HuynDesigner trong h :thng thng Qun Objective:Nhp d liu cho bng Huyn

l cng chc

Call by: Main Menu

Call: None

Input: Bng Tnh, Huyn

Output: Bng Huyn

Processing:To mt Form nhp d liu cho bng Huyn. Trong Form to mt Combo box ch Mtnh, Mtnh l kho ca bng Tnh v l FK ca bng Huyn.
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TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Nguyn vn V, Phn tch thit k cc h thng thng tin hin i, NXB Thng k, 2002 [2] Nguyn vn Ba, Phn tch thit k cc h thng thng tin qun l, NXB Khoa hc K thut, 2002 [3] Thc Bnh Cng, Phn tch thit k h thng thng tin, NXB Khoa hc K thut, 2002 [4] o Kin Quc, Bi ging Phn tch thit k h thng thng tin, 2000 [5] Ng Trung Vit, Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin qun l-kinh doanh-nghip v, NXB Giao thng vn ti [6] Benjamin S.Blanchard Wolter J.Fabrycky, System Engineering and Analysis, Pren Hall, Australia, 1990 [7] Roger S.Pressman, PhD. Software Engineering, K ngh phn mm, bn dch ca Ng Trung Vit, NXB Gio dc [8] Judson R.Ostle, Information systems Analysis and Design, Burgess Communication, USA, 1985 [9] A. Collongues J.Hugues B.Laroche, Merise. Phng php phn tch thit k h thng thng tin tin hc ha phc v qun l doanh nghip. Bn dch ca Trng vn T, NXB Khoa hc k thut, 1994

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