]p-kv-X-I-w- A-©- v- / e-°w- H-º-Xv- / 2009 am¿-®v- -/ 1430 d-_o-D¬- A-∆¬-

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw-
]-T-\w-

apX-em-fnØhpw kzX-{¥-hn-]-Wnbpw Hcp Ncn-{Xm-t\z-jWw

F.F. A_vZp¿d-ln-am≥ ........................................................................... 6

BtKm-f-h¬°-cWØns‚ aXhpw cmjv{So-bhpw

F.-F≥. A_vZp¬Jm-Zn¿ ........................................................................... 10

Ata-cn-°≥ {]Xn-k‘n: Ncn-{Xhpw Imc-W-ßfpw

F.-Fw. JZoP ........................................................................................... 20

B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-Iam-µyw CkvemanI ]cnt{]£yw

Fw.-Fw.- A-Iv-_¿- ..................................................................................... 28

A-Sp-Ø- e-°-Øn¬...-
B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw-
]-T-\w-
‹ am¿-I-vkv- Xn-cn-®p- h-cp-tam?-
‹ sh¬s^-b¿- F-°-tWm-an-Iv-kpw- C-kv-em-an-s‚- km-º-Øn-I- \n-b-a-ß-fpw-
‹ am¿-°-‰nw-Kv- h-gn- X-I-cp-∂- bp-h- k-aq-lw-

Internet Edition: http://www.nicheoftruth.org/samvadam

owned by
Printed Published and Owned by M.Mohammed
M.Mohammed Akbar.
Akbar. Printed
Printed at
at Screen
Screen Offset
Offset printers,
Printers, Cochin-18.
Cochin-18. Published
Published atat Cochin-18.
Cochin-18.
Editor M.Mohammed Akbar, Niche of Truth, Kalabhavan Road, Cochin-18.

hm-b-\-°m-cp-sS- kw-hm-Zw-
Bfl-l-XybpsS ImcWß-ƒ-
tXSp-tºmƒ...
Bfl- l - X y- b n¬ ap≥]- ¥ n- b n¬
\n¬°p∂ kwÿm- \ - a mWv tIcfw.
h¿j-Øn¬ GI-tZiw 2300 apX¬ 2900
hsc Bfl-lX - yIfpw 72000 apX¬ 90000
hsc Bfl-lX - ym-{i-aß
- fpw ChnsS \S-
°p-∂p-sh-∂mWv dnt∏m¿´pI-ƒ kqNn-∏n-
°p-∂-Xv. h¿jm-h¿jw Cu \nc°v Ipd-
bp-∂n-s√∂v am{X-a√; t_m[-h¬°-cW
{ia-ßsfbpw Iu¨knenwKpI-sfbpw
F√mw Aÿm-\-Øm°n IpXn®p Ib-
dp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.
tIc-f-Ønse Bfl-l-XyIsf°p-
dn®v \S∂ ]T-\-߃ Hmtcm ImeØpw
hyXy-kvX -Im-c-W-ßsf B[m-c-am-°n-
bmWv ]ptcm-K-an°mdp-≈Xv F∂p-≈Xv
sIm≠v Xs∂ AXns‚ B[n-Im-cn-I-X-
bn¬ tIcfkaqlw Xr]vX-c-√. hb-
\m´nse I¿j-Im-fl-l-Xy-bpsS ]›m-
Ø-e-Øn¬ ap≥h¿j-sØ Bfl-l-Xy-
I- s f√mw Im¿jn- I - Ø - I ¿®- b n¬
FgpXnØ≈n-sb-¶n¬ AXn-\p-apºsØ
h¿j-Øn¬ D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚
Cc-I-sf-bmWv Bfl-l-Xym-]-´n-I-bn¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bXv. Imc-W-߃ F¥p-X-
s∂-bm-bmepw AsX√mw HSp-hn¬ hnc¬
Nq≠p-∂Xv icn-bmb ssZh-hn-izm-ka - n-√m-
bvab- p-sSbpw AXp-hgn hcp∂ ss\cm-iy-
t_m-[Ø - n-s‚bpw Dt]m¬]-∂ß - f
- mWv
Bfl-lX - y-Is
- f√mw F∂p-≈X
- m-Wv.
tIc-f-Ønse Bfl-l-Xy-kw-_-‘-
ambn tUm. kptcjv Ipam-dns‚ t\Xr-
Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ ]T-\Ø
- ns‚ shfn-®Ø- n-
¬ Bfl-l-Xy-bpsS {]h-W-X-Isf-°p-
2009 am¿-®v-
dn®v Adn-bm≥ {ian°p∂p≠v 2009 P\p-
hcnbnse tIkcn hmcnI. Bfl-lXym
\nc-°p-Iƒ°-∏pdw kptcjv Ipam-dns‚
]T-\-dn-t∏m¿´nse Nne {it≤-b-amb
kmaq-ly-{]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ FSpØp tN¿-
°p∂p≠v AXn¬. tIc-f-Øn¬ G‰hpw
IqSp- X ¬ Bfl- l - X y- I ƒ dnt∏m¿´v
dnt∏m¿´v sNbv X Pn√ CSp- ° nbpw
G‰hpw Ipdhv ae-∏pdØp--amWv G‰hpw
IqSp-X¬ Bfl-lXy lnµp-a-X-Ønepw
G‰hpw Ipdhv Ckveman-ep-am-sW-∂
hkvXpX {]tXyIw FSpØp tN¿°p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p≠v tIkcn hmcn-I.
CkvemwaX hnizm-kn-I-fnse Ipd™
Bfl-lXym \nc°v hni-I-e\w sNø-
s∏-tS-≠XmWv F∂ {]kvXm-h-\tbmSv
IqSn- b mWv teJ- I ≥ tIc- f - Ø nse
Bfl-l-Xym-{]-h-WX F∂ io¿jIw
Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Ckveman-sebpw
lnµp-a-X-Øn-sebpw Bfl-l-Xym-\n-c-
°nse Cu A¥cw hni-I-e\w sNø-
s∏- S msX teJ\w Ah- k m- \ n- ∏ n®
ÿnXn°v A°mcyw A¬]-sam∂v hni-
Zo-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂p.
Hcp bYm¿Yhnizmkn £Wn-I-amb
Pohn-XØ- ns‚ {]bmkßfnepw {]Xn-k-
‘n-I-fnepw PohnXbm{X Ah-km-\n-∏n-
°m-sa∂v Nn¥n°p∂-Xn-\-∏pdw ]mc-{Xn-
I-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ kt¥m-j-Øn\v AXv
Imc-W-amIpsa∂ Xncn-®-dn-hn¬ BÀm-
Zn-°p-Ib- mWv sNøp-I. AXn-\m¬ Xs∂
ap≈p Xd-°p-∂-Xp-t]mepw hnizm-knsb
kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw A\p-{K-l-amWv
F∂v ]Tn-∏n® {]hm-N-Is‚ A\p-bm-bn-
Iƒ°v Hcn-°epw kzbw Poh-s\m-Sp-
°m≥ km[y-a-√. CXn-s\√mw ]pdsa
Bfl-lXy sImSpw ]mX-I-am-sW∂pw
]c-tem-I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \jvSw am{Xta
AXv hcp-Øn-sh°q F∂pap≈ Ckv-
emanI A[zm-]-\-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂
Hcp hnizm-knsb B sImSpw-]m-]Ø - n¬
\n∂pw ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ t{]c-I-hp-am-
W-Xv.
Jp¿-B\
- ns‚ \s√mcp `mKw Cu ]c-
temIPohn-XsØ-°p-dn®v kqNn-∏n-°m-
\pw AXnse A\p-{K-ß-fpsS `h-\-amb
kz¿K-sØ-°p-dn®pw Xm]-tIm-]-ß-fpsS
4
XS-h-d-bmb \c-I-sØ-°p-dn-®v {]Xn-]m-
Zn-°m-\p-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
adn-®v, {]am-W-ßsf Xa-kvI-cn®v,
ap÷∑ I¿a-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-
emWv Hcmƒ Cu temIØv Pohn-°p-∂-
sX∂pw htc-Wy-h¿K-Øns‚ Zmky-th-
e-bmWv ]p\¿P-∑-Øn\v tlXp-sh∂pw
]Tn-∏n-°p-∂ sslµh ]ptcm-ln-Xm-[ym-
]-\ß - ƒ Pohn-Xm-¥y-sØ-°p-dn®v hy‡-
amb am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-ß-tfm ImgvN-∏m-Sp-
Ifpw \¬Ip∂ Imcy-Øn¬ ]cm-P-b-
amWv. am{X-a-√, Kpcp-\n-µy°v ]cn-lm-c-
ambn Dan-Øo-bn¬ Zln®v Bfl-lXy
sNbv X ap\n- I p- a m- c kw`hw sNdp- ∏ -
Ønte kmtcm-]-tZ-i-I-Y-bn-eqsS tI´p-
hf¿∂v cmh-Wm-]-am-\-Øm¬ Xo-bn-se-
cn™v Bfl-lXy sNbvX Im\-\-Ip-
amcn IYbpw, hmKvZØ ewL\w aqew
kcbq\Zn-bn¬ NmSnb e£-a-Wm-¥y-
hpw ic-iø - s
- bm-cp°n Poh-XymKw sNbv-
X `ojva-cpsS i]-Yhpsa√mw lrØ-S-
Øn¬ hocm-cm-[-\-°p≈ kvac-W-I-fm-
bn a\- n¬ kq£n®v PohnXw Icp-]n-
Sn--∏n® Hcp lnµp-hn-izmkn Bfl-lXy
Ip‰-I-c-ambn ImWm≥ {ian-®n-s√∂
am{X-a√; AsXmcp ]p\¿P∑ tam£-
Øn\p≈ D]m-[n-bm°n a\- n-em-°n-bn-
´p-s≠-¶n-¬ t]mepw Ahsc Ip‰w ]d-
bm≥ H°ptam? am{X-a√; ]e-t∏mgpw
]e BNm- c y- ∑ mcpw tam£- { ]m- ] v X n-
°p≈ D]m-[n-bm°nbn-´p-≈Xv Bfl-km-
£m¬°mcw F∂p t]cn´p hnfn-°p∂
CØcw hnebw {]m]n-°-en-eq-sS-bm-
WvXm\pw.
aX-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ°n-Sb - nse Bfl-l-
Xym-{]-h-W-X-I-ƒ hni-I-e\w sNøm≥
{ian-°p-tºmƒ teJ-I≥ BZyw ]T-\-
hn-t[-b-am-t°-≠Xv CØcw Imcy-ß-fm-
sW- ∂ p- W ¿Øp- I - b m- W v . icn- b mb
Cuizc ⁄m\-Øn-eqsS am{Xta Pohn-
X-Øn-¬ im¥nbpw kam-[m-\hpw ssI-
hcq AXp-ap-tJ\ am{Xta AXy-¥nI
PohnX e£yamb ]c-tem-I-Po-hn-X-
Øn¬ imizXkam-[m\w ssIh-cn-I-bp-
≈p. Jp¿-B≥ ]d-™-sX{X icn.
""{i≤n-°p-I; A√m-lp-sh∏‰nbp≈
kvac-W-sIm≠s{X a\- p-Iƒ im¥-am-
bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv''(13:28)
˛ap-Po-_v- d-l-vam≥-.- ]n-
]-{Xm-[n-]¿-°v- ]-d-bm-\p-≈-Xv-

BtKm-f- km-ºØnIamµyw-˛]-T\w
BtKmf kmº-ØnIamµy-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ 2009 Zpcn-X-h¿j-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂mWv
sFIycmjv{S-k-`-bpsS sk{I-´dn P\-d¬ _m≥ In aq¨ ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. aen\o-
I-cWw krjvSn-°-p∂ ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv-\-ß-tfm-sSm∏w kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS Zp-cn-X-߃
t]td≠n hcp∂ A¥m-cmjv{Skaqlw aps∂m-cp-°ß - ƒ
- \S-Øp-Ibpw {i≤-tbmsS Pohn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-´ns√-¶n¬ hºn® Zpcn-X-ß-fmWv D≠mIp-hm≥ t]mIp-∂-sX-∂mWv At±lw 2009 P\p-
hcn 23\v \S-Ønb {]`m-j-W-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv (www.un.org/sg). C¥y-bpsS kmºØnI
hf¿®m-\n-c°v HºXv iX-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂v Ggv iX-am-\-Øn-te°v Xmgv∂Xv \sΩ CsXm∂pw
_m[n-°p-hm≥ t]mIp-∂n-s√∂ k¿°m¿ \ne-]mSv icn-bs√∂mWv hy‡-am-Ip-∂X - v. Poh-\°
- msc
]ncn-®p-hn´pw iºfw sh´n-°p-d-®p-ap≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ C¥y-bnse kzImcy Iº-\n-Iƒ kzoI-cn-
°phm≥ XpS-ßn°-gn™p. {]hmkn kaq-l-Øns‚ {]Xo£-bmb Zp_mbnbn¬ \n∂v \n¿am-W-
sØm-gn-em-fnIsf ]ncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ Bcw`n®n-´p-≠v. CXn-s‚-sb√mw ZpcnXw G‰hpw A-[nIw A\p-
`-hn-t°≠n hcnI {]hm-k-k-º-Øp-sIm≠v Poh-k-‘m-cWw \S-Øp-Ibpw D]-t`mKPzcw hgn
[mcm-fnØw ioen®p Ign-bp-Ibpw sNbvX tIc-f-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v hnZ-Kv[¿ ap∂-dn-bn∏v \¬In°gn-
™p. {]iv\w \ΩpsS kPo-h-amb ]cn-K-W\°v htc-≠Xv AXym-h-iyamsW-∂mWv CsX√mw
ImWn-°p-∂-Xv.
kmº-ØnIamµy-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-sØbpw Imc-W-ßs-fbpw CkvemanI ]cn-t{]-£yØn¬
]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p∂Xn\v th≠n-bp≈ kvt\l-kw-hm-Z-Øns‚ {]tXyI ]Xn-∏m-Wn-Xv. {]Xn-k-
‘n-bpsS hyXykvX am\-߃ N¿® sNøp∂ teJ-\ßfmWv CXn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
{]tXyI ]Xn-∏m-b-Xn-\m¬ ÿncw ]w‡n-I-sfm∂pw tN¿°m≥ Ign-™n-´p-an-√. C\nbpw th≠{X
N¿® sNø-s∏-´n-´n-√mØ kmº-ØnIamµyw CkvemanI {]am-W-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ Kuc-h-X-
c-ambn N¿® -sN-ø-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v F∂ t_m[y-amWv CØcw Hcp {]tXyI ]Xn-∏n\v ]n∂nep≈
t{]cIw. km-ºØ -- nI {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒs°√map≈ imizX]cn-lmcw Ckveman-em-Wp-≈-Xv. AXv
]Tn-°p-hm\pw ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm-\p-ap≈ kµ¿`-am-Wn-Xv. ASpØ e°-Øn¬ Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®
Xpd∂ N¿®-bp-≠m-Ipw (C≥im-A-√m-lv). hmb-\-°m¿, hnti-jn®v kmº-ØnI imkv{X-cw-KØv
]nSn-]m-Sp-≈-h¿ N¿®-bn¬ kPo-h-ambn ]¶p-sIm-≈-W-sa∂v A`y¿Yn-°p-∂p. A√mlp A\p-{K-
ln-°-s´.
2009 am¿-®v- 5
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
F.F. A_vZp¿d-ln-am≥ ■-
kl-h¿Øn-ØØn-eq-sS-bmWv a\p-
jy-k-aq-l-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏v. hyXy-kv-
X -Xcw hn`-h-ßfpw hkvXp-°fpw \¬-
I-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-h¿ XΩn¬ Ah ]¶p-
sh-°p-tºm-gmWv Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw B-
h-iy-ambsX√mw e`n°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-
≠m-hp-I. "X\n°v Xm≥ am{Xw aXn'-sb-
∂v Icp-Xm≥ B¿°pw Xs∂ \nhr-Øn-
bn-√mØ cq]-Øn-ep≈-XmWv a\pjy
kaq-l-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬]v. [m\y-Ir-jn-
°m-c\pw ]g-Ir-jn-°m-c\pw \mbm-´p-Im-
c-\p-sa√mw X߃°v e`n® hn`-h-߃
]c-kv]cw ssIam-dn-s°m-≠m-bn-cn-°W
- w
BZna-k-aq-l-߃ \ne-\n-∂-Xv. e`n-®-
sX√mw ]c-kv]cw ssIam-dp-∂-Xn-ep-]-cn-
bmbn F¥v F¥n-s\√mw ]I-c-ambn
Fßs\ ssIam-d-W-sa∂ Imcy-Øn¬
BZn-a-k-aq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n∂ hyh-ÿ-
bm-bn-cn-°Ww kmº-ØnI {Ib-hn-{I-b-
ß-fpsS G‰hpw {]mIr-X-amb cq]w. {In-
kvXp-hn\v HºXv kl-{km-_vZ-߃°p
apsº-¶nepw CØcw {Ib-hn-{I-b-߃
\S-∂n-´p-≠m-I-W-sa-∂mWv D¬J-\\
Kth-j-W-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn-ep≈ \n-
K-a-\w. Nc°p ssIam-‰-hy-h-ÿn-Xn (Ba-
rter System)bn¬ \n∂m-Wv kmº-Øn-I-
imkv { Xw XpS- ß p- ∂ Xv F∂¿Yw.
_m¿´¿ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-
2009 am¿-®v-
]-T-\w
apX-em-fnØhpw kzX
Hcp
ISw hmßnbpw sImSpØpw ]en-i-hy-h-ÿ-sb \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Bh-iy-am-bs- X√mw
\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]uc-∑m-cn¬ ]e-scbpw Zcn-{Z-cpw at\m-tcm-Kn-I-fm-°p-sa-∂-dn-
{¥-ssew-Kn-I-Xsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p. ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-Iƒ t]mepw hn]-W\w
\ne-\n¬-∏n\v Xs∂bpw amc-I-amb hkvXp-°ƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - n¬ \n∂v Iº-
Øn-ep≈ IrXy-amb kmº-ØnI \nb-a-߃ sak-s∏-t´m-an-b-bnepw _m_n-tem-
Wn-ep-sa√mw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv a\ nem-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xv.
Nc°p ssIam‰hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS {]bm-kß - ƒ eLq-Ic - n-°p-∂X- n-\mbn, s]mXp-
{I-b-hn-{I-tbm-]m-[n-bmbn BZyw kzoI-cn-°-s∏-´Xv Hcp Xcw iwJp-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-
sh∂v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™n-´p-≠v. iwJp-Iƒ B`-c-W-ß-fmbn kl-{km-_vZ-
߃°p apºp Xs∂ a\p-jy≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm-\m-cw-`n-®n-´p-≠v. kuØv B{^n-
°-bnse t{_mwt_mkv Kpl-bn¬ \n∂v 75000 h¿jw ]g-°-ap≈ iwJv B`c-W-
߃ Is≠Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ F∂v apX-emWv iwJv Hcp {Ib-hn-{Itbm]m-[n-
bmbnØo¿∂sX∂v IrXy-ambn a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™n-´n-√. InkvXp-hn\v aq∂v
kl-{km-_vZ-߃°v apºpXs∂ sak-t∏m-t´-an-bbn¬ _m¿en-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn-ep≈ "sj°¬' (Shekel) ssIam‰hyhÿ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. 180 _m¿en [m\y-
a-W-an-I-fmbncp∂p Hcp sj°¬. Bdmw _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ lap-
d-_n-bpsS \nb-a-ß-fnepw(_n.-kn. 1760) AXn\p apºp Xs∂-bp≈ D¿\map \nb-
a-kw-ln-X-bnepw(_n.-kn. 2050) Fjv\p∂ \nb-a-ß-fn-ep(_n.-kn.1930)sa√mw "sj°-
¬' ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. CtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ kz¿Whpw sh≈nbpw {Ib-hn-{I-
b-߃°p≈ D]m-[n-bmbn kzoI-cn-°p∂ k{º-Zm-bhpw hnI-kn®p h∂p.
HutZym-KnI koep-Iƒ ]Xn® teml-\m-W-b-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\m-cw-`n-®Xv
Xp¿°n-bnse enUn-b (Lydia)bnem-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂mWv a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™n-´p-
≈-Xv. {InkvXp-hn\v 650 h¿j-߃°v apºv enUn-b-°m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ ko¬
sNbvX \mW-b-߃ Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. Dc-°-√ns‚ (Touchstone) I≠p-]n-SpØw
teml-\m-W-b-ßfpsS D]-tbmKw hym]-I-am-°n-Øo¿Øp. e`n-°p∂ \mW-b-
Ønse ASn-ÿm-\-tem-l-Øns‚ Afhv F{X-bm-sW∂v Dc-I-√p-]-tbm-Kn®v a\-
 n-em-°m-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ F√m {Ib-hn-{I-b-߃°pw teml-\m-W-b-߃ D]-bp-
‡-am-bn. \mW-b-ß-fn-ep≈ ASn-ÿm-\-tem-l-Øns‚ AfhpIm-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p≈
cmP-Iob koep-Iƒ ]Xn™ \mW-b-߃ ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-b-tXmsS Ah-bpsS hnizm-
ky-Xbpw D]-tbm-K-£-a-Xbpw h¿[n-®p. Atd-_y-bn¬ D]-tbm-K-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-
∂Xv t]¿jy-°m-cpsS sh≈n Zn¿lapw tdma-°m-cpsS kz¿W Zn¿l-ap-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Da¿s‚ `c-W-Im-eØv Ahsb HutZym-KnI CkvemanI \mW-b-ß-fmbn kzoI-
cn-°-s∏-´p. Jeo^ DYvam≥ s‚ `c-W-Im-eØv apkvenwIƒ Xs∂ \mW-b-ß-
ƒ \n¿an-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. {InkvXm_vZw 695 ¬ (lnPvd 75¬) Jeo^ A_vZp¬
6
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
]-T-\w
ØnIhyhÿ cq]w sIm≈p-∂-Xv. IS-emkv Id≥kn°v hne-bp-≠m-
Ip-∂Xv AXv \¬In-bm¬ e`n-°p∂ kzbw aqey-h-Ømb hkvXp-hn-
s‚ hne-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-em-bn-cp-∂p. Id≥kn-bpsS t]cp-Iƒ t]m-
epw cq]-s∏-´Xv CXns‚ shfn-®-Øn-emWv. Hcp Sh¿ ]u≠v sÿ-enw-
{- ¥-hn-]W
- nbpw Kv kn¬hdn∂v(95.5% ip≤ -sh-≈n-tbm-sSm∏w sNtºm a‰p teml-ß-
tfm tN¿Øp-≠m-°p∂ teml-°q´v) Xpey-amWv {_n´ojv Id≥knbm-
b Hcp ]u≠v sÿenw-Kv. CtX-t]mseØs∂ ]sØm-≥]Xv Ccp-]-
Xv \q‰m-≠p-If - n¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Id≥kn-If - n¬ an°-Xpw kz¿WØn-
Ncn-{Xm-t\z-jWw s‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-ep-≈h - b- m-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-esØ Ata-cn-°≥ t\m´p-
I-fn¬ "kn¬h¿ tUmf-dp-Iƒ' F∂m-bn-cp∂p A®-Sn-®n-cp-∂Xv t]mepw.
]W-ap-≠m-b-t∏mƒ AXn\v Bh-iy-°mcpap-≠mbn. ]W-°m-c≥
Bh-iy-°m-cs\ NqjWw sNøm-\p≈ am¿K-ß-fp-≠m-°n. Aß-
s\-bmWv ]en-i-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. ]W-°m-c≥ ]mh-s∏-´-hs\ NqjWw
sNøm≥ _m¶p-Iƒ°v k¿°m¿ ]q¿W-amb kzm-X{¥yw sNøm-\mbn cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb kwhn-[m-\-amWv ]enihyh-ÿ. AXp-
™n´pw NqXm´tI{µ-߃°v ssek≥kv \¬Ip-∂p. kzX- sIm≠v Xs∂ am\-hn-I-X-sbbpw [m¿anIXsbbpw Ipdn®v kwkm-
sNøp-∂-Xn\p t\sc IÆ-S-°p-∂p. {]Ir-Xn°pw `qan-bpsS - cn-®h-sc√mw ]en-isb X≈n-∏-d-™n-´p-≠v. ]m›m-XyXØz-im-kv{X-
\n-Isf XS-bm≥ A-h-scm-´p- sa\-s°-Sp-∂p-an√. Øns‚ ASn-Ød ]WnX tπt‰m-bpsS Zo¿L-amb "kwhmZ'amb
(Dialogue) "\nb-a-ß-fn¬' (Laws 5:742) hkvXp-°-fpsS {]Ir-Xn-s°-
Xn-cmWv ]en-i-sb∂v hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. {Ko°v XØz⁄m\n-bmb
Acn-tÃm-´n-ens‚ "cmjv{Sob'(Politics 1:10:11)Ønepw {Ko°v {KŸ-
aen- ° p_v \ p a¿hms‚ Ime- Ø mWv Im-c\pw kmaq-ly-hn-a¿iI-\p-amb AcntÃm-^\ - o-kns‚ taL-ßf - nepw (The Clouds
CkvemanI cmjv{Sw kz¥-ambn Zn¿l- 1283) ]eni i‡-ambn Xs∂ hna¿in-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. tdma≥cmjv{S X{¥-⁄-∑m-
ap-Iƒ \n¿an-°p-Ibpw AXv cmjv{S-Øn- cm-bn-cp∂ tIt‰m Hm´o-sk≥knkpw (De otticiis 2:25) A∂m-bqkv sk\n-°bpw
s‚ HutZym-KnI {Ib-hn-{I-tbm-]m-[n-bm- (De Beneficiis 7:10) ]enisb Xpe\w sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv sIme-]m-X-I-tØm-SmWv.
bn {]Jym-]n°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv. aX-Z¿i-\-ß-fm-I-s´, ]en-i-s°-Xnsc i‡-amb \nb-a-ß-fmWv apt∂m´v sh®n-
]W-ap-≠m-bt- ∏mƒ AXp kq£n-°p- cn-°p-∂X - v. blq-Zc - psS ASn-ÿm-\{- ]-am-Wa - mb "tXmd' ]eni hmßp-∂X - ns\ i‡-
∂-Xn-\p≈ CS-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn. BZy-Im- am-bn-Øs∂ hna¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. ""\nß-fpsS CS-bn-ep≈ Fs‚ P\-Øn¬ Zcn-{Z-
e-sØ√mw kºØv kq£n-°-s∏-´n-cp- c\mb Hcph\p ]Ww hmbv] sImSp-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ]W-hym-]m-cnsbt∏mse s]cp-
∂Xv Bcm-[\ - m-eb-ßf - n-em-bn-cp-∂p. kz- am-d-cp-Xv. Ah-\n¬ \n∂pw ]eni CuSm-°-cpXv''(]pd-∏mSv 22:25)
¿W-Øn-s‚bpw sh≈n-bp-sS-bpw \mW- \ymb-{]-am-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ckvdmbo¬ P\-Xsb \bn-°p-hm-\mbn
b-߃ {]Nm-c-Øn-em-b-tXmsS A[nIw \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´ {InkvXp (aØmbn: 5:17, 15:24) Xs‚ ]c-ky-ip-{iq-jm-Im-eØv
hcp∂ \mW-b-߃ kq£n-°p-hm≥ tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ sh®v ]en-i-°-®-hSw \S-Øn-b-hsc B´n-tbm-Sn-®-Xmbn ImWm≥
teml-∏-Wn-°msc G¬∏n°p∂ k{º- Ignbpw(aØmbn: 21:12). ]en-isb hna¿in-®p-sIm≠v At±-lw ]d-™p.
Zm-b-ap-≠m-bn. Cßs\ kq£n-°m-t\-
""aS-°n-Ø-cp-sa∂v \n߃°v hnizm-k-ap-≈-h¿°v hmbv]-sIm-Sp-Øm¬ A-Xn¬
¬∏n® teml-∏W - n-°m¿ G¬]n-°s - ∏´
\n߃°v F¥mWv A`n-am-\n-°m-\p-≈Xv? ]m]n-Iƒt]mepw Xo¿Øpw Xncn-®p-
kz¿W-Øn-s‚bpw sh≈n-bp-sS-bp-sa√mw
In-´p-sa∂v {]Xo-£-tbmsS ]m]n-Iƒ°v hmbv]-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p'' (eq-t°mkv: 6:34, 35)
Afhv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb cko-Xp-Iƒ \n-
t£-]-I¿°v \¬In. Cu cko-Xp-I-fn¬ AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂, ss{IkvX-h-k` BZy-Imew apX¬t° ]en-i-s°-Xnsc
F¥mtWm \nt£-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv AXn- i‡- amb \ne-]m-SmWv FSpØp t]m∂n-cp-∂Xv. ss{IkvXh Ncn-{X-Øn-se H∂m-
s\°pdn® ]q¿W-hn-h-cßfp-≈-Xn-\m¬ asØ Iu¨kn-emb \nInb kp\-l-tZmkv ]en-i-bp-ambn Hcp Xc-Ønepw ]ptcm-
{ItaW hkvXp-°ƒ°v ]I-ca - mbn {]kv- ln- X - ∑ m¿ _‘-s∏-´p-Iq-Sm-sb∂v \njvI¿jn-®p. {InkvXm_vZw 345se H∂mw
XpX cko-Xp-Iƒ XΩn¬ ssIam‰w sN- Im¿tØPv Iu¨kn-en-s‚ ]{¥≠mw Imt\m\pw 789se Fbn-Ivkv Iu¨kn-
øm≥ XpS-ßn. Cu cko-Xp-Iƒ teml- ens‚ 36˛mw Imt\m\pw hnizm-kn-I-tfmSv ]en-i-hym-]m-c-Øn¬ \n∂v Hgn-™p
∏-Wn-°m-cs‚ ASp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]mbn \n¬°m≥ Blzm\w sNøp-∂p-≠v. a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ ss{I-kvX-h-k-`-I-sf-SpØ
Ft∏mgpw am‰m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Xocp- a m-
\ ß
- f
- n-
s e- √ mw ]en-
ih - n-tcm-[Ø
- ns‚ \ng-ep-Iƒ ImWm-\m-hpw. 1179 ¬ \S∂
Xs∂ Ch \mW-b-ß-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n- s¢a‚nse aq∂mw Iu¨kn¬ ]en-i hmßp-∂-h¿°v IqZm-i-Iƒ \¬I-cp-sX∂pw
Ifpw ssIam-‰Ø - n\v Ffp-∏a - p-≈X - p-amb ss{IkvX-h-co-Xn-bn¬ ihkwkvImcw \S-Ø-cp-sX∂pw hsc \njvI¿jn-®p. 1311¬
hkvXp-hm-bn-Øo¿∂p. {]mXn-\n-[y-kz-`m- A∂sØ am¿∏m-∏-bm-bn-cp∂ s¢a‚ v A©m-a≥ ]eni icn-bm-sW∂v hniz-kn-
h-ap≈ CØcw t\m´p-Iƒ, HutZym-Kn- °p-∂Xp Xs∂ aX-{`-jvSn\v Im-c-W-am-hp-∂-Xm-sW-∂v {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw AXv
I-ambn k¿°m-dp-Iƒ Xs∂ ]pd-Øn-d- A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ F√m cmjv-{S LS-\-I-sfbpw X≈n-∏-dbpIbpw sN-bvXp. 1590 ¬
°m-≥ XpS-ßn-b-tXm-sS-bmWv Id≥kn- A¥-cn® t]m∏v knIvÃkv A©m-a-\m-Is´ ]en-i-sb-°p-dn®v ]d-™Xv ""ssZh-
bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ kmº- Øn\pw a\p-jy¿°pw G‰-hpw shdp-°-s∏-´Xpw hnip≤ Imt\m\p-Ifm¬ hna¿in-
2009 am¿-®v- 7
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
°-s∏-´Xpw ss{IkvXh [m¿an-I-X°v
FXn-cp-am-WXv'' F∂mbn-cp-∂p (Catho-
lic Encyclopedia).
F∂m¬ Bh¿Ø\]pkvXIw 23:19
se ]en-i-hn-cp-≤-amb \nb-a-Øn\p-ti-
jw ""hntZ-in-tbmSv \n\°v thW-sa-¶n¬
]eni hmßmw''(Bh 23:20) F∂v Fgp-
Xn-t®¿Øv˛temIsØ ]en-i-hym-]m-c-
Øns‚ D∂-X-ÿm-\o-b-cmb ssjtem-
°p-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂ blq-Z-∑m-cpsS ]mX
]n≥]-‰n-s°m≠v˛ss{IkvX-hcpw sas√
sas√ \nb-a-ß-fn¬ Abhp hcp-Øp-I-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1290 ¬ ]en-i-°-®-hSw \S-
Øn-sb∂v Btcm-]n®v tdman¬ \n∂v
blq-Z-∑msc B´n-tbm-Sn-®-h¿ Xs∂
aq∂p \q‰m≠pIƒ°v tijw \nb-a-ß-
fn¬ Ab-hp-h-cp-Øn-s°m≠v ]en-i-°-
®-hS- Ø - n¬ PqX-∑m¿°v ]n∂n¬ \S-°m-
≥ XpS-ßn. 1509 apX¬ 1547 hsc Cw•-
≠nse cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ sl≥{Sn F´m-
as‚ Ime-ØmWv ]en-i-°-\p-Iq-e-ambn
ss{IkvX-h-temIw Nn¥n-°p-hm≥ XpS-
ßnb-Xv. ]en-i-sbbpw (Interest) Aan-X-
]- e n- i - s bbpw (Usuary) th¿Xn- c n- ® p-
sIm≠v, Hcp h¿j-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[n ]-
Øp iX-am\w hsc ]eni hmßm-sa∂
\nbaw sIm≠p h∂Xv 1545 embn-cp-∂p.
]eni A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-sW∂pw AanX-
]en-ib - mWv k`m-]nXm°∑mcm¬ hna¿-
in-°s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂s
- X-∂p-ap≈ cmP-Iob
DØ-ch - n\v A\p-kr-Xa - mbn aX-\n-ba
- ß
- -
fn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p k`m-
t\-Xr-Xzw. F¶n-epw, 1179 se s¢a‚ v
kp\-lt- Zm-kn¬ FSpØ Xocp-am-\sØ
Xncp-Øn-s°m≠v ]en-i-°-\p-Iq-e-ambn
Imt\m≥ \nb-a-ß-sfm∂pw Xs∂ CXp-
hsc ItØm-en°m k` D≠m-°n-bn-´n-√.
Ckvemw ]en-isb tæ—-am-bn-°m-
Wp-Ibpw AXn-√m-sX-bm-°p-hm-\p≈ \n-
b-a-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p-≠v. ""]eni Xn∂p∂h¿ ]nimNv_m-
[ \nanØw adn™phogp∂h≥ Fgp-
t∂¬°p∂Xv t]mseb√msX Fgpt∂-
¬°pIbn√. I®hShpw ]eni t]mse-
Øs∂bmWv F∂v Ah¿ ]d™Xns‚
^eas{X AXv. F∂m¬ I®hSw A√m-
lp A\phZn°pIbpw ]eni \njn≤-
am°pIbpamWv sNbvXn´p≈Xv. '' (Jp¿-
B≥ 2:275)
]eni Hcp Xn∑-bm-sW∂ am\-hn-
Ihpw [m¿an-I-hp-amb s]mXp-\n-e-]m-Sn-
\v Ab-hp-≠m-bXv sl≥{Sn F´m-as‚
2009 am¿-®v-
DØ-ct- hm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. s{]m´-Â v ssZ-
h-im-kv{X-⁄-\m-bn-cp∂ tPm¨ sI¬-
hn-\mWv (1509˛1564) ]en-i°v A\p-Iq-
e-ambn kwkm-cn® BZysØ ss{Ikv-
X-h ]fin-X≥. At±-l-Øns‚ Nn¥-
I-fm-Wv sas√ ss{IkvX-h-temIw sam-
Øw AwKo-I-cn-®-Xv. ]en-i-bn¬ A[n-
jvSn-X-amb kmº-ØnI ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ-
°v k¿°m-cn-s‚bpw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw
AwKo-Im-c-ap-≠m-b-tXmsS _m¶p-Iƒ
hym]-I-am-bn. C‰m-en-b≥ ]Z-amb "_m-
t¶m'(Banco)bn¬ \n∂mWv _m¶ns‚
D¬]-Øn. tdma≥ km{am-Py-Ønse ]W-
a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬
ss{I-kvX-h-k-`-I-sf-SpØ
Xocp-am-\-ß-fn-se-√mw
]en-i-hn-tcm-[-Øns‚ \ng-
ep-Iƒ ImWm-\m-hpw.
1179 ¬ \S∂ s¢a‚nse
aq∂mw Iu¨kn¬
]en-i hmßp-∂-h¿°v
IqZm-i-Iƒ \¬I-cp-
sX∂pw ss{IkvX-h-co-Xn-
bn¬ ihkwkvImcw
\S-Ø-cp-sX∂pw hsc
\njvI¿jn-®p.
an-S-]m-Sp-Im¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ s_©n-
s‚ t]cmb _m¶p-(Bancu)hn¬ \n∂m-
Wv Cu t]cp-≠m-b-sX∂mWv Icp-X-∏-
Sp-∂Xv. B[p-\n-I-amb A¿Y-Øn-ep≈
BZysØ _m¶v ÿm]n-°-s∏-´Xv 1406
¬ C‰-en-bnse P\o-h-bn-emWv; _m¶v
Hm^v sk‚ v tPm¿Pv-˛-C-‰m-en-b-\n¬ _m-
t¶m Un km≥ tPm¿Pntbm (Banko di
san Giorgio) F∂v t]cv. sl≥{Sn 8˛ma-
s‚ ]enib\p-Iq-e DØ-c-hn-\p-tijw
Cw•≠nse hyXy-kvX- `m-K-ß-fn¬ _m-
¶p-Iƒ ÿm]n-°s - ∏-´p. 1694 ¬ {_n´ojv
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ _m¶v Bb _m¶v Hm^v
Cw•≠v ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. ]Xn-t\gmw
\q‰m≠v apX¬ {_n´ojv tImf-\n-h¬°-
c-Ww Bcw-`n-®t- XmsS temI-Øns‚ hy-
XykvX `mK-ß-fn¬ _m¶v Hm^v Cw•-
≠ns‚ amXr-Ib - n-ep≈ _m¶p-Iƒ ÿm-
8
]-T-\w
]n-°-s∏´p. `qan-bpsS \men-sem-∂n-s‚-
bpw (36,260,000 km2) temI-P-\-kw-Jy-
bpsS \men-sem-∂nt‚bpw(46 tImSn P\-
߃) A[oiXz-a-h-Im-i-s∏-´n-cp∂ {_n-
´o-jp-Im¿°v Xß-fpsS ]enihyh-ÿ-
bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb _m¶nwKv k{º-Zm-b-
sØbpw kmº-ØnI{Ia-sØbpw tem-
I-Øns‚ ta¬ sI´n-tb¬∏n-°m≥ ]d-
bp-∂-Xmhpw icn.
]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m≠p ]nd-∂-t∏m-tg-
°v temIw GXm≠v ]q¿WambnØs∂
]en-i-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb kmº-Øn-
I {Ib-hn-{I-bß - ƒ kzoI-cn®p Ign-™n-
cp-∂p; apkvenw temIw am{X-am-bn-cp∂p
CXn\v A]-hmZw. Xß-fpsS tImf-\nI-
tfm kJy-cm-jv{S-ßtfm Bbn-°-gn™
Ad_v \mSp-I-fnepw ]en-i-bn-e-[n-jvTn-
X-amb _m¶p-Isf hnP-bn-∏n-s®-Sp°m≥
sh≈-°m¿ ]c-am-h[n ]cn-{i-an®p sIm-
≠n-cp-∂p. ]en-im-[n-jvTnX kmº-ØnI
hyh-ÿn-Xnsb ka-{K-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-
°p-hm-\p≈ ]cn-{i-a-ß-fp-≠m-bXv ]Xn-
s\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn-em-
Wv. hymh-km-bnI hnπ-h-Øns‚ ]›m-
Ø-e-Øn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ kvtIm´njv X-
Øz-⁄-\m-bn-cp∂ BZw kvanØns‚
(1723-- -˛1790) "tZi-ß-fpsS kºØv' (The
Wealth of Nations) BWv Cu cwKsØ
ka-{K-amb {]Ya kwcw`w. {_n´ojv cm-
jv{Sob [\-X-{¥-⁄\pw ]m¿e-sa‚w-
K-hp-am-bn-cp∂ tUhnUv dn°m¿tUm
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
(1772˛1823)bpsS "cmjv{S kº-Øn-s‚-
bpw \nIp-Xn-bp-sSbpw XØz-ß-sf-∏‰n'
(On the Principles of Political Econ-omy
and Taxation) Cw•ojv P\-kw-Jym-hn-Z-
KvZ- \ m- b n- c p∂ tXmakv tdm_¿´v
am¬Øq-kns‚(1766˛1834) "P\-kw-Jym-
X-Øz-sØ-°p-dn® Hcp D]-\ymkw' (An
Essay On the Principle of Population)
{_n´ojv XØz-⁄\pw cmjv{Sob km-º-
ØnI Imcy-hn-Z-Kv[\pw {_n´ojv ]m¿en-
sa‚ v saº-dp-ambncp∂ tPm¨ Ãph¿´v
an√ns‚ (1806˛1873) "kzmX-{¥y-sØ--∏‰n'
(On liberty) F∂o {KŸ-ßfpw ¢m-kn-
°¬ kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Øn\v ASn-
Ø-db - p-≠m-°p-∂X - n¬ \n¿Wm-bI ]¶p-
h-ln® cN-\-I-fmWv. Ch-bp-sS-sb-√mw
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ cq]wsIm≠ km-º-
ØnI hyh-ÿn-XnsbbmWv \mw apX-em-
fnØw (Capatilism) F∂v hnfn-°p-∂Xv.
1854 ¬ Cw•ojv t\mh-en-Ãmb hn-eyw
sabvIv ]okv Xm°-sd-bmWv "Im∏n-‰-en-
kw' F∂ ]Zw BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®-
Xv. aqe-[-\-Øns‚ DS-am-h-Imiw F∂p-
am-{X-amWv At±lw AXp-sIm≠v hnh-
£n-®-Xv. F∂m¬ Irjn-sbbpw kºZv-
hyh-ÿ-sbbpw Ipdn®v Fgp-Xm-dp-≠m-
bn-cp∂ "B¿X¿ bwKv' Xs‚ "{^m≥-
knse bm{X-Iƒ' (Travels in France)
F∂ IrXn-bn¬ 1792 ¬ Xs∂ "Im∏n-‰-
enÃv' F∂ ]Zw {]tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. At±-
l-hpw 1848 ¬ ]pd-Øn-dß - nb "Iayq-WnÃv
am\n-s^tÃm'bn¬ am¿Iv-kpw FwK¬-
kpsa√mw "Im∏n-‰-enÃv' F-∂p {]tbm-
Kn-®Xv "kzIm-cykzØv ssI-h-i-ap-≈-
bmƒ' F∂ A¿YØn¬ am{X-am-Wv. ap-
X-em-fn-ØØ - ns‚ ]nXm-hmbn Adn-bs - ∏-
Sp∂ BZw kvanØv Xs‚ "Zn sh¬Øv
Hm^v \mj≥kv' (An Inquiry in to the
Nature and causes of the Wealth of Na-
tions' F∂mWv ]q¿W-cq]w) Fgp-Xp-
∂Xv 1776 emWv. "Im∏n-‰-en-k-' Øns‚
]nXm- h mbn Adn- b - s ∏- S p∂ BZw
kvanØn\v {]kvXpX "Ck'sØ-°p-dn®v
Adn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√ F∂¿Yw. "Im∏n-‰n-
enÃv' F∂v BZy-ambn {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xn\v c≠p h¿j-߃°p aptº
At±lw ac-Ws - ∏-´n-cp-∂p. At±-lØ - n\v
tijw Bdc∏Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ Ign-™m-
Wv "Im∏n-‰e - nkw' F∂ ]Zw X-s∂ tem-
Iw tIƒ°p- ∂ - X v . Hcp kmº- Ø nI
Z¿i\w F∂ \ne°v Im∏n-‰-en-k-sa∂v
{]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-I-s´ C-cp-]Xmw
2009 am¿-®v-
\q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ am{X-hpw.
"Cd-®n-°m-c\pw sdm´n-°m-c\pw hm‰p-
Im-c\pw Ah-cpsS kzm¿Y-Xm¬]-cy-ß-
fp-≈-Xp-sIm-≠mWv hkvXp-°fpw tkh-
\-ßfpw ]c-kv]cw ]¶p-sh-°p-∂-Xv;
sXm-gn¬ hn`-P-\-Øns‚ Bkq-{Xn-X-a-
√mØ Cu hn`-P\w ImcWw aq∂p-t]¿-
°pw \√ coXn-bn¬ Pohn-°p-hm≥ Ign-
bp∂p' Hmtcm tPmen sNøp-∂-h-s\bpw
\bn-°p∂ "kzm¿YX'sb∂ "AZr-iy-I-
c' (Invisible Hand)sØ°p-dn®v BZw
kvanØns‚ {]kvXm-h\ Gsd N¿®
sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hna¿in-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. kzØns‚ kzIm-cy-
h¬°-c-WsØ \ymbo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv
kvanØv sNøp-∂-sX∂pw kzIm-cy-kz-
Øv F∂ "Xn∑'bn¬ \n∂v am\-h-cmin
Ic-I-b-dmsX Ah¿°v tamN-\-ap-≠m-hp-
I-bn-s√∂pw AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ At±-
lw am\-h-hn-tcm-[n-bm-sW-∂p-ap≈ a´n-
emWv am¿Ivknb≥ `qan-I-bn¬ \n∂p-
sIm≠v kvanØns\ hna¿in-®-h-cpsS
hmZw. "kzm¿YX'sb \ymbo-I-cn-°p-I-
b-√; {]XypX hn]-Wnsb kPo-h-am-°p-
∂ Hcp hkvXp-Xsb \nco-£n-°pI am-
{X-amWv kvanØv Xs‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬
sNøp-∂-sX∂ bmYm¿Yyw hnkva-cn-®p-
sIm-≠mWv Cu hna¿i\w. am{X-hp-a√,
kzm¿YX F√m-bvt∏mgpw KpW-I-c-am-
sW∂ hmZ-Øn\v ]Icw ]e-t∏mgpw A-
Xv tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°m-dp-s≠∂
hkvXp-Xbpw At±lw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-
∂p-≠v. Xs‚ kºm-Zy-Øns‚ `qcn-`m-
Khpw kmaq-ly-t£-a-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃-
°mbn \o°n-sh® BZw kvanØm-Wv
kzm¿Y-X-bpsS XØz-im-kv{X-Øns‚
]nXm-hmbn Adn-bs - ∏-Sp∂sX∂ hkvX
X F¥p-am-{Xw henb sshcp-[y-a√!
cmjv{Sw hn]-Wn-bn¬ CS-s]-´p-Iq-Sm-
sb∂v ]d-™Xv BZw kvanØ√; {]Xyp-
X ]n¬°me kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄-
∑m-cm-Wv. kzX-{¥-am¿°‰v kn≤m-¥-ß-
sf s]mXp-hmbn sebvsk-^n-b¿ (Lai-
ssezfair) F∂mWv Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X
- v. "sN
øm≥ A\p-hZ- n-°pI' sb∂m-Wv Cu {^-
©v hmKvZz-bØ- n-\¿Yw. hn]-Wnsb kzX-
{¥-ambn kzbw hf-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-
sb-∂mWv CXv A¿Y-am-°p-∂-Xv. bm-
sXmcphn[ CS-s]-Se - p-an-√mØ hn]-Wn-°v
kzbw hf-cp-hm\pw \ne\n¬°p-hm\pw
Aßs\ F√m-h¿°pw Xr]vX-amb tk-
h-\-߃ sNøp-hm\pw Ignbp-sa∂v se-
9
]-T-\w
bvsk-^n-b¿ kn≤m-¥° - m¿ hmZn-°p-∂p.
]q¿W-amb A¿Y-Øn-ep≈ kzX{¥ hn-
]-Wn-sb∂ apX-em-fn-ØØ - n-s‚ Bi-bw
{]tbm-K-h¬°-cn-°p-hm≥ CXp-hsc I-
gn-™n-´n-√. Im∏n-‰e- n-kØ- n-s‚ ]dp-Zo-k-
bmbn Adn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ Ata-cn-°b - n¬ t]m-
epw hn]-Wnsb \nb-{¥n-°p∂ k¿-°m¿
\nb-a-ß-fp≠v F∂-Xm-Wv hmkvX-hw.
F¶nepw, kzX{¥ hn]-Wn-sb∂
Bi-bsØ {]tbm-K-h¬°-cn-°p-hm≥
]c-am-h[n ]cn-{i-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cn°p∂
cmjv{S-amWv Ata-cn-°. AhnsS F√mw
I®-h-S-abamWv; [¿ahpw A[¿ahpw
Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv hn]-Wn°v F¥v t\´-
hpw tIm´-hp-ap-≠m-°p-∂p-sh∂-Xns‚
ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-em-Wv. hn]-Wnsb tZmj-
I-c-ambn _m[n-°psa∂v tXm∂p∂ Xo-
cp-am-\-sam-∂p-sa-Sp-°m≥ k¿°m¿ k∂-
≤-am-hp-∂n-√. hn]-Wnsb kv\nKv[a - m-°p-
∂-Xn-∂mbn P\-ß-fn¬ D]-t`m-K-{`aw
krjvSn-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-am-b-sX√mw
sNøm≥ k¿°m¿ Iq´p \n¬°p-∂p. ]c-
am-h[n Bkz-Zn-°p-I-bmWv Pohn-X-Øn-
s‚ [¿a-sa∂ a´n-ep≈ kmaq-ly-{I-a-
Øn-emWv hnZym-`ym-k-k-{º-Zm-b-a-S°w
F√mw tI{µo-Ic - n-°∏- ´n-cn-°p-∂X
- v. ISw
hmßnbpw sImSpØpw ]en-i-hy-h-ÿ-
sb \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Bh-iy-am-b-sX√mw
sNøm≥ _m¶p-Iƒ°v ]q¿W-amb kzm-
X{¥yw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]uc-∑m-cn¬
]e-scbpw Zcn-{Z-cpw at\m-tcm-Kn-I-fm-°p-
sa- ∂ - d n- ™ n´pw NqXm´tI{µ- ß ƒ°v
k¿°m¿ ssek≥kv \¬Ip-∂p. IpSpw-
_-ÿm-]-Øns‚ XI¿® henb kmaq-
ly-hn-]-Øm-sW-∂-dn-™n´pw kzX-{¥-
- p- ssew-Kn-I-Xsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p.
]uc-∑msc XI¿°p-Ibpw Xf¿Øp-I-
bpw sNøp∂ ab-°p-ac - p-∂p-Iƒ t]mepw
hn]-W\w sNøp-∂-Xn\p t\sc IÆ-S-
°p-∂p. {]Ir-Xn°pw `qan-bpsS \ne-\n¬-
∏n\v Xs∂bpw amc-I-amb hkvXp-°ƒ
D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - n¬ \n∂v Iº-\n-Isf
XS-bm≥ k¿°m¿ sa\-s°-Sp-∂p-an√;
AXym¿Ønbpw t`mKm-kvXnbpw hf¿-
Øp∂ ]c-ky-߃ kmaq-ly-{I-asØ-
Øs∂ tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p-sa∂v
a\- n-em-°n-bn´pw Ahsb \nb-{¥n-°m-
≥ Ah¿°v Ign-bp-∂n-√... Aß-s\-bß - -
s\... Ch Xs∂-bmWv Ct∏m-gp-≠mb
{]Xn--k‘ - n-bpsS ASn-ÿm\Imc-Whpw!
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
]-T-\w
c≠mw temIalm-bp-≤-Øn\v tijw- A-ta-cn-°bpw djybpw XΩn-ep≈ ioX-k-a-c-am-bn-
cp∂p GI-tZiw Ac-\q-‰m-≠p-Im-e-tØmfw temI cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ \nd™p \n∂n-cp∂Xv.
A-°m-esØ- ap-gp-h≥- tem-I- cm-jv-{So-b- kw-L-´-\-ß-fpw- C-Xn-s‚- D-t]m¬-∏-∂-ß-fm-Wv.-
C-Xm-h-s´- B-bp-[-hym--]-m-cn-I-fn¬- {]-ap-J-cm-b- A-ta-cn-°-bp-sSbpw- d-jy-bp-sS-bpw- km-º-
Øn-I- Xm¬-]-cy-ß-fp-sS- `m-K-am-bn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw.- 1991¬- tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-s‚- X-I¿-®-
tbm-sS- A-ta-cn-°- B- cw-K-sØ- G-Im-[n-]-Xn-bm-bn;- C-∂pw- B- \n-e- Xp-S-cp-∂p.-

BtKm-f-h¬°-cWØns‚ aXhpw
cmjv{So-bhpw

F.-F≥. A_vZp¬Jm-Zn¿ ■-

kmº- Ø nI DZm- c o- I - c - W - Ø n\v
s]mXp-hmbn {]tbmKn-°s - ∏´ "sebvsk
s^b¿' (Laissez fair ) F∂ BZy-ambn
D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv 1609 ¬ A∂sØ {^©v
kmºØnIImcy- a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ Po≥
_mÃnÃv tImƒ_¿´v BsW-∂mWv
Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kaq-l-Øntem kmº-
ØnI Imcyßfntem k¿°m¿ CS-s]-
S-ep-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n Ipd-°W - s
- a-∂m-hi - y-
s∏-Sp∂ XØz-im-kv{X-ßsf s]mXp-
hmbn "sebvsks^b¿' kn≤m-¥-߃
F∂mWv ]d™p hcm-dp-≈-Xv. kzX{¥-
hn]Wn (Free Market) F∂ sebvsk
s^b¿ kmº-ØnI hyhÿ Bkq-{Xn-
X kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿ°pw (Planned
economy) \nb- { ¥nX hn]- W n°pw
(Regulated market)FXn¿ \n¬°p∂
hn]-Wn-\-b-am-Wv. k¿°mtcm sXmgn-en-
S-ß-fn¬ B[n-]-Xy-ap≈ sXmgn-em-fn
Iq´m-bvatbm \nb-{¥n-°p∂ kºZv hyh-
ÿ-bmWv Bkq-{XnX kmº-ØnI hyh-
ÿ. k¿°m¿ \n›-bn® kan-Xn-bpsS
\nb- { ¥- W - Ø n¬ Nc- ° p- I - f p- s Sbpw
tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw {Ib-hn-{Ibw \S-
Øp∂ hn]Wnsb "\nb-{¥nX hn]-Wn-
'sb∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. Ch c≠n\pw FXn-
cmWv "kzX-{¥-hn-]Wn''F∂v ]d-bp-
tºmƒ Xs∂ {]kvXpX hn]WnbpsS
\nb-a-߃ \n›-bn-°p-∂Xv k¿°m-
cs√∂v hy‡-am-Wv. Ata-cn-°≥ hn]-
Wn-bpsS ASn-ÿm\\nb-a-߃ \n¿an-
°p-∂Xpw \S∏m-°p-∂Xpw \nb-{¥n-°p-
∂-Xp-sa√mw AhnsS Bÿm-\-am-°n-bn-
´p≈ BtKm- f - I p- Ø I`oa≥amcm- W v .
CØcw IpØ- I - ` o- a - ∑ msc√mw \ne-
\n¬°p∂Xv Hml-cn-hn-]-Wn-bnse sj-
bdpIƒ°v- apI-fn-em-Wv; tIm¿∏-td‰v `oa-
∑m-cmWv Ata-cn°≥ am¿°-‰p-I-fpsS
\nb-{¥-W-ß-ƒ \n›-bn-°p-∂-sX-∂v
A¿Yw. k¿°m¿ AXn¬ t\cn´v CS-s]-
Sp-∂n-√; F∂m¬ F√m-Øn\pw ta¬-
t\m´w hln®v sIm≠v \ne-\n¬°p-I-
bpw sNøp-∂p.
c≠mw temIalm-bp-≤Ø - n\v tijw-
A-ta-cn-°bpw djybpw XΩn-ep≈ ioX-
k-ac- a
- m-bn-cp∂p GI-tZiw Ac-\q-‰m-≠p-
Im-e-tØmfw temI cmjv{So-b-Øn¬
\nd™p \n∂n-cp∂Xv. 1948 Pq¨ 24 apX-
¬ 1949 sabv 11 hsc \o≠p\n∂ tkmhn-
b‰v bqWn-bs‚ s_¿en≥ D]-tcm[w,
1950 Pq¨ 25 apX¬ 1953 Pqsse 27 h-sc
\S∂ sImdn-b≥ bp≤w, 1961 Pq¨ 4 apX-
¬ \hw-_¿ 9 hsc \o≠ _¿en≥ {]Xn-
k-‘n, 1987 BKÃv 7 apX¬ 1989 s^-
{_p-hcn 15 hsc \S∂ A^vKm≥ bp≤w,
1960 IfpsS XpS-°-Ønse Iyq-_≥ an-
ssk¬ {]Xn-k‘n, XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw
Cu ioX-k-a-c-Øns‚ k¥-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp-
∂p. Cu {]iv\-߃s°√mw ]n∂n¬
A∂sØ Bbp-[-hym-]m-cn-I-fn¬ {]ap-
J-cm-bn-cp∂ Ata-cn°bpsS-bpw tkmhn-
b‰v bqWn-bs - ‚bpw kmº-ØnI Xm¬]-
cy-߃ IqSnbp≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1991¬ tkm-
hn-b‰v bqWn-b≥ XI¿-∂-tXmSp IqSn
C\n Ata-cn-°-bp-ambn a’-cn-°p-hm≥
Bcp-an-s√∂ Ahÿ kwPm-Xa - m-bn. A-
ta-cn-°-bpsS A[o-i-Xz-Øn-ep≈ "GI-
{[p-h-temIw' (Unipolar world) ]nd-°p-
I-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂v. {_n´ojv am¿Ivkn-
Ãv Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb FdnIv tlm_vkv
_mw A`n-{]m-bs - ∏-´Xv tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-
bs‚ XI¿®-tbmsS Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m≠v
Ah-km-\n-®p-sh-∂m-Wv- (Eric Hobsba-
wm: The Age of Extremes: The Short
Twentieth Century, 1914-1991(1994)
k±mw lpss-ks‚ IpsshØv A[n-\n-
th-i-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®v 1990 sk]vXw-
_¿ 11\v hmjnw-ßvS¨ Un.-kn.-bn¬
sh®v \S∂ bpssW-‰Uv tÉvkv tIm-
¨{K-kn¬ {]kn-U≠v tPm¿Pv _pjv
H∂m-a≥ sNbvX {]kw-K-Øn (http://

2009 am¿-®v- 10
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
bushlibrary-tamu.edu) s‚ Xe-s°´v' Hcp
]pXnbtemI {Ia-Øn-te-°v (Toward
New World Order) F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. 1990
HmsS ]pXn-b-tem-I-{Iaw XpS-ßn-sb∂v
Ata-cn-°bpw FXn-cm-fn-Ifpw Htc kzc-
Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-sh-∂¿Yw.
\h- t emI{Ia- s Ø- ° p- d n® N¿®
FÆ-bpsS cmjv{So-b-Øn-te°v hgn-am-
dp-∂Xv Chn-sS-bmWv. {InkvXm_vZw 387
apX¬ Xs∂ ssN\-°m¿ FÆ D¬]m-
Zn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂Xn\v tcJ-I-fp-s≠-¶n-
epw 1856¬ Im\-U° - m-c\ - mb F{_lmw
]n\ntbm sP≥kI¬°-cn-bn¬ \n∂v
asÆÆ (Kerosene) th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-ØX - p
apX¬°mWv s]t{Sm-fn-b-Øn‚ B-[p-
\nI Ncn{Xw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. 1861 ¬
ÿm]n- ° - s ∏´ Ak¿ss_- P m- \ nse
_°p-hnse dnss^-\d - n-bmWv BZysØ
FÆip≤o-I-c-W-ime. 1885 ¬ kpam-{X-
bnepw 1863 ¬ s]dp-hnepw 1908 ¬ Cdm-
\nepw 1910 ¬ Im\-U-bnepw FÆ-°n-
W-dp-Ifpw ip≤o-Ic - W
- i - m-eI
- fpw ÿm]n-
°-s∏-´p. C∂v temIØv \n¿an°-s∏-
Sp∂ s]t{Sm-fn-bØ - ns‚ 62.5%hpw D¬]m-
Zn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ Xv Ad_v cmPy- ß - f m- W v .
ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-∂Xv kDuZy Atd_y
Xs∂(25%). CdmJpw bp.-F.-Cbpw Ip-
sshØpw JØdpsa√mw ]n∂n¬ Xs∂-
bp≠v. 20˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬,
temIsØ Du¿Pm-h-iy-ß-fn¬ \mep-
iX-am\-amWv s]t{Sm-fnbw hgn ]q¿Øo-
I-cn-®ncp-∂-sX-¶n¬ C∂Xv 40% BWv.
KXm- K - X - Ø n- \ mbn D]- t bm- K n- ° p∂
Du¿P-Øns‚ 90% hpw s]t{Sm-fn-bØ - n¬
\n∂p-≈-Xp-am-Wv. B[p-\nI ImesØ
FÆ- D¬]m-Z\w XpS-ßn-bXv apX¬
temIw 875 _ney¨ _mc¬ FÆ-bm-
Wv D]-tbm-Kn®v Xo¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tem-
IØv C∂v D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ s]-
t{Sm-fn-b-Øns‚ `qcn-`m-Khpw D]-tbm-
Kn®p Xo¿°p-∂Xv Ata-cn-°b - m-Wv. 2006
se IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw Hcp Znh-k-
ap≈ Ata-cn-°-bnse FÆ D]-t`mKw
20.68742 aney¨ _mc-ep-I-fm-Wv. Ata-
cn-°-bpsS \men-c´n P\-kw-Jy-bp≈
C¥y-bn¬ CXv 2.5719 aney≥ _mc-ep-
Iƒ am{X-amWv F∂v Hm¿°p-I. Ata-cn-
°-°m-cs\ kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw FÆ
F{X-am{Xw {][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂v a\-
 n-em-°m≥ CXv Xs∂ [mcmfw aXn.
1908 ¬ t]¿jy-bn-emWv (C∂sØ
Cdm≥) a[y-]u-ckvXytZisØ BZy-
2009 am¿-®v-
sØ FÆ-°n-W¿ Ipgn-®-Xv. kDuZy
Atd-_y-bnse FÆJ\n-Iƒ I≠p-]n-
Sn-®Xv 1938 emWv. 1944 ¬ {]apJ s]t{Sm-
fnbw `qanim-kv{X-⁄\ - mb Fh-dÃv Un
tKmbve¿ Ata-cn-°≥ k¿°m-cn\v \¬-
Inb dnt∏m¿´n¬ a[y-]u-c-kvXy- tZ-i-
Øv Npcp-ßn-bXv 25 _ney¨ {IqUv
Hmbn-se-¶nepap≠mIp-sa∂pw AXn¬ 5
_ney¨ kDuZn Atd-_y°v Iogn-em-
sW∂pw kqNn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. Cu tZiØv
Npcp-ßn-bXv 300 _ney¨ _mc¬ {IqUv
Hmbn-ep-s≠∂pw AXnse aq∂n-sem∂pw
kDuZn Atd-_y-bn-em-sW∂pambn-cp-∂p
At±- l - Ø ns‚ A\u- t Zym- K n- I - a mb
1967¬ \S∂ BdpZn\ Ad-_v˛CkvdmCu¬ bp≤-tØm-S-\p-_-
‘n®v G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb FÆ D]-tcm[w hgn Xs∂ FÆ Hcp
Bbp-[-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂psh∂v a\- n-em-°n-°-gn-™hcm-bn-cp∂p
H∂mw tem-I-cm-jv{S-ß-fnse cmPy-X-{¥-PvR≥am¿. F´v Ad-_v
cm-jv{S-߃ XΩn-ep-≠m°nb Jm¿Øpw {]ta-b-Øn\v B-
D-]-tcm-[w- \nan-Ø-am-bn.
A`n-{]mbw. ""Ncn-{X-Øn¬ e`n-®n-´p≈
G‰-hpw henb H‰ kΩm-\-amWv Cu
{]tZ-isØ FÆ'' F∂mWv At±lw
Xs‚ dnt∏m¿´n¬ kqNn-∏n-®-Xv. A∂v
temIØv D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ FÆ-
bpsS 60% hpw Ata-cn-°-bn-ep¬]m-Zn-∏n-
°p- ∂ - X m- b n- c p- ∂ p. a[y]uckv X y
tZiØv \n∂v hcp∂ tIhew 5% am{Xw!
c≠mw temIalm-bp≤w \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-
cn-°p-tºm-gmWv kDuZn Atd-_y-bn¬
hyh-km-bn-Ia - mbn FÆ D¬]m-Z\w XpS-
ßn-bXv. AXn\v h¿j-߃°p apºv
Xs∂ hym]mc°pØ-IIƒ FÆ-bn¬
IÆpw \´v Atd-_y≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬
D¬J-\\ Kth-j-W-߃ XpSßn°gn-
™n-cp-∂p.
1933 sabv 23 \mWv Ata-cn-°-bnse
"Ãm¿tU¿Uv Hmbn¬ Hm^v Imen-t^m-
¿Wnb'bpambn kDuZybn¬ FÆ Kth-
j-W-߃°mbp≈ Icm-dn¬ kDuZn
k¿°m¿ H∏psh°p-∂-Xv. Ah¿ "Imen-
t^m¿Wnb Atd_y≥ Ãm≥tU¿Uv Hm-
bn¬ Iº-\n'bp≠m°n AXns‚ Iogn¬
Kth-j-W-߃ \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw FÆ
Is≠Øp-∂Xn¬ hnP-bn-®n-√. 1936¬
"sSIvkmkv Hmbn¬ Iº\n' "Imen-t^m-
¿Wnb Atd-_y≥ Ãm≥tU¿Uv Hmbn¬
Iº\n'bpambn tN¿∂v "Imen-t^m¿Wn-
b sSIvkmkv Hmbn¬ Iº\n' F∂
11
]-T-\w
]pXnb ÿm]-\-ap-≠m°n Kth-jWw
XpS¿∂p. 1938 ¬ Zlvdm-\n¬ cmPysØ
BZysØ FÆ-∏mSw Is≠-Øn. 1944
emWv Iº-\n-bpsS t]cv am‰n ""Atd-_y-
≥ Ata-cn-°≥ Hmbn¬ Iº\n'' (AR-
AMCO) F∂ t]cn¬ FÆ-bp¬]mZ\w
hym]-Ia- m-°n-bX
- .v 1973¬ AdmwtIm Iº-
\n-bpsS 25%hpw 1964¬ 60%hpw Hml-cn-
Iƒ kDuZn k¿°m¿ hmßn. 1980 ¬
Iº\n ]q¿W-ambn k¿°m-cns‚ Iøn-
em-bn. 1988 ¬ Iº-\n-bpsS t]cv am‰n
kDuZn Atd- _ y≥ Hmbn¬ Iº\n
(SAUDI ARAMCO) F∂m°nØo¿-Øv
G‰-hpw henb FÆZmXm-hmbn \ne-\n-
∂psIm≠v temI-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb s]-
t{Sm-fn-b-Øns‚ Im¬`mKhpw \¬In-
t∏m-cp-I-bm-Wv Cu Iº\n. 1989 ¬ dnbm-
Zn\v sX°p`m-KØv \n∂v Db¿∂ KpW-
\n- e - h m- c - a p≈ FÆbpw hmX- I hpw
I≠p]nSn-®-tXmsS Iº-\n-bpsS {]h¿-
Ø\taJe Gsd hep-Xm-bn. HcpZn-h-
kw Hcp tImSn _mc¬ hsc {IqUv Hmbn-
¬ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°m\mIp-sa∂ Ah-ÿ-
bn¬ 1994 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw Iº\n F-
Øn. 2003 ¬ {]h¿Ø\amcw-`n® "A¬
l¿Yv' {]IrXnhmXI \n¿amWbqWn-
‰pw 2001 se "A¬l-hnø' s{]mPIvSpw
{]Ir-Xn-hm-XI\n¿am-W-cw-KØpw IqSn
kDu-Znsb ta¬t°m-bva-bn-te°v \bn-
°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
1945 am¿®v 22 \mWv Ad_v cmPy-
ß- f psS sFIy- t h- Z n- b mb ""Pman- A -
Øp±ph-en¬ Ad-_nø''(Leage of Arab
States) F∂ HutZym- K n- I - \ m- a - Ø n¬
Ad_v eoKv {]h¿Ø-\a - m-cw-`n-®X
- v. XpS-
°-Øn¬ kDuZn Atd_y, kndnb, e_-
\m≥, CuPn]vXv, Cdm-Jv, tPm¿Zm≥
F∂o Bdp cmPy-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ad_v
eoKn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. 1945 ¬ ba\pw
1953 en_n-bbpw 1956 ¬ kpUm\pw 1958
¬ samtdmt°mbpw SpWo-jybpw 1961 ¬
IpsshØpw 1982 ¬ A¬Po-cn-bbpw 1972
¬ bpF-Cbpw 1971 ¬ _l-ssd\pw
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
JØdpw Ham\pw 1973 ¬ audnØm-\n-b-
bpw 1974 ¬ tkmam-en-bbpw 1974 ¬ ^e-
kvXo\pw 1977 ¬ Pn_vbqØnbpw 1993
¬ tImwtdmwkpw Ad-_v eo-Kn¬ AwK-
ß-fm-bn.
H∂mw temIa-lm-bp≤w \S-∂p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p-tºm-ƒ 1917 \hw-_¿ 2\v {_n´o-
jv kntbm-WnÃv s^U-td-js‚ D∂-X-
\mb t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ tdm_vvkv ssN¬-
Uv {]`p-hn\v {_n´ojv hntZiImcy sk-
{I´dn B- ¿X¿ sPbnwkv _mƒ^¿ Fgp-
Xnb Hcp IØnemWv ""temI-sØ-ßp-
ap≈ PqX-∑m-cpsS tZi-Kr-l-ambn ^e-
kvXo-\ns\ am‰n-Øo¿°p-∂X - n-t\mSv {_n-
´ojv k¿°m-cn\v A\p-Iqe kao-]-\-am-
Wp-≈Xv'' F∂ Ip{]-kn-≤a - mb {]kvXm-
h-\b- p-≈X
- v. "1917 se _mƒ^u¿ {]Jym-
]\w' (Balfour Declaration of 1917) F∂v
Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bmWv
]n∂oSv \S∂ ^e-kvXo≥ A[n-\n-th-
i-Øn\pw C∂v temIØv \S-°p-∂
G‰hpw henb `oI-c-Xbmb Ckvdm-
Cu¬ `oI-cX°psa√mw ASn-Ød ]Wn-
X-Xv.
H∂mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-tØmsS DYv-
am-\nb km{amPyw inYn-e-amIp-Ibpw
^e-kvXo\n¬ `cWw {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS
ssI-h-i-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ kn-
tbm-WnÃpIƒ°v \¬Inb Dd∏v ]men-
°p-hm≥ {_n´ojv k¿°m¿ k∂-≤-am-
bn. temI-sØ-ßp-ap≈ PqX-∑m¿ sas√
^e-kvXo-\n¬ h∂v IpSn-tb‰w XpS-ßn.
1935 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw ^e-kX v o-\n-se-Øn
IpSn-tb-dnb PqX-∑m-cpsS FÆw 6000
Ihn-™p. PqX-cm-jv{S-Øns‚ ÿm]\w
e£y-am-°n-s°m≠mWv Cu IpSn-tb-‰-
sa∂v a\- n-em-°n-b-tXmsS ^e-kvXo-
\nse Xt±-i-hm-kn-Iƒ AXn-s\-Xnsc
{]Xn-tj-[n-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. AXv Iem-
]-ß-fn-te°v Xncn-™p. 1936 apX¬ 1939
hsc \nc-h[n Iem-]-߃ \S-∂p. Cu
Iem-]-߃ {_n´ojv k¿°mcpw PqX-
`o-I-c-∑mcpw IqSn ASn-®-a¿Øn. 5000 e-
[nIw ^e-kvXo-\n-Ifpw 400 PqX-∑cpw
200 {_n´o-jp-Imcpw ac-W-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
15000 e[nIw ^e-kvXo-\n-Iƒ°v amc-I-
ambn ]cn-t°¬°pIbpw sNbvXp. Cu
Iem-]-ß-fpsS ]cn-WnXnsb∂hÆw
{]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw
sFIy- c m- j v { S- k - ` - b psS Xe- b n- e m- b n-
Øo¿∂p. sFIy-cm-jv{S-k`- b - psS Ncn-{X-
Ønse H∂m-asØ GI-]-£obamb
2009 am¿-®v-
Xocp-am-\-ap-≠m-bn. 1948 sabv 14 Ckvdm-
Cu¬ F∂ cmjv{Sw cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´p.
1947\h-º¿ 29\v ]mkm-°nb "sF-
Iy-cm-jv{S-k-`-bpsS ^e-kvXo≥ ]≤Xn'
{]Imcw cq]-s∏´ CkvdmCu¬ cmjv{S-
sØ Ab¬]°- c m- j v { S- ß - s fm∂pw
AwKo-I-cn-®n-√. CXns‚ ^e-am-bmWv
BZy-sØ Ad_n˛CkvdmCu¬ bp≤-ap-
≠m-b-Xv. 1948 ¬ XpS-ßnb bp≤w 1949
\v Xm¬°m-enI bp≤-hn-cma Icm-tdm-sS-
bmWv Ah-km-\n-®-Xv. bp≤-hn-cm-a-Øn\v
a[yÿw hln-°m-\mbn \ntbm-Kn-°s - ∏-
´v sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` a[y-ÿ≥ kzo-Unjv
cmjv{S X{¥-⁄-\m-bn-cp∂ t^mƒ°v
_¿Wm- t Um´v ^e- k v X o\v A¬]w
A\p-Iq-e-sa∂v tXm∂n-∏n-°p∂ \n¿tZ-
i-ß-fmWv apt∂m´v sh®Xv F∂Xn\m-
¬ 1948 sk]vXw-_¿ 17 PqX-`o-Ic - ∑
- m-cm¬
{Iqc-ambn sIme sNø-s∏-´p. kntbm-Wn-
Ãv `oI-c-kw-L-S-\-bmb "teln' bpsS
t\Xm-°-fm-bn-cp∂ bnkvlmJv jao¿
(1983˛84 epw 1986˛92 epw Ckvdmbo¬
{][m-\-a{¥n), \mYm≥ sb√n≥ tam¿,
Ckv d mCu¬ F¬ZmZv F∂n- h - c m- b n-
cp∂p h[-Øn\v ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn®
{][m-\n-Iƒ. CkvdmCu-en-t\mSv Ifn-
®m¬ Fß-s\-bmbn-cn-°p-sa∂v temI-
sØ ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p "teln' Cu
sIme-]m-X-I-Øn-eqsS sNbvX-Xv.
1948 apX¬ 1952 hsc F´c e£-
tØmfw blq-Z-∑m¿ temI-Øns‚ hnhn-
[-`m-Kß
- f- n¬ \n∂pw CkvdmCu-en-te°v
IpSn-tb‰w \S-Øn-bt- ∏mƒ A{X-tØmfw
^e- k v X o- \ n- I ƒ°v kz¥w cmjv { Sw
\jvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw temI-Øns‚ hnhn[
`mK-߃ A`-bm-¿∞nI-fmbn Ae-tb-
≠ Ah-ÿb - a - ≠
- m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXpsh-
∂mbn-cp∂p BZy Ad_v˛CkvdmCu¬
bp≤-Øns‚ A\-¥-c-^ew.
1960 sk]vXw-_¿ 14 \mWv FÆ-bp-
¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ 13 cmjv{S-ßfpsS sFIy-
th-Zn-bmb "Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥ Hm-^v Zn
s]t{Sm-fnbw FIvkvt]m¿´nwKv I¨{So-
kv' (OPEC) cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. 1971¬
Ata-cn-°≥ Kh¨-sa‚ v GI-]-£o-b-
ambn tUmf-dns‚ kz¿Wm-Sn-Ød FSp-
Øp If-™Xv FÆ-hn-esb kmc-ambn
_m[n-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ AXp-
hscbp≠m-bn-cp∂ Ata-cn-°≥ tUmf-
dn¬ FÆ-hne \n›-bn-°p∂ k{º-
Zmbw \n¿Øn kz¿W-Øn\v ]I-c-ambn
am{Xw FÆ \¬In-bm¬ aXnsb∂v H-
12
]-T-\w
s]Iv Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv apX¬°mWv A¥-
¿tZ-iob cwKØv FÆ-bpsS cm{j-{Sobw
N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. \mem-aXv Ad-_v-
˛-CkvdmCu¬ kwL-´\ - ambn Adn-bs
- ∏-
Sp∂ 1973 se -tbmw-In]q¿ bp≤-tØm-S-
\p-_‘ - n®v FÆ-bp¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Ad-
_v cmjv{S-ß-sf-SpØ i‡-amb Xocp-
am- \ - ß ƒ A- t ∏m- t g°pw temIsØ
H∂m-asØ FÆ D]-t`m-K-cm-jv{S-ß-fm-
bn amdn-°gn-™n-cp∂ Ata-cn-°, {_n´≥
XpS-ßnb cmjv{S-ßsf Gsd {]bm-k-
s∏-Sp-Øn. 1967 ¬ \S∂ BdpZn\ Ad-
_v ˛ Ckv d mCu¬ bp≤- t Øm- S - \ p- _ -
‘n®v G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb FÆ D]-tcm[w
(1967 Oil Embargo) hgn Xs∂ FÆ Hcp
Bbp-[-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂psh∂v a\- n-em-
°n-°-gn-™hcm-bn-cp∂p H∂mw tem-I-
cm-jv{S-ß-fnse cmPy-X-{¥-PvR≥am¿.
CkvdmCu-ens\ klm-bn-°p-∂-h¿°v
FÆ \¬Ip-Ib - n-s√∂ FÆ-bp¬]m-Z\
cmjv{S-ßfpsS \ne-]m-Sns\ ]c-kv]cw
`n∂n-∏n®psIm≠v s]mfn-°m\p≈ Ata-
cn-°≥˛{_n´ojv ]cn-{i-a-߃ Ipd-s®-
√mw ^ew I≠p-sh-¶nepw CkvdmCu-
en-s\-Xnscbp≈ i‡-amb \ne-]m-Sn¬
Dd®p \n¬°p-hm\pw A°m-cy-Øn¬
tbmPn®v \oßp-hm\pw F´v Ad-_v cm-
jv{S-߃ XΩn-ep-≠m°nb Jm¿Øpw
{]ta-b-Øn\v AXv \nan-Ø-am-bn. AXv
Hcp cm{„ob hnPbw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
1973 HIvtSm-_¿ 17 \v Ad-_v cm-Py-ß-ƒ
Ata-cn-°°v ta¬ FÆ D]-tcm[w G¿-
s∏-Sp-ØnbXmbn {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw AXv
]n≥h-en-°Wsa-¶n¬ tbmwIn-∏q¿ bp≤-
Øn¬ CkvdmCu-ens\ ]n¥p-W-°p-
∂Xv \n¿Ø-Ws - a∂ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvX-t∏mƒ FÆsb∂ Bbp-[-Øn-
s‚ i‡n Ata-cn-°°pw icn°v a\- n-
em-bn. Hs∏Ivv cmjv{S-߃ FÆ hne
Iq´m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®Xv H∂mw temI cm-
jv{S-ßf - n-se√mw henb {]Xn-k‘n kr-
jvSn®p. Ata-cn-°-bpsS CjvS-Zm-k\pw
CkvdmCu-ens\ A∂p Xs∂ AwKo-I-
cn-®n-cp∂ cmjv{S-am-bn-cp∂ Cdm-\ns‚
cmPm-hp-ambncp∂ apl-ΩZv dkm ]lv-
ehn t]mepw Ifwamdn®hn-´n. 1973 Unkw-
_¿ 12\v \yqtbm¿°v ssSwkn\v \¬-
Inb A`n-ap-J-Øn¬ At±lw Xpd-∂-Sn-
®p. ""AsX! FÆhne IqSm≥ t]mIp-
I-bm-Wv. \n߃ ]m›m-Xy¿ R߃°v
\¬Ip∂ tKmX-ºns‚ hne aq∂n-c´n
h¿[n-∏n-®p. kna‚n-s‚bpw ]©-km-cb - p-
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
sSbpsa√mw hne Iq´n. Rß-fpsS ASp-
°¬ \n∂v {IqtUm-bn¬ hmßn kwkvI-
cn-s®-SpØv s]t{Sm-sI-an-°¬kv B°n-
sb-SpØv 100 C-c´n hne°v R߃°v
Xs∂ hn¬-°p-∂phcmWv \n߃, AXp-
sIm-≠v Xs∂ FÆ°v IqSp-X¬ hne
thW-sa-∂Xv \ymbw am{X-am-Wv; ]Øn-
c-´n-sb-¶nepw IqSp-X¬ thW-sa∂v \ap-
°v ]d-bmw''
FÆsb Bbp-[-am°nbp]-tbm-Kn-
°p-hm≥ Hs]Iv cmjv{S-ß-fpsS ap∂n¬
\S-∂Xv kDuZn Atd-_y-bnse `c-Wm-
[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ ss^k¬_v\pA_v-
Zn¬ Akokv A¬ kDuZv cmPm-hm-bn-
cp-∂p. At±lw A¿≤-tlm-Zc - ]
- p{X-\mb
ss^k¬ _v\p apssk-Zn-\m¬ Xs‚
aPvenkn¬ sh®v sIm√-s∏-´Xv FÆ D]-
tcm[w XpSßn c≠v h¿j-߃°v ti-
jw 1975 am¿®v 25 \mbn-cp-∂p. Ata-cn-
°-bn¬ hnZym-`ymkw t\Sp-Ibpw Ata-
cn-°≥ Imap-In-tbm-sSm∏w IgnbpIbpw
Ata-cn-°bn¬ sh®v ab°pacp-∂p-I-fp-
]-tbm-Kn®v ioen-°p-Ibpw sNbvX ss^-
k¬ apsskZv Xs‚ AΩm-h\ - mb ss^-
k¬ cmPm-hns\ h[n-°p-∂Xn\v apºv
P¿a\n kµ¿in-®X - mbn tcJ-Iƒ ]d-bp-
∂p-sh-¶nepw AsX¥n-\msW∂vv B¿-
°pw Adn-bn-s√∂mWv ]d-bs∏Sp∂Xv.
hy‡n-hn-tcm-[a - mWv h[-Øn\v ]n∂n-se-
∂mWv HutZym-KnI `mjyw. "RßtfmSv
Ifn-°-cpXv' F∂ ktµiw {]kvXpX
h[-Øn\p ]n∂nep≠mbn-cp-t∂msb∂v
\ap-°n∂v Adn-bn-√. AXv Ncn{Xw sXfn-
bn°psa∂v {]Xo-£n°p-I.
{]Ir-Xn-hm-XI-ß-fp-sSbpw FÆ-bp-
sSbpw tiJ-c-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ tem-
IsØ c≠m-asØ cmPy-amWv Cdm≥.
1901 sabv 28 \v JP¿ km{am-Py-Ønse
apk-^v^d - p-≤o≥ jm {_n´ojpIm-c\ - mb
hneyw sI Unbm¿Iy°v Cdm-\n¬ FÆ
Is≠Øp-hm≥ \¬Inb A\p-hmZØn-
¬ \n∂m-cw-`n-°p∂p Cdm-\nse FÆ-bp-
sS Ncn-{Xw. 1908 sabv amk-Øn-emWv C-
dm-\nse FÆ \nt£]߃ Is≠-Øn-
b-Xv. 1909 G{]nen¬ Xs∂ e≠-\n¬
sh®v Bt•m-˛t- ]¿jy≥ Hmbn¬ Iº\n
cq]o-Ic- n-°s - ∏-´p. 1914 sabv 20 \v Iº-\n-
bpsS 51% Hml-cn-Iƒ {_n´ojv Kh¨-
sa‚n\m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂ Icm¿ H∏p-sh-°-
s∏-´p. 1925 ¬ JP¿ km{amPyw XI-cp-I-
bpw Unkw-_¿ 15 \v ]lvehn km{aym-
Pyw A[n-Imcw Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-
2009 am¿-®v-
tXmsS apºsØ k¿°m-cp-ambn {_n´-
\p-≠m-°nb Icm¿ aPven-kn¬ sh®v
]mkm-°n-bn-´n-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ hne-bp-≈-
X-s√∂ hmZw Db¿∂p h∂p. AtX XpS-
¿∂v \S∂ N¿®-s°m-Sp-hn¬ 1932 \hw-
_¿ 26\v A∂sØ t]¿jy≥ cmPmhm-
bn-cp∂ dnkm jm Zlvehn t\c-sØ-bp-
≠m-°nb IcmdpIƒ d±v sNbvXp. {]iv\-
Øn¬ eoKv Hm^v \mj≥kv C-S-s]-Sp-
Ibpw 1933 G{]n¬ 26\v {_n´\pw t]¿-
jy-bp-ambn ]pXnb FÆ-°-cm¿ \ne-
hn¬ hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. c≠mw temI-
FÆsb Bbp-[-am°m≥ Hs]Iv cmjv{S-ß-fpsS ap∂n¬ \S-∂ kDuZn `c-Wm-[n-
Im-cn- ss^k¬_v\pA_v-Zn¬- Akokv,- F-Æ- D-]-tcm-[w- Xp-S-ß-n- c-≠p- h¿-j-߃-
°p- ti-jw-,- ]m-i-vNm-Xy- Po-hn-Xw- \-bn-®n-c-p-∂- X-s‚- A¿≤k-tlm-Z-c-]p{X-\mb
ss^k¬ _v\p apssk-Zn-\m¬ sIm-e-sN-ø-s∏-´-Xn-se- cm-jv-{So-bw- N-cn-{Xw- sX-fn-bn-
°p-sa-∂v- {]-Xo-£n-°mw.-..
a-lm-bp-≤-tØmS-\p-_-‘n®v P¿a-\n°v
A\p-Iq-e-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®p-
sh∂v Btcm-]n®p sIm≠v {_n´ojv˛
tkm-hn-b‰v kJyw Cdms\ B{I-an-°p-
Ibpw cmPm-hns\ kuØv B{^n-°-bn-
te°v \mSp-I-S-Øp-Ibpw 1941 sk]vXw-
_¿ 16 \v aI≥ apl-Ω-Zv dnjm ]lvehn-
sb Cdm≥ `cWm[n-Imcnbmbn hmgn-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
aplΩZv dnjm ]lvehn-bpsS t\Xr-
Xz-Øn-ep≈ Cdm≥ k¿°m-cns‚ {][m-
\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ tUm. apl-ΩZv apk-
±nJv ]mc-ºcyap≈ cmjv{So-b-°m-c\pw
tZio-b-hm-Zn-bmb cmjv{S X{¥-⁄-\p-
am-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-
Øn¬ Cdm-\nse FÆJ\n-Iƒ tZ-i-
km¬°-cn-°-W-sa∂ Bhiyw D∂-bn-
°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw P\-ß-fXv Gs‰-Sp-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu Bhiyw AwKo-I-
cn-°msX cmPmhn\v apt∂m´v t]mIm-\m-
13
]-T-\w
hn-s√∂ ÿnXn kwPm-X-ambn. Cu ka-
b-ØmWv tUm. apl-ΩZv apk-±nJv Iayq-
Wn-Ãp-Im-c-\m-sW∂ i‡-amb {]Nm-c-
W-hp-ambn _n.-_n.-kn. cwKØv h∂-Xv.
AtXm-sSm∏w P\-d¬ ^fvep≈ ktl-
Zn-bp-sSbpw tIW¬ \nAvaØp≈ \m-
kn-cn-bpsSbpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tUm.
apl--ΩZv apk-±nJns\-Xn-sc-bp≈ Iem-]-
ßfpw KqVm-tem-N-Ifpw \S-∂p. Ch°v
{_n´s‚ ]n¥p-W-tbmsS Im¿an-IXzw
hln-®Xv Ata-cn-°≥ Nmc-kw-L-S-\mb
sk≥{S-¬ C≥U-en-P≥kv GP≥kn
(CIA) Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂ hkvXpX Ah-
cpsS Xs∂ tcJ-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p∂p-
≠v. BZy-sa√mw tUm.-ap-l-ΩZv apk-±n-
Jn--t\m-sSm∏w D≠m-bn-cp∂ inbm-°f - psS
Bflob t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ Bb-Øp≈
kønZv A_p¬ Imknw apkvXhn Imim-
\n \n¿Wm- b IL´- Ø n¬ Iqdp- a m- d p-
Ibpw apk-±n-Jn-s\-Xnsc \ne-]m-SpIsf-
Sp-°p-I-bpamWv sNbvXXv. inbm-°ƒ
kn.--sF.-Fb - psS ]mh-If
- mbnØocp-Ibpw
Hm∏-td-j≥ APmIvkv (Operation Ajax)
F∂ Ata-cn° t]cn´ Cdm-\nse FÆ-
°n-Wd - p-If
- psS ta¬ Ah-Imiw ÿm]n-
°p-∂X - n\v th≠n-bp≈ {_n´ojv ˛Ata-
cn-°≥ X{¥-߃°v Iq´p\n¬°p-I-bp-
amWv sNbvX-Xv. Adnt™m Adn-bm-sX-
tbm apl-ΩZv dnjm ]lvehn°v BZyw
C‰-en-bn-te°v ]mem-b\w \S-tØ≠n
h∂p. ]s£, DS≥ Xs∂ kn.-sF.F
klm-b-tØmsS At±lw tUm. apk-±n-
Jns\ ÿm\-{`-jvS-\m-°n Xncn®p hcn-
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
Ibpw P\-d¬ ^Zvep≈ ktl-Znsb
{][m- \ - a - { ¥n- b mbn \nb- a n- ° p- I - b pw
sNbvXp. 1953 \v BKÃv 19 \v FÆ-bpsS
Ah-Imiw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n
\S-Ø-s∏´ BZysØ kztZin{iasØ
Ata-cn-°bpw {_n´\pw IqSn ]cm-P-b-
s∏-Sp-Øn- CXv Ah¿ sNbvXXv Cdm-
\nep≠mbn-cp∂ inbm auen-Ih - m-Zn-Isf
Iq´p-]n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-.
Bb-Øp≈ apkvXhn Imim\n kn.-
sF.-Fb - n¬ \n∂v ]Xn-\m-bncw tUmf-dpw
as‰mcp inbm t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ Bb-Øp-
≈ J\m-Xm_n {_n´ojv NmckwL-amb
M16 ¬ \n∂v Hcp e£w tUmfdpw Cu
Bh-iym¿Yw ssI∏-‰n-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v
hneyw ªw Xs‚ In√nwKv tlmhv bp-
Fkv anen-‰dn kn.-sF.F C‚¿sh≥j≥
kv F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ Ão^≥ tUmdn-¬
Xs‚ 16 C≥sskUv Zn Ih¿´v thƒUv
Hm^v sl¿ sa-P-Ãokv ko{I´v C‚-en-
P‚ v k¿hokv -F∂ {KŸ-Ønepw Nmc-
tc-JI - ƒ D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v ÿm]n-°p-∂p-
≠v. (William blum: Killing Hope: US
Military and CIA Intervention since World
War II(1995) Stephen Dorril: M16-Inside
The Covert World of Her Mejestiy's Se-
cret Intelligent Service (2000)
1953 apX¬ jm cm-Pmhv FÆ-°p-ta-
ep≈ {_n´ojv˛A-ta-cn-°≥ B[n-]-
XysØ tNmZyw sNømØ cq]-Øn¬
cmP-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°p-th≠n {]h¿Øn-°p-
I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1963 apX¬ 15 h¿j-°mew
\o≠p \n∂ sh≈-hn-πhw (White Reve-
lution) hgn Cdm-\nse km[m-c-W-°m-
cpsS \ne sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v th≠n-
bp≈ i‡-amb \S-]-Sn-I-fp-ambn apt∂-
dn jm k¿°m¿. ]W-°m-cn¬ \n∂pw
`q{]-`p-°f - n¬ \n∂pw `qan hmßn 15 e£-
tØmfw ]mh-s∏´ I¿j-I¿°v Ipd™
hne°v hnX-cWw sNbvXXpw HºXn\m-
bncw tImSn tUmf- d ns‚ \yq¢n- b ¿
Du¿P]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v cq]w \¬InbXpw
C‰m-en-b≥ FÆ-°-º-\n-bmb C.-F≥.-
sF-bp-ambn FÆ-°-cmdp≠m-°n-bXpw
Idp∏v hym]mcw C√m-sX-bm°p-hm≥ \S-
]-Sn-I-sf-SpØXpsa√m-am-bn-cp∂p sh≈-
hn-π-h-Øns‚ {][m-\-s∏´ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ.
1960¬ H-s]Iv cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
tij-ap≈ cmjv{Sob \o°-ßf - n¬ FÆ-
bp¬]m-Z-I-cm-jv{S-߃ Nne i‡-amb
\S-]S- n-Iƒ FSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXt- XmsS
{]kvXpX -cm-jv{S-ß-fn¬ A∂v ap∂n¬
2009 am¿-®v-
\n∂n-cp∂ kDuZn Atd-_y-bpsS i‡-
amb kzm[o\w ImcWw Cdm≥ k¿°m-
cns‚ \ne-]m-Sp-I-fnepw am‰-߃ D≠m-
bnØp-S-ßn. FÆ-bpsS taep≈ {_n´o-
jv˛ A-ta-cn-°≥ B[n-]XyØns\-Xnsc
Cdm-\nse jm cmPmhv ]c-ky-ambn Xs∂
kwkm-cn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. 1973 Un-kw-
_¿ 12\v \yqtbm¿°v ssSwkn\v At±-
lw \¬Inb A`n-ap-JØ - n¬ Xs∂ Cu
am‰w {]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Ata-cn-°bnse {]n≥è b - q-Wn-th-
gvkn-‰n-bpsS Bh-iy-{]-Imcw CkvemanI
aX-au-en-I-X-sb-∏‰n ]Tn®p dnt∏m¿´v
ka¿∏n-® {_n´ojv Ckvemw Imcy hnZ-
Kv[-\mb tUm. s_¿\m¿Uv eqbnkv
Xs‚ dnt∏m¿´n¬ apkvenw cmjv{S-ßfn¬
hf¿∂p hcp∂ hnaX {Kq∏p-Is - fbpw D]-
tZ-io-b-X-I-sfbpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-
bmWv Ata-cn-°bpw {_n´\pw sNtø-
≠Xv F∂v \n¿tZ-in-®Xv C°m-eØv
Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v P¿a≥ Ncn-{X-Im-
c-\mb hneyw FßvZm¬ \nco-£n-®n-´p-
≠v. {^m≥kn¬ ]T-\Ø - n\v t]mb tUm.-
Aen ico-AØn, am¿Ivknb≥ Z¿i-\-
Ønepw {^m≥kv Imt\m‚ Nn¥-If - nepw
Po≥ t]mƒ km¿{Xns‚ XØz-im-kv{X-
Ønepw A\p-c‡ - \- mbn Cdm-\n¬ aS-ßn-
sbØp-∂Xv 1964emWv. Cu `uXnIZm¿-
i-\n-I-∑m-cpsS Nn¥-Isf Cdm-\nse
inbm Nn¥-I-fp-ambn ebn-∏n-®p--sIm-≠p-
≈ tImf- \ n- h ¬°- c - W - Ø n- s \- X n- s c-
bp≈ {]`m-j-W-߃ hgn At±lw {i-
t≤-b-\m-bn. AXp-hgn cmjv{S-Øns‚
IÆn¬ Ic-Sm-bn-Øo¿∂p ico-A-Øn.
Ch aqew ho´pXS-¶enemb Aen ico-
AØn 1975 am¿®v 20 \v XS-¶¬ ap‡-
\m-b- tijw t\sc t]mbXv Cw•-≠n-
te-°mbncp-∂p-sh-∂Xpw {it≤-b-am-Wv.
Bb-Øp≈ dqlp√m Jpssa\n Cdm≥
cmjv{So-bØ - n-te°v IS-∂p-hc - p-∂Xv 1963
¬ jm cmPm-hns‚ sh≈hnπ-h-Øn-
s∂Xnsc P\-ßsf kwL-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ata-cn-°≥ ]mh-bmWv
jmsb∂v Btcm-]n-®p-sIm≠v Jpssa\n
At±-lØ - n-s\-Xnsc P\-ßsf Bthiw
sIm≈n-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv Ata-cn-°-
bpsSbpw {_n´-s‚bpw B[n-]-XyØn¬
\n∂v Cdm-\nse FÆ-kº - Ø
- ns\ kzX-
{¥-am-°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øns‚ {Ia-{]-
hr≤amb {ia-am-cw-`n-®-Xn\v tijambn-
cp∂psh-∂Xv bmZr-—n-Ia - m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v
Icp-Xm-\m-Iptam? 1977¬ tUm. Aen ico-
14
]-T-\w
A-Øn-bpsS ac-W-tijw jmhn-cp≤
hnπ-hØ- ns‚ kºq¿Wamb \nb-{¥Ww
Gs‰-SpØp Jpssa\n. Xs‚ hn{]-hm-k-
Im-eØv {_n´\pw Ata-cn-°bpambn
Nßm-ØØ - n-em-bn-cp∂ ]mco-kn-en-cp-∂p-
sIm≠mbn-cp∂p jmcm-Pm-hn-s\-Xnsc
P\-ßsf PmKcw sIm≈n-°p-hm≥ XpS-
ßn-bXv. Jpssa-\n-bpsS t]¿jy-\n-ep≈
{]`m-j-W-߃ _n.-_n.kn \nc-¥cw
kwt{]-£Ww sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂t- ∏m-
ƒ Xs∂ X\n-s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ Btcm-]-
W-߃°v adp-]Sn ]d-bm≥ jm cm-Pm-
hn\v Ah¿ Ah-kcw \¬In-btXbn-√.
C°mcyw A°m-esØ _n.-_n.-kn-bpsS
t]¿jy≥ B‚ v Ad-_nIv k¿ho-k-
kn¬ tkh-\a - \
- p-jvSn-®n-cp∂ lpssk≥
imlnZn hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v. Ata-cn-°-
°mcpw Ah-cpsS ]mh-Ifmbn {]h¿Øn-
®n-cp∂ a\p-jym-hI - mi kwL-ßfpw 1970
IfpsS Ah-km-\-Øn-¬ Xs∂ ]pd-Øm-
°m≥ Bh-iy-amb X{¥-߃ Bhn-jI v -
cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂psh∂v Xs‚ ac-W-
Øn\v apºv jm cm-Pmhv Xs∂ kqNn-∏n-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Xs‚ cmPysØ
FÆ-°p- ta-ep≈ {_n´ojv˛A-ta-cn-°-
≥ ta¬t°mbva Ah-km-\n-∏n®v kzbw
]cym-]vX-\m-Im≥ {ian® jmcm-Pm-hn-
t\mSp≈ {]Xn-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂pthm Cdm-
\nse Jpssa\n hnπ-hw? kn.-sF.-F-
bpsSbpw M 16 s‚bpw tcJ-Iƒ shfn-
s∏-Sp-Øp∂ cl-ky-߃ Ncn-{X-Øn¬
Ft∏msg¶nepw AØcw Hcp km[y-
Xsb shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-sa∂v Xs∂-bm-
Wv kw`-h-߃°nS-bn-eqsS hmbn-°p-
tºmƒ \ap°v tXm∂p-∂Xv.
Zpdm\n km{aym-Py-Øns‚ ÿm]-I-
\mb AlvaZv jm Zpdm\n 1747 ¬ Xs‚
`cWw ÿm]n-°p-∂Xp apX¬°mWv
A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\ns‚ A[p-\nI Ncn{Xw
Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ {_n´-
\pw djybpw Xß-fpsS km{am-PyhnI-
k-\-Øn\v {ian-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ kzm-
[o\w A^vKm\n-ÿm-\n-ep-≠m-bn. 1978
G{]n¬ 17 \v \q¿ apl-ΩZv XdInbpsS
t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ ]o∏nƒkv sUtam-{Im-
‰nIv ]m¿´n Hm^v A^vKm\n-ÿm≥ (PD
PA) `c-WØ - n¬ h∂-tXm-sS-bmWv A^v-
Km\n-ÿm≥ Iayq-WnÃv ]£-tØ°v
amdm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. Utam-{Im-‰nIv dn∏-
ªnIv Hm^v A^vKm-\n-ÿms\ (DRA)
tkmhn-b‰v djy Iø-b®v klm-bn-®p-
sIm-≠ncp∂p; H∏w Xs∂ Iayq-Wnkw
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
IpØn-sh®pw aX-hn-cp-≤-amb Bi-b-
߃ {]N-cn-∏n®pw A^vKm\n-ÿms\
Nph-∏n-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßfpw hym]-I-
ambn \S-∂p. CXn-s\-Xnsc km[m-c-W-
°m-cmb P\-߃ {]Xn-I-cn-°m-\m-cw-
`n®p. A^vKm≥ k¿°m-cns\ klm-bn-
°m-s\∂ `mh-Øn¬ 1979 Unkw-_¿ 25
\v tkmhn-b‰v ]´mfw Im_q-fnseØn-b-
tXmsS Ahn-SpsØ djy≥ A[n-\n-th-
iw ]q¿W-ambn. Ckveman-s\bpw apkv-
enwI-sfbpw Ah-tl-fn®pw aX-kzm-X-
{¥yw l\n-®p- sIm≠pw djy≥ sNºS
A^v K m≥ Ip∂p- I sf Nph- ∏ n- ° m≥
Bcw- ` n- ® - t ∏mƒ P\w AXns\Xnsc
i‡- a mbn {]Xn- I - c n- ° m≥ XpS- ß n.
A^vKm\n-ÿm-\nse apkvenwI-fpsS
Poh\pw BZ¿ihpw kwc-£n-°p-∂X - n\v
th≠n-bp≈ ka-csØ kDuZn Atd-
_y-bpw a‰p apkvenw cmjv{S-ßfpw k-
lm-bn-®p. Cdm-\n-sebpw kDuZn Atd-
_y-bn-sebpw FÆ-°n-Wd - p-If
- psS B[n-
]Xyw \jvS-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂ Ata-cn-
°, A^vKm\n-ÿm-\n-semcp ]pXnb X-
{¥w ]b-‰m-\mWv Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv. 1979
apX¬ 1989 hsc \o≠p \n∂ A^vKm≥
bp≤sØ ]n∂n¬ \n∂v klm-bn-°m≥
kn.-sF.F Hm∏-td-j≥ sskt¢m¨
F∂ ]≤Xn Xøm-dm°n. Ah-km\w
1989 s^{_p-hcn 15HmsS tkmhn-b‰v
sNº-S°v A^vKm\n-ÿm-\n¬ \n∂v
]q¿W-ambn Xs∂ ]n≥hm-tß≠n h∂-
tXmsS A∂sØ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-
cp∂ apl-ΩZv \Po-_p√ ASn-b-¥-cm-h-
ÿ {]Jym-]n-®p-sh-¶nepw A[n-II - mew
]nSn®p \n¬°m≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign-
™n-√. 1992 G{]n¬ 18 \v \Po-_p-√b - psS
k¿°m¿ \news]mØp-Ibpw s{]m^.
knKv_-Øp≈ ap÷-±nZnbpsS t\Xr-Xz-
Ønep≈ Pam-AsØ Ckveman A[n-
Im-cØ- n-te-dp-Ibpw sNbvXp. c≠p amk-
Øn\v tijw s{]m. _p¿lm-\p-≤o≥
d∫m-\n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ ]Øw-
K-k¿°m¿ \ne-hn-¬ h∂p-sh-¶nepw
At∏m-tg°mw Kp¬_p≤o≥ lnIva-Øn-
bm-dpsS t\Xr-Xz-Ønep≈ B`y-¥c-
bp≤-Øn-te°v cmPyw hgp-Xn hoWp Ign-
™n-cp-∂p.
1990 IfpsS XpS°Øn¬ Ata-cn-°-
bnse bpt\m-°¬ tIm¿∏td-j≥ A^v-
Km\n-ÿm-\n-eqsS 1600 In.-an.\of-Øn-
ep≈ FÆ-ss∏∏v sse\ns‚ c≠c
_ney¨ tUmf¿ sNehv hcp∂ ]≤-
2009 am¿-®v-
]-T-\w
Xn-sb-°p-dn®v Ic-Sp-tc-JI - ƒ N¿® sNbv- tcJ-bmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. cmjv-
Xn-cp-∂p. ]m°n-ÿm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ {Sob cwKØpw kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-I-
lnIvaXvbmdns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ k¿- fnepw kmº-Øn-I-cw-KØpw kmaq-ln-I-
°m¿ A[n-Im-cØ - n-se-Øn-bm¬ {]kvXp- cw-K-Øp-sa√mw hy‡n-Iƒ°v ]q¿W-
X ss]∏v sse≥ ]≤Xn km£m¬°cn- kzm-X{¥yw A\n-hm-cy-amsW∂ Nn¥m-
°psa∂m-bn-cp∂p Ata-cn-°-bpsS kz]v- K-Xn-°m-cm-bmWv en_-dn-en-Ãp-Iƒ Adn-
\w. AXn-∂mbp≈ B`y-¥-c-bp≤w \S- b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Ata-cn-°-bpsS \m¬]-Xm-
°p-∂X - n-\n-Sb
- n-em-Wv A{]-Xo-£n-Xambn asØ {]kn-U-≠m-bn-cp∂ sdmWmƒUv
1994 BKÃv apX¬ A^vKm\n-ÿms\ doKs‚ Ime-ØmWv ¢mkn-°¬ dn_-
Agn-a-Xn-°mcpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂v dn- e - k - Ø n¬ \n∂v hyXy- k v X - a mbn
c£n-°p-Ibpw kºq¿W CkvemanI ]pXnb temI hyhÿ°v A\p-Kp-W-
cmjv{S-am-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂ e£yw amb coXn-bn-ep-≈s - X∂v hne-bn-cp-Øs - ∏-
{]Jym-]n®v sIm≠v Xmen-_m≥ {]ÿm- ´ \h DZm-co-I-c-W-hmZw (Neo liberal-
\w kacw XpS-ßp-∂X - v. 1996 ¬ Im_qƒ ism) i‡-am-bXv. At∏m-tg°pw tUmf-
]m-i-Nv- m-Xyi-‡n-Iƒ-- Xs∂ `-c-W-Øn¬- \n-∂v- ]pd-Øm-°m≥
Bh-iy-amb X{¥-߃ Bhn-jvIc - n-°p-I-bm-sW-∂v ac-W-Øn\v
apºv jm cm-Pmhv Xs∂ kqNn∏n--®n-´p-≠v. Xs‚ cmPysØ
FÆ-°p- ta-ep≈ {_n´ojv˛A-ta-cn-°-≥ ta¬t°mbva Ah-km
-\n-∏n®v kzbw ]cym-]vX-\m-Im≥ {ian® jm cm-Pm-hn-t\mSp≈
{]Xn-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂pthm Cdm-\nse Jpssa\n hnπ-hw?
Xmen-_ms‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-embn. 2000 dns‚ temIm-[n-]Xyw GXm≠v ]q¿W-
HmsS A^vKm\n-ÿms‚ 95 iX-am-\hpw am-Ip-Ibpw temI-Øp≈ Ata-cn-°≥
Xmen-_m≥ ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw Ckvem- B[n-]Xyw sas√ Abbphm≥ XpS-ßp-
anI ico-AØv \S-∏m-°phm\mcw-`n-°p- Ibpw sNbvXncp-∂p. k¿°m¿ sNe-hp-
I-bm-sW∂v {]Jym-]n-°p-I-bpw sNbvX- I-fpsS hf¿® \nb-{¥n-°p-I, aqe-[-\-
tXmsS Ata-cn-°-bpsS FÆ-°p-g¬ Øn¬ \n∂pw tkh-\-Øn¬ \n∂p-ap≈
]≤Xn \S-°p-I-bn-s√∂v GI-tZiw Dd- hcp-am-\-Øn-¬ \nIpXn Npa-Øp-∂Xv
∏mbn. 2001 sk]vXw-_¿ 11 \v Ata-cn- Ipd-°p-I, kmº-Øn-Ic - w-KsØ k¿°m-
°-bn¬ thƒUv t{SUv sk‚¿ B{I- ¿ \nb-{¥-Wß- ƒ Ipd®p sIm≠p-hcnI,
aWw D≠m-hp-∂Xpw AXns‚ ]nXrXzw ]W-s∏-cp∏w Ipd-°p-hm-\mbn ]W-hn-X-
Btcm-]n-®p-sIm≠p≈ A¬Jm-bnZm˛ cWw \nb-{¥n-°pI XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-bn-
Dkm--am-_n≥em-Z≥ th´ Bcw-`n-°p-∂- cp∂p "doK-tWm-anIvkv' F∂-dn-b-s∏´
Xpw Aßs\ Xmen-_m≥ k¿°m-cns\ {]kn-U-≠ns‚ \ntbmen_-denÃv \b-
Xmsg-bn-d-°n ]Icw laoZv I¿km-bn-bp- ß-fpsS \mep XqWp-Iƒ. A-ta-cn-°-bn-
sS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ Ata-cn-°≥ ]mh se sXmgn-en-√mbva ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm\pw
Kh¨sa‚ns\ IpSn-bn-cp-Øp-∂X - p-sa-√mw D¬]m-Z\w h¿[n-∏n-°p-hm\pw ]W-s∏-
Aß-s\-bmWv. cp∏w \nb-{¥n-°p-hm\pw doK-tWm-anIvkv
hy‡nkzmX-{¥y-Øn\v as‰-¥n-t\- hgn Ign-™p-sh∂v A\p-Iq-en-Ifpw
°mfpa[nIw {]m[m\yw I¬]n-°p∂ tZiobISw sXm≈m- b ncw _ney¨
Z¿i-\-߃°mWv DZm-co-I-c-W-hmZw tUmf-dn¬ \n∂v 2.8 {Sney≥ tUmf-dmbn
(Leberalism) F∂v s]mXp-hmbn hyh-l- Xo¿∂-X-√msX as‰mcp t\´hpw AXp-
cn-®p-t]m-cp-∂-Xv. Cw•-≠nse tPm¨ sIm≠p≠m-bn-s√-∂v {]XnIq-en-Ifpw
cmPm- h n\p Iogn- e p≈ {]`p- ° ƒ°v hmZn-°p-∂p. \ntbmen_-dn-enkØns‚
]tXy-Ia - mbpw {]P-Iƒ°v s]mXp-hmbpw Imcy-Øn¬ Ata-cn-°IØv Xs∂ A`n-
Nne Ah-Im-iß - s- f√maps≠∂v {]Jym- {]mb hyXym-k-ap-s≠∂v kmcw.
]n-°p∂, 1215 ¬ -em-‰n≥ `mj-bn¬ Xøm- FÆ- b psS taep≈ Ata- c n- ° - ≥
dm-°-s∏´ tcJ-bmb "am·m-Im¿´'sb- B[n-]Xyw Ah-km-\n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-
bmWv en_-dn-en-k-Øns‚ BZy-Ime tºm-gmWv 1980IfpsS Ah-km\w apX¬
15
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
BtKm-fo-I-cWw (Globalisation) F∂
]Zw hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sm≥
XpS-ßn-b-Xv. temI-sØßpw B¿°pw
I®-hSw sNøm-\p≈ kml-N-cy-amWv
BtKm-fo-I-cWw sIm≠v s]mXp-hmbn
hnh- £ n- ° p- ∂ - X v . kzX- { ¥- h ym- ] mcw
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI, cmjv{Sm-¥-cob
\nIp-Xn-Iƒ Ipd-°p-Itbm C√m-Xm-°p-
Itbm sNøp-I, kap-{Z-Øn-eqsS-bp≈
kap{Z Nc°v KXm-KXs®e-hp-Iƒ Ipd-
°p-I, aqe-[-\-Øns‚ Hgp°v \nb-{¥n-
°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw kpK-aa - m-°p-Ibpw sN-
øp-I, {]mtZ-inI hym]m-c-߃°v \¬-
Ip∂ Cf-hp-Iƒ(Subsides) Ipdbv-°p-I-
tbm C√m-Xm-°p-Itbm sNøp-I, BtKm-
f tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-Iƒ°v Cf-hp-Iƒ \¬-
Ip-I, _u≤nI kzØ-h-Imiw kw_-
‘n® \nb-a-߃°v GIo-I-c-W-ap-≠m-
°pIbpw \njvIr-jvS-ambn \S-∏m-°p-I-
bpw sNøp-I, _u≤n-I kzØ-hIm-i-
\n-b-a-߃ cmjv{So-b-¥-co-b-ambn ]men-
°-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-hpI F∂n-h-
bpƒs°m- ≈ p∂ "cmjv { So- b m- ¥ - c ob
\nIp-Xn-I-sfbpw tkh-\-ß-sfbpw kw-
_-‘n® s]mXpIcm¿' (Genarel Agree-
ment on Tarriffs and Trade-GATT ) AwKo-
I-cn® cmjv{S-ßsf \nco-£n-°p-∂X - n-\m-
bn 1995 P\p-hcn 1 \v thƒUv {SbnUv
Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥ (WTO) ÿm-]n-X-am-
b-tXm-sS-bmWv BtKm-fo-Ic - Ww {]tbm-
K-£-a-am-b-sX∂v ]d-bmw. Uªn-bp-.-Sn-.H-
bn-ep≈ 153 AwK-cm-jv{S-ßfpw XΩn-
ep≈ kzX-{¥-hym-]mcw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-
∂-XmWv Km´v \n_-‘-\-Iƒ F∂m-Wv
]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-
ßfpw am\-h-hn-`-h-ti-jn-bp-ap≈ cmPy-
ß-fn¬ Xß-fpsS "_u≤nI Dƒ]-∂-
߃'hn‰- g n®v ]Icw tkh- \ - ß fpw
[mXp-k-ºØpw Xß-fp-tS-Xm°n ]c-am-
h[n kpJn-°p-I-sb∂ km{am-PyXz X-
{¥w Xs∂-bm-Wv BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-
Øn\p ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn-®-sX∂v Km´v
Icm-dns‚ hcn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-eqsS hmbn-
®m¬ t_m[y-s∏-Spw.
kzX{¥ hn]-Wn-bpsS {]tbm-K-h¬-
°-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n temI-cm-jv{S-ßsf
samØ- Ø n¬ \n¿_- ‘ n- ® p- s Im- ≠ v ,
FÆ-bpsS tZio-b-h¬°-c-W-Øn-eqsS
kzbw ]cym-]vX-cm-bn-Øo¿∂ Ad_v
cmPy-ß-fnse FÆ kº-Øn-s\bpw
am\-h-hn-`-h-ti-jn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ap-
∂n¬ \n¬°p∂ ssN\-sbbpw C¥y-
2009 am¿-®v-
sbbpw t]mse-bp≈ cmPy-ßf - nse a\p-
jym-[zm-\s - Øbpw ka¿Y-ambn NqjWw
sNøm-\p≈ sIWn-sbm-cp-°p-I-bm-bn-
cp∂p km{am-PyXzw F∂-Xm-Wv hmkvX-
hw. Ata-cn-°-bn-ep-≠m-°p∂ Nc-°p-I-
fn-eqsS P\-ß-sfbpw Xß-fpsS B[n-
]-XyØn\p Iogn¬ \n¿Øp-I-sb-∂-Xm-
Wv BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn-\p ]n∂n-ep-
≈ km{am-PyXz X{¥w. FÆ-°p-]-I-c-
ambn Ad-_n-Iƒ°v \¬Ip-∂Xv kuµ-
cy- h ¿[- I - h - k v X p- ° sft∏m- s e- b p≈
A\m-h-iy-N-c-°p-Ifpw XSn-sbbpw Xe-
sbbpw tISp-h-cp-Øp∂ ^mÃv ^pUp-
I-fp-sa-√m-am-W.v Bk-‡n-bn¬ A[n-jT v n-
X-amb ]c-ky-X-{¥-ß-fn-eqsS P\-ßsf
Xß-fpsS D¬]-∂-ß-fpsS ASn-a-I-fm-
°n-Øo¿°m≥ tIm¿∏-td‰v _p≤n-cm-£-
k-∑m¿°v \∂mbn Adn-bmw. Du¿Phpw
am\-h-hn-`-h-ti-jnbpw hmßn kz¥w
\mSp \∂m-°p-Ibpw A\m-h-iy-km-[-\-
߃ am¿°‰v sNbvXv D]-t`m-‡r-cm-jv{S-
ßsf apSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-Is - b-∂X - m-Wv
BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ km-
{am-PyXz X{¥w.
sImtfm-Wn-b-en-Ãp-Iƒ ]co-£n®v
kpJ-a-dn™ coXn-bpsS ]pXnb Bhn-
jvImcw am{X-amWv BtKm-fo-I-cWw.
1750Ifn¬ C¥ybpw ssN\-bp-aS- ° - a - p≈
Gjy-\m-{^n-°≥ cmPy-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p
D¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ ap≥]-¥n-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-
∂Xv. BsI \n¿an-tXm¬]-∂ß - f - psS 73
iX-am-\hpw Ah-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. tImf-
\n-h¬°-c-W-Øn-eqsS AXv XI¿Øp.
1860 ¬ 60 iX-am-\hpw 1913 Bb-t∏m-tg-
°pw F´p-iX - a - m-\h
- p-ambnØo¿∂p Ah-
cpsS ]¶v. AtX-ka - bw 20 kº-∂c - m-j{v S-
ß-fpsS ]¶v 1830 ¬ 30 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-
∂p-sh-¶n¬ 1913 Bb-t∏m-tg°v 80 iX-
am-\-ambn Db¿∂p. Fß-s\bm-WnXv
km[n- ® Xv ? C¥y- b nse DZm- l - c Ww
Xs∂-sb-Sp-°p-I. {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS hc-
hn\v apºv C¥y-bn¬ \n∂v ]cpØn Cd-
°p-aXn sNøpI-bm-bn-cp∂p bqtdm-∏v.
F∂m¬ ]sØmºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚
XpS-°-Øn¬ Xs∂ ÿnXn amdn. 1824¬
{_n´-Wn¬ \n∂v C¥y-bn-te°v Cd-°p-
aXn sNø-s∏-´Xv ]Øp e£w bm¿Uv
XpWn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1837¬ AXv Bdp-tIm-
Sn \m¬]Xv e£w bm¿Umbn Db¿∂p.
]Xn-aq∂v h¿j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ Adp-]Øn
\mev Cc´n! Cu XpWn-Iƒ \n¿an-®-Xm-
Is´ C¥y-bn¬ \n∂v sIm≠pt]mb
16
]-T-\w
]cp-Øn-bp-]-tbm-Kn®pw. {IqUv Hmbn¬
Xp—hne°v ISØns°m≠p-t]mbn A-
Xn¬ \n∂p-≠m-°p∂ CeIvt{Sm sIan-
°¬kv ap∂qdv Cc´n hne°v hn¬°p∂
km{am-PyXzX{¥-Øn-s\-Xnsc kwkm-cn-
®-XmWv Cdm-\nse jm cm-Pmhv Ata-cn-
°-°v A\-`n-a-X-\m-Ip-hm-\p≈ Imc-W-
sa∂v \tS-bp≈ \nco-£-WsØ CtXm-
Sp tN¿Øp hmbn-°p-I. At∏mƒ a\-
 n-emhpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn\p
]n∂n-ep≈ KqV-X-{¥-߃.
bYm¿Y-Øn¬, Bh-iy-an-√mØ h-
kvXp-°sf D]-t`m-‡m-hn\v A\n-hm-cy-
amb Nc-°p-I-fm°nØo¿°p∂ X{¥-
Øn-\mWv kzX-{¥-hn-]-Wn-bpsS temI-
Øv "am¿°-‰nwKv' F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ]c-
ky-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw {]tem-`-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-
bpw Bh-iy-am-sW∂ t_m[hpw Bk-
‡n-bpw hf¿Øn-s°m-≠mWv apX-em-fn-
Øw Nc-°p-Isf "am¿°‰v' sNøp-∂-Xv.
Cßs\ am¿°‰v sNøp-hm≥ hn]-Wn-bp-
sS h‡m-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv el-
cn, tem´-dn, kv{Xoku-µcyw, ]en-i, cXn
F∂n-h-sbbm-Wv. el-cnbpw cXnbpw
am¿°-‰nwKv FIvkn-Iyq-´ohpIsf {]tNm-
Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw, ]en-ibpw kv{Xoku-
µcyhpw Bk-‡n-bp-W¿Øp∂ ]c-ky-
ß-fneqsS Nc-°ns\ kzoI-cn-∏n-°p-∂-
Xn\pw th≠n-bm-Wv D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂-Xv. Bk‡nbpsS Cu ]©hkvXp-
°-fn-s√-¶n¬ kzX-{¥-hn-]Wn kv\nKv[-
am-hp-I-bn-s√∂v tIm¿∏-td‰v `oa-∑m¿°v
IrXy-ambnØs∂ Adn-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Chsb Fß-s\-sb√mw ^e-{]-Z-ambn
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xn‚ ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn-emWv Hmtcm D¬]-∂hpw hn]-Wn-
bn¬ ]®-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xv.
kzX-{¥-hn-]W- nbpw Ckvemapw XΩn-
¬ t\¿°p-t\sc G‰p-ap-´p-∂Xv Chn-sS-
bm-Wv. bYm¿Y-Øn¬, kzX-{¥-hn-]Wn-
tbmtSm BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-tØmtSm
XmØzn-I-ambn Ckvemw FXn-c-√. {In-
kvXm_vZw F´p-ap-X¬ ]Xnaq∂p hsc-
bp≈ \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ apkvenw
I®-h-S-°m¿ A∂sØ temI-hym-]m-c-
tI-{µ-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ Bt{^m-bq-td-jy-bn-
¬ \S-Ønb {Ib-hn-{I-b-ß-fn¬ Xs∂
Hcp temI-km-º-ØnI {Iaw cq]-s∏-´n-
cp--∂p-sh∂XmWv hmkvX-hw. temI-Øn-
s‚ hyXykvX `mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Ahn-
sSbp≠m-bn-cp∂ Im¿jn--tIm¬]-∂-ß-
ƒ hmßp-Ibpw Ah-bn-√m-Øn-S-ß-fn¬
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
hn¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXp s - Im-≠p≈ apkv-
enw lcn-X-hn-π-h-amWv cmjv{Sm-¥-cob
hyh-lm-c-߃ Fßs\ am\y-ambn \S-
Øm-sa∂v temIsØ ]Tn-∏n-®-Xv. kzX-
{¥-hn-]Wn am\y-hpw NqjW-ap-‡hpw
kpXm-cy-hp-am-sW-¶n¬ AXn\v Ckvem-
anI {]am-Wß - s- fm∂pw FXncp \n¬°p-
∂n-√. F∂m¬ C∂v \ne-\n¬°p∂ B-
tKm-f-h¬°-cWw Aß-s\-b-√. AXn-
s‚ Aÿn-hmcw Xs∂ ]Wn-Xp-b¿Øn-
bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Nqj-W-ß-fn¬ taem-Wv.
kzX-{¥-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ I®-hSw sNø-s∏-
Sp-∂Xv hkvXp-°-tf-°m-f-[nIw B{K-l-
ßfpw Dul-ßfpw Bk-‡n-bp-am-Wv.
Cu hyh-lm-c-ßsf kv\nKv[-am-°m≥
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - m-Is- ´ XnI®pw A[m¿-
an-I-amb ]©-h-kvXp-°-fmWpXm\pw.
AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ B`m-k-Øn-e-[n-
jvTn-Xa- mb kzX-{¥-hn-]W - n-tbmSpw Nqj-
Wm-[n-jvTn-X-amb BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-
tØmSpw cmPn--bm-Ip-hm≥ CkvemanI
\oXn-im-kv{X-Øn\v km[n-°p-I-bn-√.
FÆ-bv°p]-Icw A\m-h-iy-h-kvXp-
°sf hn]-W\w sNøp-I-sb∂ apX-em-
fnØ X{¥-Øns‚ {]tbm-K-h¬°-c-W-
Øn\pth≠n-bmWv BtKm-f-h¬°-c-
Ww F∂ ]´n¬ s]mXn™ NqjWw
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv. F∂m¬ A\m-h-
iy-h-kvXp-°sf A\n-hm-cy-am-°n-Øo-
¿°p∂ am¿°-‰nwKn\v apX-em-fn-Ø-ap-]-
tbm-Kn-°p∂psh∂ ]©-hk - vXp-°t- fmSv
Ckvemw Hcp Xc-Øn-epw cmPn-bm-hp-∂n-
s√∂ hkvXpX kzX-{¥-hn-]-Wn-bpsS
B-Nm-cy-∑msc sXs√m-∂p-a√ Ipg-bv°n-
b-Xv. FÆ-bp¬]m-Zn-∏n--°p∂ cmjv{S-ß-
fnse P\-a-\- p-Isf \nb-{¥n-°p∂
Ckvemw el-cn-sbtbm tem´-dn-sbtbm
kv{Xo kuµ-cy-Øns‚ {]Z¿i-\s - Ø-tbm
]en-i-sbtbm hnhm-tl-Xc cXn-sbtbm
Hcp Imc-Wh - i
- mepw A\p-hZ- n-°p-∂n-s√-
∂-Xn-\m¬ {]kvXpX kaq-lØ - ns‚ a\-
 n-te°v apX-ef - n-ØØ- ns‚ "Nhdp'Isf
X≈n-°-b-‰p-hm≥ a‰p am¿K-߃ Bh-
iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. GsXmcp BZ¿i-amtWm
"am¿°- ‰ nwKn's\ A\p- h - Z n- ° m- Ø - X v ,
{]kvXpX BZ¿isØ Xs∂ Xa-kvI-
cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fn¬
A]-I¿jXm t_m[-ap-≠m-°p-Ibpw
Ah-sc-Øs∂ Ah-c-dn-bmsX AXns‚
FXn-cm-fn-I-fm°nØo¿°pbpw sNøp-I-
sb∂ X{¥-amWv apX-em-fnØw ]ns∂
sa\-™X - v. "kzX{¥ hn]Wn' Ckveman-
2009 am¿-®v-
s‚ i{Xp]£-tØ°v {]Xy-£a - mbn \o-
ßp-∂Xv Aß-s\bm-Wv.
tkmhn-b‰v djy-bpsS inYn-eo-I-c-W-
Øns‚ ]›mØe-Øn¬ a\p-jys‚
kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cnhpamb ]cn-
Wm-aw Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p-sh∂pw {]Xy-b-
im-k{v X-]c
- a
- mb ]cnWma-Øn¬ AXns‚
G‰-hpw D∂-X-cq-]-amb ]m›m-Xy≥ DZm-
cP\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ FØn-°-gn-™p-
sh∂pw C\n Cu hyh-ÿ-bpsS hym]-
\-amWv D≠m-Ip-hm≥ t]mIp-∂-sX∂pw
ÿm]n-®p-sIm≠v Ata-cn-°≥ cmjv{So-
b-km-ºØ - nI hnZ-Kv[\
- mb {^m≥knkv
^p°p-bma "Zn \mj-W¬ C‚-dÃv' ssZz-
{In-kvXm_vZw F´p-ap-X¬ ]Xnaq∂p hsc-bp≈ \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°n-
S-bn¬ apkvenw I®-h-S-°m¿ A∂sØ temI-hym-]m-c-tI-{µ-ß-
fm-bn-cp∂ Bt{^m-bq-td-jy-bn-¬ \S-Ønb {Ib-hn-{I-b-ß-fn¬
Xs∂ Hcp temI-km-º-ØnI {Iaw cq]-s∏-´n-cp--∂p-. Cu- apkv-enw
lcn-X-hn-π-h-amWv cmjv{Sm-¥-cob hyh-lm-c-߃ Fßs\
am\y-ambn \S-Øm-sa∂v temIsØ ]Tn-∏n-®-Xv.
am-kn-Ib - n¬ 1989¬ Fgp-Xnb "Ncn-{XØn-
s‚ A¥yw' (The End of History) F∂
teJ-\Ø - n-emWv D≠mIp-hm≥ t]mIp∂
Ata-cn-°≥ kmwkvIm-cnI A[n-\n-th-
i-sØ kqN\Iƒ BZy-ambn \¬Ip-I-
bpw AXns\ Zm¿i-\n-I-ambn \ymbo-I-
cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXX - v. Cu teJ\w hnI-
kn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v ]n∂oSv 1992 ¬ "Ncn-{X-
Øns‚ A¥yhpw Ah-km-\sØ a\p-
jy\pw' (The End of History and the
Lastman) F∂ ]pkvX-Ihpw ]pdØp
h∂p. ^p°p-bm-asb hna¿in-®p-sIm≠v,
Ncn{Xw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂n-√, kmwkvIm-
cn-I- kw-L-´-\-ß-fptSXmb ]pXnb Ncn-
{Xw Bcw-`n-°p-IbmWv sNøp-∂-sX∂v
ÿm]n-°p-Ib - mWv {]kn≤ Ata-cn-°≥
cmjv { Saoamw- k - I \mb kmap- h ¬ ]n
l≠n-ßSv s‚ "kwkvIm-cß - f- psS kwL-
´-\hpw temI-{I-a-Øns‚ ]p\¿\n¿am-
Whpw' (The Clash of Civilisations and the
Remaking of World Order) F∂ {KŸw
sNøp- ∂ - X v. 1992 ¬ Ata- c n- ° ≥
F‚¿ss{]kv C≥Ãn-‰yq-´n¬ sNbvX
{]`m-j-Ww hnI-kn-∏n®v 1996¬ ]pkvX-
Iambn ]pdØp hcp-∂X - n\v apºp Xs∂
AXp-kw-_-‘-amb kwhm-Z-߃ \S-
°m-\m-cw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. Ckvemans\ {]mIr-
X-kw-kvIr-Xn-bpsS KW-Øn¬s∏Sp-Øn-
17
]-T-\w
s°m≠v AXpw B[p-\nI kwkvIr-Xn-
bpsS hym]-\-Øn-\p-th≠n ]cn-{i-an-°p-
∂ ]m›m-Xy-tem-Ihpw XΩn-emWv C\n
kwL-´-\-ap-≠m-hp-I-sb∂pw {]kvXpX
kwL´\w IqSp-X¬ ]ptcm-K-an® Hcp
\√ temI-Øns‚ krjvSn°v A\n-hm-
cy-am-sW-∂p-am-Wv l≠n-ßvSs‚ ka¿-Y-
\w. Ckvemans\Xnsc-bp≈ ssk≤m-¥n-
Ihpw Imbn-I-hp-amb ]m›mXy ka-c-
Øn\v XmØzn-I-amb ASn-Ød ]Wn-bp-
I-bmWv l≠n-ß-vS¨ sNbvX-Xv.
CkvemanI `oI-c-hm-Zhpw a-X-au-en-
I-hmZhpw aoUn-b-bpsS CjvS-hn-j-I-am-
Ip-∂Xv Cu ]›m-e-ØnemWv tIhew
Hcp hm¿Øm-hn-\na--tbm-]m[n F∂-Xne[n-
I-ambn ASn-t®¬∏n-°m-\p-t±-in-°p∂
{]Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øn\\pkrX-ambn hm¿-
Ø-Isf hnI-eo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw {]iv\-ß-
sf A]-{K-Yn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm≠v
Xß-fp-t≤-in-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ t{]£-
Is\ akvXnjvI{]£m-f\w sNøp-∂X - n-
\mbn hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab am¿K-ßsf B-
Zy-ambn ka¿Y-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv ln‰v-
edpw \mkn-I-fp-am-sW∂v tXm∂p-∂p.
Ah-cn-¬ \n∂v km{am-PyXzw IS-sa-Sp-Ø-
XmWv aoUn-bsb Bbp-[-am-°p-I-sb∂
X{¥w. Xß-fp-t±-in-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ P\-
sØ akvXnjvI {]£m-f\w sNbvXp-
sIm≠v aoUnb i{Xp-hn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈
amc-Im-bp-[a- mbn km{am-PyXz-Øn\v ]mZ-
tkh sNbvXpsIm≠ncn°p-∂p. i{Xp-hn-
s\ Abm-fpsS Xs∂ i{Xp-hm-°n-Øo¿-
°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv aoUn-b°v \n¿h-ln-
°phm-\p≈ G‰hpw amc-I-amb ZuXyw.
"Ckvemw `oI-c-hm-Z-amWv' F∂ aoUnb
{]Nm-cWw i{Xp-hn-s\bpw an{X-sØbpw
e£yw sh°p∂ Ccp-Xe aq¿®-bp≈
Bbp-[a - m-Wv. Ckvem-ans\ Xa-kvIc- n-®p-
sIm≠v Nn¥n-°p-∂-h-cpsS ]cn-K-W-\-
bn¬ \n∂v AXns\ _lp-Zqcw AI‰n
\n¿Øp-hm≥ CXphgn Ign-bp∂p; Ckv-
emant\m apkvenwIƒt°m ]cn-N-b-an-
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
√mØ `oI-cm-{I-a-W-߃ hgn am{Xsa
apkvenw {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-hq-
sb∂ anYym-[m-c-W-bp-≠m-°n-s°m≠v
apkvenwIsf Iem-]-Im-cn-I-fm°nØo¿-
°m\pw Ah-cpsS bYm¿Y ZuXyamb
kXy-aX{]t_m-[-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw AI-
‰n \n¿Øm\pw IqSn CXv \nan-Ø-am-hp-
∂p. \tS hni-Zo-I-cn® FÆ cmjv{So-b-
Øn¬ Xß-fpsS Xm¬]-cy-߃ kwc-
£n-°-s∏-S-W-sa-¶n¬ apkvenw `oI-c-X-
sb Hcp ]®-{h-W-am°n \ne-\n¿Ø-W-
sa∂v aoUn-bsb \bn-°p∂ krKm-e_ - p-
≤n-Iƒ°v IrXyambn Adn-bmw. "apkvenw
`oI-cX' Ckveman-s‚tbm apkvenwI-fp-
sStbm krjvSn-b-söpw km{am-Py-Xz-
Øn-s‚bpw AXns‚ Bbp-[-amb aoUn-
b-bp-sSbpw ]S∏m-sW∂pw `oI-ch - m-ZØ
- n-
e-Is- ∏-Sp-∂h- ¿ i{Xp-hns‚ Cc-I-fm-bn-
Øo-cp-I-bm-sW∂pw ]d-bp-∂Xv CXp-
sIm≠m-Wv.
BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ h‡m-
°ƒ°v Ckvemw Atcm-N-I-am-Ip-∂Xv
Ah- c psS am¿°- ‰ nwKv X{¥- ß ƒ°p
apºn¬ AXv ad-bmbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p-
sh-∂Xv sIm≠p-am-{X-a√; {]XypX, "F-
ß-s\bpw kºm-Zn-°p-Ibpw Fß-s\-
bpw sNe-h-gn-°p-I-bpw sNøpI'sb∂
kzX-{¥-hn-]W - n-bpsS XØz-im-kv{X-Øn-
\v AXv FXncp \n¬°p-∂p-sh∂Xp-
sIm≠p IqSn-bm-Wv. hn]-Wn°p ]pd-Øp-
≈ \nb-aß - s- fm∂pw D¬]m-Z\ - s
- Øbpw
D]-t`m-Ks- Øbpw \nb-{¥n®p IqSm-sb∂
\ntbm-en-_-d¬ Nn¥m-K-Xn°v FXncp
\n¬°p∂ Poh-\p≈ GI-Z¿i-\amWv
Ckvemw. Ckvemw Poh-t\msS \ne-\n¬-
°p∂ Hcp kaq-lsØ BtKm-f-h¬°-
c-W-Øn-eqsS ASn-a-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hn-s√-
∂v km{am-Py-Xz-Øn\v \∂mbn Adnbmw.
Ckvemans\ Zm¿i-\n-I-ambpw Imbn-I-
ambpw XI¿°p-I-sb∂ km{am-PyXz
AP-≠-bpsS a\x-im-kv{X-an-Xm-Wv.
hn]-Wnsb X߃ Icp-Xn-bXp t]m-
se kzX-{¥-am-°-W-sa-¶n¬ i‡n-bp-]-
tbm-Kn-t°≠n hcpsa∂v icn°pw Adn-
bm-hp-∂-h-cmWv \ntbm-en-_-d-en-Ãp-Iƒ.
1999 am¿®v 28s‚ \yqtbm¿°v ssSwkn¬
tXmakv {^oUvam≥ Xpd-s∂-gpXn "B-
tKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn\mbn AXn-i-‡-
\mb Ata-cn° AXns‚ i‡n {]tbm-
Kn-°m≥ hnk-ΩX - n-°c - p-Xv. hn]-Wn-bpsS
AZr-iy-Icw Hcp AZr-iy-ap-jvSn-bn-en-√m-
sX {]h¿Øn-°p-Ib - n-√. Ata-cn-°b - psS
2009 am¿-®v-
Ic-˛-thym-a-˛-\m-hn-I-∏-S-I-fpsS \ma-Øn-
emWv knen-t°m¨ Xmgvhcbnse km-
t¶-XnIhnZy-°p-th≠n temIsØ kpc-
£n-X-am-°p∂ AZr-iy-Icw Adn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂Xv' "hn]-Wn-bpsS AZr-iy-I-c-Øn\v
ssk\n-I-i-‡n-sb∂ AZr-iy-apjvSn
IqSmsX {]h¿Øn-°p-hm-\m-hp-I-bns√'-
∂v t•m_¬ FIvkvtN-©ns‚ ÿm]-
I-cn-sem-cm-fmb sIhn≥ U\m-ldpw \nco-
£n-®n-´p-≠v. (News Release November 9,
2001) sImtkmhm bp≤-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-
™-t∏mƒ A∂sØ Ata-cn-°≥ {]kn-
U≠mbn-cp∂ _n¬ ¢n‚¨ "tem-I-
Øn¬ apgp-h≥ hym]mcw \S-Øp-hm-\pw
i‡-amb kmº-ØnI _‘-Øn-\pw
th≠n- b p≈ Xmt°m- e m- W n- s X∂v '
kqNn-∏n®Xmbn s_©-an≥ kvIvhm¿-´v-
kpw {IntÃm-^¿ sebn\pw IqSn Fgp-
Xnb Hcp teJ-\-Øn¬ D≤-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.
(The Nation April 19,1999) BtKm-f-h¬-
°-c-W-Øns‚ e£yw Ata-cn-°≥ B-
[n-]Xyam-sW∂pw AXp t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-
∂-Xn\p th≠n-bmWv ioX-k-a-c-Øn-\p
tij-ap≈ ssk\nI \o°-ß-sf-√m-sa-
∂pw hy‡am°p-∂-h-bmWv Cu {]kv-
Xm-h-\-I-sf-√mw.
`oI-c-hmZ hncp-≤-sa∂v sIm´n-tLm-
jn-°s - ∏-Sp∂ C∂sØ ssk\nI \o°-
ß-fpsS ]n∂nepw Ata-cn-°-bpsS I®-
hS Xm¬]- c y- ß - f m- s W∂ hkv X pX
Ata-cn-°≥ am[y-a-߃ Xs∂ Xpd∂p
Im´n-bn-´p-≠v. 2003 Pqsse 21 s‚ FUn-
t‰m-dn-b-en¬ "Zn \yqtbm¿°v ssSwkv'
FgpXn: "^nen-∏o≥knse an≥U-\mthm
Zzo]n¬ IayqWnÃpImcpw CkvemanIv
^≠-sa‚-enÃv Kdn-√I - f- pw [mcm-fa
- p≠v.
Chn-SpsØ Iem-]-Im-cn-Ifpw A¬Jm-
bn-Zmbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w aqew Cu
Zzo]v {]kn-U≠v _pjns‚ `oI-c-X-s°-
Xn-sc-bp≈ apt∂-‰-Ønse Hcp cW-`q-an-
bm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ^nen-∏n≥knse tNm-
f-Øns‚ aq∂n¬ c≠p-`m-Khpw D¬]m-
Zn-∏n-°p∂ an¿Um-t\mhm I¿j-Isc kw-
_-‘n®n-St- Ømfw Ata-cn-°b - n¬ \n∂v
k_vknUn \¬In tNmfw Cd-°p-aXn
sNøp-∂-XmWv bYm¿Y-Øn¬ G‰hpw
henb `oj-Wn. ^nen-∏o≥kns\ temI-
hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bn¬ (WTO) tN¿Ø-
Xv F´p h¿j-߃°v apºm-Wv. AXn-
\p-tijw Ata-cn-°-bnse tNmf-I¿j-
I¿°v 34.5 _ney¨ tUmf¿ k_vkn-
Un-bmbn \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Aº-c-∏p-≠m-
18
]-T-\w
°p-∂-XmWv Cu henb XpI! D¬]m-Z-
\- s ®- e - h ns‚ aq∂n¬ c≠p XpI°v
tNmfw Ib-‰p-aXn sNøm≥ Ata-cn-°°v
Ign-bp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v CXv hy‡-am-
°p-∂p. an≥sUt\mhm-bnse P\-tcmjw
Ag-Øn-ep-≈X - m-Wv. "am¿IvknÃv ]o∏nƒ-
kv B¿an'°p≈ ]n¥WbpsS ASn-
ÿm\w I¿j-I-cpsS \ncm-im-t_m-[-am-
sW-∂m-Wv Ah¿ Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂-Xv...
hnI-kzc cmjv{S-ßf - nse Irjn-°m¿s°-
Xnsc BtKmfhym]m-c-kw-hn-[m\sØ
Zpc-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂X - pa - qew bqtdm∏pw A-
ta-cn-°bpw P∏m\pw temIsØ ]c-a-Z-
cn-{Z-cmb P\-ß-fpsS hnI-k-\sØ XI-
¿°p-I-bm-Wv. A[m¿an-I-amWnXv. CØ-
cw Ata-cn-°≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ aqew temI-
saßpw Zmcn-{Zy-ap-≠m-hp-I-bmWv sNøp-
∂Xv' "temI hym]mc tI{µ-sØ-bmWv
`oI-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ B{I-an-®Xv; temI-hym-
]m-csØ hnI-kn-∏n®pw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-
®pw Rß-f-hsc ]cm-P-b-s∏-SpØpw'
F∂ {]kn-U≠v _pjns‚ {]kvXm-h\
CtXmSv tN¿Øv hmbn-°p-I.
sk]vXw-_¿ ]Xn-s\m-∂ns‚ "`oI-
cm-{I-aWw' hgn Ata-cn-°°v e`n® km-
º-Øn-I-˛-hym-]mc t\´-ß-sf-∏‰n kmaq-
ly-\n-co-£-I-\mb PmIzkv˛_n-˛-sP-en-
\mkv Zo¿L-ambn D]-\y-kn-®n-´p-≠.v AXv
Cßs\ kwt£-]n-°mw.
1. a[y˛]uckvXy tZiØv Ata-cn-
°°pw AXns‚ FÆ°º-\n-Iƒ°pw
ÿm\-ap-d-∏n-°m\pw hym]mc t\´-ß-fp-
≠m-°p-hm\pw km[n-®p.
2. BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw krjvSn®
Ak-a-Xz-ßfm¬ s]mdp-Xn--ap-´p∂ hnI-
kz-cc - m-jv{S-ßf - n¬ AXn-s∂-Xnsc GsX-
¶nepw cq]-Øn-ep≈ Iem-]ß - f- p-≠m-bm-
¬ BtcmSpw tNmZn-°msX Ata-cn-°°v
Ahn-sS-ßf - n¬ CS-s]-Smsa∂ ÿnXn-bp-
≠m-bn.
3. ioX-k-acw Ah-km-\n®tijw
Bbp[ hn]-Wnsb kPo-h-am-°m≥ k-
lm-bn-®p.
4. BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Ønse a’-
c-Øn¬ Ata-cn° H∂m-aXv FtØ-≠Xv
cmjv{S-kp-c-£°v A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂
[mc-W-bp-≠m-°n-s°m-≠v _lp-cmjv{S
tIm¿∏-tdj-\p-Isf klm-bn-t°≠Xv
k¿°m-cns‚ _m[y-X-bm-°n-Øo¿Øp.
5. `oI-c-hmZ hncp-≤-sa∂ t]cn¬
cmjv{S-߃°-IØv \S-°p∂ Iem-]ß - -
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
sf \njvIc - pWw ASn-®a - ¿Øm-sa∂ Ah-
ÿ- b p- ≠ m- b n. (Jacques B Gelinas:
Juggermant Politics: Understanding
Predatory Globalisation Dec 2003)
C∂p \ne-\n¬°p∂ BtKm-f-h¬-
°-cWw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ \h-en-
_-d-en-k-Øns‚ Ggv ASn-ÿm\ {]am-
W-ßs - f-∏‰- nbpw PmIzkv˛_n˛ sPen-km-
kv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ah Cß-s\-
bm-Wv.
1. Fhn-sSbpw Ft∏mgpw Fß-s\-
bpw \nt£-]ß - f
- n-d°
- p-hm\pw {Ib-hn-{I-
b-߃ \S-Øp-hm\pap≈ kzmX-{¥y-
amWv as‰-√m-Xn-t\-°mfpw D∂-X-am-b-Xv.
cmjv{Sob kzmX{¥yw t]mepw CXn\p
Xmsgtb hcq.
2. kºm-Zn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw
auen-Ihpw hnip-≤hpw AXn-cp-Iƒ sI-
´n hyh-t—-Zn-°m-\m-Im-Ø-Xp-amWv.
3. hy‡n-bpsS Xm¬]-cy-ß-fmWv
s]mXp-Xm¬]cytØ°mfpw cmjv{S-Xm-
¬]-cy-tØ-°mfpw D]-cn-bn-ep-≈-Xv.
4. F√m cwK-ß-fnepw \ne-°mØ
a’-cw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
5. kmº-ØnI a’-c-߃°v sXmgn-
¬ taJe hnt[-b-am-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw {]kv-
XpX ka-c-Øns‚ Xm¬]-cy-߃°\p-
kr-X-ambn tkh-\-th-X\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
k÷o-I-cn-°pIbpw thWw.
6. Btcm-Kyhpw hnZy`ym-k-hp-a-S°w
F√mw Itºm-f-®-c-°p-I-fmWv.
7. A\-¥a - mb hf¿®-bmWv BtKmf
kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿb - psS e£yw (Ibid)
CXmWv BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw. AXn-
s‚ aXhpw cmjv{So-bh - p-sa√mw Cu {]am-
W-ß-fn-ep-≠v. Fhn-sSbpw Ft∏mgpw
Fß- s \bpw ]W- a p- ≠ m- ° p- h m- \ p≈
kzmX-{¥yamWv AXns‚ apJ-ap-{Z. kº-
Zv { Ia- Ø n- \ - I sØ ss\Xn- I - X - t bm- S -
√msX ]pdsØ [m¿an-IX - t- bm-Sv AXn\v
bmsXmcp hnt[-b-Xz-hp-an-√. Nqj-Whpw
A[m¿an-I-XIfpw ASn-®-a¿Ø-ep-I-fp-
sa√mw AXns‚ IqsS-∏n-d-∏m-Ip-∂Xv
kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. a\p-jys‚ kzm¿Y-
Xsb EWm-fl-I-ambn {]tNm-Zn-∏n-°p∂
\h-en-_-dn-k-Øn¬ thcq-∂nb Hcp tem-
I{Ia-Øn¬ Nqj-W-ß-fp-≠m-hm-Xn-cn-
°m-\m-hn-√. A[m¿an-I-X-I-fn-eq-sS-b-
√msX AXn\v hf-cm≥ Ign-bn√; ASn-
®-a¿Ø-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-b-√msX AXv \ne-
2009 am¿-®v-
]-T-\w
\n¬°p- I - b n- √ . Nqj- W - Ø n\pw
A[m¿-an-IX- Iƒ°pw ASn-®a - ¿Ø-ep-
Iƒ°pw FXn-cp-\n¬°p∂ Ckvem-
ap-ambn AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ cmPn-bm-
Ip-hm≥ BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn\v
Ign-bn-√.
Ckvemw, a\p-jy¿°p≈ Bflo-
b- h pw `uXn- I - h p- a mb hntam- N - \ -
Øns‚ Z¿-i\ - a- m-Wv. kaq-ltam hn]-
Wntbm D≠m-°nb \nb-a-߃°-
∏pdw krjvSn-I¿-Øm-hns‚ hn[n-hn-
e-°p-Iƒ ]men-°p-hm-≥ a\p-jysc
{]m]vX-am-°p∂ BZ¿iw. {]kvXpX
BZ¿i-Øn\v ka¿∏n-X-ambn Ign-
™m¬ ]ns∂ kzX-{¥-hn-]W - n-bp-sS
\nb-a-߃°v Hcmsfbpw ASn-a-s∏-Sp-
Øm-\m-hn-√. Cu hkvXpX IrXy-
ambn Adn-bp-∂h - c
- mWv kzX{¥ hn]-
Wn-bpsS h‡m-°ƒ. Ckveman-t\m-
Sp≈ Zm¿i-\nI sshcy-Øns‚ Imc-
W-an-Xm-Wv.
Ata-cn-°b - n¬ Ct∏mƒ XI¿∂p-
sIm≠ncn-°p-∂Xv hn]-Wn-bm-Wv. B-
BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ ZrwjvS-ß-fn¬ \n∂v aq∂mw
temI-cmPy߃°v c£-s∏-Sm-≥ ]‰nb Ah-k-c-am-Wn-Xv.
X߃°v ]‰nb kmº-ØnI{Iaw krjvSn®v Xß-fp-tS-Xmb
D¬]m-Z-\-˛-tk-h\ hyh-ÿ-I-fp-ambn apt∂m´v t]mIm≥
Ah°v Ign-b-Ww. temI-Øn\v apgp-h≥ amXr-I-bm-°m-hp∂
coXn-bn¬ CkvemanI kmº-ØnI \nb-a-ßsf {]tbm-K
-h¬°-cn-°p-hm≥ Ad_v cmjv{S-߃ k∂-≤-am-bm¬
am\-hn-I-amb BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn\v A-Xv hmXn¬
Xpd-°pw.
tKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb \ap°v ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv. BtKm-f-
KpW-t`m-‡m-°ƒ Xs∂ AXns‚ Cc- h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ ZrwjvS-ß-fn¬ \n∂v
bmbnØo¿∂Xv ssZhnI CS-s]-Se - p-sIm- aq∂mw temI-cmPy߃°v c£-s∏-Sm-≥
≠m- h m- \ mWv km[y- X . Ata- c n- ° ≥ ]‰nb Ah-kc - a
- m-Wn-Xv. X߃°v ]‰nb
hn]Wn XI-cp-tºmƒ temIw XI-cp-sa- kmº-ØnI{Iaw krjvSn®v Xß-fp-tS-
∂ Ah-ÿb -- p-≠m-°n-bXv BtKm-f-h¬- Xmb D¬]m-Z-\-˛-tk-h\ hyh-ÿ-I-fp-
°-c-W-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI \nb-a-ß-fm- ambn apt∂m´v t]mIm≥ Ah°v Ign-b-
Wv. X߃ Xs∂ krjvSn® k¿∏w Ww. temI-Øn\v apgp-h≥ amXr-Ib - m-°m-
Xncn™v Xß-sf-Øs∂ sImØp∂ hp∂ coXn-bn¬ CkvemanI kmº-ØnI
ImgvNb- mWv C∂v temIw I≠p-sIm-≠n- \nb-a-ßsf {]tbm-K-h¬°-cn-°p-hm≥
cn-°p-∂Xv. hn]-Wn-bpsS A{]-am-Zn-Xz- Ad_v cmjv{S-߃ k∂-≤a - m-bm¬ am\-
sØ-°p-dn® \h-en-_-d¬ Nn¥m-K-Xn-I- hn-I-amb BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn\v A-
fp-sS Aÿn-]-RvP-c-amWv H∂c \q‰m- Xv hmXn¬ Xpd-°pw. Nqj-W-ßtfm A-
t≠m-fw Imew Xe-bpb¿Øn \n∂ te- [m¿an-I-XItfm ASn-®-a¿Ø-ep-Itfm
lvam≥ {_tZ-gvkns\t∏mse-bp≈ ÿm- C√mØ kzX{¥ hn]-Wn-bpsS hmXn¬.
]-\-ß-fpsS ]m∏¿ {]Jym-]-\-Øn¬
19
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
Ata-cn-°≥ {]Xn-k‘n
Ncn-{Xhpw Imc-W-ßfpw
F.-Fw. JZoP ■-
{InkvXm_vZw 1493 \hw-_¿ 19\v P\o-h≥ k©m-cn-bmb
{InÃ-^¿ sImfw-_k - ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ bm{Xm-kwLw
]yqct‰m dnt°m-bn¬ I∏-en-d-ßn-bXv apX¬°mWv Ata-cn-
°-bpsS Ncn-{X-am-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. ]Xn-\m-em-bncw h¿j-ambn
AhnsS Pohn®p h∂n-cp∂ BZn-hm-kn-Isf sIms∂m-Sp-
°nbpw ASn-®-a¿Ønbpw ASn-a-I-fm-°nbpw sIm≠p≈ bq-
tdm-]y≥ tImf-\n-h¬°-cWw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv 1513¬ Pphm≥
t]m¨kv Une-tbm¨ F∂ kv]m\njv k©mcn em ^vtfm-
dn-U-bn¬ Xº-Sn-°p-∂-Xv apX¬°m-Wv. kvs]-bn≥Im¿°p
tijw U®p-Imcpw {^©p-Imcpw Cw•o-jp-Im-cp-sa√mw Ahn-
sS tImf-\n-Ifp≠m-°n.1607 Pbnwkv dnh¿ F∂v {_n´o-jp-
Im-c≥ sPbnwkv SuWn¬ ÿm]n® BZysØ Cw•ojv
tImf\n apX¬ XpS-ßp∂p tImf-\n-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ Ncn-
{Xw. 1775 ¬ Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]Xn-aq∂v tImf-\n-Ifpw
{_n´ojv `c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc kacw XpS-ßn. 1776¬ Ah
kzbw kzmX¥yw {]Jym-]n-®p. 1784 G{]n¬ 9\v ]mcokv
D®-tIm-S-bn¬ {_n´ojv cmPmhv H∏v sh®-tXmSp IqSn-bm-Wv.
"bpss\-‰Uv tÉvkv Hm^v Ata-cn°'sb∂ kzX-{¥-cmjv{Sw
]nd-°p-∂-Xv. 1777 ¬ kzX{¥ Ata-cn-°-bpsS {]Y-a-`-c-W-
L-S\bmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Iq´mbvam {]amWw (Article of
Confedaration) c≠m-aXv h≥Ic ktΩ-f\w (Second Conti-
nental CongreSs) AwKo-I-cn®tXmSv Iq-Sn-bmWv "bpss\-‰Uv
tÉvkv Hm^v Ata-cn°'sb∂ cmjv{S-\maw HutZym-Kn-I-
ambn kzoI-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv.
{_n´ojv tImf-\n-bmbncp∂ ImeØv Ata-cn-°-bn¬
2009 am¿-®v-
]-T-\w
kmº-ØnI{Iaw _m¶v Hm^v Cw•≠ns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-
em-bn-cp-∂p. 1791 s{^{_p-hcn 25 \mWv BZysØ k¿°m¿
AwKo-IrX tI{µo-IrX _m¶v \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂-Xv. 1837 hsc
k¿°m¿ AwKo-IrX _m¶p-Iƒ am{Xta Ata-cn°bn¬
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. 1837 se "an®n-K¨ BIvSv' _m¶p-I-fn¬
taep≈ k¿°m¿ \nb-{¥Ww FSp-Øp-I-f-bp-Ibpw Ah°v
kzX-{¥-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-hm-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw \¬Ip-
Ibpw sNbvXp. CtXm-Sp-IqSn _m¶p-Iƒ IqWp-Iƒ t]mse
apf®p s]m¥m≥ XpS-ßn. Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p.
_m¶p-If - psS icm-icn Bbp v A©p h¿j-am-sW∂ Ah-
ÿ kwPm-X-am-bn. 1863 s^{_p-hcn 25\v ]mkm-°nb "\mj-
W¬ _m¶nwKv BIvSv' CØcw _m¶p-Isf \nb-{¥n-°m-\p-
t±-in®psIm-≠p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
1907 se {]kn-≤-amb "_m¶p-I-fpsS ]cn-{`m¥n' (1907
Bankers Panic) BWv B[p-\nI Ata-cn-°≥ kmº-ØnI
hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn-ep-≠mb H∂m-asØ {]Xn-k-‘n. {]kvXpX
{]Xn-k‘n krjvSn-°-s∏-´Xv Fß-s\-sb∂ Imcy-Øn¬
A`n-{]m-bm-¥-c-ß-fp-≠v. sP.-]n.-tam¿K≥ F∂ _m¶¿ kr-
jvSn® "A\m-h-iy-`oXn'bmWn-Xn\v Imc-W-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂-
h-cp-≠v. "Hcp H∂mwInS _m¶v XI-cm≥ t]mIp∂p'sh∂-
Xm-bn-cp∂p {]kvXpX A\m-h-iy-`o-Xn. GXp _m¶mWv XI-
cm≥ t]mIp-∂-sX∂v Adn-bmØXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ \nt£-
]-I¿ _m¶p-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]Ww ]n≥h-en®p. bpss\-‰Uv
tIm∏¿ Iº-\n-bpsS Hmlcn ]nSn-®S- ° - p-hm-\p≈ {ia-Øns‚
`mK-ambn "\n°¿ t_m°¿ {SÃv Iº\n' (Knicker Boker Trust
Company) XI¿∂p-t]m-b-XmWv 1907se "_mt¶gvkv ]m\n-
°n'\v Imc-W-sa-∂-XmWv HutZym-KnI hni-Zo-I-c-Ww. GXm-
bn-cp-∂mepw {]kvXpX ]cn-{`m-¥n-tbmsS \yqtbm¿°v tÃm-
20
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
°v FIv t N--© nse Hml- c n- h n- e - I ƒ
AºXv iX-am-\t- Ømfw Xmtg°v h∂p.
{]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ \n∂v _m¶nwKv taJ-
esb c£-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ A∂v Ata-cn-
°-bn¬ tI{µo-IrX _m-¶nwKv kwhn-[m-
\-ßs - fm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. {]Xn-k‘n
kr-jvSn-®X - mbn Btcm-]n-°s - ∏-Sp∂ sP.-
]n. tam¿Ks‚ Xs∂ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fmWv
A∂sØ {]Xn- k - ‘ n- b n¬ \n∂v
IcIb- d p- h m≥ _m¶nwKv taJ- e sb
]cym-]vX-am-°n-b-Xv.
"_m¶p- I - f psS ]cn- { `m¥n {]Xn-
k‘n'bn¬ \n∂mWv Ata-cn-°b - n¬ Hcp
tI{µo-IrX _m¶nwKv k{º-Zm-bs - Ø-°p-
dn® Kuc-hX - c- a
- mb N¿®Iƒ \S-°p-∂-
Xv. AØ-cs - amcp _m¶ns‚ A\n-hm-cy-
X-sbbpw {]h¿Ø-\c - o-Xn-sbbpw Ipdn®v
1911 P\p-hcn 11\v {]kn-≤o-I-cn® \mj-
W¬ tamWn-‰dn IΩo-js‚ dnt∏m¿´v
IrXy-amb cq]-tcJ \¬In-sb-¶nepw
CXp-t]m-ep≈ tI{µo-IrX _m¶pIƒ
Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Xs∂ c≠pXhW ]cm-
P-b-s∏´ ]mT-Øn¬ \n∂v CØ-c-samcp
\o°sØ ]e {]K¬`cpw FXn¿°p-I-
bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. c≠p h¿jsØ \nc-¥-
c-amb hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Zß - ƒ°p tijw 1913
Unkw-_¿ 22-\mWv s^U-d¬ dnk¿®v
BIvSv ]mkm-°-s∏-´Xv. 28˛maXv Ata-
cn- ° ≥ {]kn- U - ≠ m- b n- c p∂ hqt{Um
hn¬k¨ {]kvXp-X BIvSn¬ H∏p-sh®
DSs\ AtX Znhkw Xs∂ s^U-d-¬
dnk¿∆v knÃw (The Federal Reserve Sys-
tem) F∂ Ata- c n- ° ≥ tI{µo- I rX
_m¶v \ne-hn¬ h∂p. A∂p apX¬
C∂p-hsc Ata-cn-°-bpsS kºZvLS-
\sb \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv bp.-Fkv s^Uv
(US Fed) F∂v hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ s^U-
d¬ dnk¿-hv knÃ-am-Wv.
"_m¶nwKv ]cn-{`m¥n' (Banking Pan-
ics)-Isf krjvSn-]-c-ambn t\cn-Sp-I, bp-
ss\-‰Uv tÉvkns‚ tI{µ-_m-¶mbn
ZuXy-\n¿h-lWw \S-Øp-I, _m¶p-If - p-
sS kzIm-cy-Xm¬]-cy-ßfpw k¿°m-cns‚
tI{µo-IrX DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw XΩn-
ep≈ k¥p-e\w \ne\n¿ØpI, ]c-am-
h[n sXmgn-ep-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-hm\pw
]W-s∏-cp-∏s - Øbpw (Inflation) \mWy-®p-
cp-°-sØbpw (Deflation) t\cn-Sp-hm\pw
hne-°-b‰w \nb-{¥n-°p-hm\pw Zo¿L-
Ime hmbv]-bpsS ]eni \nc°v anX-am-
bn \ne-\n¿Øp-hm\pw ]‰p-∂-co-Xn-bn¬
]W-e-`yX (Money Supply) Dd∏phcp-
2009 am¿-®v-
]-T-\w
Øp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb kmº-ØnI \b- se {_m≥Uv Aen k¨ BIvSv {]Imcw
߃ cq]o-I-cn-°p-I, kmº-ØnI kwhn- ho≠pw sh≈n \mW-bß - f - n-te°v Ata-
[m-\hpw A]m-bß - ƒ D≠m-Im≥ km[y- cn-°≥ kºZv hyhÿ Xncn-®p-t]m-bn.
X-bp≈ kmº-ØnI hn]-Wnbpw XΩn- ]m›mXy Ata-cn-°-bn¬ sh≈n J\n-
ep≈ ÿnXn-ÿn-cX \ne-\n-dp-Øp-I, Iƒ Is≠-Øn-b-tXmsS 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n-
Ata-cn-°≥ k¿°m-cn\pw hntZ-iØ - p≈ s‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ sh≈n \mW-b-ß-
HutZym-KnI ÿm]-\-߃°p-am-h-iy- fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ X¿°-ß-fp-≠m-bn.
amb kºZvhnX-cWw \S-Øp-I, temI- 1896se {]kn-U≠v Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬
km-º-ØnI {Ia-Øn¬ Ata-cn-°°v Utam-{Im-‰nIv ]m¿´n ÿm\m¿Yn-bm-bn-
Xe-bp-b¿Øn \n¬°phm-\p≈ i‡n cp∂ hneyw sP∂nwKvkv {_vbm≥ 1896
\¬IpI F∂n-h-bmWv s^U-d¬ dnk- Pqsse 9 \v Nn°m-tKm-bn¬ sh®v \S-
¿hv knÃ-Øns‚ ZuXy-߃. _m¶nwKv Ønb {]kn-≤a - mb "t{Imkv Hm^v tKmƒ-
cwKØv A\n-hm-cy-sa-¶n¬ ]W-e-`yX Uv' {]`m-jWw ]gb kz¿W-Øn-s‚bpw
Dd∏phcp-Øm≥ bp.-Fk - v.s
- ^-Un\v A[n- sh≈n-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈
Im-c-ap-≠v. kmº-Øn-Im-h-ÿ-Iƒ A\n- tUmf¿ kwhn-[m-\sØ A\p-Iq-en-®p-
hm-cy-am-°psh¶n¬ ]W-e-`y-Xsb hnI- sIm-≠p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. sh≈n-bpsS am-
kn-∏n-°p-hmt\m kt¶m-Nn-∏n-°p-hmt\m {Xw ASn-Ø-d-bn-em-IWw tUmf-dns‚
bp.-Fkv s^Un-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-amWv hne-\n¿W-b-sa∂ HutZym-KnI Utam-
"CemkvXnI ]Ww' (Elastic Currency) {Im-‰nIv \ne-]m-Sn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ {_vbm-
sIm≠v hnh-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. {]Xn-k- \ns‚ {]`m-jWw ]m¿´n-bpsS ]nf¿∏n-
‘n- L - ´ - ß - f n¬ Ata- c n- ° ≥ kmº- te-°mWv \bn-®-Xv. 1900 am¿®v 14se
ØnI hyh-ÿsb c£-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ "tKmƒUv Ãmt‚¿Uv BIvtSm'SpIqSn
"CemÃnIv Id≥kn' sIm≠v Ign-bp-sa- Ata-cn-°≥ tUmf-dns‚ aqeyw kz¿W-
∂m-Wv IW-°p-Iq-´¬. Øns‚ am{Xw ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-ep≈-Xmbn-
kzX{¥ Ata-cn-°-bpsS cq]-h¬°- Øo¿∂p. BIvSn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv 20:67
c-WØ- n\p apºv kv]m\njv tUmf-dp-Iƒ tUmf-dns‚ hne Hcp Hu¨kv kz¿W-
F∂ sh≈n-\m-Wb - ß - f - m-bn-cp-∂p Ata- sa-∂m-Wv. Hcp tUmf-dn\v 1.5 {Kmw F∂
cn-°b- n¬ D]-tbm-KØ - n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. ]gb \nc°p Xs∂-bm-bn-sb-∂¿Yw.
A\-h[n N¿®-Iƒ°p tijw 1786 BK- H∂mw temIalm-bp-≤Ø - ns‚ Ime-
kvXv 8\v kzX{¥ Ata-cn-°-bpsS Hu- Øv tUmf-dns‚ kz¿Wm-Sn-Ød ]men-
tZym-KnI Id≥kn-bmbn tUmf¿ \n›-
bn-°-s∏-´p. 1792 G{]n¬ 2\v ]mkm-°-
s∏´ tImbn-t\Pv BIvSv (Coinage Act
of 1792) {]Imcw Ata-cn-°-bpsS Xs∂
kz¥w \mWb\n¿am-W-ime Bcw-`n-
°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw Ahn-sS
\n¿an-°p∂ \mW-bß - f - psS ASn-ÿm\
bqWn-‰mbn tUmf¿ \n›-bn-°-s∏-Sp-I-
bpw sNbvXp. A∂p apX¬ 1874 hsc
tUmf-dp-I-fpsS hne \n›-bn-®n-cp-∂Xv
kz¿W- Ø n- s ‚tbm sh≈n- b p- s Stbm
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Ch XΩn-
ep≈ A\p-]mXw 15:1 Bbn-cp∂p A∂v.
Hcp tUmf-dn\v 24.06 {Kmw sh≈n As√-
¶n¬ 1.60 {Kmw kz¿Ww F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
IW-°v. kz¿Whpw sh≈nbpw XΩn-ep-
≈ hne hyXymkw h¿[n-®t- ∏mƒ 1834¬
Ah XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]mXw 16:1 F∂m-
°n \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw tUmf-dns‚ hne
kz¿WØns‚ am{Xw ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-em-
°n-Øo¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1.5 {Kmw kz¿-
W-am-bn-cp∂p Hcp tUmf-dns‚ aqeyw. 1878-
21
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
°msX bmsXmcp ASn-Ø-d-bp-an-√msX
tUmf¿ A®-Sn-°p-hm≥ bp.-Fk - v. s^Uv
k∂-≤-am-bn. s^U-d¬ dnk¿∆v knÃ-
Øns‚ XpS°w apX¬ Xs∂ "Cem-Ãn-
Iv Id≥kn' \bw {]tbm-Kn-t°≠n h∂p-
sh-∂¿Yw. 1920 apX¬ 1929 hsc ]e
XhW ]Ww ASn-t°≠n h∂p bp.-F-
kv. s^Un\v. A®-Sn® ]Ww P\-ß-fn-
se-Øn-°p-hm≥ ISw sImSp-°¬ DZm-c-
am-°n. CXv sNdp-InS _m¶p-Isf XI¿-
®-bn-te°v \bn-®p. Hmtcm h¿jhpw
icm-icn Fgp-]Xv _m¶p-Iƒ hoXw ]cm-
P-b-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. 1929se "alm-
amµy'tØmsS Cu XI¿® ]q¿W-am-bn.
1930 se BZysØ ]Øpamk-Øn-\p-≈n-
¬ Xs∂ 744 _m¶p-I-fmWv XI¿∂Xv.
Hcp ]Xn-‰m≠p Imew \o≠ amµy-tØm-
Sp-IqSn H≥]-Xn-\m-bncw _m¶p-I-fmWv
]cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xv. 1933se IW-°p-Iƒ {]-
Imcw _m¶p XI¿®-I-fn-eqsS \nt£-
]-I¿°v \jvS-s∏-´Xv 140 _ney¨ tUm-
f-dmWv; C∂sØ IW-°n\v Adp-]-Øn-
sb´v e£w tImSn cq]!
1929 HIvtSm_¿ 29 kmº-ØnI Ncn-
{X-Øn¬ IdpØ sNm∆mgvN (Black Tue-
sday)bmbmWv Adn-bs∏Sp∂-Xv. hmƒkv-
{So‰v XI¿® 1929 (Wall Street Crash 1929)
F∂p-IqSn hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ A∂mWv
Ncn-{X-Ønse G‰hpw henb kmº-Øn-
I {]Xn-k-‘n°v˛ alm-amµyw (The Gre-
at Depression) XpS°w Ipdn-°-s∏-´-Xv.
2009 am¿-®v-
]-T-\w
B Htcsbmcp Znhkw am{Xw \yqtbm¿- fn¬ \n∂p≈ 730 {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ Ata-
°v tÃm°v FIvkvtN©n¬ 16 e£w cn-°-bnse {_n´≥ lpUvknse au≠v
Hml-cn-I-fmWv hn¬]\ sNø-s∏-´-Xv. hmjnwMvS¨ tlm´-en¬ sh®v 1944
Hscm‰ Znhkw sIm≠v hn]-Wn°v \jvS- Pqembv 1 apX¬ 22 hsc \S-Ønb ktΩ-
am-bXv 140 tImSn tUmf-dp-I-fm-Wv; B f-\a- mWv bpssW-‰Uv \mj≥kv tamWn-
Hcm-gvN-°p-≈n¬ BsI \jvSw ap∂qdv ‰dn ^n\m≥jy¬ tIm¨^-d≥kv AY-
tImSn tUmf¿˛s^U-d¬ Kh¨sa‚n- hm {_n´≥ lpUvkv tIm¨^d≥kv F-
s‚ hm¿jnI _P-‰ns‚ ]Øn-c´n! Ata- ∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X- v. C‚¿\m-jW - ¬ _m¶v
cn-°-bn¬ XpS-ßnb alm-am-µy-Øns‚ t^m¿ do I¨kv{S-£≥ B‚ v sUh-
Im‰v temI-sØßpw B™-Sn-®p. sXm- e∏vsa‚ v(IBRD), P\-d¬ A{Kn-sa‚ v Hm-
gn-en-√m-bvabpw AXns‚ ^e-am-bp≈ ¨ Xmcn^v B‚ v t{SUv (GATT), C≥‚¿-
Zmcn-{Zyhpw hym]-I-ambn \m-jW - ¬ tamWn-‰dn ^≠v (IMF) F∂n-
alm-am-µy-Øns‚ ASnÿm-\- Im-c- h cq]o-I-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ Xocp-am-\-ap-≠m-
W-߃ F¥m-bn-cp-∂psh∂ Imcy-Øn- b-Xv Cu ktΩ-f\ - Ø
- n¬ sh®m-bn-cp-∂p.
¬ kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄∑ - m¿°n-Sb
- n- hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb cmjv{S Id≥kn-Iƒ
¬ C∂pw A`n-{]mbm¥-c-ß-fp-≠v. A- XΩn-ep≈ hn\n-ab\nc-°p-Iƒ (Foriegn
sX¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw ]en-i\n-c-°p-Iƒ Exchange Rate or Forex Rate) GtIm-]n-°p-
Ipd-°p-Ibpw kº-Øns‚ B¥-c-L-S- ∂-Xm-bp≈ {_´≥ hpUvkv hyhÿ
\-bn¬ k¿°m¿ apX¬ apS-°p-Ibpw (Bretton Woods System) AwKo-Ic - n-°s- ∏-
sNbvXp sIm≠v almam-µy-sØ t\cn- ´Xpw Cu ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ Xs∂. kz¿-
Sp-I-sb∂ {_n´ojv kmº-ØnI hnZ-KvZ- W-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ Hmtcm AwK-
\mb tPm¨ sabv-\mSv sIbn≥kns‚ cm-Py-ßf - p-sSbpw Id≥kn-bpsS hnebpw
\n¿tZ-i-ß-fmWv amµy-Øn¬ \n∂v Ic- a‰p≈h-bp-am-bp≈ hn\n-ab \nc°pw
I-b-dp-hm≥ hnI-knX cmjv{S-߃°v tbmPn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ Hmtcm cmjv{S-
XpW-bm-bX - v. sIbv\o-jy≥ kmº-ØnI hpw AXns‚ kmº-ØnI\bw kzoI-
\n¿tZ-i-߃°v hnt[-b-ambn 1933¬ cn-°-W-sa∂v \njvI¿jn-°p-∂-XmWv
A∂sØ Ata-cn-°≥ {]kn-U-≠m-bn- Cu hyh-ÿ. AXp-{]-Imcw AwK-cm-Py-
cp∂ {^m¶vfn≥ dqkvsh¬´v B`-cW ßfpsS-sb√mw ]W-Øns‚ aqeyw kz¿-
Bh-iy-߃°v th≠n-b-√m-sX-bp≈ W-Øns‚ ASn-Ød - b
- n¬ Af-°s- ∏-Sp∂
kz¿W-Øns‚ kzImcy DS-aÿ - X \n-tcm- Ahÿ kwPm-X-ambn. {]kn≤ kmº-
[n-°p-Ibpw kz¿Ww ssIhiw sh-°p- ØnI hnZ-KvZ\mb tPm¨ abv\mUv sI-
1930 se BZysØ ]Øpamk-Øn-\p-≈n-¬ A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- 744
_m¶p-I-fmWv XI¿∂Xv. Hcp ]Xn-‰m≠p Imew \o≠
amµy-tØm-Sp-IqSn H≥]-Xn-\m-bncw _m¶p-I-fmWv ]cm-P-b-
s∏-´-Xv. 1933se IW-°p-Iƒ {]-Imcw _m¶p XI¿®-I-fn-eqsS
\nt£-]-I¿°v \jvS-s∏-´Xv 140 _ney¨ tUm-f-dmWv;
C∂sØ IW-°n\v Adp-]-Øn-sb´v e£w tImSn cq]!
∂ kzImcy-hy-‡n-Iƒ°v 10 h¿jw hsc bn≥kmbncp∂p Cu hyh-ÿ°v cq]w
XS-hp-in£ \¬Ip-hm-\p≈ \nb-aa - p-≠m- \¬In-b-h-cn¬ {][m-\n.
°pbpw sNbvXp. alm-am-µy-Øn\v tij- Ata- c n- ° ≥ {]kn- U - ≠ m- b n- c p∂
hpw kz¿Ww cmjv{S-Øns‚ kz-Ømbn- dn®m¿Uv \nIvk-\mWv 1971 BKÃv 15
Øocp-Ibpw AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \v s{_´≥ hpUvkv hyhÿ A´n-a-dn-®-
tUmf-dns‚ hne \n›-bn-°pI-bpw sN- Xv. 1970 ¬ hnb‰v\mw bp≤w sImSp-ºncn
øp∂ k{º-Zmbw Xs∂ \ne-\n-∂p. sIm≠-t∏mƒ, Ata-cn-°-bn¬ ]W-s∏-
1939 apX¬ 1945 hsc \S∂ c≠mw cp∏w cq£-am-hp-Ibpw tUmf-¿ A®-Sn-
temI-a-lm-bp-≤-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v A- °p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \nb-{¥-ßsf√mw \jvS-
¥m-cmjv{S kmº-ØnI LS-\b - psS ]cn- s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXmsS tUmf-
jvI-c-Whpw {Iao-I-c-Whpw Dt±-in-®p- dns‚ kz¿W-]n≥_ew \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øp-
sIm≠v kJy-I-£n-I-fmb 44 cmjv{S-ß- I \n¿_-‘-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Aß-s\-
22
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
bmWv sF.-Fw.-F-^nse a‰p AwK-ß-
fp-amtbm kz¥w k¿°m-cnse Xs∂ a‰p-
≈- h - c p- a mtbm IqSn- b m- t em- N n- ° msX
{]kn-U≠v \nIvk¨ tUmf-dns‚ kz¿-
Wm-Sn-Ød FSp-Øp-I-f-™-Xv. "kz¿W-
tØ-°mƒ hne-bp-≈XmWv tUmf¿'
F∂v {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Cu \S-]-
Snsb "\nIvk¨ tjm°v' (Nixon Shock)
F∂mWv cmjv{Sob \nco-£-I¿ hnfn-®-
Xv. Al-¶m-c-tØm-sS-bp≈ B \nIvk-
¨ \S-]SnbnemWv C∂v temIw A\p-
`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kmº-Øn-Ia - m-µy-
Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ F∂p ]d-™m¬ A-
sXm-cn-°epw sX‰m-hp-I-bn-√.
Ata-cn-°≥ tUmfdns\ ]n≥]-‰n-
s°m≠v kn‰vk¿em‚pw, {^m≥kpw, P¿-
a-\nbpw Cw•-≠p-sa√mw Ah-cpsS Id≥-
kn-I-fpsS kz¿Wm-Sn-Ød Hgn-hm°n.
kz¿Wm-Sn-Ø-dbn-ep≈ Id≥kn°v ]I-
c-ambn ^nb‰v Id≥kn (Fiat Currency)
bmWv C∂v temI-cm-jv{S-ß-fn-se√mw
\ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv. kz¿W-Øn-s‚tbm sh-
≈n-bp-tStbm as‰-s¥-¶nepw kzbw aqey-
ap≈ hkvXp-°-fp-sStbm ]n≥_-e-an-√m-
ØXpw k¿°m-cns‚ Dd-∏n≥ta¬ \n›-
bn-°-s∏´ hne-bn-epƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xp-
amb ]W-Øn-\mWv "^nb‰v Id≥kn'
F∂v ]d-bp-∂X - v. kz¿W-Øn\pw sh≈n-
°p ]I-c-ambn ^nb‰v Id≥knbnep-≈-
Xv k¿°m-cns‚ imk\ (Fiat)bmWv. {]-
kvXpX imk-\b - psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-em-
Wv ]W-Øns‚ aqeyw \n›-bn-°p-∂X - v.
1930Ifn¬ almamµy-Øns‚ Ime-
Øv Ata-cn-°≥ _m¶p-Iƒ hoSp-Iƒ
\n¿an-°m-\mbn ISw sImSp-°m≥ aSn-®-
Xv A`y-kvXhn-Zy-cmb bphm-°sf h√m-
sX he-®p. Cu Ah-ÿ°v ]cn-lmcap-
≠m-°p∂-Xn-\mbn 1938¬ cq]o-Ic - n-°s - ∏-
´-XmWv "Zn s^U-d¬ \mj-W¬ tamSv-
tKPv Atkm-kn-tb-j≥' (FNMA), alm-
am-µy-Øn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n\m-
bn {]kn-U≠v {^m¶vfn≥ Un dqkvsh¬-
´v 1933 apX¬ 1936 hsc \S-∏m°nb
"]pXnb CS]mSn' (New Dial)s‚ _m°n
]{X-ambn \ne-hn¬ h∂ F^v.-Fw.F
Xmgv∂ hcp-am-\-°m¿°v Krl-hmbv]
\¬In Ata-cn°≥ P\-X-bpsS IÆn-
ep-Æn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. P\w AXns\
"^m\n sa' (Fannie Mae) F∂v hnfn-®p.
1968¬, en≥U≥ s_bvkv tPm¨k¨
Ata-cn-°bpsS 36˛maXv {]kn-U-≠m-bn-
cn- ° p- t ºmƒ ^m\n- sasb kzIm-
2009 am¿-®v-
cyh¬°-cn®v s]mXp Hml-cn-bpsS ASn-
ÿm-\Ø - n-ep≈ Kh¨sa‚ v \mj-W¬
tamSvtKPv Atkm-kn-tb-j\v Iogn-ep≈
tIm¿∏-td-j\m°n-Øo¿°pIbpw AXn-
s‚ {]h¿-Ø\ - ß
- ƒ s^U-d¬ _P-‰n¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv \n¿Øp-Ibpw sNbv-
Xp. 1970 ¬ ^m\n- sa-bp-ambn a’-cn-°p-
hm\pw Aßs\ Krl-hm-bv]m-cwKw k-
Po-h-am-°p-∂Xn\pw th≠n s^U-d¬
tem¨ tamSvtKPv tIm¿∏-td-j≥ (Fre-
ddie Mac F∂mWv CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂Xv) F∂ as‰mcp ÿm]\w IqSn k¿-
°m-cns‚ ta-¬t\m-´-Øn¬ Xs∂ Bcw-
`n-®p. c≠pIq-´cpw IqSn Krl-hm-bv]-Iƒ
\¬Im\mbn a’-cn-®p-sIm-≠ncp∂p.
dnb¬ FtÉn-\v apºv h¿[n-®p-sIm-≠n-
cn-°p∂ hne-bn¬ IÆpw \´psIm≠v
]uc-∑m-cm-Is´, hoSp-Iƒ FSp-°m≥
a’-cn-®p.
_m¶pIƒ hmbv] \¬Im-\p-≠m-bn-
cn-t°≠ ASn-ÿm-\t- bm-Ky-XI - f
- n-√m-Ø-
h¿°v \¬Ip-∂ hmbv]-I-sf-bm-Wv "k-
_vss{]w temWpIƒ' (SubPrime Loans)
F∂p ]d-bp-∂X - v. 1993 ¬ Ata-cn-°b - n¬
s]mXp-hmb ]eni \nc°v Ipd-hm-bt- ∏m-
gmWv ]e ]W-an-S-]mSv ÿm]-\-ßfpw
k_vss{]w temWp-Iƒ sImSp-°m≥
XpS-ßn-b-Xv; temWn\v A¿l-cm-Ip-hm-
\p≈ am\-Z-fi-ß-fn¬ Cfhv sNøp-
∂XpsIm≠v Xs∂ ]W-an-S] - mSv ÿm]-
\-߃ ]d-bp∂ ]eni \¬Ip-hm≥ D]-
t`m-‡m-°ƒ \n¿_-‘n-Xc - m-bn. CØcw
temWp-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ sNdp-InS ÿm]-
\-߃ h≥InS ÿm]-\-߃°v Ah
hn‰p. Cßs\ k_vss{]w temWp-Iƒ
hym]-I-ambn. 1998 se s^U-d¬ t{SUv
IΩo-j-s‚ IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw ]Øv
iX-am\w Im¿ hmbv]-Iƒ k_vss{]w
hmbv]-I-fm-Wv. Krl-hm-bv]bmbn \¬-
In-bn-´p≈ 859 _ney≥ tUmf-dp-I-fn¬
125 _ney≥ (12500 tImSn ) tUmf-dp-Iƒ
\¬In-bn-´p-≈Xv k_v ss{]w temWp-I-
fm-bn-´m-Wv. dnb¬ FtÉv \ne-hmcw
IpØs\ Db¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬
Cu hmbv]-Iƒ Xncn-®S°-s∏-Sp-sa∂
Imcy-Øn¬ ]W-an-S] - m-Sv ÿm]-\ß - ƒ-
s°m∂pw kwi-bap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXp-
sIm≠pX- s ∂, hmbv ] sImSp- ° epw
hmßepw XpS¿∂p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂p. sN-
dp-InS _m¶p-I-fn¬ \n∂v k_vss{]w
]W-b-߃ (Subprime Mortgages) h≥-
InS ]W-an-S-]mSv ÿm]-\-߃ Ah-bp-
23
]-T-\w
sS kpc-£°v th≠n h≥InS C≥jq-d-
≥kv ÿm]-\ß - fn¬ C≥jq¿ sNbvXp.
dnb¬ FtÉv hne s]mßn-s°m-≠n-cp-
∂p. hmbv] hmßepw ]Wb hn¬]-\-
bpw Krl-\n¿am-W-hp-sa√mw s]mSn-s]m-
Sn∏n®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. _m¶p-Iƒ hf¿-
∂p; dnb¬ FtÉv Iº-\n-Iƒ hf¿∂p;
CS-\n-e-°m¿ kº-∂-cmbn; hoSp-Iƒ
D≠m-bn-s°m-t≠-bn-cp-∂p.....
2005 hsc Krl-\n¿am-W-cw-KsØ
Cu {]h-WX A\p-kyqXw XpS-¿-∂p-
sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂p. hoSp-If - psS hne AXn-
s‚ ]c-am-h[n hsc FØn. Krl-°p-an-
f°v (Housing Bubble) C\n ho¿°m≥
Ign-bn-s√∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-bn. 2005
\hw-_¿ apX¬ Ipanf s]m´m≥ XpS-ßn.
hoSp-If - psS hne IpØs\ Xmtgm´v t]m-
bn. CXp- I-≠-t∏mƒ hoSp-I-fn¬ \nt£-
]w \S-Øm-sa∂v IcpXn k_vss{]w
temWp-Iƒ FSp-Ø-h¿°v {]kvXpX
\nt£]w em`-I-c-as√∂v a\- n-embn.
hoSpIfpw ÿm]-\-ßfpw P]vXn sNøp-
∂-XmWv _m°n AS-hp-Iƒ Xo¿°p-∂-
Xn-s\-°mƒ \√-sX∂ Ahÿ kwPm-
X-am-bn. ]ecpw ]q´n Xmt°m¬, hmbv]
X∂ _m¶p-Iƒ°v Ab®p sImSp-Øp.
]W-an-S-]mSv ÿm]-\-߃ hoSp-Iƒ
]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v cwKw kPo-h-am-
°m≥ {ian-®p. 2007 BKÃn\pw 2008
HIvtSm-_-dn\pw CS°v 936439 Ata-cn-°-
°m-cpsS hoSp-Iƒ ]q¿W-ambpw _m¶p-
Iƒ ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. CsXm∂pw Xs∂
Krl-hm-bv]m-cw-KsØ kPo-h-am-°p-I-
tbm hoSp-IfpsS hne-\n-e-hmcw Db¿-
Øp-Itbm sNbvXn-√. 2008 a[yam-b-t∏m-
tg°v Xncn-®-S-°m≥ _m°n-bp≈ ]W-
b-ß-fpsS aqeyw 10.6 {Sney¨ (10.6 e-
£w tImSn) tUmf-dm-bn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p.
Krl-°p-anf s]m´n®o‰n-bn-cp∂-Xn-\m¬
P]vXn sNbvXv Xncn-®p-]n-Sn® hoSp-If - psS
aqeyw CXn\pw F{Xtbm Xmsg-bm-bn-
cp--∂p. hoSv {Ib-hn-{Ibw sNøm-\m-hmØ,
Poh-\n-√mØ \nt£] (Dead Invest-
ment)-amb-Xn-\m¬ Xs∂ Bcpw hmßm-
\n√mØ Ah-ÿb - n¬ Ah-bpsS aqeyw
sIm≠v bmsXmcp {]tbm-P-\-hp-an-s√∂
Ahÿ kwPm-X-ambn. henb henb
]W-an-S-]mSv ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS Iøn¬
D]-tbmK£a-amb kºØv (Liquidity)
Xosc-bn-s√∂ Ah-ÿ-bm-bn. Ah-bn¬
]eXpw ]m∏-cmbn {]Jym-]n-°W - s
- a-∂m-
h-iy-s∏´v k¿°m-cns\ kao-]n-®p.
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
c≠mw temI alm-bp-≤-Øn\v ti-
jw temIsØ Bbp-[-hym-]m-cØns‚
{][m-\-s∏´ KpW-t`m-‡m-hm°n-Øo¿-
∂p, Ata-cn-°. Bbp[hym-]m-c-Øn-eq-
sSbp≈ em`-Øn\v th≠n Hmtcm h¿-
jhpw {]kvXpX hym]m-csØ hnI-kn-
∏n-°p-∂-Xn\mh-iy-amb coXn-bn-ep≈
A¥m-cmjv{S \b-ß-fmWv Ata-cn-°≥
k¿°m¿ ssIsIm-≈m-dp-≈-Xv. C∂v
temIØns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ßf - n¬ \S-∂p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Iem-]-߃°pw a\p-
jy-°p-cp-Xn-Iƒ°p-ap≈ ASn-ÿm\-]-c-
amb Imc-W-ß-fn-sem∂v Bbp[∏¥-b-
Øns‚ kv\nKv[X Dd∏p hcp-Øp∂
Ata-cn-°≥ \b-ß-fm-Wv. 1997 apX¬
kºØv D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv Ata-cn°≥
hn]Wn Xg®v hf-cp-∂Xv. A¥m-cmjv{S
hn]-Wn-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ kºØv
B`y-¥c - h
- n-]W- n-bn-te°v Hgp-IW - s
- a-¶n-
¬ Nc-°p-I-fpsS D]-t`mKw \S-°-Ww.
Bh-iy-h-kvXp-°-fpsS am{Xw D]-t`m-K-
Øn-eqsS hn]-Wnsb kPo-h-am-°m≥
Ign-bn-bn-√. AXn\v Bh-iy-an-√mØ
hkvXp-°ƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
AXns‚ D]-tbmKw D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚
Bh- i y- a m- b n- Ø o- c p- I bpw sNøWw.
kuµcyh¿[I hkvXp-°fpw BVw-_-
c hkvXp-°fpw hn]-Wn-bn-se-Øn-°p-I-
bpw Ahsb D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ Bh-iy-
am°nØo¿°p∂ Xc-Ønep≈ akvXn-
]-T-\w
[-߃ Db¿∂p. Bk-‡nbne-[n-jvTn-
X-amb kmaq-ly-{I-asØ _e-s∏-Sp-Øn-
s°m-≠mWv CØcw B¥-cn-I-{]-iv\-
ßsft∏mepw ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm≥ k¿°m-
cp-Iƒ ]cn{i-an-®Xv.
Bk‡n hf¿Øp∂ kmaq-ln-I{I-
a-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[n kpJn-°p-hm-\p≈
Xrjv W Hmtcm- c p- Ø ¿°pap≠mhpI
kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. ]camh[n D]-t`mKw,
]c-am-h[n kpJw! CXn-s\√mw ]Ww th-
Ww. ]W-ap-≠m-°p-hm-\p≈ Ffp-∏-h-gn-
Iƒ tXSp-hm≥ ]uc-∑msc t{]cn-∏n-®Xv
Cusbmcp kmaq-lnI {Ia-am-Wv. {]kvXp-
X Ffp-∏-h-gn-Iƒ Ah -Xs∂ krjvSn®
{]Xn-k‘- n-If- n¬ X´n-ØI
- ¿∂p-sIm-≠n-

1970¬ hnb‰v\mw bp≤w sImSp-ºncn sIm≠-

t∏mƒ, "kz¿W-tØ-°mƒ hne-bp-≈XmWv
tUmf¿' F∂v {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm-≠v {]kn-U≠v
\nIvk¨ tUmf-dns‚ kz¿-Wm-Sn-Ød FSp-
Øp-I-f-™p-. Al-¶m-c-tØm-sS-bp≈ B
\nIvk-¨ \S-]SnbnemWv C∂v temIw A\p-
`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kmº-Øn-I-am-µy-
Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ F∂p ]d-™m¬ A-sXm-cn-
°epw sX‰m-hp-I-bn-√.

]Øv h¿j-°m-eØn\-Sn¬ BtKmf
Bbp-[-hym-]m-c-cw-K-Øp-≠m-b 37 iX-
am\w h¿[-\-hn\v Ata-cn-°≥ \b-ß-
f√msX as‰mcp Imc-Whpw ]d-bm-\n-√.
A¥m-cm-jv{S-cw-KØv Ata-cn-°bpambn
_em-_ew \n∂n-cp∂ tkmhn-b‰v djy
1991 ¬ XI¿∂-tXmsS Bbp[ hym]m-
c-cw-KØv bpF-kp-ambn a¬k-cn-°m≥
Bcp-an-s√∂ Ahÿ kwPm-X-ambn.
2006¬ am{Xw temIØv 1204 {Sney≥
tUmf-dns‚ Bbp-[-hym-]mcw \S-∂n-´p-
≠v. GI-tZiw 539 tImSn-t°mSn cq]!
CXn¬ 46 iX-am\hpw Ata-cn-°-bp-tS-
Xm-Wv. Ata-cn-°b- psS B`y-¥c D¬]m-
Z\ (GDP)Øns‚ ]Xn-aq∂v iX-am-\hpw
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv ssk\n-Im-h-iy-ß-
ƒ°m-Wv. {]kvXpX ssk\n-Im-h-iy-ß-
fn¬ s]´-XmWv Xß-fpsS Bbp-[-߃
a‰p cmjv{S-ß-fn¬ hn¬°-s∏-Sp-hm≥
]‰p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ cmjv{Sob ÿnXn
krjvSn-°p-I-sb-∂Xv.
Bbp-[-hn-]-Wn-bn-eqsS e`n-°p∂
jvI {]£m-f-\-Øn\v ]‰nb hmWn` X-
{¥-߃ (Marketing Technics) cq]-s∏-Sp-
Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-
em-Wv. D]-t`mK Xrjv-Wbpw Bk-‡n-
bpw hf¿Øn-s°m≠v km[-\-߃ hn‰-
gn-°m\p≈ \n¿tZißf-S-ßnb kzX-
{¥-hn-]-Wn-bpsS h‡m-°-fpsS {]Xyb-
imkv { Xw Ata- c n- ° ≥ k¿°m- c ns‚
Pohhmbp-hm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Xß-fpsS D¬-
]-∂ß- ƒ Fß-s\bpw hn‰-gn-°pI-bmbn
D¬]m-Z-I-cpsS e£yw. hn]-Wn-bpsS
\nb-aß- ƒ kaq-lØ - ns‚ [m¿an-IX - sb
_m[n-®p. Ip‰-hm-fn-Iƒ s]cp-In; A—-
\m-cm-sW∂dnbmØ a°-fpsS FÆ-Øn-
ep-≠mb `oa-amb h¿[-\hv kaq-l-Øn-
s‚ ss\Xn-I-Xsb ]nSn®p-e-®p. IpSpw-
_-Øns‚ XI¿®bpw hnhm-l-tam-N-\-
Øns‚ h¿[-\hpw krjvSn® kmaq-ly-
{]-iv\-ß-fn¬ ]pXnb Xe-apd elcn-
bnepw Bfl-l-Xy-bnepw A`bw Is≠-
Øn. `qan-sbbpw {]Ir-Xn-sbbpw XI¿-
Øp- s Im≠p≈ ]ptcm- K - X n- s °- X nsc
Ata-cn-°-IØp \n∂p Xs∂ {]Xn-tj-
cn-°p∂ ImgvN-bmWv \mw C∂v I≠v-
sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]Xn-aq-∂mw \q‰m-≠n-
s‚ a[y-Øn¬ C‰-en-bnse sh\okn-ep-
≈ ]Wan-S-]m-Sp-Im¿ k¿°m¿ IS-∏-{X-
߃ I®-hSw sNøm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xp-ap-
X¬ Bcw-`n-°p-∂p Hml-cn-°-®-h-S-Øn-
s‚ Ncn{Xw. 1602 ¬ U®v CuÃv C¥ym-
I-º\n AXns‚ sjb-dp-Iƒ Bwÿ
Umw tÃm°v FIvktv- N-©n¬ sh®v I®-
hSw sNbvX-Xm-Wv BZysØ Hmlcn
hmWnPyw. Ahn-Sp∂ntßm´v temI-Øn-
s‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ Hml-cn-°-®-hSw
hym]-I-ambn. Iº-\n-Iƒ°v ]W-ap-≠m-
°p-hm\p≈ Ffp-∏-am¿K-am-bn-Øo¿∂p
sjb¿ hn¬]\. H∏w Xs∂ km[m-c-
W-°m¿°v IqSn henb Iº-\n-I-fpsS
Hml-cn-I-sf-Sp-°p-hm\pw Ah-bpsS em`-
Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-If - m-Ip-hm\pw tÃm°v am¿-
°-‰p-Iƒ hgn km[n-®p. sNdnb hcp-am-
\-°m¿°pw Xß-fpsS A[nI hcp-am-\-
Øn\v em`-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v kao-]n-°m-
hp∂ tI{µ-ß-fmbn Hmlcn am¿°-‰p-I-
ƒ amdn-b-tXmsS AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´

2009 am¿-®v- 24
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
ss\Xn-IX - bpw \nb-aßfpw kmº-ØnI-
imkv{X-hp-sa√mw D≠mbn h∂p.
temI-Ønse G‰hpw henb Hml-
cn-hn-]-Wn-bmb \yqtbm¿°v tÃm°v
FIvkvtN©v (NYSE) ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv
Ata-cn-°-bnse am≥l-´m-\nse hmƒ-
kv{So‰vv sXcp-hn-emWv. 1792 sabv 13\v
ÿm]n-°-s∏´ Cu tÃm°v FIvkvtN-
©mWv C∂sØ BtKmf Hmlcn hn]-
Wnsb "AZr-iy-Icß'fneqsS \nb-{¥n-
®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. C∂v Hcp-hn[w
F√m cmPy-ß-fnepw Hml-cn-hn-]-Wn-Iƒ
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v.
Hml-cn-hn-]W - n-Iƒ hym]-Ia - m-bt- Xm-
sS AtXm-S\ - p-_‘- n-®p≈ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-
fpw h¿[n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. km[m-cW
Hmlcn {Ib-hn-{I-b-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p-
∂ ]cn-an-X-amb em`-Øn\v ]Icw Fß-
s\ tÃm°v FIvtk©pIƒ hgn ]c-
am-h[n ]W-ap-≠m-°m-sa∂ Nn¥ hym]-
I-am-bn. Aß-s\-bmWv Hml-cn-hn-]-Wn-
bn¬ Dul-°-®-hS°mcpsS (Specula-
tors) X≈n-°-b-‰-ap-≠m-b-Xv. hn]-Wn-km-
[yX {]h-Nn®v AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-
ep≈ Hmlcn{I-b-hn-{I-b-߃ hy‡-
ambpw NqXm-´- kz-`m-h-Øn-ep-≈-h-bmWv.
tÃm°v FIvtk-©p-Iƒ tI{µo-I-cn®v
am\y-amb Hml-cn-{I-b-hn-{I-b-ß-f√ {]-
[m-\-ambpw Dul-°-®-h-Shpw NqXm-´-hp-
amWv \S-°p-∂sX∂ Ahÿ kwPm-
X-am-bn.
D]-t`m-K-Xz-cbpw Bk-‡nbpw {]-
tNm-Zn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ apX-em-fnØ tem-
I-{I-aØ- nse km[m-cW ]uc-∑m¿ Ffp-
∏-Øn¬ ]W-ap-≠m-°p-hm-\p≈ am¿K-
߃ tXSn-bXv kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Ah-cpsS {][m-\ {]Xo£ Hmlcn hn]-
Wn-bnem-bn. Dul-°-®-h-S-Ønepw Hml-
cn C≥UIvkv NqXm-´-ß-fnepw Ah¿
Znh-kß - ƒ X≈n-\o°n. Hmlcn hn]-Wn-
bpsS C≥U-Ivkn-em-bn-Øo¿∂p ]uc-
∑m-cpsS Bibpw {]Xo-£b - p-sa√mw. Du-
Xn-ho¿∏n-°s - ∏´Xpw IrXy-amb ASn-Ø-
d-bn-√m-ØX - p-amb GXp Ipan-fbpw s]m´n-
t∏m-hpI kzm`m-hn-I-amWv. F{X s]m´n-
bmepw AXns‚ _en-bm-Sp-Iƒ ]mTw
]Tn-°p-I-bn-s√-∂mWv NqXm´ a\x-im-
kv{Xw. 1929 HIvtSm_¿ 29se hmƒkv{So-
‰v XI¿®-bn¬ \n∂pw AtXm-S\ - p-_‘ - n-
®p-≠mb alm-am-µyØn¬ \n∂pw ]mTw
]Tn-°m-ØX - p-sIm-≠m-Wt√m ]ns∂bpw
Dul-°-®-h-S-°m-scbpw C≥sUIvkv
2009 am¿-®v-
]-T-\w
NqXm-´°mscbpw Hml-cn-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ ≤-cmb \nc-h[n ]W-an-S-]mSv ÿm]-\-
btYjvSw hnl-cn-°p-hm≥ A\p-hZ- n-®X - v. ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Iº-\n-Iƒ°v
Aßs\ BtKmf Hmlcn hn]-Wn- bmsXmcp ]-™-hp-ap-≠m--bn-cp-∂n-√. G-
°v as‰mcp Idp-Ø-Zn-hkw IqSn ImtW- sd km[y-XI - fp≈-sX∂v sIm´ntLmjn-
≠nh∂p. 1987 HIvtSm-_¿ 19 \v Xn¶-fm- °-s∏´ sF.Sn. Iº-\n-I-fpsS Hml-cn-I-
gvN-bmWv kmº-ØnI Ncn-{X-Ønse I- ƒ°v th≠n P\w ]c°w ]m™p. hn]-
dpØ Xn¶-fmgvN (Black monday). A∂v Wn-bn¬ AØcw Iº-\n-If - psS kqNnI
tlmßvtImßv tÃm°v FIvtk-©n¬ apt∂m´v IpXn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. 2000
\n∂v XpS-ßnb Hml-cn-Ø-I¿®- bqtdm- am¿®v 10\mWv Cu tUmSvtImw Ipanf
∏n-s\bpw Ata-cn-°-sb-bp-sa√mw Gsd- (Dotcom Bubble) ]c-am-h[n hen-∏Ø - n-em-
\mƒ ]nSn®p Ipep-°n. Hmlcn hn]-Wn- b-Xv. Hcp h¿jw apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hml-
bpsS Ncn-{X-Øn-ep-≠mb G‰hpw henb cn-hn-e-bpsS Cc´nbmbn-cp∂p A∂sØ
GI-Zn\ØI¿®bp≠m-bXv IdpØ Xn- hne. DuXn ho¿∏n-®p-≠m-°p∂ at‰-
¶-fm-gvN-bm-Wv. H‰ Znh-kw -sIm≠v tlm- sXmcp Ipan-f-sbbpw t]mse tUmSv-
ßvtImßn¬ 48% hpw Hmkvt{S-en-bb - n¬ tImw Ipan-fbpw s]m´m≥ XpS-ßn. am¿®v
41.8%hpw kvs]bv\n¬ 31%hpw {_n´-\n¬ 10\v tijw Hmtcm Znh-khpw Ipanf sN-
26.4%hpw Ata-cn-°b - n¬ 22.68%hpw Im\- dp-Xm-bn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. 113 tUmf¿ hsc-
U-bn¬ 22.5%hpw \yqkn-em‚n¬ 60%hpw sb-Ønb tUm´v tImw Hml-cn-If - psS hn-
CSn-hm-Wp≠mb-Xv. {]Xo-£I - ƒ°v hn]- e shdpw Hcp tUmf¿ am{X-am-bn. 2000
co-X-amb A]q¿h-kw-`hw˛ Idp-Ø-lw- am¿®v apX¬ 2002 HIvtSm-_¿ hsc-bp≈
k-kw-`hw (Blackswan event)˛BWv C- Ime-b-f-hn¬ 5 {Sney≥ tUmf-dns‚(500
sX∂p ]d™v c£-s∏-Sp-Ib - mWv kmº- tImSn tUmf¿) \jvS-amWv tUmSvtImw
ØnI hnZ-Kv[¿ sNbvXXv. Dul-°-®-h- Ipan-f-bpsS XI¿®-aqew Ata-cn-°-°p-
Shpw C≥UIvkv NqXm-´hpw Ah-bpsS ≠m-b-Xv. a‰p tÃm°v am¿°‰v XI¿®-
]c-aI - mjvT {]m]n®XmWv "IdpØ Xn¶- I-sf-t∏m-se-Øs∂ CXns‚ Imc-W-
fm-gvN'°v Imc-W-am-b-sX∂ hkvXpX sØ-°p-dn®pw IrXyambn A]-{K-Yn®v hn-
ad-®p-sh-°-s∏-´p. ]Ww A®Sn®v {]iv- h-cw \¬Ip-hm≥ Ata-cn-°≥ kmº-Øn-
\w ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ {ian® bp.-F-kv. s^- I hnZ-Kv[¿°v Ign-™n-´n-√.
Uns\ A\p-Ic - n®p-sIm-≠mWv a‰p cmPy- Ign™ \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-am-bt- ∏m-
ß-sf√mw Cu {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ \n∂v tg°pw temIkmº-ØnI hyhÿ ^n-
Xe-bq-cn-b-Xv. b‰v Id≥kn-bpsS am{Xw ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\am- ep-≈-Xmbn amdn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. AtXm-
b-t∏m-tg°pw hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-bn- sSm∏w Xs∂ ]pXnb hn]Wokw-kvIm-
ep-≠mb BtKm-f-ap-t∂-‰sØ Fßs\ cw krjvSn® D]-t`m-KP- z-chpw Bk-‡n-
]c-am-h[n em`w sImøp∂ I®-hS- a - m-°n- bp-sa√mw km[m-cW ]uc-∑msc IogS-
Øo¿°m- s a∂v Dul- ° - ® - h - S - ° mcpw °pIbpw sNbvXp. Bfp-I-sf√mw D]-
C≥UIvkv NqXm-´-°mcpw Nn¥n-°m≥ t`m-KX¬-]-c-cmbn. {]kvXpX Xm¬]-cy-
XpS-ßn. \nc-h[n sF.Sn. Iº-\n-Iƒ A- sØ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ am¿°-‰nwKv
ta-cn-°-bn¬ apf®p s]m¥n. Bh-iy-s∏- X{¥-ßfpw ]c-ky-ßfpw hym]-I-ambn.
Sp-∂-h¿s°√mw ISw sImSp-°m≥ k∂- Bh-iy-ap-s≠∂v P\-Øn\v tXm∂nb
Hmlcn hn]-Wn-bpsS Ncn-{X-Øn-se- G‰hpw henb GI-
Zn\ØI¿®bp≠m-bXv IdpØ Xn-¶-fm-gvN-bm-Wv. H‰ Znh-kw -
sIm≠v tlm-ßvtImßn¬ 48%hpw Hmkvt{S-en-b-bn¬ 41.8%hpw
kvs]bv\n¬ 31%hpw {_n´-\n¬ 26.4%hpw Ata-cn-°-bn¬
22.68%hpw Im\-U-bn¬ 22.5%hpw \yqkn-em‚n¬ 60%hpw CSn-
hm-Wp≠mb-Xv. {]Xo-£-Iƒ°v hn]-co-X-amb A]q¿h-kw-
`hw˛ Idp-Ø-lw-k-kw-`hw (Blackswan event)˛BWv C-sX∂p
]d™v c£-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv kmº-ØnI hnZ-Kv[¿ sNbvXXv.
25
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
]-T-\w
hkvXp-°ƒ hmßm≥ Ah-cpsS Iøn-¬ fpsS hmbv]m krjvSn∏v aqe-ap-≠mb D]- tUmf-dp-Iƒ hsc sNe-h-gn-°p-hm≥ A-
]W- a n- √ m- s X- b mbn. At∏mƒ Ah¿ tbmK£a-amb ]W-Øns‚ Zu¿e`yw ta-cn-°≥ {Sjdn sk{I-´d - n°v A\p-hmZw
]W-an-S-]mSv ÿm]-\-ßsf kao-]n-®p. F∂n-hsb√mw tN¿∂mWv C∂sØ \¬Ins°m- ≠ p≈ _n√v (The Emer-
_m¶p-I-fm-I-s´, hmbv]m- hy-hvk-Y-Iƒ kmº-ØnI amµy-Øn\v \nZm-\-amb gency Economic Stablization Act of 2008)
DZm-ca- m-°n-s°m≠v P\-ßsf ]c-am-h[n ASn-ÿm-\a - q-eI
- ß- ƒ krjvS® - n-cn-°p-∂- Ata-cn-°≥ sk\-‰ns‚ {]Xn-\n[nk`
ISw hmßp-hm≥ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p-sIm- Xv. ]pXnb \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ ]mkm-°p-Ibpw 2008 HIvtSm_¿ 5\v
≠n-cp-∂p. 1990 Iƒ Bb-t∏m-tg°v Ata- Xs∂ sas√ Zriy-ambnØpS-ßn-bn-cp∂ {]kn-U≠v tPm¿Pv _pjv H∏psh°p-
cn-°≥ hn]-Wn-bn¬ F¥pw IS-ambn {]Xn-k‘n ad-\o°n ]pd-Øp-hc - m≥ XpS- Ibpw sNbvXp.
e`n-°p-sa∂ ÿnXn-bp-≠m-bn. ISw-hm- ßn-bXv 2007 s^{_p-h-cn-tbmSv IqSn-bm- 2008 Unkw-_-dnse IW-°p-Iƒ {]-
ßn ISaS-°epw ISw hn¬°-ep-sa√mw Wv. AXmWv temIsØ G‰hpw h-enb Imcw kmº-ØnI amµyw aqew B
hym]-I-ambn. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw hmßm≥ _m¶mbn Adn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ HSBC AXns‚ h¿jw AXp-h-sc-bmbn 19 e£w Ata-
Ign-bp-∂n-StØmfw ISw hmßn-s°m-≠n- 10.5(1050 tImSn) _ney≥ tUmf¿ aqey- cn-°° - m¿ sXmgn¬cln-Xc - m-bn-´p-≠v. 2008
cp-∂p. ap≈ k_vss{]w hmbv]m-]-W-b-߃ \hw-_-dn-emWv 1974\v tij-ap≈ G‰-
P\-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰m- (MBS-Mortgage Backed Security) Fgp-Xn- hpw henb sXmgn¬ \jvSw tcJ-s∏-Sp-
\m-bn-cp-∂n√ _m¶p-Iƒ IS-߃ \¬In- Ø-≈n-b-Xv. B Hcp h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Htc-sbmcp amkw sIm-
b-Xv; {]XypX Ahbv°v Xg®p hf-cp-∂- Xs∂ \qtdmfw `h\ hmbv]m-I-º-\n-I- ≠v 5,33,000 t]¿°v tPmen \jvS-s∏-´p-
Xn\v th≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p. P\w ISw hm- ƒ {]h¿Ø\w \n¿Øn-sh-®p. 2008 BK- hs{X! amµyw Cßs\ XpS-cp-I-bm-sW-
ßpwtXmdpw _m¶p-Iƒ IS߃ krjv- Ãnse IW-°p-I-ƒ {]Imcw temI-Øm- ¶n¬ Hmtcm amkhpw aqt∂-Im¬ e£w
Sn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. hmbv]m-kr-jvSn∏n I-am-\-ap≈ kmº-ØnI ÿm]-\-߃ Ata-cn-°-°m-sc-¶nepw sXmgn¬ cln-X-
(Credit Creation)eqsS Cc´n°n-c´n ]eni Fgp-Xn-Ø-≈n-bXv 501 _ney≥ (50100 cm-Ip-sa-∂m-Wv hnZ-Kv[¿ ap∂-dn-bn∏p
t\Sn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. ssIhiw D≈-Xn-e- tImSn) tUmf-dmWv 1850 apX¬ Ata-cn- \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. "Xma-kn-®n-cp∂
[nIw XpI ISw sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\mWv °-bpsS D¬]m-Z\˛km-º-ØnI taJ-e- hoSp-Iƒ _m¶v P]vXn sNbvXp-sIm-≠p-
"AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ hmbv]mkrjvSn∏v' I-fn¬ \nd-™ncp∂ "elvam≥ {_tZgvk'v t]mbn; sXmgnepw \jvS-s∏´p'sh∂
F∂v ]d-bp-∂X - v. hyXykvX hy‡n-Iƒ- (Lehman Brothers) ]m∏-cmbn {]Jym-]n- Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv Ata-cn-°-bnse km[m-
°v Htc kabw Htc kº-Øn¬ \n∂v °-∏-´Xv 2008 sk]vXw-_¿ 22\mWv. A- c-W-°m-cp-tS-Xv. CtXm-S-\p-_-‘n®v `h-
hmbv] \¬Ip-∂-XmWnXv. Hcp tImSn ¥m-cmjv{S {]ikvX-amb kmº-ØnI \-t`-Z-\-ßfpw a‰p kmº-ØnI Ip‰-Ir-
tUmf¿ ssIh-i-ap≈ _m¶v AºXv ÿm]- \ - a mb sadn¬ en©n (Merill Xy- ß fpw h¿[n- ® p- s Im- ≠ n- c n- ° p- ∂ p-
e£w hoXw 5 t]¿°v ISw \¬Ip-∂p. Lynch)\v _m¶v Hm^v Ata-cn-°-bp-ambn sh∂m-Wv dnt∏m¿´v. F√m Xcw hym]m-
ISw ]mkm-°n-°-gn-™mepw Bh-iym- ebn-t°≠n h∂p. Aßs\ am≥l-´m- c-ß-sfbpw CXv {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-
\p- k r- X - a mbn am{Xta D]- t `m- ‡ mhv \n¬ Xe-bp-b¿Øn \n¬°p∂ temI- ®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. 2007 HIvtSm-_-
]Ww ]n≥h-en-°q- F∂-Xn-\m¬ Xs∂ kmºØnI tI{µ (World Financial dnsebpw 2008 HIvtSm-_dnsebpw hml-
_m¶v tcJ-bn¬ am{X-ap≈ Hcm-fpsS Centre)Ønse 32 \ne-I-fnepw {]h¿Ø- \m-hn¬]-\m-cw-KsØ hyXym-k-Øn¬
]W-sa-SpØv as‰m-c mƒ°v \¬Im≥ \ k÷-am-bn-cp∂p sadn≥ en©v F∂ \n∂v am¿°-‰ns‚ KXn a\- n-em-°m-
_m¶n\v Ign-bpw. Cßs\ aq∂pw \mepw ÿm]\w Xs∂ 2008 Unkw-_¿ 5\v \mIpw. t^mUns‚ hn¬]-\-bn¬ 33.8
Cc´n ]eni e`n-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ _m- \mam-h-ti-j-ambn. temIsØ ]ªnIv iX-am-\hpw P\-d¬ tamt´-gvkn-t‚-Xn¬
¶pƒ hmbv]m-kr-jvSn∏v XpS¿∂p-sIm- Iº- \ n- I - f n¬ ]Xn- s \- ´ m- a - s Ø- X mbn 15.6 iX-am-\hpw sSmtbm-´b - p-tSXn¬ 32.3
t≠-bn-cp-∂p. Adn-bs - ∏-´n-cp∂ Ata-cn-°≥ C≥U¿\m- iX-am\hpw C-Sn-hmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-
bmsXmcp ASn-ÿm-\-aq-ey-hp-an-√m- j-W¬ {Kq∏v F∂v C≥jq-d≥kv Iº- cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Ø ^nb‰v Id≥kn-bpsS {]hmlw, k- \nbpsS ISØn-te°v 85 _ney≥ tUm- kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ \n∂v
_vss{]w temWp-Iƒ \¬In-b-Xp-ambn f¿ \¬In s^U-d¬ dnk¿hv knÃw cmPysØ c£n-°p-hm≥ ]ehn[ am¿K-
_‘-s∏´v sIm≠p-≠mb kmºØnI AXns‚ 79.9 iX-am-\-Øns‚ Ah-Im- ߃ D]-tbm-Kn®p t\m°p-∂p≠v Ata-
{]Xn-k‘n Dul-°® - h
- Sw aqew Hmlcn in-I-fm-bn. XI¿∂p-t]mb ÿm]-\-ß- cn-°≥ k¿°m¿. 2008 HIvtSm-_¿ 5 \v
hn]-Wn-bn-ep-≠mb XI¿®, _m¶p-I- sf c£-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn 700 _ney≥ _pjv `c-W-IqSw H∏p-sh® _n√n\v Im-
cy-amb Ne-\-ß-sfm∂pw D≠m°m≥ I-
2008 Unkw-_-dnse IW-°p-Iƒ {]-Imcw kmº-ØnIamµyw gn-™n-´n-√. {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ \n∂v cmPy-
aqew B h¿jw AXp-h-sc-bmbn 19 e£w Ata-cn-°-°m¿ sØ c£n-°p-hm≥ ]pXnb {]kn-U≠ - m-
bn Npa-X-e-tb-‰n-cn-°p∂ _dm°v H_m-
sXmgn¬cln-X-cm-bn-´p-≠v. 2008 \hw-_-dn-emWv 1974\v a°v Ign-b-W-sa-¶n¬ \n›-b-Zm¿Vy-
tij-ap≈ G‰-hpw henb sXmgn¬ \jvSw tcJ-s∏-Sp- tØm-Sp IqSn-bp≈ Nne i‡-amb \S-
Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Htc-sbmcp amkw sIm-≠v 5,33,000 t]¿°v ]-Sn-Iƒ th≠n-hcpw. sXmen-∏p-dsØ Nn-
In-’s - Im≠v apX-em-fnØ hn]-Wn-bnse
tPmen \jvS-s∏-´p-hs{X! {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-hn-s√∂v
2009 am¿-®v- 26
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
1929 apX-¬ Ctßm-´p-≠mb IdpØ Znh-
k-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]Tn-°p-hm≥ Ata-cn-°-
≥ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v Ign-bWw. \mSn-
s\bpw temI-sØbpw kzbw-IrX A\-
¿Y-ß-fn¬ \n∂v c£n-°m≥ Ign-b-W-
sa-¶n¬ NnIn-’-th-≠Xv thcn-\p-X-s∂-
bm-Wv. kzX-{¥-I-tºm-f-Øns‚ \mcmb-
thcn-\v!
XI¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ h≥InS
kmº-ØnI ÿm]-\ß - sf kwc-£n-°p-
∂-Xn-\mbn k¿°m-cns‚ Xmßv \¬Ip-
hm-\mWv Ata-cn-°≥ `c-WI - ¿Øm-°ƒ
{ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Xmtß≠
k¿°m-cns‚ Ahÿ ]m∏-cmb Iº-
\n-I-sf-°mƒ ]cnXm-]-I-c-am-Ip-∂-XmWv
Ata-cn-°-bnse C∂-sØ Ah-ÿ.
Hcp cmjv{Sw F{X-tØmfw kmº-Øn-
I-ambn i‡hpw ASn-Ø-d-bp-≈-Xpam-
sW∂v AXn-s‚ samØw B`y-¥c D¬-
]∂w(Gross Domestic Prodect-GDP)
t\m°n-bn-´m-Wv. Hcp {]tXyI ImeØv
cmPy-Øn-\-IØv D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏´ Nc-
°p-I-fp-sSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw B-
sI sNe-hn\v Xpey-amWv cmPy-Øns‚
Pn.-Un.-]n. cmPysØ samØw D]-t`mKw
(C), \nt£]w (I), k¿°m¿ sNe-hp-Iƒ
(G), Ib-‰p-aX- nbpw (X), Cd-°p-aX- nbpw (M),
XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw F∂nh Iq´n-bm¬
In´p∂ kwJy-bm-Wv Pn.-Un.]n F∂p ]d-
bp-∂- GDP=C+I+G+(X-M) F∂mWv ka-
hm-Iyw.
kzX-{¥-amb aqey-an-√m-ØXpw F-
¥m-Wv Dt]m¬_-eI - a - mb BkvXn-bpsS
2009 am¿-®v-
hne-bn¬ \n∂v aqeyw \n¿≤m-cWw sN-
ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amb kmº-Øn-I-tc-J-I-sf-
bm-Wv kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Øn¬ \n¿-
≤m-c-I-߃ (Derivatieves) F∂p ]d-bp-
I. BkvXn°v (Asset) Xpey-amb \n¿≤m-
c-I-ßtf D≠m-Imhq F∂-XmWv IW-
°v. Hcp {]tXyI Ime-b-f-hn\ptijw
Hcp hkvXp hmßp-Itbm hn¬°p-Itbm
sNøm-sa∂v c≠v I£n-Iƒ XΩn-ep-≠m-
°p∂ DSº-Sn-bmb `mhn-{I-b-hn-{I-b-°-
cmtdm (Forward contract or Forwards) C-
Øcw t^m¿th-Up-Iƒ FIvkvtN-©n¬
{Ib-hn-{Ibw sNøp-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ ^yq-
®-dp-Itfm (Futures) Hcp \n›nX Ime-h-
[n°IØv Hcp \n-›n-X-hn-e°v Hcp h-
kvXp hn¬°p-hmt\m hmßp-hmt\m CS-
\n-e-°m-c-\neqsS \¬Ip∂ Ah-Imi
]{Xn-I-I-fmb Hm]vj-\p-Itfm (Options)
t\csØ Xøm-dm-°nb ]≤-Xn-{]-Imcw
`mhn-bn¬ Hcp {]tXyI ImeØv \S-°p-
∂ {Ib-hn-{I-bß - sf ]c-k] v c ssIam-dm-
sa∂ Icm-dp-I-fmb kzm∏p-Itfm (Swap)
BWv {][m-\-s∏´ sUdn-th-‰o-hp-Iƒ.
Fß-s\-bmWv cmjv{S-߃ AXns‚
samØw A`y-¥t- cm¬]∂w (GDP) IW-
°m-t°-≠-sX∂v sF -Fw- -F-^n-s‚bpw
bqtdm-]y≥ bqWn-b-s‚bpw Hm¿K-ss\-
tk-j≥ t^m¿ F°-tWm-an°v tIm¿∏-
td-j≥ B‚ v sUh-e-∏vsa‚n-s‚bpw
sFIy-cmjv{Sk`-bp-sSbpw temI-_m-¶n-
s‚bpw {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ tN¿∂v Xøm-dm-
°nb knÃw Hm^v \mj-W¬ A°u-
≠v (System of National Account 1993)
27
]-T-\w
F∂ {KŸ-Øn-ep-≠v. CXp {]Imcw 2008
se temI-cm-jv{S-ß-fpsS samØw Pn.-
Un.-]n. 78.36 {Sney≥ tUmf-dmWv. CXn-
¬ Ata-cn-°-bp-tSXv am{Xw 14.33 {Sn-ey-
≥ tUmf¿ hcpw. F∂m¬ tI{µ _m¶p-
I-fpsS A¥m-cm{„ Xe-Øn-ep≈ kl-
I-c-W-th-Zn-bmb _m¶v Hm^v C‚¿\m-
j-W¬ sk‰n¬sa‚ vkv (BIS) 2008 sk]v-
Xw-_-dn¬ ]pd-Øn-d-°nb HutZym-KnI-
tcJ (BIS Quarterly Review Sep: 2008)
]d-bp-∂-Xv 2007 Unkw-_¿ IW-°p-Iƒ
{]Imcw BsI \ne-\n¬°p∂ sUdn-
th-‰o-hp-I-fpsS am{Xw aqeyw 566 {Sney≥
hcp-sa-∂m-Wv. Ign™ Hcp h¿j-Øn-\-
I-ap-≠mb sUdn-th-‰o-hp-Iƒ IqSn Iq´n-
bm¬ CXv 600 {Sney≥ IS-°pw. temI
Pn.-Un.-]n-bpsS GI-tZiw ]Øn-c´n! A-
ta-cn-°-bnse sUdn-th-‰o-hp-Iƒ am{Xw
\qdn-e-[nIw {Sney≥ tUmf¿ hcp-sa-∂m-
Wv IW°v. temI-Øns‚ samØw Pn.-
Un.-]n 78.36 {Sney≥ tUmf-dm-sW∂v
Hm¿°p-I. temIw apgp-h≥ s]dp°n
hn‰mepw Ata--cn-°-bp-sS ISw Xocp-I-bn-
s√∂¿Yw.
F¥psIm≠v Cu Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-
bn? 2008 \hw-_¿ 14,15 Xoø-Xn-I-fn¬
hmjnw-MvS¨ Un.-kn.-bn¬ sh®v \S∂
temIsØ {][m-\-s∏´ 20 cmjv{S-ß-fn-
se (Group 20) kmº-ØnIImcy a{¥n-
am-cp-sSbpw sk≥{S¬ _m¶v Kh¿W¿am-
cp-sSbpw D®-tIm-Sn- (G-20 Summit on fi-
nancial markets and the world economy-
2008) BtKmf kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k‘ - n-
sb A]-{K-Yn-°p-Ibpw BtKm-f-km-º-
ØnI hf¿®-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p-≠mb
k¶o¿W-amb {Ib-hn-{Ib am¿K-ßfpw
th≠ {i≤ sImSp-°m-sX-bp≈ ssI-
Imcy I¿Xr-Xz-hp-amWv {]Xn-k-‘n°v
Imc-W-ambn `hn-®sX∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. Krl-hn-]W - n-bn-ep-≠mb
DuXn ho¿∏n-°epw Ipan-f-s]m-´epw, Du-
l-°-®-h-S-ß-fpsS X≈n-°-b‰w, k_v-
ss{]w Krl]Wb hmbv]-I-fpsS hnX-
c-Whpw hn¬]-\I - f
- pw A¿l-Xb - n-√m-Ø-
h¿°p≈ ISw sImSp°-ep-Iƒ, ]c-am-
h[n ]uc-∑msc kz¥-ambn hoSp-≈-h-
cm-°n-Øo¿°p-I-sb∂ k¿°m¿ \bw,
Ipan-f-Isf Ipan-f-I-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°m-
sX-bp≈ sk≥{S¬ _m¶p-I-fpsS \b-
߃, ]W- a n- S - ] m- S p- ÿ m- ] - \ - ß - f psS
XXz-Zo-£-bn-√mØ ISw sImSp-°-ep-I-
(ti-jw- t]-Pv- 50¬-)-
B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
B-tKm-f- km-ºØ
- n-Iam-µyw
CkvemanI ]cnt{]£yw
Fw.-Fw.- A-Iv-_¿-
a\pjysc Cl]chnPbØnte°v
\bn°p∂ Z¿i\amWv Ckvemw. a\p-
jya\ pIƒ°Øv am‰ßfp≠m-°n-
s°m≠mWv. Ckvemw AXns‚ {]tbm-
Kh¬°cWØn\v XpS°w Ipdn°p-∂-
Xv. hy‡nbpsS a\ n\pw icocØn\pw
kuJyw \¬IpIbpw IpSpw_Øn\I-
Øv im¥n\ne\n¬°pIbpw kaql-
Øn¬ \oXnbpw kam[m\hpw \ne\n¿-
ØpIbpw sNøp∂Xn\v Ckv e manI
\nbaßfpsS {]tbmKh¬°cWw \nan-
ØamIp∂p. F∂m¬ CsX√mw Bcw`n-
°p∂Xv hy‡nbpsS a\ n\ItØ°v
{kjvSmhns\°pdn® IrXyamb t_m[-
hpw acWm¥c PohnXsØ∏‰nbp≈
hy‡amb Adnhpw k∂nthin∏n®p-
sIm≠mWv.hnizmkØn¬ \n∂mcw`n®v
ac-Wm-\¥
- c PohnØnse kz¿K{]-thi-
2009 am¿-®v-
]-T-\w
■- ØnseØp∂XmWv apkvenans‚ Pnhn-
XkcWn. Cu kcWnbn¬ kzm`mhnI-
ambpw h∂p `hn°p∂XmWv hy‡nbp-
sSbpw IpSpw_Øns‚bpw kaqlØn-
s‚bpsa√mw im¥nbpw kam[m\hpw.
{kjvSmhmb A√mlphns‚ {]oXn e-
£yam°n PohnXsØ Icp∏nSn∏n°p-
tºmƒ CsX√mw kzm`mhnIambpw
D≠mbnØocpsa∂¿∞w.
apkvenans‚ PohnXw Ah\p am{X-
a√ Np‰p]mSn\pw KpWZmbIamhpsa∂-
Xn¬ kwiban√. Hcp IpSpw_Øn¬ H-
cmƒ am{XamWv apkvenambn Pohn®ncn-
°p∂sX¶nepw Ahs‚ CkvemanI hy-
‡nXzØns‚ KpW^e߃ IpSpw_-
Øn\v samØØn¬ D]Imc{]Zambncn-
°pw. CtXt]mseØs∂bmWv kaql-
Øn\pw. Ces]mgnbpItbm a‰p {]bm-
k߃ krjvSn°pItbm sNømØXpw
F√mkabØpw I\n \¬InsIm≠ncn-
28
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
]-T-\w
°pIbpw sNøp∂ actØmSmWv. apl- bpsS Ggp h¿jw hcp-hm-\p-s≠∂pw ®. Ah≥ AXn\v km£yw hln°p-
ΩZv \_n apkvenans\ D]an®n´p- AXn\v tijw £ma-Øns‚ Ggp-h¿j- ∂h\pamWv. \n›bw, [\kvt\lw
≈Xv. (_pJmcn, apkvenw)F∂Xn¬ ap-≠m-hpsa∂pw kar≤n h¿jØn¬ ITn-\ambh\mWh≥'' (100:1-- -8)
\n∂pXs∂ Ahs‚ km∂n[yw kaql- kq£n®psh®Xn¬ \n∂mWv £mah- bPam\\pth≠n bp≤°fØn¬
Øn\v F{XtØmfw D]Imcs∏Sp∂Xm- ¿jßfn¬ D]tbmKn°pIsb∂psa- t]mcmSp∂h\mWv IpXnc. AXv F∂pw
bncn°psa∂v hy‡amWv. apkvenans‚ √mw cmPmhns\ Adnbn®tijw bqkp- BVyXzØns‚ {]XoIambncp∂p.
aXhpw Pohn-Xhpw kwkvImchpsa√mw ^v \_n  ]d™Xv ""Xm¶ƒ Fs∂ AXy¥m[p\nI hml\߃ hym]I-
a‰p≈h¿°pIqSn KpWZmbIambn-°p- `qanbnse JP\mhpIfpsS A[nImcta- ambn D]tbmKn°s∏Sptºmgpw cmPIo-
sa∂¿∞w. ¬]n°q. Rms\mcp hnhcap≈ kq£n- bhml\ambn AhXcn∏n°s∏Sp∂Xv
∏pImc\mbncn°pw, Xo¿®(12:55) F∂m- IpXnc Xs∂! IpXnc∏¥bw C∂pw
kmºØnIcwKsØ BtKmf{]Xn-
bncp∂p'' JP\mhns‚ DØchmZnØta- ]Wap≈hs‚ hnt\mZamWv. A¥mcm-
k‘nsb°pdn® N¿®bn¬ Ckvemw
¬]n°s∏´m¬ ssZhnIt_m[\ {]Im- jv { S \nehmcØnep≈ kv I qfpIƒ
IS∂phcp∂Xv. ChnsSbmWv. Ckveman-
cw AXv ssIImcyw sNbvXv £ma h¿- FSpØp ]dbp∂Xv X߃ Ip´nIsf
I Z¿i\Øns‚ Hcp sNdnb `mKw am{X-
jßfn¬ P\߃°v t£aap≠m-°p- IpXnc khmcn ]Tn∏n°p∂psh∂mWv.
amWv AXns‚ km-ºØnI- \nba߃.
∂ XcØnep≈ kwhn[m\ßfp≠m- a\pjys‚ BVyXzØns‚ Nn”hpw
Ah ]q¿Wambn {]tbmKh¬°-cn-°m-
°psa∂ {]Xo£bmWv DØchmZnØ- Ahs\ kwc£n°m\mbn t]m¿°f-
≥ IgnbpI CkvemanI-hnizm-khpw I¿-
tas‰-Sp°phm\p≈ bqkq^v\_n- Øn¬ AScmSp∂h\pw bPam\s‚
Ωam¿Kßfpw kzoIcn-®h¿°p Xs∂-
bpsS k∂≤Xbn¬ \ap°v ImWm\m- A`nam\kwc£WØn\mbn kz¥w
bmWv. F∂m¬ {]k-vXpX \nba߃
Ip∂Xv. temIw {]Xnk‘nbpsS Ibv]v Poh≥ XrWh¬KWn°pIbpw sNøp-
kzoIcn°s∏Sp∂Xphgn D≠mhp∂
A\p`hn®ps°m≠ncn°ptºmƒ ∂ IpXnc \ap°v \¬Ip∂ Hcp ]mTap-
kmaqlyam‰ßfpsS KpWt`m‡m°fm-
ssZhnIt_m[\ {]Imcap≈ ]cn-lmc- ≠v. kz¥w \mYt\mSv a\pjy¿ \µn-
hm≥ F√mh¿°pw Ignbpw. am{Xhpa√,
ßfps≠¶n¬ AXp \n¿tZint°≠Xv
kmºØnI {IaØns‚ ImcyØn¬ sI´hcmsW∂ ]mTw. X\n°v `£-
A°mcyw a\ nem°nbhcpsS _m[y-
Ckvemw \¬Ip∂ \n¿t±i߃ ]T\- Whpw ]m¿∏nShpw ]cnioe\hpw \¬-
XbmsW∂¿∞w.
hnt[-ba-m-°pIbpw AhbpsS shfn®- Ip∂ bPam\\p th≠n InXt®mSp-
Øn¬ X-߃ kzoIcn®pt]mcp∂ km- 1. \mYt\mSp≈ \µntISv: Ibpw IpfºpIƒ Dckn Xos∏mcn ]mdn-
ºØnI \ne]mSpIsf ]cntim[n®v Xn- ""InX®psImt≠mSp∂hbpw, Aß- ∏n°pIbpw Dd°w t]mepan√msX {]`m-
cpØ-ep-Iƒ hcpØpIbpw sNøm≥ C- s\ Dckn Xos∏mcn ]mdn∏n°p∂hbpw, XØnepW¿∂v t]m¿°fØn- t e°v
kvem-an-Im-Z¿iw kzoIcn°m-Øh-¿-°p F∂n´v, AXncmhnse A{IaWw \S- Xncn°pIbpw s]mSn-]Se߃ Cf°n
t]mepw Ignbpw. apXemfnØØns‚ Øp∂hbpw, At∏mƒ, s]mSn]Seanf- A-XneqsS i{XpkwLØn\v \Sphnte-
{]Xnk-‘n-°v AXns‚ Xs∂ `qanI-bn- °n AXneqsS kwLØn\p \Sphn¬ °v IpXn°pIbpw sNøp∂ IpXncbpam-
¬ \n-∂p-sIm≠p≈ ]cnlmc\n¿t±i- IS∂hbpw Xs∂ kXyw! a\pjy≥ X- bn Xs∂ XmcXayw sNbvXm¬ \mY-
߃ Gsd D∂bn°s∏Sp∂ps≠¶n- s‚ \mYt\mSv \µnsI´h≥ Xs∂, Xo¿- t\mSv F{XtØmfw IrXLv\\mWv Xm-
epw Ah-sbm-∂pw Xs∂ imizX ]cn-
lmcw {]Zm\w sNøp∂ns√∂ Xncn®-
dnhv C- Ø - c samcp ]cntim[\bpsS
{]k‡n t_m-[ys∏SpØp∂p≠v.
kaqlw {]bmks∏Sptºmƒ {]-kv-
XpX {]bmkØn¬\n∂v klPohn-I-
sf c£s∏S-pØp∂Xn\mbn ]cn{ian-
t°≠Xv apkvenwIfpsS DØchm-Zn-Ø-
am-Wv. ssZhnIam¿KZ¿i\hpw AXp
apt∂m´p sh°p∂ kmºØnI \n¿tZ-
i--ßfpw B[p\nI a\pjycpsS {]iv\-
߃°v ]cnlmctaIp∂XmWv F∂v
Xncn®dnbp∂ apkvenw {]kvXpX-]c
- n-lm-
c\n¿tZi߃ s]mXp- k aqlØn\p
apºn¬ ka¿∏n°phm≥ _m[yÿ\m-
Wv. kam\amsbmcp kmlNcyØn¬
JP\mhns‚ DØchmZnØtas‰SpØ
bqkp^v  \_nbpsS amXrI apkv-
enwIƒ°p apºnep≠v. cmPmhv I≠
kz]v\Øns‚ hymJym\ambn kar≤n-
2009 am¿-®v- 29
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
s\∂v Hmtcm a\pjy¿°pw t_m[ys∏-
SpIXs∂ sNøpw, Xo¿®. Xs∂ krjv-
Sn°pIbpw X\n°mhiyap≈sX√mw
Hcp°nØcnIbpw sNbv X \mYs‚
hn[nhne°pIƒ ]men°msX Pohn°p-
∂ a\pjy¿ F{X am{Xw \µnsI´-h-
cmWv!
Xs‚ \µntISn\v a\pjy¿ Xs∂
kzbw km£nbmsW∂v {]kvXmhn®-
tijw "[\kvt\lw ITn\ambh\mW-
h≥, Xo¿®' sb∂mWv Jp¿B≥ ]dbp-
∂sX∂ Imcyw {]tXyIw {it≤bam-
Wv. [\sØ kvt\ln°pIbpw AXv
\¬Inbhs\ hnkvacn°pIbpw sNøp-
Isb∂ \µntISmWv. a\pjycn¬ an°-
hcpw {]h¿Øn®psIm≠ncn°p∂Xv.
a\pjycmcpw Xs∂ bmsXm∂pw ChnsS
]pXpXmbn \n¿an°p∂n√. ]S®h≥ Hcp-
°nØ∂ {]]©sØ D]tbmKs∏Sp-
ØpIam{XamWv a\pjy¿ sNøp∂Xv.
`qanbnse hkvXpXIƒ X߃°mhiy-
amb coXnbn¬ am‰nsbSp°p∂p, a\pjy-
¿ AXn∂mbmWv Ah¿ KthjWßfn-
te¿s∏Sp∂Xv. ]S®h≥ X∂ _p≤nbp-
]tbmKn®v Ah≥ krjvSn® hkvXp°-
sf X߃°v D]Imc{]Zamb coXnbn¬
am‰nsbSp°pI am{XamWv Ahs‚ ]-
Wn. AXp sNøp∂ a\pjy≥ Xs‚ _p-
≤nbn¬ Al¶cn°p∂p. _p≤nbpw
hkvXphpw X∂v A\p{Kln®hs\ hn-
kvacn°pIbpw Ahs‚ hn[nhne°pI-
ƒ Im‰n¬ ]dØpIbpw sNøp∂p. F{X
henb IrXLv\X!
Cu IrXLv\XbmWv am\hcmin
t\cn´Xpw t\cn´psIm≠ncn°p∂Xp-am-
b kIe {]Xnk‘nIƒ°pap≈ ASn-
ÿm\ ImcWw. kºØv A√mlp \¬-
Ip∂XmWv, Ah\mWv AXns‚ bYm¿-
∞ AhImin, Ah\Xv Ah≥ C—n°p-
∂h¿°v \¬Ip∂p.
""Xo¿®bmbpw \ns‚ c£nXmhv Xm-
≥ Dt±in°p∂h¿°v D]Poh\am¿Kw
hnimeam°nsImSp°p∂p. (Nne¿°Xv)
CSpßnbXm°pIbpw sNøp∂p'' (Jp¿-
B≥ 17:30)
""A√mlp \nßfn¬ Nnesc a‰p
Nnesc°mƒ D]Poh\Øns‚ Imcy-
Øn¬ sa®s∏´hcm°nbncn°p- ∂ p''
(16:71)
""A√mlp \n߃°v \¬Inbn´p≈
kºØn¬ \n∂v Ah¿°v \n߃ \¬-
2009 am¿-®v-
]-T-\w
≠p am{Xw e`n®XmWv Xs‚ kzØp-I-
ƒ apgph\pw F∂v Al¶cn® Jmdq\n-
¬ \n∂v A√mlp kzØp°ƒ Xncns®-
Sp°pIbpw AbmsfXs∂bpw \mamh-
tijam°pIbpw sNbv X t∏mgmWv
"Jmdp\ns\t∏msebmbncps∂¶n¬...'F∂v
B{Kln®ncp∂h¿°v t_m[ap≠mbXv.
B A[]X\Øn- s‚ IY Jp¿B≥
Xs∂ hnhcn°p∂p. ""Xo¿®bmbpw Jmdq-
≥ aqkmbpsS P\Xbn¬ s]´h\m-
bncp∂p. F∂n´v Ah≥ AhcpsS t\sc
AXn{Iaw ImWn®p. Xs‚ JP\mhp-
Iƒ iIvX≥amcmb Hcp kwLØn\p-
t]mepw `mcamIm≥ X°h- Æ ap≈
\nt£-]߃ \mw Ah\v \¬Inbn-
cp∂p. Aht\m-Sv Ahs‚ P\X C{]-
Imcw ]d™ kµ¿`w ({it≤bas{X)
\o ]pfIw sImt≈≠. ]pfIw sIm≈p-
Atacn°bn¬ s\mhmUm tÉnse emkv thKmkv
\KcØnte°v Ibdp-tºmƒ Xs∂ "]m]\KcØnte°v
kzmKXw' F∂ Iq‰-≥ \ntbm¨ t_m¿UmWv Hcmsf kzmKXw
sNøp∂Xv. F√m Xn≥aIfpw AXns‚ ]q¿Whpw \·hpamb
coXn-bn¬ \SamSp∂ ]m]\Kcw! ]q¿W \·\rØw \S°p∂
31 ¢∫pIƒ! c≠p Uk\n-e[nIw NqXm´tI{µßƒ!
cXnsbbpw NqXm´sØbpw NqSp]nSn∏n°phm≥ aZyØn\v
]IpXn hneam{Xw! ]m]\KcØn¬ Hcp h¿j-saØp∂
kµ¿iI¿ \meptImSn! ]m]-߃°v th≠n am{Xw Hcp
\Kcap≠m-°phm≥ apXemfnØ kzX{¥hn]Wn-°p am{Xta
Ignbq.
In klmbn°pIbpw sNøpI''(24:33) ∂hsc A√mlp Xo¿-®bmbpw CjvS-
A√mlp \¬Inb kºØns‚ s∏SpIbn√. A√mlp \n\°v \¬In-
ssIhim[nImcnbmWv AXv \¬Is∏´- bn´p≈XneqsS \o ]ctemIhnPbw
h≥ F∂ t_m[Øns‚ A`mhamWv tXSpI. sFlnIPo-hnXØn¬ \n∂v
kI-ehn[ kmºØnI Ip‰ßfpsSbpw \n\°p≈ Hmlcn \o hnkvacn°pIbpw
ASnÿm\ ImcWw X\n°v e`n® k- th≠. A√mlp \n\°v \≥a sNbvXXv
ºsØ√mw Xs‚ kz¥w A[zm\-Øn- t]mse \obpw \≥asNøpI. \o \m´n-
¬ Ipg∏Øn\v apXnccpXv. Ipg∏ap-≠m-
s‚-bpw _p≤nbpsSbpw ^eamsW∂v
IcpXp∂hcmWv kº∂-c[nIhpw. aq- °p∂hsc A√mlp Xo¿®bmbpw
CjvSs∏Sp∂X√. Jmdq≥ ]d™p:
km \_nbpsS kapZmbØn¬ Pohn-
®ncp∂ Jmdq≥ F∂ [\mVys\∏‰n Fs‚ ssIhiap≈ hnZysIm≠v am{X-
amWv F\n°nXp e`n®Xv . F∂m¬
]cma¿in°sh Abmƒ ]d™Xmbn
Jp¿B≥ D≤cn°p∂Xv Xs‚ ssIh- Ah∂p apºv Aht\-°mƒ ISpØ
iap≈ hnZysIm≠v am{XamWv F\n- iIvXnbp≈hcpw, IqSpX¬ kwL_e-
°nXv e`n®Xv (Jp¿B≥ 28:78) F∂m- ap-≈-hcpambncp∂ XeapdIsf A√m-
Wv {kjvSmhns\ ad∂v kz¥w Hu∂- lp \in∏n®n´ps≠-∂v Ah≥ a\ n-em-
XyØn¬ A`nam-\n® Jmdq≥ Ahkm- °nbn´nt√? XßfpsS ]m]ßsf ]‰n
\w \new]cnimb kz¥w IgnhpsIm- Ip‰- h mfn- I tfmSv At\zjn°s∏Sp-
30
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
∂X√. Aßs\ Ah≥ P\a-≤yØn-
te°v B¿`mStØmsS Cdßn ]pd-s∏-
´p. sFlnIPo-hnXw e£yam°p∂h¿
AXv I≠n´v C{]Imcw ]d™p: Jmdq\v
e`n®Xv t]mep≈Xv R߃°pap≠m-
bncps∂¶n¬ F{X \∂mbncpt∂s\.
Xo¿®bmbpw Ah≥ henb `mKyap-≈-
h≥ Xs∂! PvRm\w \¬Is∏´n´p≈-
h¿ ]d™p: \nß-ƒ°v \miw! hnizkn-
°pIbpw k¬I¿Ωw {]h¿Øn°p-I-
bpw sNbvXn´p≈h¿°v A√mlphns‚
{]Xn^eamWv IqSp-X¬ DØaw. £am-
ioeap≈h¿°√msX AXv \¬Is∏Sp-
I-bn√. Aßs\ Ahs\bpw Ahs‚
h\tØbpw \mw `qan-bn¬ BgvØnIf-
™p. At∏mƒ A√mlphn\v ]pdsa
Xs∂ klmbn°p∂ Hcp I£nbpw
Ah∂p≠mbn√. Ah≥ kzbw c£n°p-
∂hcpsS Iq´Ønepambn√. C∂se
Ahs‚ kvYm\w sImXn®ncp∂h¿ (C-
∂v) C{]Imcw ]dbp∂hcmbn-Øo¿∂p:
Atlm! IjvSw! Xs‚ Zmk≥amcn¬
\n∂v Xm≥ Dt±in°p∂h¿°v A√mlp
D]Poh\w hnimeam°nsImSp-°pI-
bpw, (Xm≥ Dt±in°p∂h¿°v AXp)
CSpßnbXm°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Rß-
tfmSv A√mlp HuZmcyw ImWn®ncp-∂n-
s√¶n¬ Rßsfbpw Ah≥ BgvØn-
°fbpambncp∂p. Atlm, Ijv S w!
kXy\ntj[nIƒ hnPbw {]m]n°p-I-
bn√.'' (28: 76-˛82)
BZnhmknIsf B´ntbmSn®pw
sIms∂mSp°nbpw sIm≠v bptdm]y≥-
am¿ ÿm]n® Atacn°sb∂ cmjv{Sw
aq∂mw temIcmPyßfpsSbpw FÆbp-
¬]mZI cmjv{SßfpsSbpw ta¬ IpX-
{¥ßfnepsS A[oiXzw t\SnsbSp-Ø-
Xns‚ Ncn{XamWv Ign™ c≠p \q‰m-
≠pIƒ°v ]dbm\p≈Xv. tUmfdns‚
kz¿W ]n≥_ew FSpØpIfbpIbpw
a‰p temIId≥knIfpsS ta¬ AXn-s‚
B[n]Xyw ÿm]n°pIbpw sNbvXXn-
\p tijw "Xs‚ _p≤nsIm≠v temI-
sØ IogS°nbh≥' F∂ N´ºna\x-
ÿnbpambmWv Atacn° temIØn-
s‚ ap∂n¬ \n¬°p∂Xv. Atacn°≥
hntZi\bØns‚ h‡m°fn¬ Hcm-
fmb Nmƒkv t{ImØΩm¿ H∂c]Xn‰m-
≠pIƒ°v apºv FgpXn "Hcp GI-{[ph-
temIØmWv \mw C∂p Pohn°p∂Xv.
\ap°v, Atacn°°m¿°p CXv KpWI-
camIWw. \ΩpsS \ne]mSv icnbmbncn-
°pIbpw \ΩpsS Xm¬]cy߃°v
`ojWnbp≠mhpIbpw sNøp∂nSØv
GI]£obamb \S]SnIƒ FSpt°-
≠nh∂mepw \mw CSs]SWw' (Charles
Krauthammer Bless Our Pax Americana,
Washington post, 22 March 991)
\mYs‚ A\p{Kl߃ A\p`hn-
°pIbpw AXp \¬Inbhs\ hnkvacn-
°pIbpw sNøp∂h¿°v \miamWv
h∂p`hn°pIsb∂ hkvXpX Ncn{X
]-T-\w
kw`h߃ D≤cn®psIm≠v Jp¿B≥
hy‡am°p∂p.
""kz¥w PohnXkpJØn¬ aXn-
ad∂v Al¶cn® F{XcmPy߃ \mw
\in∏n®n´p≠v. AhcpsS hmkkvYe-
ßfXm, Ah¿°p tijw A]q¿∆amb-
√msX AhnsS P\hmkap≠mbn´n√.
\mw Xs∂bmbn(AhbpsS) AhIm-
in''(28:58)
2. [\w imizXamsW∂ [mcW
""\n߃ AdnbpI: CltemIPohn-
Xsa∂m¬ Ifnbpw hnt\mZhpw Ae-
¶mchpw \n߃ ]ckv]cw Zpc`nam\w
\Sn°epw kzØpIfnepw k¥m\ßfn-
epw s]cp∏w ImWn°epw am{XamWv˛
Hcp ag t]mse. AXp aqeap≠mb sNSn-
Iƒ I¿jIsc Biv N cys∏SpØn.
]n∂oSXn\v DW°w _m[n°p∂p.
At∏mƒ AXv a™\ndw ]q≠Xmbn
\n\°v ImWmw. ]n∂oSXp Xpcpºmbn-
t∏mIp∂p. F∂m¬ ]ctemIØv (Zp¿-
hrØ¿°v) ITn\amb in£bpw (kZv-

kz¿ÆØn\pw sh-≈n°pw ]Icambn {]Xn-\n[n t\m´pI-ƒ hrØ¿°v) A√mlphn¶¬ \n∂p≈

D]tbmKn°m≥ XpSßnbXp apX¬ Xs∂ Cu cwKw
h©\bnepw Im]-Sy-Ønepw A[njvTnXambn°gn™ncp∂p.
C√mØ kz¿ÆØns‚bpw sh≈nbp-sSbpw t]cnembncp∂p
t\m´Sn®ncp∂Xv. AhcpsS ssIøn¬ F{XtØmfw kz¿-Æhpw
sh≈nbpaps≠∂v B¿°pw AdnbmØXpsIm≠pXs∂
P\ßsf I_fn∏n®psIm≠v t\m´pIƒ ASn°m-≥ Ah¿°v
km[n®p.
2009 am¿-®v-
]m]tamN\hpw {]oXnbpw D≠v. sFln-
IPohnXwh©\bpsS hn`ha√msX
as‰m∂pa√.'' (Jp¿B≥ 57:20)
kar≤nbpsS aSnØ´n¬ Pohn°p-
tºmƒ CXv Fs∂∂pw \tΩmsSm∏ap-
≠mIpsa∂ Hcp [mcW krjvSn°s∏-
Smdp≠v. F∂m¬ hkvXpX adn®mWv.
[\w imizXa√. C∂v ]Wap≈hs‚
]°¬ \msf AXp≠mbncn°Wsa-
∂n√, C∂sØ Zcn{Z≥ \msf kº-∂-
31
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
\mbn amdpIbpw sNbvtX°mw. kz-¥w
_p≤nbpw A[zm\hpw am{XamWv
X\n°p≈ kºmZyØn\p ]n∂nse∂v
Al¶cn°p∂h¿°v kzm`mhnIambpw
D≠mhp∂ [mcWbmWv Cu kºØv
Fs∂∂pw \ΩpsS ]°ep≠mhpw
F∂Xv. CXp hkvXpXbs√∂v \mw
]dbpIbpw ]mSpIbpw sNømdps≠¶n-
epw kz¥w ImcyØn¬ Iønep≈ kº-
Øv imizXamsW∂ [mcWtbmSp-
IqSnbp≈XmWv HmtcmcpØcpsSbpw
\ne]mSpIƒ. Cu [mcW \miamWv.
kmºØnI \jvSap≠mhptºmƒ a\p-
jy¿ at\mtcmKnIfpw elcn ASnaI-
fpsa√mw BIp∂Xv Cu [mcWbpsS
Zpjv^eßfmWv. kºØv A√mlphn-
t‚XmsW∂pw AXv Ah≥ Xs∂ Hcp
{]tXyI ImetØ°v {]tXyIamb
ZuXy-Øn\v th≠n G¬∏n®ncn°pIbm-
sW∂v a\ nem°p∂ Hcp hnizmkn°v
[\\jvSw aqew at\mtcmKßfp≠m-
hpIbn√; Ah≥ BfllXybn¬ A`-
bw tXSn Xs‚ CltemIhpw ]ctem-
Ihpw \jvSs∏SpØpIbpan√.
Atacn°≥ FgpØpImcnbmb
B≥ emt‚gvkv Xs‚ Hcp teJ\Øn-
¬ Nnt¥m≤o]Iamb Hcp Imcyw FSp-
Øp]dbp∂p≠v. "1923˛¬ Nn°mtKmbn-
se FUvPv hm´¿ _o®v tlm´en¬
temIsØ G‰hpw kº∂cmb F´p-
t]¿ HØpIqSn. AhcpsS samØØnep-
≈ BkvXn Atacn°≥ {SjdnIfnep-
≈ kºØnt\°mƒ A[nIambncp-∂p,
temIsØ G‰hpw henb IpØIIfn-
sem∂mbncp∂ C‚¿\mjW¬ am®v
tIm¿∏tdj≥ ta[mhn Chm≥ IyqK¿,
hmƒkv{So‰nse {]ikvX\pw AXnkº-
∂\pamb Dul°®hS°mc\mbncp∂
sPs enh¿tam¿, Atacn°bnse G‰-
hpw henb kzX{¥ Ccpºv \n¿ΩmW-
imebmbncp∂ s_Xvetlw Ãoens‚
sNb¿am\mbncp∂ Nmƒkv Fw kvIzm-
_v, tIma¨sh¬Øv FUnk¨ Iº-
\nbpsS sNb¿am\mbncp∂ kmaph¬
C≥kƒ, Atacn°bnse G‰hpw hen-
b hmXI Iº\nbmbncp∂ A-tkmkn-
tb‰Uv Kymkv B‚ v CeIv{SnIv bq´n-
en‰n Fw]b¿ {]knU≠mbncp∂ slm-
hm¿Uv tlm]vk¨, \yqtbm¿°v
tÃm°v FIvkvtN©v {]knU≠mbncp-
∂ dn®m¿Uv ssh‰v\n, thƒUv _m¶v
Hm^v C‚¿ \mjW¬ sk‰n¬sa‚kv
2009 am¿-®v-
{In-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ Ime-Øv H-cm-ƒ
Hcp Hu-¨-kv (28.35 {Kmw)
kz¿-Ww A-©v i-X-am-\w Iq-´p
]-eni-°v F-Sp-Øp-sh∂v I-cp-Xp-
I. A-Xv C-t∏m-ƒ Xn-cn-®-S-°-W-
sa-¶n-¬ \-Ωp-sS `q-an-sb-t∏m-se-
bp-≈ \n-ch-[n {K-l-ß-fp-sSb-
{Xbpw `m-c-ap-≈ kz-¿-Æ°-´n
th-≠n-h-cpw. ]en-i F-{X-tØm-fw
am-c-Ihpw A-{]m-tbm-Kn-I-hp-am-
sW-∂ h-kv-Xp-X hy-‡-am-°p-∂-
XmWv Cu I-W°v.
{]knU≠mbncp∂ entbm¨ s{^bvk-
¿, {]knU≠v lm¿UnwKvkns‚ Im_n-
\‰v C‚ocnb¿ kn{I´dnbmbncp∂ B¬-
_¿´v lmƒ F∂nhcmbncp∂p HØptN-
¿∂ F´pt]¿. CXnse H∂ma≥ Bfl-
lXysNøpItbm sIm√s∏SpItbm
sNbvXp. ImcWsa¥∂dnbn√. c≠ma-
\pw BfllXysNbvXp. aq∂ma≥ ]m∏-
cmbmWv acn®Xv. \mema≥ hymP]Wan-
S]mSpIfpsSbpw h©\bpsSbpw t]cn-
¬ in£n°s∏´ tij-amWv ac-W-s∏-
´-Xv. A-©ma≥ kmº-ØnI h©-\-Iƒ-
°v tijw in£n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw at\m-
tcmKnbmbnØo¿∂v at\mtcmKtI{µ-
Øn¬ sh®v acWs∏SpIbpw sNbvXp.
Bdma≥ hensbmcp A]lcWt°-
kn¬ in£n°s∏SpIbpw knwKvkmMv
Pbnen¬ AS°s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp.
Ggma≥ BfllXysNbvXp, F´ma\m-
Is´ AgnaXnt°kn¬ PbneS°s∏´
tijamWv acWs∏´Xv' (Ann Landers
Some Traggic Deaths of the Rich and
32
]-T-\w
Famous, St Luis Post Dispatch, 29 Jan
1994)
[\mVy\mb Hcp a\pjys‚ ]X\-
sØ°pdn®v A¬]w hniZambnØs∂
]cma¿in°p∂ Jp¿B≥, kºØv
imizXambn XßfpsS ssIhiap≠m-
Ipsa∂ [mcW F{XtØmfw hy¿-
∞amsW∂v hc®pImWn°p∂p≠v.
""\o Ah¿°v Hcp D]a hnhcn®p-
sImSp°pI. c≠v ]pcpj≥am¿. Ahcn-
¬ Hcmƒ°v \mw c≠v ap¥ncntØm´-
߃ \¬In. Ahsb (tXm´ßsf) \mw
Cu¥∏\sIm≠v hebw sNbvXp. Ah-
bv°nSbn¬ (tXm´ßƒ°nSbn¬) [m\y-
IrjnbnShpw \mw \¬In. Ccp tXm´ß-
fpw AhbpsS ^e߃ \¬In h∂p.
A-Xn¬ bmsXmcp {Iat°Spw hcpØn-
bn√. Ahbv°nSbneqsS \mw Hcp \Zn
Hgp°pIbpw sNbvXp. Ah∂p ]e hcp-
am\hpap≠mbncp∂p. Aßs\ Ah≥
Xs‚ NßmXntbmSv kwhmZw \SØn-
s°m≠ncns° ]dbpIbp≠mbn: Rm-
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
\mWv \ns∂°mƒ IqSpX¬ [\-ap≈-
h\pw IqSpX¬ kwL_eap≈h\pw.
kz¥tØmSv Xs∂ A\ymbw {]h¿Øn-
®v sIm≠v Ah≥ Xs‚ tXm´Øn¬
{]thin®p. Ah≥ ]d™p: Hcn°epw
CsXm∂pw \in®v t]mIpsa∂v Rm≥
hnNmcn°p∂n√. A¥ykabw \nehn¬
hcpw F∂pw Rm≥ hnNmcn°p∂n√. C-
\n Rm≥ Fs‚ c£nXmhn¶te°v aS-
°s∏SpIbmsW¶ntem, Xo¿®bm-bpw,
aSßns®√p∂Xn\v CXnt\°mƒ DØ-
aamb Hcp kvYew F\n°v e`n°pI
Xs∂ sNøpw. Ahs‚ NßmXn Ah-
\pambn kwhmZw \SØns°m≠ncns°
]d™p: aÆn¬ \n∂pw A\¥cw _o-
PØn¬ \n∂pw \ns∂ krjvSn°pI-bpw,
]n∂oSv \ns∂ Hcp ]pcpj\mbn kwhn-
[m\n°pIbpw sNbvXh\n¬ \o Ahn-
izkn®ncn°pIbmtWm? F∂m¬ (F-
s‚ hnizmkanXmWv) Ah≥ AYhm
A√mlphmIp∂p Fs‚ c£nXmhv.
Fs‚ c£nXmhnt\mSv bmsXm∂ns\-
bpw Rm≥ ]¶ptN¿°pIbn√. \o \ns‚
tXm´Øn¬ IS∂ kabØv, CXv A√m-
lp Dt±in®Xs{X, A√mlpshs°m≠-
√msX bmsXmcp iIvXnbpw C√ F∂v
\n\°v ]d™v IqSmbncpt∂m? \ns∂-
°mƒ [\hpw k¥m\hpw Ipd™h\m-
bn \o Fs∂ ImWp∂psh¶n¬. Fs‚
c£nXmhv F\n°v \ns‚ tXm´sØ°m-
ƒ \√Xv \¬In F∂v hcmw. \ns‚ tXm-
´Øns‚ t\sc Ah≥ BImiØv \n-
∂v in£ Ab°pIbpw, Aßs\ AXv
NXp∏p\neambnØocpIbpw sNbvXp
F∂v hcmw. As√¶n¬ AXnse sh≈w
\n\°v Hcn°epw tXSn∏nSn®v sIm≠v
hcphm≥ IgnbmØ hn[w h‰nt∏msb-
∂pw hcmw. Ahs‚ ^ekar≤n (\mi-
Øm¬) hebw sNøs∏´p. Ah (tXm´-
߃) AhbpsS ]¥epItfmsS hoW-
Sn™v InS°sh Xm≥ AXn¬ sNehgn-
®Xns‚ t]cn¬ Ah≥ (\jvSt_m[-
Øm¬) ssI ae¿Øp∂h\mbnØo¿-
∂p. Fs‚ c£nXmhnt\mSv Bscbpw
Rm≥ ]¶ptN¿°mXncps∂¶n¬ F{X
\∂mbncpt∂s\ F∂v Ah≥ ]dbp-
I-bpw sNbvXvsIm≠ncp∂p. A√mlphn-
\v ]pdsa bmsXmcp I£nbpw Ah∂v
klmbw \¬Iphm\p≠mbn√. Ah∂v
(kzbw) AXnPbn°phm≥ Ign™Xp-
an√.'' (18:32˛43)
hy‡nIfpsS am{Xa√, cmjv{Sß-fp-
2009 am¿-®v-
sS Ahÿbpw CXp Xs∂bmWv tem-
IØn\p apºn¬ Xebpb¿Øn \n∂n-
cp-∂ tdmamkm{amPyw XI¿∂nt√? k-
ºØpw kwkvIrXnbpw Pzen®p\n∂n-cp-
∂ t]¿jym km{amPyØn\v ]X\ap-
≠mbnt√? {InkvXm_vZw H≥]Xmw \q-
‰m≠n¬ ]WwsIm≠pw {]Xm]wsIm-
≠pw {]kn≤ambncp∂ amb≥ km{aym-
Pyw Xcn∏Wambnt√? kqcy\kvXan-
°mØ km{amPyØns‚ A[n]≥amcm-
bncp∂ {_n´ojpIm¿°v CwKvf≠ns‚
am{Xw `cWw sIm≠v Xr]vXns∏tS≠
Ahÿ kwPmXambnt√? kz¿W\m-
Wb߃°pw sh≈n\mWb߃°pw
temIw apgph≥ B{ibn®p\n∂ncp∂
kvs]bn\n\v XßfpsS Hu∂Xyw ]nSn-
®p \n¿Øphm≥ Ign™pthm? ]sØm-
ºXmw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ahkm\w hsc Kp-
hmt\msb∂ hfw D¬]mZn∏n®v temI
Im¿jnIkºØns‚ ta¬ B[n]Xyw
]pe¿Ønbncp∂ s]dphn\v B cwKØv
D∂X≥amcmbn XpScphm≥ Ign™p-
thm? temIsØ d∫¿ cmPm°≥amcm-
bncp∂ {_koen\v B cwKsØ A[o-
iXzw Ahkm\n∏nt°≠n h∂nt√?
F∂m¬ Atacn°°m¿ IcpXp∂-
Xv temIsØ [\m[n]Xyw F°me-hpw
AhcpsS ssIIfn¬ Xs∂bmIp-sa-
∂mWv. tUmfdns‚ B[n]Xyw krjv-
Sn® Al¶mcØn¬ \n∂mWv Cu Nn-
¥bpsS D¬∏Øn. AXpsIm≠mWv
djy IqSn XI¿∂tXmsS a\pjyNcn-
{Xw Ahkm\n®psh∂v ]dbm≥ Ata-
cn°°m¿°v [m¿jyap≠mbXv. Ccp]-
Xmw \q‰mt≠mSpIqSn a\pjycpsS km-
aqlnI \mKcnIX ]cnWmaw Ahkm-
\n®psh∂pw C\n Atacn°bpsS en_-
d¬ Utam{IknbpsS hym]\amWv \S-
°m≥ t]mIp∂sX∂pw ÿm]n®psIm-
≠v ]pkvXIsagpXphm≥ cmjv{Sob km-
ºØnIimkv{X⁄\mb {^m≥knkv
^p°pbma°v(1) km[n°p∂Xv Atacn-
°bpsS B[n]Xyw F°meØpw \ne-
\n¬°psa∂ Al¶mcØn\p apIfn¬
At±lw ASbncn°p∂Xp sIm≠mWv.
cmjv{Sob kacßfpsS Imew Ign™p-
sh∂pw C\n \S°m\ncn°p∂Xv kwkv-
ImcßfpsS kwL´\amsW∂pw {]kv-
XpX kwL´\Øn¬ Atacn°≥ kw-
kvImcw ]uckvXy kwkvImcØn\p-ta-
¬ B[n]Xyw ]pe¿Øpsa∂pw P¬]n-
°phm≥ kmaph¬ l≠nwKv S ¨ (2)
33
]-T-\w
F∂ cmjv{Sob kmºØnI hnZKv[\v
km[n°p∂Xpw as‰m∂psIm≠pa√.
^p°pbmasbbpw l≠nwKvSsW-
bpw t]msebp≈ _p≤nPohnIƒ \S-
Ønb \nco£WßfpsS shfn®Øn¬,
2001 sk]v‰w_¿ 11\v \S∂ temIhym-
]mckap®bØns‚ XI¿®sb adbm-
°n, XßfpsS A[oizØn¬ A[njvTn-
Xamb Hcp BtKmfkm{aymPyØns‚
\n¿anXn Fßs\ km[n°psa∂mWv
2002 sk]v‰w_¿ 17 \v tPm¿Pv _pjv
bp. Fkv tIm¨{K n\p \¬Inb A-
tacn°bpsS tZiobkpc£mX{¥w
(The National Security Stratery of the
united Sates of America) F∂ tcJ hc-
®pImWn°p∂Xv.(3) as‰mcp cmPyØn-\pw
Hcp hn[Ønepw kzoIcya√mØ, a‰p
cmPyßsfm∂pw bmsXmcp XcØnepw
AwKoIcn°m≥ ]mSn√mØ, Ccp]-Øn-
sbm∂mw \q‰m≠nse Atacn°≥
km{amPyXzØn\p≈ Blzm\amW
Cu {]amWw'F∂v apXn¿∂ Atacn°-
≥ sk\‰dmb FUvth¿Uv Fw sI∂-
Un(4) t]mepw Cu tZiob kpc£m X-
{¥sØ°pdn®v ]dbpIbp≠mbn. Xß-
fpsS A[oiXzw Fs∂∂pw \ne\n¬-
°psa∂ anYym[mcWb√msX as‰-
¥mWv CØcw X{¥cq]oIcW߃°v
]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv?
F{X henb kmºØnImSnØdbp-
≈ kaqlamsW¶nepw \miØn\v \nan-
j߃ aXnsb∂ ]mTw {]IrXnt£m`-
߃ CSbv°nS°v \sΩ ]Tn∏n®p sIm-
≠ncn°p∂p≠v. 2004 Unkw_¿ 26 \v
Ct¥mt\jybnse kpam{Xbn¬ \n∂v
Bcw`n®v C¥y≥almkap{ZØneqsS
ASn®phoinb kp\man ]Xns\m∂v
cmjv{Sßfn¬\n∂mbn ct≠Im¬ e-
£Øne[nIw P\-ß-fpsS Poh-\-]-l-
cn-°p-Ibpw Ht∂-Im¬ e£w BfpI-
ƒ°v ]cn°v ]‰pIbpw ]Xnt\gv e£-
tØmfw t]¿°v amdnØmaknt°-≠n-
bpw h∂ B[p\nIImeØv \S∂ G‰-
hpw henb {]IrXnt£m`ßfnsem∂m-
bncp∂p. 41 t]cpsS acWØn\pw 5 1/2
_ney¨ tUmf¿ \mi\jvS߃°pw
\nanØamb 2001 Pq¨ 4 apX¬ ASn®p
hniob Aev]nk¨ sImSp¶m‰v c≠m-
bncØne[nIw t]cpsS acWØn\pw
\mepe£Øne[nIamfpIfpsS am‰n-
∏m¿∏n°en\pw 8120 tImSn tUmfdns‚
\mi\jvSØn\pw ImcWamb 2005 B-
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
]-T-\w
KÃv 25 apX¬ ASn®phoinb I{Xo\
NpgensImSp¶m‰v, 57 t]cpsS acWØn-
\pw \qdp°W°n\v BfpIfpsS ]cn-
°n-\pw \qdptImSn tUmfdns‚ \mi\-
jvS߃°pw \nanØamb 2008 s{^_p-
hcn 5 apX¬ ASn®phoinb sImSp¶m‰v
F∂nhbmWv. ]pXnb kl-{km_vZw ]n-
d-∂-Xn-\p-tijw Atacn°bnep≠mb
{][m\s∏´ {]IrXnt£m`߃. Xs‚
kz¥w \m´nse IdpØhcpsS \Kcam-
b \yqZm¿enb≥kn¬ I{Xo\ kwlm-
cXmfihamSpIbpw Bbnc߃ acn-
°pIbpw sNøptºmgpw CdmJv bp≤-
Øns‚ A\nhmcyXsb∏‰n \m´pImsc
t_m[ys∏SpØpIbmbncp∂p {]knU-
Ah-≥ hnNmcn°p∂p. \n wibw, Ah- ÿncoIcn°p∂p≠v (www.cryonics.org).
≠v _pjv. IdpØ sXmenbp≈ kz¥w
≥ lpXzabn¬ Fdnbs∏SpI Xs∂ AcntkmWbnse kvtIm´kvsUbn-en-
]uc≥amcpw A©p\q‰m≠ns‚ Ncn{X-
sNøp'' (Jp¿B≥:104 :1˛4) ¬ A¬tIm¿ sse^v FIvÃ≥j≥
ap≈ Hcp alm\Kchpw XIcp∂Xnt\-
kºØpw A[nImchpw X߃°v ^ut≠j≥ \SØp∂ A¬tIm¿ {I-
°mƒ hepXv temIØns‚ B[n]Xy-
imizXPohnXw {]Zm\w sNøpsa∂v I- tbmWn¬ arXicocßsf ioXoIcn-®p
amsW∂v Nn¥n°p∂Xv kºØns‚
cpXp∂hcp≠mbncp∂p. ^tdmham¿ kq-£n°phm\pw kuIcyap≠v. acW-
A\izcXsb°pdn® anYym [mcWsIm-
XßfpsS ihicocßsf aΩnIfm°n- sØ tXm¬∏n°p∂ hnZyI≠p]nSn°-
≠s√¶n¬ as‰¥psIm≠mWv?
Øo¿Øv ]ncanUpIƒ°IØv kq£n- s∏´m¬ X߃°v ]p\¿P\n°m\m-Ip-
Xs‚ Iønep≈ kzØv Fs∂∂pw ®ncp∂Xv `mhnbn¬ Cu `qanbn¬ Xs∂ sa-∂ {]Xo£bm¬ Cu ÿm\ßfn¬
\ne\n¬°p∂XmsW∂ Nn¥ ]WØn- Aw-K-ß-fmbns°m≠ncn°p∂ A-tacn-
Ah¿ ]p\¿P\n°psa∂pw At∏mgpw
s‚ am{Xw ASnÿm\Øn¬ Nn¥n°p- XßfpsS BVyXzw \ne\n¿Øphm\p- °°mcpsS FÆw h¿[n®psIm-≠ncn-
∂h\m°n a\pjys\ am‰nØo¿°p∂p. ≈ DSbmSIfpw [m\y˛B`cWtiJ-c- °pIbmWv F∂mWv c≠pIq´-cp-sS-bpw
AXv a\pjysc A[nImc{]aØcpw hpw IcpXnsht°≠Xv BhiyamsW- HutZymKnI sh_vssk‰pIƒ sh-fn-
Al¶mcnIfpw A{IaWImcnIfpam- ∂v IcpXpIbpw sNbvXpsIm≠mbncp- s∏SpØp∂ IW°pIƒ hy‡am-°p-
°pw. ]Ww \¬Is∏Sp∂XmsW∂ Nn- ∂Xv.
∂p. a\pjy\v imizX PohnXw \¬Im-
¥bmIs´ kºØn\v ]pdØpap≈ Im-
≥ Ignbp∂ PohmarXw (Elexir of life) `qanbnse imizXhmkw sImXn°p-
cyßsf ]cnKWn°phm\pw AXp\¬- I≠p]nSn°phm≥ a[yIme imkv{X- ∂ ]W°mc≥ kpJw t\SnsbSp-
Inbhs‚ \nbaßf\pjvTn°phm\pw ⁄∑m¿ ]cn{ian®XpsIm≠mWt√m °m\mbn F¥pw sNøm≥ [rjvS\mhp-
a\pjysc t{]cn∏n°pw. AXv Ahsc ckX{¥sa∂ imkv{XimJ Xs∂ cq]- sa-∂v Xo¿®bmWv. acWtam A\¥c
hn\bm\znXcpw [¿at_m[ap≈hcpam- s∏´ph∂Xv. {ItbmP\nIv kmt¶XnI Po-hnXtam Ahs‚ Nn¥°pt]mepw hn-
°nØo¿°pw. Al¶mcØnepw A[m¿-
hnZybp]tbmKn®v XßfpsS ihico-c- j-bo`-hn°p∂n√. a‰p ]W°mcpw Ah-
ΩnIXIfnepw A[njvTnXamb kaql-
߃ tISpIqSmsX kwc£n°Wsa∂v cp-ambp≈ InSa’chpa√msX bmsXm-
߃°v BXy¥nIamb \miamWp≠m- (Cryopreservation) HkyØv FgpXnh- cp km-aqly {]iv\ßfpw ]cnKW\-bm-
hpIsb∂mWv Ncn{Xw ]Tn∏n°p∂ ]m- °p∂hcpsS ImeamWnXv. 28000 tUm- h- i yap≈ {]iv \ ßfmbn t]mepw
Tw GIO{Xm[n]Xnbmbncp∂ ^tdmh- f¿ \¬In Aw-KXzsaSp°pIbpw c≠p- Ah≥ a\ nem°p∂n√. ]ckv ] - c -
sbbpw ]pcmX\ kaqlßfmbncp∂ e£w tUmfdns‚ C≥jqd≥kn¬ tN- ap≈ s]mß®{]IS\hpw CSn®pXmgv-
BZns\bpw YaqZns\bpw \qlns‚ P\-
cpIbpw sNbvXm¬ GsXmcp Atacn°- Ø-epambncn°pw AhcpsS hnt\mZw.
Xsbbpw \in∏n®Xns\°pdn®v Jp¿-
°mcs‚bpw ihicocw XWp∏n®v kwc- Xs‚ kºmZy߃ FÆnXn´s∏SpØn
B\n¬- ]-cma¿in°p∂p-≠v-. (51:38- 46) £n°msa∂mWv ¢n‚¨ Su¨jn∏n¬ AhbpsS hen∏Øn¬ Al¶cn°pI-
3. [\aps≠¶n¬ F¥pamImsa∂ {]h¿Øn°p∂ Zn {ItbmWn¬ C≥Ãn- bpw A\ysc IpØn∏dbpIbpw Xm-gv-
[mcW ‰yq´ns‚ hmKvZm\w 2009 s^{_phcn Øn-°m-Wn°pIbpw AhcpsS ta¬ A-
""IpØphm°v ]dbp∂h\pw Ah- H∂ns‚ IW°pIƒ {]Imcw Cßs\ [o-i-Øw ÿm]n°phm≥ {ian°pIbm-
tlfn°p∂h\pamb GsXmcmƒ°pw imizXhmkw B{Kln°p∂ 779 t]¿ Wv `qanbn¬ imizXhmkw \¬Is∏Sp-
\miw. AXmbXv [\w tiJcn°pIbpw {ItbmWn¬ C≥Ãn‰yq´ns‚ AwKß- sa-∂v B{Kln°p∂hcpsS PohnXssi-
AXv FÆnt\m°ns°m≠ncn°pIbpw fmbp≠v. 57 \mbvIp´nIsfbpw C≥Ãn- en. Xs‚ [\w X\n°v imizX PohnXw
sNøp∂h\v.Ahs‚ [\w Ah\v im- ‰yq´n¬ dPnÿ sNbvXn´ps≠∂v Ah- \¬Ipsa∂v IcpXp∂h¿ [\w tiJ-
izX PohnXw \¬Inbncn°p∂p F∂v cpsS Xs∂ HutZymKnI sh_vssk‰v cn®v FÆn°W°m°n-s°m≠ncn-°p∂-

2009 am¿-®v- 34
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
hcpw IpØn∏dbpIbpw Ahtl-
fn°pIbpw sNøp∂hcpamsW∂ Jp¿-
B-\nI ]cma¿iw {it≤bamWv.
kºØmWv F√mw F∂p Icp-Xp-
∂hsc kw_‘n®nStØmfw Ah¿ F-
Ønt®cp∂ PohnX ho£WamWv ]-
W-ap-s≠¶n¬ F¥pamImw F∂Xv. A-
ta-cn°bnse anI® _n n\ v kvIq-
fpI-fn-¬ H∂n¬ ]Tn®psIm≠ncn°p∂
C-¥y°mc≥ k⁄ohv \¥n Hscm‰ cm-
{Xn sIm≠v sIm∂pX≈nbXv A©p-
t]sc-bmWv. Ah[n°mew sNehgn-
°phm≥ th≠n \m´nseØnb aI\v am-
Xm-]n-Xm°ƒ hmßns°mSpØ _n.Fw.-
Uªnbp Im¿ elcn_m[nX\mbn HmSn-
®pt]mbn tdmUneqsS \S°pIbm-
bncp∂ A©v km[mcW°msc sIm-
s∂mSp-°nbn´pw H∂p \n¿Øphmt\m
A]ISØn¬ s]´hsc Bip]{Xn-bn-
¬ FØn°phmt\m XømdmhmsX X-
s‚ kp-lrØns‚ ho´nseØn, Im¿ I-
gp-In, AhnsS \S∂ ]m¿´nbn¬ bmsXm-
∂pw kw`hn°mØXpt]mse ]s¶Sp-
°phm≥ IgnbpI, (C¥ym SpsU 27-˛1-
˛9-9) ]Waps≠¶n¬ F¥pamImw F∂
PohnX ho£WØns‚ kzm[o\am-Wn-X.v
Cu PohnX ho£Ww cmjv{S-sØ
_m[n°ptºmgmWv AXv A-[o-iXzhpw
a‰p cmPy߃°v A]- I - S - I cambn-
Øocp∂Xv. Atacn° A^v-Km-\nÿm-
\n¬ ssk\nI \o°w \S- Ø n- b Xv
sk]v ‰ w_¿ 11 s‚ `oIcm{- I - a Ww
\SØnbXv A¬- J mbnZ- b m- s W∂v
Btcm- ] n®psIm≠pw AXns‚ Xe-
h\mb Dkma_n≥emZ≥ A^vKm-\-n-
ÿm-\neps≠∂v hmZn®psIm≠pam-bn-
cp-∂p. sFIycmj{S k`bnse GsX-
¶n-ep-sam-cp AwKcmjv{SØns\Xnsc
Hcp -km-bp[ B{IaWap≠mbm¬, A-
¥mcmjv{S kam[m\hpw kpc£bpw
\ne\n¿Øm\mbn bp.F≥ c£mkanXn
Fs¥¶nepw Hcp \S]Sn FSp°p-
∂Xphsc, B cmjv{SØn\v X\nsb-
tbm a‰mscsb¶nepw Iq´ns°mt≠m
kz- b w {]Xntcm[Øn\v AhImi-
ap≠mbncn°pw, F∂ bp.F≥ Nm¿´dns-e-
51˛mw A\pt—Za\pkcn®p≈ ssk\nI
\o°amWv A^vKm\nÿm\ns\Xnsc
X߃ \SØp∂sX∂mbncp∂p A-ta-
cn-°bpsS AhImihmZw. Atac-n°-bn-
¬ \S∂ `oIcm{IaWØns‚ ]m›m-
Ø-eØn¬ bp.F≥ c£mkanXn ]m-
2009 am¿-®v-
km°nb c≠p {]tabßfpsSbpw (2001
sk]v‰w_¿ 12 \v ]mkm°nb 1368˛mw
\º¿ {]tabhpw sk]v‰w_¿ 28 \v
]mkm°nb 1373˛mw \º¿ {]tabhpw)
A¥kØ°v \nc°p∂Xmbncp∂n√
Atacn°bpsSbpw kJyI£n-Ifp-sS-
bpw A^v K m≥ B{IaWsa¶nepw
bp.F≥ sk-{I´dn P\dembncp∂ tIm-
^n A∂≥ Hcp ]mhsb t]mse AXv
\ymboIcn°pIbmbncp∂p. at≤y-jy-
bn-eqsSbp≈ FÆ ss]∏v \n¿ΩmW-
hp-am-bn _‘s∏´v Xmen_m≥ Kh¨-
sa‚pambn 2001 BKkvXv amkw hsc
Atacn° N¿®Iƒ \SØnbn- c p∂p-
sh∂pw Ah¿ sh® \n_‘\Iƒ kzo-
I-cn-°phm≥ Xmen_m≥ k∂≤am-hm-
Xn-cp∂t∏mƒ AhtcmSv "H∂pIn¬ kz-
¿Æ ]chmXm\n°pth≠nbp≈ Rß-
fp-sS \n¿t±iw kzoIcn°pI, As√¶n-
¬ R߃ t_mw_pIfpsS ]chXm-
\n°p≈n¬ \nßsf kwkvIcn°pw F-
∂ Atacn° ]d™Xmbn Pqentbm
sKm-Umb(5) Xs‚ Hcp teJ\Øn¬
ka¿∞n°p∂p≠v. AXv icnbmsW-¶n-
ep-w As√¶nepw "A^vKm≥ {]iv\w ]-
cn--lc
- n-®p Ign™mepw X߃ at≤yjy
hnSm≥ Dt±in°p∂ns√∂pw AhnsS-
bp≈ Atacn°≥ Xm¬∏cy߃ hf-
sc {][m\s∏´XmsW∂pw `oIc-Xs°-
Xn-scbp≈ kacw, ]cnjvImcw, \nba-
hmgvN, Imkv]nb≥ {]tZisØ Du¿-
÷-hn`h߃ F∂o \mep ]cnKW-
\Iƒ Cu taJebn¬ Atacn°°v D-
s≠-∂pw' Atacn°bpsS Akn v
hntZiImcy kn{I´dn Fenk_Øv
tPm-¨kns‚ 2001 Unkw_dn¬ Ata-
cn°≥ sk\‰ns‚ D]kanXnbn¬ sh®v
\SØnb {]kvXmh\bn¬(6) \n∂v A^v-
Km- ≥ A[n\nthiØns‚ e£yw
FÆbpsS taep≈Xpw B[n]- X y-
hpamsW∂v kpXcmw hy‡am-Ip∂p-
≠v. At∏mƒ FÆ°pth≠nbmWv A-
^v-Km\nÿm\nse Bbnc°W°n\v
\n-c]cm[nIfmb a\pjysc h[n®Xv;
]Xn\mbnc߃°v AwK- l m\n- b p-
≠m°nbXv; \nch[n sIm®p Ip™pß-
sf A\mYcm°nbXv; A\mY kv{XoI-
sf hn[hIfm°nbXv.
CdmJnse ÿnXnbpw XssYh
C- d mJns\ B{Ian°phm\p≈ Hcp
Ahkchpw t\m°nbncn°pI-bmbn-cp-
∂p Ata-cn°. AhnsSbp≈ Hcp kw-
35
]-T-\w
Lw {]-Xntcm[ kpc£m hnZKv[¿ 1998
P\phcnbn¬ {]knU≠v ¢n‚\v Fgp-
Xnb Hcp IØn¬ Cßs\ ]d™n-cp-
∂p-hs{X "ioX kacØn\ptijap≈
a-[y]q¿∆ tZisØ G‰hpw henb `o-
j-Wn-bmWv CdmJv. AhnsS Atacn-°-
bp-sSbpw kJyI£nIfpsSbpw Xm¬-
∏cy-߃ ]cnc£n°phm≥ ]‰nb Xc-
Ønep≈ ]pXnb XØzw Bhnjv°-cn-
°Ww. k±mw lpssks\ A[nImc-
Ø-n-¬ \n∂v ]pdØm°pIbmhWw B
X{¥Øns‚ e£yw(7) C{kmbnens‚
C‚-enP≥kv dnt∏m¿´ns‚ ASnÿm-\-
Øn¬ 2001 sk]v‰w_¿ 11 s‚ thƒUv
t{SUv sk‚¿ B{IaWsØ CdmJp-
ambn _‘s∏SpØm≥ {ian®p- s h-
¶nepw ]cmPbs∏´p. IØpI-fneq-sS-
bp≈ B{¥mIvkv tcmKkwt{]£Ww
\-SØnbXv CdmJmsW∂ hmZw
sIm≠p hs∂¶nepw Atacn°°v AI-
Øp \n∂p Xs∂bmWv AXp≠m-b-sX-
∂v t_m[ys∏´tXmsS {]kvXpX {ia-
hpw \S∂n√. 2002 P\phcn Ahkm\w
{]kn-U≠v _pjv \SØnb tÉv Hm^v
Zn bqWnb≥ {]kwKØn¬ Xn∑bpsS
A®pX≠ns‚(Axis of the Evil)`mKambn
CdmJns\ hntijn∏n®p. 2002 BKÃn-
¬ s]‚KWns‚ bp≤]≤Xn°v {]kn-
U≠v AwKoImcw \¬In. 2002 \hw_-
dn-¬ CdmJns‚ \ncmbp[oIcWw Xzcn-
X-s∏SpØWsa∂v Bhiys∏SpIbpw
B- b p[]cntim[\°v hn]peamb
A[nImcw \¬Ip∂Xpamb sFIycm-
jv{S-k`bpsS 1441˛mw \º¿ {]tabap-
≠m-bn. 2003 am¿®v 19˛mw XnøXn Atacn-
° CdmJns\ B{Ian®p. F¥n\v ?
AXp am{Xw tNmZn°cpXv! sFIy-cm-
jv{S k` Bhiys∏´ \ymbamb Imcy-
ß-sf√mw k±mw lpssk≥ A\pkcn-
®n´p≠v. Bbp[ ]cnioeIsc A\ph-
Zn®p; \ncmbp[oIcW hyhÿIƒ Aw-
Ko-Icn®p. ]s£, Atacn°°v Bh-
iyw bp≤ambncp∂p. Ah¿°v th≠Xv
FÆbp-sS taep≈ A[oiXzam-bn-cp-
∂p. Cdm°n¬ Hcp ]mh k¿°mcns\
{]- X n- j Tn®v X߃°\pIqeamb
kmºØnIÿnXn krjvSns®Sp-°p-hm-
\p≈ {iaØnemWv Ct∏mgpw Ata-
cn°. CXn∂mbn Bbnc- ° W- ° n- \ v
]n©p Ip™pßsf D]tcm[Øns‚
t]cn¬ ]´nWn°n´v sIm∂pIf™p, ]-
Xn-\mbncßsf sIms∂mSp°n, tIm-
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
]-T-\w
Sn°W°n\v tkmfdpIfpsS \mi-\- Ø-¬. fpsSbpw IÆn¬ AsXmcp sXΩmSn
jvSßfp≠m°n. sdm´n°p th≠n s]m- ASpØ ImesØ Atacn°≥ bp- kq∏¿ ]h¿ BbnØ-ocpIbmWv'' (The
´n- ° cbp∂ Cdm°n ss]XßfpsS ≤ßsf√mw ]cntim[n®m¬ X߃ ]- Lonely Super Power, Forign Affairs,
Ic®nepIsfm∂pw Atacn°≥ k¿- Wap≈hcpw A[nImcap≈hcpw March / April 1999) A[nImchpw kº-
°mcns‚ a\ pam‰nbn√; a\ p≈-h- a‰p≈hsc√mw XßfpsS B⁄m-\p- Øpw imizXamsW∂ t_m[w \mi-
¿-°t√ a\w am‰wap≠mhq. Øn-te°mWv a\pjysc \bn-°pI-sb-
h- ¿ ØnIfmbnØotc≠hcpamsW∂
"]Wap≠¶n¬ F¥pamhmw' F∂ t_m[amWv Ahbvs°√mw ]n∂nse ∂ hkvXpX Hcp IYmIY\ØneqsS
am-\-knImhÿ hgn hy‡n°v {]tNmZIambnXo¿∂sX∂v a\- n-em- Jp-¿B≥ hy‡am°p∂X-v Im-Wp-I-.
kwXr]vXntbm kam[m\tam In´p-I-bn- hpw. km{amPyXy hnIk\ambncp∂p ""B tXm´°msc \mw ]co£n®Xv
√. NqjWßfneqsSbpw ASn®a¿Ø- A-hbpsSsb√mw AP≠. "Ata-cn-°b
- p- t]mse Xo¿®bmbpw Ahscbpw \mw
epIfneqsSbpw A]cs\ {]bmk-s∏-Sp-
Øm-sa¶nepw AXphgn X\nt°m Ip-Spw-
_Ønt\m kwXr]vXntbm kam[m-\-
tam e`n°pIbns√∂ hkvXpX ]e-
t∏mgpw AØc°m¿ a\ nem°mdn√.
klh¿ØnØØneqsSbmWv kwXr-
]vXnbp≠mhpI. X\n°pw Ab-¬°m-
c\pw Xr]vXamb PohnXw \bn°phm≥
I-gn-bptºmƒ am{XamWv kam[m\hpw
im-¥nbpap≈ A¥co£ap≠mhq. hy-
‡nbpsS Imcyw am{Xa√ CXv . cm-
jv{SßfpsS ImcyØnepw CXp-X-s∂-
bm-Wv Ahÿ. Zp¿_e cmPyßsf Nq-
j- W w sNbv X v AhbpsS ta¬ A-
[oiXzØn\p th≠n {ian°p∂h¿°v
A-Xphgn Hcp Xcw h\yamb kwXr]vXn-
bp≠m°nsbSp°m≥ Ignt™-
°msa∂√msX bYm¿∞Ønep≈ Xr-
]vXntbm kam[m\tam D≠mhpIbn√.
sS ASnÿm\aqeyßfmb P\m[n]Xy ]co£n®ncn°pIbmWv. {]`m-Xthf-bn-
\tS ]d™ XcØnep≈ BfpIƒ F-
`c-WsØbpw kzX{¥hym]mc ¬ B tXm´Ønse ]g߃ Ah¿ ]dn-
∂pw tI pw tImSXnbpambn \S-°p-I-
kºZv{IasØbpw a\p-jymhIm-iß- s®Sp°p-sa∂v Ah¿ kXyw sNbvX k-
bpw AXn\p th≠n sNehgn®v Nqj-
tfmSp≈ _lpam\sØbpw kzmKXw µ¿`w. Ah¿ (bmsXm∂pw) Hgnhm°n
Ww hgn t\SnsbSpØXnt\°mƒ hen-
sN-øpIbpw AwKoIcn°pIbpw sN- ]d™ncp∂n√. F∂n´v Ah¿ Ddßn-
b _m[yXIfp≠mIp∂Xpw A\p`h-
øp∂ cmjv{SßfpsS FÆw IqSn-h-cn- s°m≠n-cns° \ns‚ c£nXmhn¶¬
Øn-ep≠v. A[n\nthiØns‚ e-l-cn-
IbmWv.' F∂ "tZiob kpc£mX{¥w \n∂p≈ Hcp in£ B tXm´-sØ _m-
bn-¬ \nc¥camb bp≤ßfpw ssk-
2002's‚ hcnIƒ°nSbn¬ Hfn∏n-®p-sh- [n®p. Aßs\ AXv apdns®Sp°s∏´Xv
\nI\S]SnIfpw Atacn°≥ k¿-°m-cn-
® A[n\nthiXzc B¿°pw ImWm-\m- t]mse BbnØo¿∂p. Aßs\ {]`m-
s‚ kmºØnI ÿnXnsbbpw tZm-jI-
hpw. ]s£ temIØn\p apºn¬ B Xthfbn¬ Ah¿ ]ckv]cw hnfn®p-]d-
cambn _m[n®ncn°Ww. AXpsIm-≠m-
Wt√m C°meØv {]knU≠v _pjv cmPysØIpdn®v aXn∏√ h¿[n®psIm- ™p: \n߃ ]dns®Sp°m≥ t]mIpI-
A-tacn°≥ ]uc∑mtcmSv ]Ww [m-cm- ≠ncn°p∂Xv F∂ kXyw Atacn°≥ bmsW¶n-¬ \nßfpsS IrjnkvYe-
fambn sNehgn°phm≥ Bhiys∏´Xv. _p≤nPohnIƒ Xs∂ a\ n-em°n-Xp- tØ°v \n߃ ImeØpXs∂ ]pds∏-
A^vKm\nÿms\bpw CdmJns\bpw Sßnbncn°p∂p. ]uckvXy tZißsf SpI. Ah¿ At\ym\yw a{¥n®p sIm-
B{Ian°phm\p≈ sNehv Is≠- AXn-{Ian°phm≥ th≠nbp≈ ]m›m- ≠p t]mbn. C∂v B tXm´Øn¬ \nß-
Øp∂Xn\mbn Atacn°°v ]Ww ISw Xy--]cn{ia߃°v ssk≤m¥nI A-Sn- fpsS ASpØv Hcp km[phpw IS∂p
hmtß≠ Ahÿbp≠mbn. P\w Ø- d ]WnXp sImSpØ kmaph¬ hcm≥ CSbmhcpXv F∂v. Ah¿ (km-
]Ww hmßn, _m¶pIƒ ISw sImSp- l≠-nßvS¨ Xs∂ FgpXn ""CsXmcp [p°sf) XS -s∏SpØm≥ Ignhp≈-
Øp. ]Ww cmPyØv HgpIn-sIm≠n-cp- GI {[phtemIsa∂ a´n¬ {]h¿Øn- hcmbns°m≠p Xs∂ ImeØv ]pd-s∏-
∂p. Ct∏mgp≠mb {]Xnk‘nbpsS °p-∂tXmsS bp.Fkv IqSpX¬ IqSp- SpIbpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ AXv (tXm-
]e Im-cWßfnsem∂v Atacn°≥ X¬ H‰s∏SpIbmWv . ]e cmPy- ß - ´w) I≠t∏mƒ Ah¿ ]d™p: Xo¿®-
s]m-Xp kaqlØnse ]WØns‚ H-gp- sfbpw Atacn° sXΩmSn cmjv{S߃ bmbpw \mw ]nghp ]‰nbhcmIp∂p. A-
°msW∂mWv hnZKv[cpsS hnebn-cp- F∂v A]e]n°ptºmƒ ]e cmPy-ß- √, \mw \jvSw t\cn´hcmIp∂p. Ah-

2009 am¿-®v- 36
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
cpsS Iq´Øn¬ a[y\ne]mSpImc\mb
Hcmƒ ]d™p: Rm≥ \nßtfmSv ]d-
™nt√? F¥mWv \n߃ A√mlpsh
{]Io¿Øn°mXn- c p∂Xv ? Ah¿ ]d-
™p: \ΩpsS c£nXmhv F{Xtbm ]cn-
ip-≤≥! Xo¿®bmbpw \mw A{IanIfm-
bncn°p∂p. Aßs\ ]ckv]cw Ip‰-
s∏SpØns°m≠v Ahcn¬ Nne¿ Nne-
cpsS t\¿°v Xncn™p. Ah¿ ]d™p:
\ΩpsS \mita! Xo¿- ® bmbpw \mw
AXn{IaImcnIfmbncn°p∂p. \ΩpsS
c£n-Xmhv AXns\°mƒ DØaambXv
\ap°v ]Icw Xt∂°mw. Xo¿®bmbpw
\mw. \ΩpsS c£nXmhn¶te°v B{K-
ln®p sN√p∂hcmIp∂p. A{]Imcam-
Ip∂p in£. ]ctemIin-£bmhs´
IqSp-X¬ Kuchap≈XmIp∂p. Ah¿
Adn™n-cps∂¶n¬!'' (68˛ 17˛33)
4. D¬∏mZ\sØ°pdn®
sX‰mb [mcW
""a\pjycpsS ssIIƒ {]h¿Øn-®-
Xv \nanØw Icbnepw ISenepw Ipg∏w
sh-fn-s∏´ncn°p∂p. Ah¿ {]h¿Øn®-
Xn¬ NneXns‚ ^ew Ah¿°v B-
kzZn∏n°phm≥ th≠nbs{X AXv. Ah¿
Hcp thf aSßn-tb°mw''(Jp¿B≥ 30:41)
a\pjy¿ Cu `qanbnte°v hcp-∂-
Xn\p aptº ChnsS \nch[n PohnIƒ
hkn®ncp∂p. Ah¿ D]tbmKn®Xv `q-
an- b nse hn`߃ Xs∂bmbncp∂p.
Chn-sSbp≈Xv Xn∂pw IpSn®pw ChnsS
hnk¿÷n®pw can®pw Ah Pohn-®p-t]m-
∂p. ]ØptImSntbmfw hcp∂ Pohn-h¿-
Kß(Species)fnse ]Xn\m-bnc°W-°n-
\v AwK߃ `qanbn¬ P\n®p, `qanbn¬
hf¿∂p, `qansb D]tbmKn®p, `qanbn¬
hnk¿Pn®p, `qanbn¬ can®p, `qanbn¬
Xs∂ \ins®mSpßpIbpw sNbvXp. A-
h-bpsS PohnXw bmsXmcp hn[ ]mcn-
ÿn- X nI{]iv \ hpap≠m°nbn√, A-
hbpsS D]t`mKw `qanbpsS k¥p-e-\-
sØ bmsXmcp XcØnepw _m[n®n√.
]-c-kv]cw sIm∂pw Xn∂pw Xo‰n®p-ap-
≈ AhbpsS Pohk‘mcWw bmsXm-
cp-hn[ A]ISßfpap≠mbn√. F∂m-
¬ a\pjyt\m...?
B[p\nI a\pjy≥ F∂ tlmtam-
km-]nb≥kv (Homosapiens) `qanbn¬
Po-hn°m≥ XpSßnbn´v c≠p e£w
h¿jßfmsb∂mWv \chwi-imkv{X-
⁄≥amcpsS IW°v. {]IrXnbpsS `m-
2009 am¿-®v-
K-ambn Pohn®ncp∂ a‰p PohnIfn¬
\n∂v hyXykvXambn Ah≥ {]IrXn-
sb D]-tbmKn°phm≥ XpSßnbXmWv
\mKcnI]ptcmKXnbpsS \s´√mb h¿-
Øn®sX∂v kmaqly\chwi imkv{Xw
kn-≤m-¥n°p∂p. Ah≥ Irjn sNbvXp,
Xo D≠m°n, PohnIsf th´bmSm≥ B-
bp[ßfp]tbmKn®p; PohnIsf sa-
cp°n hml\ambp]tbmKn®p; Po-hnI-
fpsS amwkw ]mIw sNøm≥ XpSßn...
A- ß s\ Ah≥ {]IrXnbn¬ CS-
s]SptºmgmWv \mKcnIXIƒ cq]w
sIm≠Xv. \mKcnI ]ptcmK-Xntbm-sSm-
∏w Xs∂ \mißfpap≠mbn. kzm¿∞-
XtbmSpIqSnbp≈ HtcmcpØc-p-sS-bpw
Nn¥bpw s]cpam‰hpw aqew a‰p≈-
h¿°v AtcmNIamb Ipg∏ß- f pw
Iem]ßfpw c‡s®mcn- ® nepIfp- a p-
≠mbn. Icbpw ISepw a\pjy-{]h-¿-
Ø\ßfm¬ Ipg∏tI{µ-ßfmbnØo¿-
∂p. aÆpw Pehpw Nph∂p. Ipg∏ßfp-
≠m-°nbXv a\pjy¿, AhbpsS ^ew
A\p`hnt°≠nh∂Xpw Ah¿ Xs∂!
b{¥ßfpsS hym]Iamb D]tbm-
KamWv hyhkmbnI hnπhØn\v Imc-
Wam-bXv. hyhkmb߃ hgn D¬∏m-
Z\Øns‚ tXmXv h¿[n®p. XßfpsS
D¬-∏∂߃ P\ßsf sIm≠v hm-ßn-
∏n-°p∂Xn\v hyhkmbnIƒ X{¥ßƒ
sa- \ ™p. "]camh[n D¬∏mZ\hpw
]camh[n D]t`mKhpw'-F∂Xmbn-Øo-¿-
∂p. B[p\nI a\pjys‚ ap{ZmhmIyw.
D¬∏mZ\w h¿[n∏n°phm≥ {]IrXn
hn`hßsf ]camh[n NqjWw sNøm≥
XpSßn. Cu NqjWw a\pjycpsS Bh-
iy߃°pth≠nbmbncp∂n√, D¬]m-
ZIcpsS a’cØn\pth≠nbmbncp∂p.
BfpIƒ°v Bk‡n hf¿Øn Ahsc
D]t`mKØns‚ ASna-Ifpw BkzmZ\-
Øns‚ Imh¬°mcpam°nØo¿-°pI-bp-
ambncp∂p hyhkmbnIƒ sNbvXXv. {]-
Ir-Xnhn`hßfpsS NqjWw am{Xa√
hyhkmbh¬°cWw hgn D≠mbXv;
{]IrXnsb Zpjn∏n°pIbpw A¥co-
£-Øns‚ k¥pe\sØ Xs∂
XI¿°pIbpw sNøp∂ \S]SnIfp-ap-
≠mbn. `qanbpsS Xmfw sX‰pIbm-bncp-
∂p CXns‚ ^ew. A¥co£Ønse
Du-jvamhv h¿[n®p; `qansb amcIc-iv-
an-Ifn¬ \n∂v kwc-£n°m\mbn k-
÷o-Icn°s∏´ Htkm¨ IpSIfn¬
hn≈epIfp≠mbn; Pew aen\am-°-s∏-
37
]-T-\w
´p; a’y߃ Iq´w Iq´ambn NØp
s]m-¥m-≥ XpSßn; Icbnepw ISenSpw
Ipg∏w shfns∏´p a\pjycpsS Ic߃
{]h¿Øn®Xn\m¬...'
Ign™ \q‰m≠ns\ At]£n®v `q-
an-bn-se Dujvamhv 0.75oc h¿[n®n-´p-s≠-
∂mWv 1659 apX¬ CXphscbp≈ `u-
tam-jvamhv tcJs∏SpØnb sk≥{S¬
CwKvf≠v sSw]td®¿ dn°m¿Uv (CET
Record) hy‡am°p∂Xv. CXv XpS¿∂m-
¬ a™paeIƒ DcpIpIbpw B¿´nIv
taJeIƒ NpcpßpIbpw kap{Z߃
IhnbpIbpw sNøpsa∂v {]IrXnim-
kv{X-⁄≥am¿ ap∂dnbn∏p \¬Ip∂p.
Htcm h¿jhpw 1.8 an√n ao‰¿ h¿[\s-b-
∂ C∂sØ kapt{Zm]cnXeØns‚
Db¿®bpsS \nc°v XpS¿∂m¬ ASpØ
\q‰m≠v BIptºmtg°v 1.3 ao‰¿ Db-
cp-sa∂pw CXv Hcp BtKmf {]fbØn-
\p X-s∂ ImcWamIpsa∂pw Nq≠n°m-
Wn--°s∏Sp∂p. 2004 P\phcn 8 \v ]pd-
Øndßnb "\m®¿ amKkn\n'¬ Hcp kw-
Lw teJI¿ tN¿s∂gpXnb "Imemh-
ÿmam‰w hgnbp≠mhp∂ \miØns‚
tXmXv'(8) F∂ teJ\Øn¬ BtKmf-
X-]-\-Øns‚ tXmXv Cßs\ XpS-¿-∂m-
¬ 2050 Bhptºmtg°pw C∂p≈ 15
apX¬ 37 hsc iXam\w P¥p˛k-ky-
h¿K߃ `qanbn¬ \n∂v A{]Xy-£-
amhpsa∂v ÿm]n®n´p≠v. A¥co£-
aen\oIcWw hgnbp≠mhp∂ BtKmf-
X-]\Øns‚ ZpjvS^ew am{XamWo
IW°v hy‡am°p∂Xv, Hmtkm¨
IpSbpsS hn≈¬, BWhmhin-jvSß-
fp-sS Zpjv^e߃, \mt\m sSIvt\m-
fPnbpsS A]IS߃, hmbpaen\o-I-
c-Ww, Peaen\oIcWw, i_vZaen-\o-
IcWw XpSßnbhsb√mw tNcptºm-tg-
°v ASpØ \q‰m≠v Ignbptºmƒ a-
\pjy¿°v Pohn°m≥ ]‰mØ ÿe-am-
bn-Øocpw `qansb∂v hnZKv[¿ A`n-
{]mbs∏Sp∂p. 1992 Pq¨ 3 apX¬ Pq¨
14 hsc {_koense dntbm Un P\otdm-
bnepw 2002 BKÃv 26 apX¬ sk]v‰w-
_-¿ 4 hsc kuØv B{^n°bnse
tPml∂mkv _¿Knepw sh®p tN¿∂
`u- a - D ®tImSnIƒ Cu {]iv \ ߃
KuchcXcambn N¿® sNbvXp-sh-¶n-
epw Imcyamb ]cnlmc-\S]SnIsfm-∂p-
saSp°m≥ CXphsc Ign™n´n√.
D¬]mZ\sØ°pdn® IrXyhpw hy-
‡-hpamb ImgvN∏mSns‚ A`mhamWv
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
`qan-sb \in∏n®v em`ap≠m°phm≥
hyhkmbh¬IrXkaqlsØ t{]cn-∏n-
°p-∂ {][m\ LSIw. apXemfn-Ø-Øn-
¬ em`w \¬°p∂ F√mw D¬]-∂-
ßfmWv. bmYm¿∞Øn¬ a\pjycpsS
A\nhmcyX (Need) ]cnKWn®p-sIm-
≠m-Wv D¬]mZ\w \St°≠Xv. A\n-
hmcyXIsf am{Xw ]q¿ØoIcn°p∂
D-¬-]mZ\amIptºmƒ AXphgn D≠m-
°m\mhp∂ em`Øn\v ]cn[nbp≠v. A-
Xn-\m¬ Bhiyßsf (Wants) kr-jv-Sn-
°pIbmWv hn]Wn sNøp∂Xv. a\p-jy-
cpsS \ne\n¬∏nt\m klh¿Øn-Ø-
Ønt\m kpJPohnXØnt\m A-
\nhmcya√mØ hkv X p°sf Xs‚
Bk‡nsbbpw \ne\n¬∏ns\bpw
KpW]cambn kzm[o-\n°p∂hbm-sW-
∂v hcpØnØo¿Øv AhscsIm≠v D]-
t`m-Kn∏n°pIbmWv kzX{¥hn]Wn
sN-øp∂Xv. BhiysØ (Wants) A\n-
hmcyX (Needs)bm°nØo¿°p∂ X-{¥-
-amWv hn]WnbpsS `mjbn¬ ‘am¿-°-
‰nwKv‘. CXphgn Bhiy߃ kr-jv-Sn-
°- s ∏SpIbpw AXn\\pkcn®v D¬-
]mZ\w XzcnXs∏SpIbpw sNøp∂p.
em`ap≠m-°p∂sX√mw D¬]-∂amb-Xn-
\m-¬ aZyhpw ab°pacp∂pIfpw hy`n-
Nmc-hpsa√mw D¬]∂ßfpw am¿°-‰p-
sNøs∏Sp∂ Nc°pIfpambnØocp∂p.
]qgvØnsh∏pw Dul°®hShpsa√mw
em`-ap-≠m°m≥ ]cym]vXamsW-∂-Xn-
\m-¬ D¬]mZ\]camsW∂m-Wv (Prod-
uctive) apXemfnØØns‚ \ne]mSv.
Xmen_m≥ \ntcm[n® Idp∏v (Opium)
Irjn A\phZ\obam°pIbpw temI-
Ø G‰hpa[nIw Idp∏p¬]mZn∏n°p-
∂ cmjv{Samb (sFIycmjv{Sk`bpsS
27˛09˛2007 se IW°pIƒ {]Imcw 90%
Idp∏v D¬]mZn∏n°p∂Xv A^vKm\n-
ÿm\nemWv (www.undoc org) A^vKm-
\nÿm\ns\ XßfpsS hcpXnbnem°n
400 tImSn tUmfdns‚ Idp∏v I®hS-
Øn\v A[oiXzw hln°pI IqSnbncp-
∂pht√m Atacn°bpsS A^vKm≥
A[n\nthiØns‚ e£yw.
F{XXs∂ P\kwJybps≠¶nepw
AhcpsS A\nhmcyXIƒ ]q¿ØoIcn-
°p∂Xn\pth≠n D¬]mZ\w \SØp-
Ibpw AXn\mbn {]IrXnhn`hßsf
Nq-jWw \SØpIbpw sNbvXm¬ A-
Xphgn bmsXmcp hn[ ]cnÿnXn {]iv-
\ßfpap≠mhns√∂pd∏mWv . c≠v
2009 am¿-®v-
]-T-\w
e£w h¿jßfmbn a\pjy¿ Cu Sn®p \n¿ØpIbpw sNøp∂p. Xo¿®bm-
`qanbn¬ Pohn®XpsIm≠v {]IrXnt°m bpw A√mlp a\pjytcmSv Gsd Zbbp-
]cnÿnXnt°m bmsXmcp Ipg∏hp-ap- ≈h\pw IcpWbp≈h\pamIp∂p''
≠mbn´n√. F∂m¬ C√mØ Bhiy- (Jp¿B≥ 22:65)
߃ D≠m°nsbSpØv {]kvXpX Bh- BhiyØn\v th≠n D]tbmKn°p-
iy߃s°√mw IqSn D¬]mZn∏n®v hm≥ A\phZn°p∂ Jp¿B≥ ]t£
AsX√mw P\ßsfs°m≠v D]t`mKn- Zp¿hybsØ i‡ambnØs∂ hne°p-
∏n°pIbpw AXphgn {]IrXnhn`h- Ibpw AXv ss]imNnIamsW∂v hy-
ßsfbpw am\hhn`htijnsbbpw ‡am°pIbpw sNøp∂p≠v. ""Xo¿®bm-
XßfpsS Xm¬]cyØn\p th≠n kz- bpw Zp¿hybw sNøp∂h¿ ]nimNp°-
¥w hcpXnbn¬ sIm≠phcnIbpw sN- fpsS ktlmZcßfmIp∂p. ]nimNv
øptºmƒ ÿnXn amdp∂p. AhnsS D]- Xs‚ c£nXmhnt\mSv Gsd \µnsI´-
t`mKa√ {]kvXpX \ioIcWamWv \S- h\mIp∂p.'' (17:27)
°p∂Xv. s]m≥ap´bnSp∂ Xmdmhns\ F√m krjvSnIfnepw Hcp k¥pe\-
sIm∂v kz¿W°Sbp≠m°phm\mWv aps≠∂pw AXn¬ {Iat°Sv hcpØp-
kzX{¥hn]WnbpsS h‡m°fpsS hm≥ ]mSns√∂pw Jp¿ B≥ kqNn∏n-
πm≥. ]mcnÿnXnI {]iv\ßfpw XI- °p∂p.
¿®bpsa√mw krjvSn°p∂Xv AXp-sIm-
""BImisØ Ah≥ Db¿ØpI-
≠mWv. D¬]mZ\sØ°pdn® ImgvN∏m-
bpw, (F√mImcyhpw Xq°nIW°m°p-
Sns‚ ka{Kamb ]cnjvIcWØneqsS-
hm\p≈) Xpemkv Ah≥ kvYm]n°p-
b√msX Cu {]iv\w ]cnlcn°phm≥
Ibpw sNbvXncn°p∂p. \n߃ Xpem-
Ignbns√∂v ]dbp∂Xv AXpsIm-
kn¬ {Iat°Sv hcpØmXncn°phm≥
≠mWv.
th≠nbmWXv. \n߃ \oXn]q¿∆w
`qanbnep≈sX√mw a\pjy¿°p th- Xq°w icnbm°phn≥. Xpemkn¬ \n-
≠n krjvSn°s∏´XmsW∂mWv Jp¿- ߃ IΩn hcpØcpXv. `qansb Ah≥
B≥ ]dbp∂Xv (Jp¿B≥ 2:29). Xs∂ a\pjy¿°mbn sh®ncn°p∂p. AXn¬
G¬∏n® Aam\ØmWv `qansb∂¿- ]gßfpw IqtºmfIfp≈ Cu¥∏\I-
∞w AhnsSbp≈ hn`h߃ Ah∂v fpap≠v. ssht°mep≈ [m\yßfpw
D]tbmKn°mhp∂XmWv. AXn∂pth- kpK‘s®SnIfpap≠v''(55:7˛12)
≠nbmWv `qansbbpw A¥co£sØ-
\ioIcWw A√mlp CjvSs∏Sp-
bpw Ah∂v A[o\s∏SpØns°mSpØn-
∂ns√∂v Jp¿B≥ ]Tn∏n°p∂p. ""Nne
cn°p∂Xv.
BfpIfp≠v. sFlnIPohnX ImcyØn-
""A√mlp \n߃°v `qanbnep≈- ¬ AhcpsS kwkmcw \n\°v IuXp-
sX√mw Iogvs∏SpØn X∂ncn°p∂p Iw tXm∂n°pw. AhcpsS lrZbip≤n-
F∂v \o a\ nem°nbnt√? °v Ah¿ A√mlpsh km£n \n¿Øp-
Ahs‚ I¬]\ {]Imcw ISeneq- Ibpw sNøpw. hmkvXhØn¬ Ah¿
sS k©cn°p∂ I∏ens\bpw (Ah≥ (kXyØns‚) ITn\sshcnIfs{X.
Iogvs∏SpØn X∂ncn°p∂p) Ahs‚ Ah¿ Xncn®pt]mbm¬ `qanbn¬ Ipg-
A\paXn IqSmsX `qanbn¬ hoWpt]m- ∏ap≠m°m\pw, hnf \in∏n°m\pw,
ImØ hn[w D]cntemIsØ Ah≥ ]n- Pohs\mSp°m\pambncn°pw {ian°pI.
{ItbmP\nIvkmt¶XnI hnZybp]tbmKn®v XßfpsS
ihico-c-߃ tISpIqSmsX kwc£n°Wsa∂v HkyØv
FgpXnsh-°p∂hcpsS ImeamWnXv. 28000 tUm-f¿ \¬In
Aw-KXzsaSp°pIbpw c≠p-e£w tUmfdns‚ C≥jqd≥kn¬
tN-cpIbpw sNbvXm¬ GsXmcp Atacn°-°mcs‚bpw
ihicocw XWp∏n®v kwc-£n°msa∂mWv ¢n‚¨
Su¨jn∏n¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂ Zn {ItbmWn¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq´ns‚
hmKvZm\w.
38
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
\ioIcWw A√mlp CjvSs∏Sp∂X-
√. A√mlpsh kq£n°pI F∂v Ah-
tcmSv Bsc¶nepw ]d™m¬ Zpc`nam-
\w Ahsc ]m]Øn¬ ]nSn®v \n¿Øp-
∂p. Ah¿°v \cIw Xs∂ aXn. AXv
F{X tamiamb saØ!''(2:204˛206)
sFlnI hn`h߃ \∑bm- s W-
∂pw {]kvXpX \∑sb \√ coXnbn¬
X-s∂ D]tbmKn°Wsa∂pw Ipg∏ß-
ƒ D≠m°cpsX∂pw Ipg∏ImcnIsf
A√mlp CjvSs∏SpIbns√∂pw Jp¿-
B≥ hy‡am°p∂p.
""A√mlp \n\°v \¬Inbn´p≈Xn-
eqsS \o ]ctemIhnPbw tXSpI. sF-
lnIPohnXØn¬ \n∂v \n\°p≈ Hm-
lcn \o hnkvacn°pIbpw th≠. A√m-
lp \n\°v \≥a sNbvXXv t]m-se \o-
bpw \≥a sNøpI. \o \m´n¬ Ipg-∏-
Øn\v apXnccpXv. Ipg∏ap≠m°p∂-
hsc A√mlp Xo¿®bmbpw CjvSs∏Sp-
∂X√.''(28:77)
D¬]mZ\w \≥a°pth≠nbmIW-
sa∂mWv Ckvemw ]Tn∏n°p∂Xv. Aan-
XXzhpw A{IaWhpw \ioIcWhp-
sa√mw shdp°s∏S≠ Xn≥aIfmWv.
hpfpsaSp°ptºmƒt]mepw Pew Aan-
Xambn sNehgn°cpsX∂mWv {]hmN-
I-I¬∏\. ISenepw Icbnepsa-√mw
Ipg∏ßfp≠m°p∂Xv a\pjycpsS Ic-
߃ {]h¿Øn®XpsIm≠msW∂v
{]kvXmhn°p∂ Jp¿ B≥ XßfpsS
{]h¿Ø\ßfpsS ^ew Ah¿ Bkz-
Zn°p∂Xv hgn Ah¿ aSßm≥ km[yX-
2009 am¿-®v-
bps≠∂p IqSn hy‡am°p∂p≠v
(30:41).
`qan X]n®psIm≠ncn°p∂Xpw k-
ap{Z\nc∏v Db¿∂psIm≠ncn°p∂Xpw
kp\manIƒ D≠mhp∂Xpw Np‰p]mSpap-
≠mbncp∂ PohnIƒ A{]Xy£amhp-
∂Xpsa√mw ImWpIbpw A\p`hn°p-
Ibpw AXv XßfpsS {]h¿Ø\Øn-
s‚ ^eamsW∂v Xncn®dnbpIbpw
sNbv X n´pw em`s°mXnbn¬ am{Xw
A[njvTnXambn D¬]mZ\w XpS¿∂v
`qansb \in∏n°phm\mWv \ΩpsS
Xocpam\sa¶n¬ AXpaqeap≈ {]Xn-
k‘n kmºØnI taJesb am{Xam-
bncn°pIbn√ _m[n°p∂Xv; Ccn°p-
∂ sImºv sh´nbmep≠mhp∂ k¿∆{X
\miw! AXn\v hnt[bamIp∂Xn\p
apºv Nn¥n°phm\pw XncpØphm\pw
a\pjy¿ k∂≤ambm¬ Ah≥ am{X-
a√ Np‰p]mSpap≈ PohPmeßfpw c£-
s∏t´°pw {]iv\Øns‚ ImX¬ Xß-
fpsS kmºØnI hyhÿnXnbnemWp-
≈sX∂v Xncn®dnbmØXpsIm≠mWv
`uaD®tImSnIƒ hnPbn°mØXv. k-
ºØn¬ am{Xw IÆp\´psIm≠v \miw
krjvSn°p∂h≥ t\cnSm≥ t]mIp∂
]ctemI in£sb°pdn® Jp¿B\n-
s‚ ap∂dnbn∏v {i≤n°pI.
""Ah∂v Rm≥ kar≤amb kºØv
D≠m°n sImSp°pIbpw sNbvXp. k∂-
≤cmbn \n¬°p∂ k¥XnIsf- b pw
Ah∂p Rm≥ \√ kuIcy߃ sNbv-
Xp sImSp°pIbpw sNbvXp. ]n-s∂bpw
39
]-T-\w
Rm≥ IqSpX¬ sImSp°W-sa∂v Ah-
≥ tamln°p∂p. A√, Xo¿-®bmbpw A-
h≥ \ΩpsS ZrjvSm¥ß-tfmSv amXvk-
cyw ImWn°p∂h\mbncn-°p∂p. {]bm-
kap≈ Hcp Ib‰w Ib-dm≥ \mw hgn-
sb Ahs\ \n¿_‘n- ° p∂XmWv .
Xo¿®bmbpw Ahs\m∂p Nn¥n®p,
Ahs\m∂p IW°m°p-I-bpw sNbv-
Xp. AXn\m¬ Ah≥ \in-°s´. Fß-
s\bmWh≥ IW°m°n-bXv? ho≠pw
Ah≥ \in°s´, Fß-s\bmWh≥
IW°m°nbXv? ]n∂oSv Ahs\m∂p
t\m°n. ]ns∂ Ah≥ apJw Npfn°pI-
bpw apJw Idp∏n°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n-
s∂ Ah≥ ]nt∂m´v amdpIbpw Al-
¶mcw \Sn°pIbpw sNbvXp. F∂n´-h≥
]d™p: CXv (Bcn¬ \nt∂m) D≤cn°-
s∏Sp∂ amcWa√msX as‰m∂pa√.
CXv a\p-jys‚ hm°√msX as‰m∂p-a-
√. hgn-sb Rm≥ Ahs\ kJdn¬ (\c-
I-Øn¬) C´v Fcn°p∂XmWv. kJ¿
F∂m¬ F¥msW∂v \n\°dnbptam?
AXv H∂pw _m°nbm°pItbm hn´pI-
fbpItbm C√. AXv sXmen Icn®v cq-
]w am‰n°fbp∂XmWv. AXns‚ ta¬-
t\m´Øn\v ]sØmºXv t]cp≠v . ''
(74:12˛30)
5. D¬]mZ\w, D]t`mKw, [m¿anIX
""(\_ntb,) \nt∂mSh¿ aZysØ-
bpw NqXm´sØbpw ]‰n tNmZn°p∂p.
]dbpI: Ah c≠nepw KpcpXcamb
]m]ap≠v. P\߃°v Nne {]tbmP\-
ßfpap≠v. F∂m¬ Ahbnse ]m]-
Øns‚ AwiamWv {]tbmP\Øns‚
AwitØ°mƒ hepXv.'' (Jp¿B≥ 2:
219)
GsXmcp Xn≥abnepw Nne¿°v Nne
\≥aIƒ Is≠Øphm≥ Ignt™-
°mw. elcn aqew Nne¿°v a\xkwL¿-
jßfpsS eLqIcWhpw a‰pNne¿°v
sXmgnepw e`nt®°mw. hy`nNmcw hgn
ssewKnI Zmcn{Zyw A\p`hn°p∂h¿-
°v Bizmkhpw A`nkmcnIIƒ°v
PohnXam¿Khpap≠m°m≥ Ignt™-
°mw; tem´dn hgn Ipd®pt]¿°v e£m-
[n]≥amcmIphm\pw Iptdt]¿°v Poh-
k‘mcWØn\pw km[nt®°mw. Cu
"\≥a'Iƒ ]t£ Chbp≠m°p∂
Xn≥aIfpambn XmcXayw sNøptºmƒ
hfsc \n mcamWv . AXpsIm≠p-
Xs∂ \≥aIƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
cw Nc°pIfmWv. Chbv°v \ne\n¬-
°phm≥ AhImiap≠v; am\yamb Ah-
Imiw! AXpsIm≠mWv A`nkmcnI
(Prostitute) F∂v hnfn°p∂Xn\p ]Icw
ssewKnIsØmgnemfn (Sex worker) F-
∂p Xs∂ hnfn°Wsa∂v kzX{¥hn]-
WnbpsS h‡m°ƒ imTyw ]nSn°p-
∂Xv. ssewKnIX hn¬°pIbpw hmßp-
Ibpw ]p\¿hn¬]\ \SØpIbpsa-
√mw sNtø≠ Hcp hyhkmbamsW∂m-
Wv AhcpsS ImgvN∏mSv. {]kvXpX hy-
^nb‰v Id-≥knbpsS hcthmsS k¿°mcpIƒ-°v F{X
Id≥knIfpw A®Sn°msa∂ \neh∂p. temIw apgph≥
tUmfdns‚ A[oiXzw AwKoIcn°pIbpw temI
_m¶ns\bpw sF.Fw.F^ns\-bpw t]msebp≈ GP≥knIƒ
tUmf-dn¬ am{Xw ISw \¬IpIbpw sNbvX-tXmsS
Atacn°°v F{X tUmfdpI-fpw A®Sn°msa∂ Ahÿ
kwPmXambn.
Hcp kaqlØn¬ Chbv°v ÿm\ap- hkmbw hgn tImSnIfpsS hn\nab-ß-
≠mbn°qSm. CØcw Xn≥aIsf A\p- fmWv \S∂psIm≠ncn°p∂Xv. ssewKn-
hZn°pIbpw am\yX I¬]n°pIbpw I hyhkmbØnse (Sex Industry) sXm-
sNøp∂ kaqlØn¬ AhbpsS hym- gnemfnIfmWv kzX{¥hn]WnbpsS
]\amWp≠mhpI. AXphgn kmaqly- ho£WØn¬ ssewKnIsØmgnemfn-
[m¿anIX XIcpw. {]kvXpX XI¿® Iƒ. cXnhn¬°p∂hcpw (Prostituties),
hgn IpSpw_kwhn[m\hpw kmaqly IqsS \S∂v cXnkpJw \¬Ip∂hcpw
kpc£mkwhn[m\ßfpsa√mw XIcm- (Escorts) ]c]otV-—-bn¬ A[njvTn-X-
dnemIpw. I¿i\\nbaßfpw \nba]m- amb ssewKnIkwXr]vXn°v D]tbmKn-
eI kwhn[m\hpap≠mbm¬ am{Xta °p∂hcpw (Dominatrices) ImgvNbneq-
AØcw kaqlßfn¬ \nbahmgvN Dd- sS ssewKnIm`n\nthiap≠m°p∂-
∏p-hcpØm\mIq. Ip‰hmfnbpsS ]£w Xn\p th≠nbp≈ Nn{XsaSp°m\pw
tNcp∂ \nba߃ IqSnbmWv AØ-c- A`n\bn°phm\pw k∂≤cmIp-∂h-
samcp kaqlØn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂sX- cpw (Pronography) F√mw ssewKnI-
¶n¬ AXv AhnsSsØ kmaqly{Ia- sØmgnemfnIfmWv. tImSn°W°n\v
sØbpw kmºØnI{IasØbpsa√mw tUmfdpIfmWv Cu hyhkmbw hgn
_m[n°pw. \mKcnIXIfpsS D∞m\]- {Ibhn{Ibw sNøs∏Sp∂Xv.
X\ßsf kq£aambn \nco£n®m¬ Atacn°bn¬ s\mhmUm tÉnse
C∏d™sXms°bpw bmYm¿∞y- a m- emkv thKmkv \KcØnte°v Ibdp-
sW∂v kpXcmw hyIflmhpw, Xo¿®. tºmƒ Xs∂ "]m]\KcØnte°v
"kzX{¥hn]Wn']pdØp\n∂p≈ kzmKXw' (Welcome to Sincity) F∂
\nb{¥Wßtfm \nbaßtfm AwKoI- Iq‰-≥ \ntbm¨ t_m¿UmWv Hcmsf
cn°p∂n√. em`ap≠m°p∂sX√mw kzmKXw sNøp∂Xv. F√m Xn≥aIfpw
AXn∂v "Nc°m'Wv; "KpW]camb th¿- AXns‚ ]q¿Whpw \·hpamb coXn-
XncnhpIfn√msX hn]Wnbn¬ hnXc- bn¬ \SamSp∂ ]m]\Kcw! ]q¿W
Ww sNøs∏Sp∂Xpw Bhiy°mcp≈- \·\rØw \S°p∂ 31 ¢∫pIƒ! \·-
Xpamb km[\amWv Nc°v' (commod- Xm hnt\mZßfneqsS am{Xw FÆqdp-
ity) F∂mWv kmºØnIimkv{XØn- tImSn tUmf¿ hcpam\w! c≠p Uk\n-
s‚ \n¿∆N\w. aZyhpw ab°pacp∂p- e[nIw NqXm´tI{µßƒ! AhnsS \S-
I-fpw cXnbpsa√mw Cu \n¿∆N\ {]Im- °p∂Xv tImSn°W°n\v tUmfdns‚
2009 am¿-®v- 40
]-T-\w
NqXm´w-. cXnsbbpw NqXm´sØbpw
NqSp]nSn∏n°phm≥ aZyØn\v ]IpXn
hneam{Xw! ]m]\KcØn¬ Hcp h¿j-
saØp∂ kµ¿iI¿ \meptImSn! ]m]-
߃°v th≠nam{Xw Hcp \Kcap≠m-
°phm≥ apXemfnØ kzX{¥hn]Wn-
°p am{Xta Ignbq.
Fßs\bpw ]Wap≠m°pIsb∂
kwkvImcØn¬ ssewKnIkpJw I®-
hSNc°mIptºmƒ kpJw ]Ww sIm-
SpØv hmßphm≥ a\ximkv{X]cambn
Akm[yamb kv{Xo AhaXn°s∏Sp-
Ibpw A]am\n°s∏SpIbpw sNøpI-
bmsW∂ hkvXpX temIsØhnsSbp-
ap≈ kv{Xo {]iv\ßsf hn‰v ]Wap-
≠m°p∂ aoUnb ad®psh°p∂p. a‰p
\mSpIsfbpw XßfpsS cXnkpJØn\v
]‰nb coXnbn¬ ]cnh¿Øn∏n°phm-
\mbn skIvkv SqdnkØns‚ A\¥-
km[yXIsf°pdn®v kzX{¥hn]Wn-
bpsS h‡m°ƒ hmNmecmIp∂p.
AhcpsS {Xkn∏n°p∂ IW°pIƒ
aq∂mw temIØnte°v aoUnb Ib‰p-
aXn sNøptºmƒ AXp I≠v AhnsS
XßfpsS `cWm[nImcnIfpsS IÆp
X≈p∂p. AhnSpsØ P\ßsf skIv-
kv SqdnkØn\v ]‰nb coXnbn¬ akv-
XnjvI{]£mf\w sNøm≥ "bps\kv-
tIm' hgn ssewKnI hnZym`ymkw km¿-
∆{XnIam°p∂p. F√mbnSØp \n∂pw
btYjv S w kpJw BkzZn°phm≥
CXphgn apXemfnam¿°v hgn Xpd°p-
∂p. 1993se IW°pIƒ {]Imcw C-
t¥mt\jybn¬ c≠ce£tØmfw
ssewKnIsØmgnemfnIfp≠v. atejy-
bn¬ CXv H∂c e£tØmfhpw ^nen-
∏o≥kn¬ Bdp e£tØmfhpamWv.
Xmbve‚n¬ ChcpsS FÆw aq∂v e£-
tØmfw hcpsa∂mWv IW°v 1993˛95
¬ am{Xw Xmbvem‚n\v 2700 tImSn tUm-
fdmWs{X ssewKnIhyhkmbw hgn
e`n®Xv!(9)
tImSn°W°n\v tUmfdns‚ aZy-
hn¬]\ \S°ptºmƒ AXpsIm≠p-
≠mIp∂ BtcmKy˛ kmaqly {]iv\-
ßsfm∂pw Xs∂ kzX{¥ hn]Wnbp-
sS k¿°mcn\v {i≤n°m\mhn√. aZy-
]m\w hgnbp≠mIp∂ Ip‰IrXy߃
hgn Atacn°°v 1983 ¬ am{Xw 11600
tImSn tUmfdns‚ \jvSap≠mbXmbn
Atacn°bpsS Xs∂ BtcmKyhIp∏v
]pdØnd°nb tcJIƒ ]dbp∂p(10).
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
elcn D]-tbmKw aqe-ap-≠mb tcmK-ß-
fpsS NnIn-’°v th≠n 1980¬ sNe-
hm-bXv 900 tImSn tUmf-dm-sW∂pw
NnIn’I¿°p≈ ss{Sbn-\nw-Kn\v th-
≠n 100 tImSn tUmf¿ sNe-hm-t°≠n
h∂p-sh∂pw {]kvXpX tcJ ]cn-X-]n-
°p-∂p. CXp Im¬ \q‰m≠v apºsØ
IW- ° p- I - f m- W v . aZy- ] m\w sIm≠p-
≠mb kmaq-ly-{]-iv\ß - ƒ IW°m-°p-
hm≥ Ign-bmØ-XmWt√m. C{X-sb√mw
\jv S hpw \mi- h p- a p- s ≠- ¶ nepw aZy-
Øns‚ D¬]m-Z-\hpw D]-t`m-Khpw \nb-
{¥n-°p-hm-≥ kzX-{¥-hn-]-Wn°v Ign-bn-
√. ImcWw, aZyhpw Hcp Nc-°m-Wv.
Bh-iy-ap-≈-h¿°v Bh-iy-ap≈t∏mƒ
Bh-iy-ap≈ ÿeØv AXv kpe`am-
Iptºmtg kzX{¥hn]Wnsb∂ Bi-
bw km¿∞Iamhq.
F¥p¬]mZn∏n°Wsa∂ Imcy-Øn-
¬ \nb{¥Wßfp≠m°m≥ kzX{¥
hn]Wn°v IgnbmØXpt]mse Fß-
s\ sNehgn°Wsa∂ ImcyØntem
Fßs\ D]t`mKn°Wsa∂ hnjb-
Øntem \nb{¥Wßfp≠m°phm≥
kzX{¥hn]Wn°v km[ya√. Nc°n-
s‚ KpW\nehmcw Dd∏nt°≠Xv
hn]WnbpsS \ne\n¬]n\v A\nhm-cy-
ambXn\m¬ AXn∂mhmiyamb \nb-
a߃ kzX{¥hn]Wnbnep≠mhpw.
AXv hn]Wn°IsØ \nbaamWv .
F∂m¬ {]kvXpX KpW\nehmcw Dd-
∏phcpØp∂Xn∂mbn F¥p am¿Kß-
fmWv D¬]mZI≥ kzoIcn®ncn- ° p-
∂sX∂v At\zjnt°≠ ZuXyw
hn]Wn°n√. AtXt]mseXs∂ D]-
t`m‡mhn\v hmKv Z m\w sNøs∏´
Nc°v In´p∂ps≠∂v Dd∏phcptØ≠-
Xv hn]WnbpsS BhiyamWv; AXn\p-
≈ \nba߃ AhnsSbp≠mhpw. F-
∂m¬ {]kvXpX Nc°v hmßn∏n°phm-
≥ D]tbmKn°p∂ X{¥ßfntem AXv
hmßnb Bƒ Fßs\ D]t`mKn°p-
∂sh∂ ImcyØntem \nb{¥Wßfp-
≠m°phm≥ hn]Wn°v Ignbn√. ]cam-
h[n D]t`mKn∏n°pIbpw ]camh[n hm-
ßn∏n°pIbpw sNøpIbmWt√m kzX-
{¥hn]WnbpsS ZuXyw.
D¬]mZ\]camb (Productive) hkv-
Xp°fmWv hn]Wnbn¬ A\phZ\ob-
amhpIsb∂XmWv \ntbm en_denk-
Øns‚ \ne]mSv. Imcy£aXbpw (Effe-
ciency) bpw D¬]mZ\£aXbpw (Pro-
2009 am¿-®v-
ductivity) amWv Nc°ns‚ aqeyw \n›-
bn°p∂Xv. hf¿® (Growth)bmWv hn-
]-Wnbn¬ Hcp hkvXp \ne\n¬t°-≠-
XmtWmsb∂v Xocpam\n°p∂Xv. D¬-
]mZ\w hfcWw, D]t`mKw hfcWw,
]Ww hfcWw, F∂√msX F¥v, F-
ßs\ Fs∂m∂pw apXemfnØØn\n-
√. hf¿®°pth≠n D]tbmKn°p∂
am¿K߃ F¥pamImw; Ah hn]Wn-
sb {]XnIqeambn _m[n°mXncp∂m¬
aXn. aZyhpw hy`nNmchpw ]qgvØnsh-
∏pw Dul°®hShpsa√mw hn]Wnbn-
¬ D¬]mZ\]camWv. F¥psIms≠-
∂m¬ Chsb√mw ]WØns‚ hf¿®-
°v ImcWamhp∂p. hn]WnbpsS am{Xw
IÆmSnbneqsS t\m°nbm¬ Chbn-
sem∂pw bmsXmcp sX‰pw ImWm≥
Ignbn√. a\pjycmWt√m hn]Wnsb
kPoham°pIbpw \n¿Poham°pIbpw
sNøp∂Xv. BXy¥nIambn a\p-jy-
¿°v \≥abmbn´p≈Xv Nnet∏mƒ hn]-
WnbpsS IÆmSnbneqsS am{Xw t\m°n-
bm¬ Xn≥abmbn tXm∂ntb°mw; a\p-
jy¿°v Xn≥abmbXv hn]Wn°v \≥a-
bpambnØocmw. hn]WnbpsS \nba-ß-
ƒ°v am\hnIXbp≠mhWsa¶n¬ AXv
a\pjy¿°v s]mXphmbn \≥a {]Zm\w
sNøp∂XmhWw. Aßs\bm-hptºm-ƒ
hn]Wn°v tZmjIcamhpsa∂v H‰t\m´-
Øn¬ tXm∂nbm¬ t]mepw BXy¥n-
Iambn AXv hn]Wn°pw KpWIcambn-
cn°pw.
aZy-Øn-s‚ Imcyw am-{X-sa-Sp-°p-I.
A-ta-cn-°-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS ]-Xn-s\-
´ma-Xv t`-ZK-Xn {]-Im-cw 1920 P-\p-h-cn16
ap-X¬
- aZyw \n-tcm-[n-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂p. \o≠
23 h-¿-j-°m-ew \o-≠p \n-∂ a-Zy\n-tcm-
[-\w ]n-≥-h-en-°-s∏-´-Xv 1933 Un-kw_¿
5\v dq-kvs
- h¬-‰v K-h¨
- s
- a-‚ v ]m-km°nb
C-cp-]Øn-sbm∂mw t`-Z-KXn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-
bm-bn-cp∂p. \n-tbm-en-_-d-¬ Nn-¥-I-ƒ
k-¿-°m-cn-s\ kzm-[o-\n-°m-≥ Xp-Sßn-b
Im-e-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. C-∂v A-ta-cn-°-
Fßs\bpw ]Wap≠m°pIsb∂ kwkvImcØn¬
ssewKnIkpJw I®-hSNc°mIptºmƒ kpJw ]Ww sIm-
SpØv hmßphm≥ a\ximkv{X]cambn Akm[yamb kv{Xo
AhaXn°s∏Sp-Ibpw A]am\n°s∏SpIbpw sNøpI-
bmsW∂ hkvXpX temIsØhnsSbp-ap≈ kv{Xo{]iv\
ßsf hn‰v ]Wap-≠m°p∂ aoUnb ad®psh°p∂p.
41
]-T-\w
bn-se aq∂n-sem-∂p t]-¿ a-Zy-Øn-\v A-
Sn-a-Ifpw aq∂n-sem-∂p t]-¿ A-¬-]-sa-
√mw a-Zy-]n-°p-∂h - cpw _m-°n aq∂n-sem-
∂p-t]-¿ F-t∏m-sg-¶nepw a-Zy-]n-°p∂-h-
tcm a-Zy-]n-°mØ-htcm B-sW∂pamWv'
I-Ωoj-≥ Hm-¨ _n-tl-hn-b-d-¬ B-‚ v
tkm-jy-¬ k-b≥-kv B-‚ v F-Uyq-t°-
j's‚ (CBASSE)(11) I-W°v. B-sI sN-
e-hm-Ip-∂ a-Zy-Øn-s‚ 95 i-X-am-\hpw
A- I - Ø m- ° p∂- X v B- Z y- s Ø hn- ` m- K -
amWv. i-cmi-cn ap-∏-Xn-\m-bn-cw B-fp-I-
fmWv Hmtcm h-¿j - hpw kn-tdm-kn-kv _m-
[n-®v a-cn-°p-∂Xv. C-Xv an-°-hmdpw aZyw
sIm-≠p-≠m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. 1994se "\m-j-
W¬ ssl-th {Sm-^n-¬ A-Uv-an-\n-kv-t{S-
j's‚ I-W-°p-I-ƒ {]-Im-cw hm-l-\m-
]-I-S-ß-fn-¬ \n-∂p am-{Xw 44000 t]-cp-
sS a-c-Whpw ap∏-Xv e-£w t]¿-°v am-c-
Iam-b ]-cn-°p-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-´p≠v. A-]-
I-S-ß-fp-sS aqeImcWambn Nq≠n°m-
Wn°s∏Sp∂Xv aZy]n®p≈ hml\tam-
Sn°emWv. aZyw aqeap≠mIp∂ a‰v A]-
ISßfn¬ Ccp]Xn\mbncw t]cpw Aan-
X atZym]tbmKw aqew ]Xn\mbncw B-
fpIfpw Hmtcm h¿jhpw acWs∏Sp∂p-
≠v. aZyw aqeap≠mhp∂ sIme]mXI-
ßfpsS FÆw ]Xn\mbncamsW∂m-Wv
IW°v. aZy]m\nIfmb amXm°ƒ°v
Hmtcmh¿jhpw Bbncw Ip™pßsf-
¶nepw aµ_p≤nIfmbn P\n°p∂p≠-
t{X! 1983se IW°pIƒ {]Imcw icm-
icn Hcp h¿jw acWs∏Sp∂ 20 e£w
t]cn¬ H∂ce£Øns‚bpw ImcWw
aZy]m\amWv. 13 acWßfn¬ H∂v aZyw
hgnsb∂¿∞w. aZy]m\hpambn _‘-
s∏-´ NnIn¬km sNehpIƒ am{Xw
c≠mbncw tImSn tUmfdmsW∂mWv
c≠c]Xn‰m≠pIƒ°p apºsØ IW-
°v . 1983¬ Atacn°°m¿ IpSn®Xv
BsI Bdmbncw tImSn tUmfdns‚
aZyamWv. AXn¬ aq∂nsem∂v AXpam-
bn _‘s∏´ NnIn¬km sNehpI-ƒ-
°v, aq∂nsem∂v am¿°‰nwKn\pw a‰p
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
sNehpIƒ°pw; aq∂nsem∂p sIm≠v
D¬]mZ\w \S°ptam? Cs√¶n¬ aZy-
°®hSw \jvSw Xs∂bmWv, \ntbmen-
_d-enÃpIfpsS AfhptImepIƒ D]-
tbmKn®psIm≠p≈ IW°n¬ t]mepw.
F∂m¬ aZyam¿°‰v am{Xw ]cnKWn-
°ptºmƒ AXv hºn® em`w t\Sns°m-
Sp°p∂ I®hSamWv Xm\pw. ChnsS
hn]Wn°p ]pdsØ am\hnIamb
\nbaØn\pam{Xta hn]Wnsbt∏mepw
k¥qe\tØmsS \ne\n¿Øphm≥
Ignbqsh∂ hkvXpX \ap°v t_m[y-
s∏Sp∂p.
{kjvSmhmb Xºpcm\mWv D¬]mZ-
\Øns‚bpw D]t`mKØns‚bpw B-
Xy¥nI\nba߃ ]Tn∏nt°≠sX∂
CkvemanI Z¿i\Øns‚ ImgvN∏mSv
{]k‡amIp∂Xv ChnsSbmWv. {]Ir-
Xn hn`hßsf√mw A√mlp krjvSn®-
XmsW∂pw Ahbp]tbmKn®v D¬]mZ-
\w \SØm≥ Hmtcm a\pjy¿°pw Ah-
Imiaps≠∂pamWv Jp¿B≥ ]Tn∏n-
°p∂Xv.
""Ah\mWv BImiØv \n∂v sh-
≈w sNmcn™p X∂h≥. F∂n´v AXv
aptJ\ \mw F√m hkvXp°fpsSbpw
apfIƒ ]pdØv sIm≠phcnIbpw, A\-
¥cw AXn¬ \n∂v ]®]nSn® sNSnIƒ
hf¿Øns°m≠v hcnIbpw sNbvXp. B
sNSnIfn¬ \n∂v \mw Xnßn\nd™ [m-
\yw ]pdØv hcpØp∂p. Cu¥∏\bn-
¬ \n∂v AYhm AXns‚ Iqtºmfbn¬
\n∂v Xqßn \n¬°p∂ IpeIƒ ]pd-
Øv hcp∂p. (A{]Imcw Xs∂) ap¥n-
cntØm´ßfpw, ]ckv]cw XpeyX tXm-
∂p∂Xpw, F∂m¬ Hcpt]mseb√mØ-
Xpamb Heohpw amXfhpw (\mw D¬-
]mZn∏n®p.) AhbpsS ImbvIƒ Imbv®v
hcp∂Xpw aqs∏Øp∂Xpw \n߃ t\m-
°q. hnizkn°p∂ P\߃°v AXnse-
√mw ZrjvSm¥ßfp≠-v.''(6:99)
I®hSw A√mlp A\phZn®p; ]en-
i \ntcm[n°pIbpw sNbvXp. ""]eni
Xn∂p∂h¿ ]nimNv _m[ \nanØw adn-
™phogp∂h≥ Fgpt∂¬°p∂Xv
t]mseb√msX Fgpt∂¬°pIbn√.
I®hShpw ]eni t]mseØs∂bmWv
F∂v Ah¿ ]d™Xns‚ ^eas{X A-
Xv. F∂m¬ I®hSw A√mlp A\phZn-
°pIbpw ]eni \njn≤am°pIbp-am-
Wv sNbvXn´p≈Xv.''(2:275.)
D]t`m‡mhn\pw hnXcW°mc\pw
Xr]vXamb coXnbnep≈ CS]mSpIƒ
am{Xta A√mlp AwKoIcn®n´p≈q.
""kXyhnizmknItf, \n߃ ]c-kv-
]cw kwXr]vXntbmSp IqSn \SØp∂
I®-hS CS]mSp aptJ\b√msX \nß-
fpsS kzØp°ƒ A\ymbambn \n߃
At\ym\yw FSpØv Xn∂cpXv. ''(4:29)
aZyhpw tem´dnbpw hy`nNmchpw
A‘hnizmkßfpsS hn]W\hpsam-
∂pw I®hSa√; Ah ss]imNnIamb
Zp¿hrØnIƒ am{XamWv. AXpsIm≠p-
Xs∂ Ahsbm∂pw A√mlp A\phZn-
®n´n√. ""kXyhnizmknItf, aZyhpw Nq-
Xm´hpw {]XnjvTIfpw {]iv\w sh®v
t\m°m\p≈ AºpIfpw ss]imNnI-
amb tæ—hrØn am{XamIp∂p. AXn\m-
¬ \n߃ AsXms° h¿÷n°pI.
\n߃°v hnPbw {]m]n°mw''(5:90)
""\n߃ hy`nNmcsØ kao]n®v
t]mIcpXv. Xo¿®bmbpw AXv Hcp \oN-
hrØnbpw Zpjn®am¿KhpamIp- ∂ p.''
(17:32)
a°m hnPb thf- b n¬ \_n 
{]Jym-]n®p: aZyw, ihw, ]∂n, hn{K-l-
߃ F∂nh hn¬°p-∂Xv A√m-lp-
hpw Ahs‚ ZqX\pw \njn-≤-am-°n-bn-
cn-°p-∂p. (_pJm-cn. apkvenw)
"A√mlp Hcp hkvXp \ntcm[n°p-
tºm-ƒ AXns‚ ({Ibhn{IbØneqsS
e`n°p∂) ]Whpw \ntcm[n°p∂p'
(A-lvaZv, A_qZmhqZv)
Afhnepw Xp°Ønepw Ir{XnaXzw
ImWn°p∂ I®hSßsf√mw A\\ph-
]-T-\w
Z\obhpw AXv sNøp∂h¿ ]m]nIfpw
acWm\¥cPohnXØn¬ ITn\ambn
in£n°s∏Sp∂hcpamsW∂v Jp¿-
B≥ ap∂dnbn∏p \¬Ip∂p. ""Afhn¬
Ipd°p∂h¿°v alm\miw AXmbXv
P\ßtfmSv Af∂phmßpIbmsW-¶n-
¬ XnIs®Sp°pIbpw. P\߃°v A-
f∂psImSp°pItbm Xq°nsImSp°pI-
tbm BsW¶n¬ \jvSw hcpØpIbpw
sNøp∂h¿°v. A°q´¿ hnNmcn°p∂n-
t√; X߃ Fgpt∂¬∏n°s∏Sp∂hcm-
sW∂v? `b¶camb Hcp ZnhkØn\m-
bn´v'' (83:1˛5)
]qgvØnsh∏pw AXphgnbp≠m-°p-
∂ kºmZyhpw \njn≤amsW∂mWv
{]hmNI≥  ]Tn∏n®Xv ""hkvXp°-
ƒ hneh¿[n°p∂Xv hsc ]qgvØnsh-
°p∂h≥ ]m]nbmWvv'' (apkvenw)
""\m¬]Xp ZnhktØ°v hneh¿[n-
°psa∂v IcpXn [m\y߃ ]qgvØn sh-
°p∂Xv A\phZ\oba√.v'' (AlvaZv,
lm°nw.)
\√ hkvXp°tfmsSm∏w NoØhkv-
Xp°sfbpw kΩn{iam°n hn\nabw
sNøphm≥ Ckvemw A\phZn°p∂n√.
""\√Xpw NoØbpw thsd thsd hn¬-
°pI. NXn°p∂h¿ \Ωn¬ s]´hc√''
(apkvenw, AlvvaZv)
F√mXcØnep≈ I≈I®hS-ß-
fpw Ckvemw \ntcm[n°p∂p. hn¬°-
s∏Sp∂Nc°ns\°pdn® IrXyhpw hy-
‡hpw If¶clnXhpamb hnhc߃
D]t`m‡mhn\v \¬tI≠Xv A\nhmcy-
amsW∂mWv aplΩZv ]Tn∏n®Xv.

Ign™ \q‰m≠ns\ At]£n®v `q-an-bn-se Dujvamhv 0.75oc

h¿[n®n-´p-s≠-∂mWv 1659 apX¬ CXphscbp≈ `u-tam-jvamhv
tcJs∏SpØnb sk≥{S¬ Cw•-≠v sSw]td®¿ dn°m¿Uv
hy‡am°p∂Xv. CXv XpS¿∂m-¬ a™paeIƒ DcpIpIbpw
B¿´nIv taJeIƒ NpcpßpIbpw kap{Z߃ IhnbpIbpw
sNøpsa∂v {]IrXnim-kv{X-⁄≥am¿ ap∂dnbn∏p \¬Ip∂p.

2009 am¿-®v- 42
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
hnizmknIƒ ktlmZcßfmIp∂p; hn-
¬]\km[\ßfnep≈ \yq\XIƒ ad-
®p sh®psIm≠v Xs‚ ktlmZc\v Hcn-
°epw hn¬°phm≥ ]mSn√'' (C_v\p-
amP)
""A_q-lp-ssdd  \nth-Z\ - w, `£-
W km[-\-߃ hn¬°p∂ Hcm-fp-sS-
b-SpØp IqSn \_n  \S∂p t]m-bn,
\_n  AXns‚ D≈n-te°v X-s‚ ssI
{]th-in-∏n-®p t\m°n. AXn-\p-≈n¬ Ir-
{Xnaw ImWn-®n-´p-s≠∂v I≠-t∏mƒ
\_n  ]d-™p: h©\ (Ir-{Xn-a-Xzw)
ImWn-°p-∂-h≥ \Ωn¬ s]´-h-c-√''
(A_q-Zm-hq-Zv, Xn¿apZn)
hkvXphns\b√msX B{Klßsf
I®hSw sNøp∂Xv Ckvemw A\phZn-
°p∂n√. I®hSw sNøs∏Sp∂ Nc°v
F¥msW∂v D]t`m‡mhns\ hy‡-
ambn Adnbn®ncn°Ww. hy‡Xbn√m-
Ø I®hSßsf√mw \njn≤amWv.
A_q-lp-ssd-d \nth-Z\w: ""Nc-
°√v Fdn-™p X´n-®m¬ X´p-∂-Xv FSp-
°mw F∂p ]d-bp∂ I®-h-Shpw A-hy-
‡-amb I®-hShpw \_n  \ntcm-[n-
°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.''(apkvenw)
A_q-lp-ssdd\nth-Z-\w-: ""sXm´m-
¬ sXm´Xv F-Sp-°-W-sa∂p ]d-bp∂
I®-hShpw ]c-kv]cw Fdn™v sImSp-
Øp- s Im≠v hn¬°p∂ I®- h - S hpw
\_n \ntcm-[n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.'' (apkv-
enw)
hn¬°s∏Sp∂Xv Im¿jnIhnfIfm-
sW¶n¬ AXns‚ ]q¿ÆXsbØp∂-
Xphsc I®hSapd∏n°phm≥ ]mSns√-
∂mWv. aplΩZv \_n ]Tn∏n®Xv.
]®bmbncn°ptºmƒ hne ]d™v Dd-
∏n°pIbpw ]mIsaØnbXn\v tijw
FSpØv sIm≠pt]mhpIbpw sNøp∂
hym]mcamWv \_n  \ntcm[n®Xv. D¬-
∏∂w D]tbmK£aam°p∂Xn\v apºv
AXn\v hne \n›bn°pIbpw {I-b-hn-
{Ibw \SØpIbpw sNøptºmƒ hkv-
Xphns‚ bYm¿∞ hne \n›bn-°phm-
≥ Ignbn√. C°mcyw \_n  Xs∂
hy‡am°p∂Xv ImWpI.
""A_vZp-√m-ln_v\p Da¿ \nth-
Z\w: Cu¥-∏gw ]gp-∏m-Ip-∂Xv hscbpw
IXn-cp-Iƒ ]mI-am-Ip-Ibpw s]mgn-™p-
t]m-Ip-I-bn-s√∂v Dd-∏m-Ip-∂-Xp-h-sc-
bpw hn¬°p-hmt\m hmßp-hmt\m ]mSn-
s√∂v \_n \n¿tZ-in-®n-cn-°p-∂p''
2009 am¿-®v-
(apkvenw)
A\-kv \nth-Z\w: ""]g-h¿K-߃
AXns‚ KpW-ta∑ hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn\v
apºpw Cu¥∏gw ]gp-∏m-Ip-∂-Xn\v ap-
ºpw hn¬°p-∂Xv \_n hntcm-[n-®n-
cn-°p∂p'' (apkvenw)
Iº\nIfpsS HmlcnIƒ hn¬°p-
Ibpw hmßpIbpw sNøp∂ Hcp tIh-
e ÿm]\ambncp∂p Hmlcn hn]Wn-
sb¶n¬ AXv C∂p ImWp∂ cq]-Øn-
¬ hf¿∂p hnIkn°pambncp∂n√.
Dul°®hShpw sjbdpIƒ sh®p≈
NqXm´hpw \S°p∂XpsIm≠mWv AXv
`mKymt\zjnIsf BI¿jn°pIbpw
A-Xns‚ sk≥skIvkn¬ IÆp\´ncn-
°p∂h¿°v AXv elcnbmbn XocpI-
bpw sNøp∂Xv. A√mlp A\phZn®
hym-]mc hyhkmbßfpsS HmlcnIƒ
Ah≥ A\phZn® {Ibhn{IßfneqsS
hmßpItbm hn¬°pItbm sNøp∂Xv
Ckvemw hne°p∂n√. F∂m¬ Ah
t\¿°pt\scbp≈Xpw k¶o¿ÆXI-
tfm NqXm´tam Dul°®hStam C√m-
ØXpamIWw. em` \jvS km[yXbp-
≈ kmºØnI {Ibhn{Ib߃°mWv
Ckvemw A\phmZw \¬Inbn´p≈Xv.
AX√msXbp≈ em`w Dd∏pXcp∂
coXnbnep≈ Hmlcn hn]W\sØ Aw-
KoIcn°m\mhn√. hkv X phns\tbm
Hmlcnsbtbm A√msX AhbpsS
{Ibhn{Ibßfpambn _‘s∏´ Icm-
dpIsf hn¬°pht\m hmßphmt\m
CkvemanI \nbaßfn¬ ]gpXpIsfm-
∂pan√. CkvemanI \nbaßf\pkcn-
®p≈ Hcp Hmlcn hn]Wn D≠mhpIbm-
sW¶n¬ AhnsS Dul°®hSØn\v
D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂ "Imƒ Hm]vj\pI-
tfm' NqXm´Øns‚ sjb¿am¿°‰v cq]-
amb "C≥UIvkv Hm]vj\p'Itfm D≠m-
hn√. AhnSpsØ Hmlcn {Ibhn{Ib-
߃ kpXmcyhpw k¶o¿ÆXIfn√m-
ØXpambncn°pw. CS\ne°mcmbn XpS-
ßn, Dul°®hSØneqsS sjb¿
IpanfIƒ krjvSn®v Imf°q‰≥amcmIp-
]en-i hm-ßp-∂h-sc ]m-j-ficpw a-X-hn-cp-≤-cp-am-bn
I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂ B-ZyIm-e {Inkv-Xpa-Xw a-‰p Im-cy-ß-fn-se-∂
t]m-se-Ø-s∂ C-°m-cy-Ønepw Ab-hp h-cp-Øm-≥
Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv 1545 se sl-≥{Sn F-´ma-s‚
I-¬]-\-tbm-sS-bmWv.
43
]-T-\w
∂h¿°v AhnsS CSap≠mhn√. Nqj-
Wap‡hpw XnI®pw am\hnIhpamb
Hmlcn hn]Wnbmbncn°pw AXv .
A\ymbambn BcpsSbpw kzØv ssI-
his∏SpØcpXv F∂v \njvI¿jn°p-
∂ Jp¿B\ns‚ shfn®Xnep≈ kmº-
ØnI {Ibhn{Ib߃ \S°p∂ Nqj-
Wap‡amb Hmlcn hn]Wn.
""A\ymbambn \n߃ At\ym\yw
kzØp°ƒ Xn∂cpXv. Adn™psIm-
≠p Xs∂, BfpIfpsS kzØp°fn¬
\n∂v h√Xpw A[m¿ΩnIambn t\Sn-
sbSpØp Xn∂phm≥ th≠n \nßfXp-
ambn hn[nI¿Øm°sf kao]n°pI-
bpw sNøcpXv''(Jp¿B≥ 2:188)
Atacn°bn¬ C∂phscbp≠mb
kmºØnI amµyßfpsSsb√mw Ncn-
{XØn¬, {]Xn∏´nIbn¬ Hmlcn hn]-
Wnbps≠∂ Imcyw {it≤bamWv. Du-
l°®hSØnepw NqXm´Ønepw A[n-
jvTnXamb Hmlcn hn]Wn kmºØnI-
hyhÿXsb \nb{¥n°pIbpw hn]-
WnbpsS \nba߃ kmaqly_-‘-ß-
sfbpw [m¿ΩnIXsbbpw \n¿Æbn°p-
Ibpw sNøp∂ kaqlßfn¬ {]Xnk-
‘nIƒ kzm`mhnIamWv. ss]imNnI-
\nbaßfm¬ ÿm]n°s∏´ ÿm]\-
߃s°ßns\bmWv ÿmbnbmb
kmaqly hyhÿIƒ \n¿Ωn°phm\pw
kwXr]vXamb klh¿ØnØw km[n-
Xam°phm\pw IgnbpI? ]nimNns‚ {]-
tem`\ßfn¬ \n∂v ap‡amb ssZhnI
am¿§Z¿i\w kzoIcn°pIbmWv CØ-
cw {]Xnk‘nIfn¬ \n∂v tamNnXam-
Iphm\p≈ bYm¿∞ am¿§w.
6. F¥mWv kºØv?
""`mcyam¿, ]p{X≥am¿, Iqºmc-ambn-
°q´nb kz¿Ww, sh≈n, taØcw IpXn-
cIƒ, \m¬Imen h¿K߃, IrjnbnSw
F∂nßs\ CjvSs]´ hkvXp°tfmSp-
≈ t{]aw a\pjy¿°v Ae¶mcambn
tXm∂n°s∏´ncn°p∂p. AsXms°
CltemIPohnXØnse hn`hßfmIp-
∂p. A√mlphns‚ ASp°emIp∂p
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
]-T-\w
(a\pjy¿°v) sN∂ptNcm\p≈ DØa cmPym¥c \nba߃ ]men°s∏Sp∂p- jvTnXamb _m¶nwKv hyhÿbn¬ A-
kt¶Xw''(Jp¿B≥ 3:14) sh∂v Dd∏phcpØm≥ C‚¿\mjW¬ ßs\ ASn°mXncn°phm≥ Ignbpam-
""AXv ([\w) \nßfn¬ \n∂p≈ tamWn‰dn ^≠v cq]oIcn°pIbpw bncp∂n√ F∂p ]dbp∂Xmhpw icn.
[\nI≥am¿°nSbn¬ am{Xw ssIam‰w sNbv - X p. F∂m¬ 1971¬ \nIv k ¨ kcfamb Hcp DZmlcWØneqsS CXv
sNøs∏Sp∂ H∂mhmXncn°m≥ th≠n- Kh¨-sa‚ v Atacn°≥ tUmfdns‚ hy‡am°mw. \qdv kz¿Æ \mWb߃
bmWXv.'' (Jp¿B≥ 59 :7) kz¿Æ {]mXn-\n[yw FSpØpIf™p; am{Xw Nw{IaWØnep≈ Hcp \mSv.
Ahsb kzX{¥amb AkvXnXzap≈- AhnsS BZysØ _m¶v Xpd°p∂p.
aplΩZv \_n  ]dbp∂p: ""kz¿-
Xpw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Dd∏p≈Xpamb _m¶v 20 kz¿Æ \mWb߃ \nt£]-
ÆØn\p ]Icw kz¿Æw, sh≈n°p
^nb‰v aWnbmbn {]Jym]n®p. sas√ ambn kzoIcn°pIbpw Hcp \mWb-Øn-
]Icw sh≈n, _m¿en°p ]Icw _m¿-
F√m cmjv{Sßfpw Cu ]mX ]n¥pS- \v H∂v F∂ coXnbn¬ {]mXn-\n[ykz-
en, tKmXºn\p ]Icw tKmXºv, Imc°v
cpIbpw kz¿ÆØns‚bpw sh≈nbpsS- `mhap≈ cioXpIƒ \¬IpIbpw sN-
]Icw Imc°, D∏n\v ]Icw D∏v, Ch
bpw ]n≥_eØnep≈ Id≥kn hyh- øp∂p. \mfpIƒ Ign™t∏mƒ Bfp-
sdm°ambpw Xpeyambpw ssItømsS
ÿ°v ]Icw tUmfdns‚ ]n≥_eØn- Iƒ _m¶ns‚ cioXpIƒ kz¿Æ \m-
\¬tI≠XmWv. CXntesX¶nepsam-
ep≈ hyhÿ \nehn¬ hcn-Ibpw sN- Wb߃°v ]Icambn D]tbmKn°p-
∂ns‚ C\w amdnbm¬ sdm°ambn´m-
bvXp. AXp apX¬°mWv kz¿Æhpw hm\pw Ahsb hnizkn®v AhbpsS
sW¶n¬ \nßfpt±in°p∂Xpt]mse
sh≈nbpw hkvXphn\nab cwKØp \n- ASnÿm\Øn¬ {Ibhn{Ib߃ \S-
hn‰p sIm≈pI'' (apkvenw).
∂v ]q¿Æamb \njvImk\w sNøs∏Sp- Øphm\pw XpSßp∂p. Cu Ahkcw
CWIsfbpw a°sfbpw hml\ß- Ibpw tUmfdns‚ B[n]XyØnep≈ apXseSpØpsIm≠v _m¶v IqSpX¬
sfbpw \m¬°menIsfbpw IrjnbnS-
sØbpw t]mse a\pjycpsS kzØpw
kºmZyhpambn BZna Imew apXte
]cnKWn°s∏´p t]m∂ hkvXp°fm-
Wv kz¿Æhpw sh≈nbpw. km[\߃
]ckv]cw ssIamdp∂ _m¿´¿ kwhn-
[m\Øn\ptijw Gsd°mew \ne\n-
∂ hyhÿ, hkvXp°fpsS kz¿Æ
hnebpw sh≈n hnebpw IW°m°n
Ah°v Nc°pIƒ hmßpIsb∂ coXn-
bmbncp∂p. ]n∂oSv \mWbßfpsS
ssIam‰hyhÿ \nehn¬ h∂t∏mgpw
Ahbn¬ {][m\ambn D]tbmKn°-s∏-
´Xv kz¿Æhpw sh≈nbpw Xs∂bmbn-
cp∂p. kz¿ÆØns‚bpw sh≈nbp-sS-
bpw \mWb߃ kq£n®ncp∂ _m¶p-
Iƒ sImSpØ cioXnbmWv sas√
{]mXn\n[y kz`mhap≈ Id≥knbmbn
Xo¿∂Xv. Aßs\ Bbn Xo¿∂-t∏m-
gpw Id≥knIfn¬ta¬ sh≈nbpsS-tbm
kz¿ÆØns‚tbm {]mXn-\n[yw {]tXy- temI kmºØnI {Iaw cq]s∏SpIbpw cioXpIƒ ASn®v ISw sImSp°phm≥
Iw FgpXnt®¿Øncp∂p. DZmlcW- sNbvXXv. XpSßp∂p. Bhiy°m¿°v ISw \¬-
Øn\v A©p tUmfdns‚ t\m´n¬ta¬ bYm¿∞Øn¬; kz¿ÆØn\pw sh- Im\mbn _m¶v 200 cioXpIƒ A®-Sn-
Five Silver Dollars F∂p≠mbncp∂p. ≈n°pw ]Icambn {]Xn-\n[n t\m´pI- ®psh∂pw AXv 30% hm¿jnI ]eni°v
Cu t\m´n\v ]Icambn ]d™ sh≈n ƒ D]tbmKn°m≥ XpSßnbXp apX¬ ISambn \¬IpIbpw sNbvXpsh∂pw
e`n°psa∂mWv CXn\¿∞w Nne ÿ- Xs∂ Cu cwKw h©\bnepw Im]-Sy- Icp-XpI. c≠ph¿jw Ign™m¬ B-
eßfn¬ sh≈nbpsSbpw a‰p Nne ÿ- Ønepw A[njvTnXambn°gn™ncp∂p. sI Xncn®St°≠ XpI 338 Bbncn-
eßfn¬ kz¿ÆØns‚bpw {]mXn- C√mØ kz¿ÆØns‚bpw sh≈nbp- °pw. B \m´n¬ BsIbp≈ ]Ww 320
\n[yambncp∂p t\m´pIƒ°v D≠mbn- sSbpw t]cnembncp∂p t\m´Sn®ncp∂Xv. am{XamWv. kz¿Æ \mWb߃ 100+-
cp∂Xv. sas√ F√m cmPyßfpw kz¿Æ- AXv _m¶pIƒ°v Ffp∏ambncp∂p. BZyw ASn® cioXv 20+]n∂oSv ASn®
Øns‚ {]mXn\nXyØnte°v AhbpsS AhcpsS ssIøn¬ F{XtØmfw kz¿- cio-Xv 200=320. F∂m¬ ISw Xncn®S-
Id≥knsb sIm≠ph∂p. 1944se s{_- Æhpw sh≈nbpaps≠∂v B¿°pw °-Wsa¶n¬ 338 thWw. _m°n 18 F-
´≥ hpUv Icm¿ {]Imcw F√m cmjv{S- AdnbmØXpsIm≠pXs∂ P\ßsf hn-sS \n∂v e`n°pw? H∂pIn¬ IqSpX-
ßfpw kz¿Æ {]mXn-\n[yw AwKoIcn- I_fn∏n®psIm≠v t\m´pIƒ ASn°m- ¬ kz¿Æ \mWb߃ ]pdØp \n∂v
°pIbpw Id≥knIfpsS hn\nabØn\v ≥ Ah¿°v km[n®p. ]enibn¬ A[n- e`n°Ww. As√¶n¬ A{Xbpw FÆw
2009 am¿-®v- 44
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
]-T-\w
cioXpIƒ IqSn A®Sn°Ww. c≠maXv ]q¿Æambpw Xncn®S°m≥ Ignbns√∂v 114.4 tImSn tUmf¿ ISØnte°v AS-
]d™XmWv Ffp∏w \S°pI. {]Xn\n- Adnbmhp∂XmWv. F∂m¬ tUmfdn- t°≠ AwtKmf°v 1999¬ e`n® hntZ-
[n t\m´pIƒ {]NmcØnembXp apX¬ s‚ A[oiXzw \ne\n¬°pIbpw km- iklmbw 19 tImSn tUmfdmbncp∂p!
_m¶pIƒ hymP cioXpIfpw bmsXm- ºØnI hyhÿ ]q¿Æambpw ]eni- X߃ A\ymbambn ]nSn®p ]dn®-Xn-
cp ASnØdbpan√msX Id≥knIfpw bn¬ A[njvSnXamhpIbpw sNbvXtXm- s‚ sNdnsbmcp `mKw Xncn®p sImSp-
ASn®psIm≠ncn°p∂p. C∂pw XpS¿- sS aq∂mw temI cmjv{S߃°v a‰p- Øp AXv PohImcpWyamsW∂v hcp-
∂p sIm≠ncn°p∂Xv AXmWv. am¿§ßsfm∂pan√msXbmbn. hnIkzc Øn Xo¿Øv sRfnbpIbmWv H∂mw
_m¶pIfn¬ \n∂v XpSßnb Cu cmjv{SßfpsS ISw h¿[n®psImt≠bn- temIcmjv{Sßsf∂ hkvXpX hy‡-
h©\ ]n∂oSv k¿°m¿ Gs‰SpØp. cn°p∂p. Htcm ]Øph¿jw Ignbp- am°p∂XmWv Cu IW°v . _m°n
k¿°m¿ JP\mhnep≈ kz¿ÆØn-\pw tºmgpw CXv Cc´nbne[nIamhp∂p. klmbßfpsS ]´nI IqSn ]cntim-[n-
sh≈n°pw ]Icambn´mWv {]Xn\n[n 1980¬ hnIkzc cmjv{SßfpsS ISw ®m¬ F{XtØmfw ]cnlmkyamWv
t\m´pIƒ hn]WnbnseØp∂sX∂ 5254 tImSn tUmfdmbncp∂psh¶n¬ Cu klmbßsf∂v t_m≤yamhpw.
[mcWbp≠m°nsIm≠mWv k¿°mcp- 1990¬ CXv 125980 tImSn tUmfdmbpw 54.9 tImSn tUmf¿ ISØnte°v AS®
Iƒ Id≥kn t\m´pIƒ A®Sn®Xv. F- c≠mbncØn¬ 214060 tImSn tUmf- Ima-dq-Wn\v 19 tImSnbpw 71.6 tImSn
¶nepw B t\m´pIƒ°v ]Icambn hne- dmbpw Db¿∂psh∂mWv sF.Fw.F^n- tUmf¿ AS® sI\nb°v 19.5 tImSnbpw
bp≈ Fs¥¶nepw Ds≠∂p≈ [mcW- s‚ IW°pIƒ ]dbp∂Xv(12). ]enibn- 141 tImSn tUmf¿ AS® hnb‰v\man\v
sb¶nepw \ne\n∂ncp∂p. 1971 HmSp IqSn \Ønepw aqekwJybnte°pambn 25.7 tImSnbpw hntZi klmbambn
Cu Ahÿbpw C√mXmbn. ^nb‰v Id- hnIkzc cmjv{S߃ ASt°≠ XpI \¬IpIbp≠mbs{X!.(14)
≥knbpsS hcthmsS k¿°mcpIƒ-°v 1990¬ 7340 tImSn tUmfdpw 1996¬ 14060 Zcn{Zcmjv{Sßsf ISs°Wnbn¬-
F{X Id≥knIfpw A®Sn°msa∂ tImSn tUmfdpw 2000 Øn¬ 33780 tImSn s∏SpØn {]bmks∏SpØp∂Xp sIm-
\neh∂p. temIw apgph≥ tUmfdns‚ tUmfdpambncp∂phs{X! Cßs\ Xncn- ≠p≠mhp∂ kmaqly hn]ØpIƒ
A[oiXzw AwKoIcn°pIbpw aq∂mw ®St°≠ XpIbp≠mbncp∂p-sh-¶n¬ IqSn Adnbptºmƒ \mw Aºc∂p-t]m-
temIcmjv{S߃°v ISw sImSp°p∂ B{^n°bn¬ am{Xw 2.1 tImSn Ip´n- Ipw. 1995 ¬ H∂mw temIcmPyßfnse
temI _m¶ns\bpw sF.Fw.F^ns\- Isf acWØn¬ \n∂v c£n°phm\pw inipacW \nc°v 1000 Øn\v 16 BWv.
bpw t]msebp≈ GP≥knIƒ tUmf- H≥]Xv tImSn s]¨Ip´nIƒ°v ASn- sX°≥ Gjybn¬ 109Dw sXs°
dn¬ am{Xw ISw \¬IpIbpw sNbvX- ÿm\ hnZym`ymkw \¬Iphm\pw Ign- B{^n°bn¬ 169DamWv CXv. F¥p-
tXmsS Atacn°°v F{X tUmfdpI- bpambncp∂psh∂v sFIycmjv{S kw- sIm-≠mWnsX∂ tNmZyØn\v apºv B-
fpw A®Sn°msa∂pw a‰p ÿeßfn¬ LS\ hne]n°pIbpw sNøp∂p.(13) H- {^n°≥ cmPyßfpsS ISØns‚ hep-
samØ B`y¥c D¬∏∂ (GDP)Øn- tcm Znhkhpw hnIkzc cmPyßfn¬ ∏w IqSn tIƒ°pI. BtcmKycwKØv
s‚ tXmX\pkcnt® AhcpsS Id≥kn \n- ∂ v 70 tImSn tUmf¿ hnIknX Nnehgn°p∂Xns‚ Bdnc´nbmWv Sm≥-
ASn°m≥ Ignbpsa∂pap≈ Ahÿ hnIknXcmPyßfnseØp∂psh∂mWv km\nb Htcm h¿jhpw ISØnte°m-
kwPmXambn. Atacn° ]Ww ASn®p IW°v. bn AS®psIm≠ncn°p∂Xv. DKm≠bn-
ISw sImSpØpsIm≠ncp∂p. temIw aq∂mw cmPyßfnse ZpcnX߃°v emIs´ Htcm ]ucs‚bpw BtcmKy
Ah¿°v ISs∏´psIm≠ncp∂p. Atacn- hnIknX cmjv { S߃ klmb߃ kpc£°mbn c≠p tUmf¿ Nnehgn-
°≥ B[n]XyØnep≈ \htemIhn- \¬Im- d p- ≠ t√m F∂v ]d- b m- d p- ≠ v . °ptºmƒ HtcmcpØcpw ISØnte°v
{Ibap≠mbXv Aßs\bmWv. X߃°v ASn-a-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\mbn {]kv- Xncn®St°≠Xv H∂c tUmfdmWv .
temI _m¶n¬ \nt∂m sF.Fw. XpXcmPy-ß-fnse P\-߃ Pohn-®n-cn- 2000Øn¬ 640 tImSn tUmf¿ ISap≈
F^n¬ \nt∂m ISsaSp°p∂h¿°pw °p-hm≥ th≠n am{X-ap-≈-XmWv B Sm≥km\nbbpsS Imcyw am{Xw FSp-
sImSp-°p-∂-h¿°pw AXv Hcn-°epw klm-b-߃ F∂XmWv hkvXpX. °pI. B h¿jw 16.2 tImSn tUmfdmWv
Ah¿ ISØnte°mbn Xncn®S®Xv. F-
]enibn-\Ønepw aqekwJybnte°pambn ∂m¬ Ah¿ hnZym`ymkØn\p th≠n
hnIkzc cmjv{S߃ ASt°≠ XpI 1990¬ 7340 tImSn Nnehgn®XmIs´ 15.4 tImSn tUmfdpw!
BtcmKy cwKsØ Sm≥km\nbbpsS
tUmfdpw 1996¬ 14060 tImSn tUmfdpw 2000 Øn¬ 33780 B h¿jsØ Nnehv 8.7 tImSn tUmf-
tImSn tUmfdpambncp∂phs{X! Cßs\ Xncn-®St°≠ dmbncp∂p. AhnsS P\n°p∂ 12 Ip´n-
XpIbp≠mbncp∂p-sh-¶n¬ B{^n°bn¬ am{Xw 2.1 tImSn Ifn¬ Hcmƒ hoXw Hcp hb n\p apºv
acWs∏Sp∂p. 40% Ip´nIƒ t]mjIm-
Ip´n-Isf acWØn¬ \n∂v c£n°phm\pw H≥]Xv tImSn lmc Ipdhpaqew IjvSs∏Sp∂p. ]Ip-
s]¨Ip´nIƒ°v ASn-ÿm\ hnZym`ymkw \¬Iphm\pw Xn P\߃°pw ip≤Pew e`ya√. 70%
Ign-bpambncp∂psh∂v sFIycmjv{S kw-LS\ Sm≥km\nb°mcpsSbpw Hcp Znhk-
sØ hcpam\w Hcp tUmfdn\pw Xmsg-
hne]n°pIbpw sNøp∂p. bmWv. IS_m≤yX krjvSn°p∂ {]iv-
2009 am¿-®v- 45
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
\ßfm¬ am{Xw Hmtcm h¿jhpw Zcn{Z
cmjv{Sßfn¬ 70 e£w t]¿ acWs∏-
Sp∂p≠s{X.(15) Hmtcm Znhkhpw Ccp-
]Xn\mbnctØmfw acW߃!
X߃ \¬Ip∂ IS߃ Zcn{Zcm-
jv{- SßfpsS ]ptcmKXn°pw P\ßfpsS
D∂a\Øn\pw \nanØamIp∂ps≠∂m-
Wv H∂mw temIØns‚ AhImihmZw.
Igºn√mØ hmZw am{XamWnXv. km[m-
cW P\ßfpsS D∂a\amWv cmjv{S]p-
tcmKXnsb¶n¬ AØcw BfpIfnte-
°v Cu kºsØm∂pw FØpI t]m-
epw sNøp∂n√. ]≤XnIfneqsSbpw
AgnaXnIfneqsSbpw Hmtcm ÿeØp-
ap≈ ]W°mcpsS kºØv hfcphm≥
am{XamWv CØcw IS߃ \nanØam-
Ip∂Xv. temIsØ 25 tImSn Zcn{Z\mcm-
bW≥amcpsS Iøn¬ BsIbp≈ kº-
Ønt\°mƒ A[nIw kºØp≠v apX-
emfnamcmb 225 t]cpsS Iøn-se-∂mWv
temI- _ m¶v tcJIƒ ]dbp∂Xv (16)
e≠-≥ Bÿm\am°nbp≈ sk‚¿
t^m¿ F°tWmanIv t]mfnkn dntk-
¿®ns‚ 2001se tcJIƒ {]Imcw temI-
sØ aq-∂n¬ \mep cmjv{Sßsfbpw
1980˛2000 Imebfhn¬ 1960˛1980
Imebfhns\ At]£n®p≈ hf¿®
5% Xmtg°mWv t]mbncn°p∂Xv.(17) Hcp
tUmfdn¬ Xm-sgbp≈ Znhkhcpam\w
sIm≠v Pohn-°p∂ Zmcn{ZtcJ°v Xmsg-
bp≈hcpsS FÆw 1987¬ 120 tImSnbm-
bncp∂psh-¶n¬ 1998 Bbt∏mtg°pw
150 tImSn-bmbn Xo¿∂psh∂v temI
_m¶v Xs∂ kΩXn°p∂p≠v.
IS߃ \¬Ip∂XneqsS aq∂mw
temIsØ [\mVy≥amsc IqSpX¬
henb ]W°mcm°n Xo¿°m≥ temI
_m¶n\pw sF.Fw.F^n\psa√mw Ign-
™n´p≠mImw. F∂m¬ ]mhs∏´hcp-
sSbpw CSØc°mcpsSbpw ]n®®´nI-
sfbpw hnb¿∏pXp≈nIsfbpw Nqj-
Ww sNbvXpsIm≠mWv Ch hf¿∂p-
sIm≠ncn°p∂Xv. cmPyØns‚ \nIpXn
]WØn¬ \n∂v ISw Xncn®S°ptºm-
ƒ km[mcW°m¿°v e`nt°≠ tkh-
\ßfmWv C√mXmhp∂Xv.
tXm∂nb cq]Ønep≈ ]WaSn°-
epw AXphgn t\SnsbSpØ tUmfdns‚
B[n]Xyhpw A¥mcmjv{S kaqlØn-
ep≠m°p∂ {]bmkßfpw ZpcnXßfp-
amWv \mw hmbn®Xv. CXns‚ kzm`m-
hnIamb Dt]m¬∏∂amWv Atacn°≥
2009 am¿-®v-
kmºØnI hyhÿ. C∂p t\cnSp∂
kmºØnI XI¿®bpw. temIsØ
samØw B`y¥c D¬∏mZ\w (GDP)
78.6 {Sney¨ tUmf¿ am{Xambncn°p-
tºmgpw \qdp {SneyWne[nIw tUmfdn-
s‚ ]{XnIIƒ (derivatives) Atacn-°-
°v \ne\n¬°m≥ A\phZn®Xv tUmf-
dns‚ B[n]Xyw \ne\n¬°pIbpw
tÃm°v am¿°‰v IpanfIƒ ho¿Øp-
sIm≠ncn°psa∂p≈ AanX hnizm-
kw sIm≠mbncn°Ww. C∂sØ {]-
Xnk‘ntbmsS {]kvXpX hnizmkam-
Wv XI¿∂ncn°p∂Xv. hnIkzc cmjv-
{Sßfpw FÆ D¬∏mZI cmjv{Sßfpw
H∂n-®p \n∂v H∂v G‰p ]nSn®m¬ tUm-
fdns‚ B[n]Xyw XIcpIbpw Zcn-{Zcm-
Pyßsf kmºØnImSnaØØn¬ \n-
∂v IcIb‰phm\pw Ignt™°pw.
kz¥amb aqeyap≈ ]WsØ am-
{X-sa AwKoIcn°qsh∂v Xocpam\n°m-
≥ temIcmjv { S߃°v Ign™m¬
{]Xnk‘nbn¬ \n∂v c£s∏Sm\p≈
H∂masØ ]Sn Nhn´n°gn™psh∂m-
W¿∞w. XßfpsS kmºØnI{Iaw
kz¿ÆmSnÿm\Ønem°m≥ FÆ
D¬∏mZI cmPy߃ ]cn{ian°ptamsb-
∂v `b∂n´msW∂v tXm∂p∂p, kz¿-Æm-
Snÿm\Ønep≈ kmºØnI {Ia-Øn-
s‚ {]iv\ßsfbpw A{]mtbmKnI-X-
sbbpw kw_‘n®v ]m›mXy≥ km-º-
ØnI hnZKv[¿ kwkmcn®p XpSßn-bncn-
°p∂p. bqWnthgvkn‰n Hm^v Imen-t^m¿-
Wnbbnse kmºØnI imkv{X s{]m-
^kdmb sPbnwkv {_mUv t^m¿-Uv Un
temwKns‚ ssh t\m´v tKmƒUv Ãmt‚-
¿Uv(18) d´v tKm-ƒkv k¿∆Iemim-ebn-
se kmºØnI-imkv{Xm[y]I\m-bncp-
∂ an°bn¬ Un t_m¿tkmbpsS tKm-
ƒUv Ãmt‚¿Uv'(19) (www.econlib.org)
Iment^m¿Wnbm k¿∆Iem-imebn-
se kmºØnI ImcyhnZKv[\mb sP-
bnwkv Un lman¬´s‚ Zn tKmƒUv Ãm-
t‚¿Uv B‚ v Zn s{Kbn‰v Un{]j≥
(www.econbrowser.com) F∂o teJ\-
߃ Cu e£yw ap≥\n¿Ønbp≈-h-
bmsW∂v tXm∂p∂p. temIØv C∂p-
hsc J\\w sNbvsXSpØ kz¿-Æw ap-
gphs\SpØmepw 1,42,000 S¨ am-{Xta
hcpsb∂pw Hcp Intem{Kmw kz¿W-Øn-
\v 32,500 tUmf¿ hneIW°m°nbm¬
CXns‚ samØw hne 4.5 e£w tImSn
tUmftd hcnIbpffpsh∂pw Atacn°-
46
]-T-\w
bn¬ am{Xw 7.60 e£w tImSn tUmf¿
Nw{IaWw sNøs∏Sp∂ps≠∂pw
AXpsIm≠pXs∂ kz¿ÆmSnÿm\-
Ønep≈ Id≥kn A{]mtbmKnIam-
sW∂pamWv {][m\hmZw. sh≈nsb-
bpw πm‰n\sØbpw sNºns\bpw t]m-
sebp≈ temlßsf°qSn cwKØp-
sIm≠ph∂v Cu {]iv\w ]cnlcn°m-
hp∂XmWv. kz¿ÆJ\nIfp≈ \mSp-
IfpsS B[n]XyØnte°mWv AØc-
samcpam‰w temIsØ \bn°pIsb∂
hmZhpw D∂bn°s∏Sp∂p≠v. AXpw
ASnÿm\ clnXamWv. F√m cmPyß-
ƒ°pw kz¿ÆtØ°mf[nIw C∂v B-
h-iyap≈ FÆ D¬]mZn∏n°p∂ cmjv-
{SßfpsS B[n]XyØn\p Iogne√
C∂sØ temIw F∂ hkvXpX Cu
hmZsØbpw s]mfn°p∂p≠v.
anYybpw h©\m[njvTnXhpamb
]WhyhÿbmWv kmºØnI {]Xn-
k‘nIfpsSsb√mw bYm¿∞ ImcW-
sa∂v a\ nem°n Cu cwKØv ASn-
ÿm\]camb Hcp am‰Øn\v Xømdm-
Im≥ temIØn\v IgnbWw. FÆ-sIm-
≠v A√mlp A\p{Kln® cmPy߃
XßfpsS kmºØnIhyhÿ kzbw
aqeyap≈ hkvXp°fpsS ASnØdbn-
te°v am‰ns°m≠v C°mcyØn¬
temI-cmjv{SßfpsS ap∂n¬ \S°m≥
k∂≤amhWw. AXphgn AhcpsS
kmºØnI hyhÿsb `{Zam°phm≥
km[n°pw. temIsØ Zcn{Zcmjv{Sß-
sf hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS \p-I-°o-gn-¬
\n-∂v c-£-s∏-Sm\pw A-Xp \n-an-Ø-am-
tb-°pw. tem-Iw am-‰-Øn-\p Im-Øn-cn-
°p-∂p; am-‰-Øn-s‚ Xm-t°m-emI-s´ ap-
kvv-enw-I-fp-sS ssI-h-i-hpw. B Xm-t°m-
¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v kz-bw am-dm\pw temI-
sØ am-‰n-Øo-¿-°p-hm\pw ap-kv-enw-I-ƒ
k-∂-≤-amIp-tam? bqkp^v \_n ]d-
™- X p- t ]mse "Xm¶ƒ Fs∂ `qan-
bnse JP\mhpIfpsS A[nImcta¬-
]n°q. Xo¿®bmbpw Rm≥ hnhcap≈
Hcp kq£n∏pImc\mbncn°pw' (Jp¿B-
≥ 12:55) F∂v temI-tØmSv {]Jym-]n-
t°≠ ka-b-am-Wn-Xv. AXv sNtø-≠-
h¿ AXn\v Xøm-dm-Iptam?
""GsXmcp P\Xbpw XßfpsS kz-
¥w \ne]mSpIfn¬ am‰w hcpØp∂Xv
hsc A√mlp AhcpsS kvYnXn°v hy-
Xymkw hcpØpIbn√; Xo¿®. Hcp P\-
Xbv°v h√ tZmjhpw hcpØm≥ A√m-
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
lp Dt±in®m¬ AXv X´nam‰m\mhn√.
Ah∂p ]pdsa Ah¿°v bmsXmcp
c£m[nImcnbpan√.'' (Jp-¿B≥ 13:11)
7. ]-en-i-c-ln-X hyh-ÿ:
""]eni Xn∂p∂h¿ ]nimNv _m[
\nanØw adn™phogp∂h≥ Fgpt∂-
¬°p∂Xv t]mseb√msX Fgpt∂¬-
°pIbn√. I®hShpw ]eni t]mse-
Øs∂bmWv F∂v Ah¿ ]d™Xns‚
^eas{X AXv. F∂m¬ I®hSw A√m-
lp A\phZn°pIbpw ]eni \njn≤am-
°pIbpamWv sNbvXn´p≈Xv. AXn\m-
¬ A√mlphns‚ D]tZiw h∂pIn´n-
bn´v (AX\pkcn®v) h√h\pw (]en-i-
bn¬ \n∂v) hncan®m¬ Ah≥ apºv hm-
ßnbXv Ah∂p≈Xv Xs∂. Ahs‚
Imcyw A√mlphns‚ Xocpam\Øn∂v
hnt[bambncn°pIbpw sNøpw. C\n
Bsc¶nepw (]enibnS]mSpIfnte°v
Xs∂) aSßpIbmsW¶n¬ Ahcs{X
\cImhIminIƒ. AhcXn¬ \nXyhm-
knIfmbncn°pw.A√mlp ]enisb
£bn∏n°pIbpw Zm\[¿Ωßsf t]m-
jn∏n°pIbpw sNøpw. bmsXmcp \µn-
sI´ Zp¿hrØs\bpw A√mlp CjvS-
s∏Sp∂X√.'' (Jp-¿B≥ 2:275, 276)
a-X-{K-Ÿ-ßfpw am-\-hn-I-X-bp-sS h-
‡m-°-fp-sa-√mw ]-eni-sb H-cp h-≥-]m-
]-am-bn-Im-Wp∂p. C-{km-bo-ey-¿ b-tlm-
h-bp-sS sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ ]p-{X-∑m-cm-
sW-∂v I-cp-Xn-b-h-¿ ]-en-i-hm-ßm-≥ ]m-
Sn-s√∂ tXm-d-bp-sS I-¬-]-\-sb (B-h-
2009 am¿-®v-
]-T-\w
\m-W-b hy-hÿ-°v ]-I-c-am-
bn kz-¥-am-bn aq-ey-ap-≈
h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS˛kz-¿Ww,
sh≈n, πm-‰n\w, sNºv˛
A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ \m-W-b
hy-h-ÿ-bp-≠m°p-I A-{X
{]-bm-k-ap-≈ Imcy-sam-∂pa-√.
C-∂v hym-]-I-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂ Ce-t{Œm-Wn-Iv
]-W-Øn-\v kz-bw aq-ey-ap-≈
h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS ]n-≥_-ew \-¬-
In-bm-¬ Ah sIm-≠p \-S-°p-
hm-\p-≈ A-ku-I-cy-Øn\pw
]-cn-lm-c-am-hpw. C-kv-em-an-Iv
_m-¶p-Iƒ-°v H-cp A-¥m-cm-{„
Iq-´m-bv-a-bp-≠m-hp-Ibpw {]-kv-XpX Iq-´mbv-a ]pXn-sbm-cp
\m-W-b hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-¬ ]-W-an-S-]m-Sp-I-ƒ
\-S-Øp-hm-≥ t\-XrXzw \-¬-Ip-Ibpw sN-bv-Xm-¬ aq∂mw temI-
sØ Z-cn-{Z cm-{„-߃-°p Iq-Sn C-kv-em-an-I km-ºØn-I
hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS Kp-W-t`m-‡m-°-fm-Im-≥ I-gn-bpw.
¿-Ø-\w 23:20, 21) \n-s‚ k-tlm-Z-c-∑m- I--Øv A-Ø-c-°m¿-°v th-Z-\-tbdn-b in-
cn-¬ \n-∂v ]en-i hm-ß-cp-sX-∂m-Wv ]- £-bm-Wp-≠m-hp-I-sb∂pw Jp-¿-B-≥ ]-
d-™n-´p-≈-sX∂pw Pm-Xn-I-fn-¬ \n-∂v Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.
]en-i hm-ßp-∂-Xn-s\ Cu I¬-]-\ hn- ""Aßs\ blqZaXw kzoIcn®h-
e-°p-∂n-s√∂pw hym-Jym-\n-®p sIm-≠m- cpsS A{Iaw ImcWambn Ah¿°v A-
Wv ]en-i hy-hÿ-°v A-\p-Iq-eam-b \phZn°s∏´ncp∂ ]e \√ hkvXp°-
B-Zy-sØ a-X-\n-b-a \n-¿-Ωm-Ww \-S-∂- fpw \mah¿°v \njn≤am°n. A√mlp-
Xv. ]en-i hm-ßp-∂h-sc ]m-j-ficpw hns‚ am¿KØn¬ \n∂v Ah¿ P\-ß-
a-X-hn-cp-≤-cp-am-bn I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂ B- sf [mcmfambn XS™XpsIm≠pw.
ZyIm-e {Inkv-Xpa-Xw a-‰p Im-cy-ß-fn-se- ]eni Ah¿°v \ntcm[n°-s∏-´Xm-bn-
∂ t]m-se-Øs - ∂ C-°m-cy-Ønepw Ab- ´pw, AhcXv hmßnbXpsIm≠pw, P\-
hp h-cp-Øm-≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv 1545 se sl- ßfpsS kzØpIƒ Ah¿ A\ym-bam-
≥{Sn F-´ma-s‚ I-¬]-\-tbm-sS-bmWv. bn Xn∂XpsIm≠pw IqSnbmWv (A-Xv
temI-sØ _-lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw ss{I-kv- \njn≤am°s∏´Xv) Ahcn¬ \n∂p-≈
X-h hn-izm-kn-I-fm-Wv F-∂-Xn-\m-¬ X- kXy\ntj[nIƒ°v \mw thZ\-tb-dnb
s∂ {In-kv-Xym-\n-I-fpw k-`bpw ]en-i
in£ Hcp°nsh®n´p≠v.''(4:160,61)
A-[-¿-a-a-s√-∂v Xo-cp-am-\n-®-tXm-sS A-
C-l-tem-Øv Zp-cn-Xhpw ]-c-temI-Øv
Xn-∂v am-\yam-b ÿm-\-ap-≠m-hp-Ibpw
in-£bpw G-‰p-hm-tß-≠n h-cp-∂ h-≥-
]-en-i-bn-S-]m-Sp-I-ƒ I-®-h-S-sØ-t∏m-se-
]m-]-am-Wv C-kv -eman-I ho-£-W-Øn-¬
X-s∂-bm-sW-∂ [m-c-W-bp-≠m-hp-Ibpw
]-en-i. A-Xv sN-dp-Xm-sW-¶nepw h-ep-
sN-bvXp. ]-en-ibpw I-®-h-Shpw k-a-am-
sW-∂ hm-Zw ss]-im-Nn-I-am-sW-∂ Jp- Xm-sW-¶n-epw. _p-Jm-cnbpw ap-kv-enapw
¿-B-≥ h-N-\w (2:275) C-hn-sS {]-tXy-Iw \n-thZ-\w sN-bv-Xn-´p-≈ H-cp \-_n-h-N-
kv-a-c-Wo-b-amWv. \n-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´ ]en- \-Øn-¬ G-gp a-lm-]m]-ß-fn-sem-∂m-
i hm-ßn-b-Xn-\m-¬ C-l-temI-Øp sh- bmWv ]-en-is - b ]-cn-Ns
- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-
®v X-s∂ b-lp-Z-≥-am¿-°v in-£-I-ƒ G- ∂Xv. ]-en-i-bp-sS Kuc-hw hy-‡-am-°p-
‰-p-hm-tß-≠n h-∂n-´p-s≠∂pw ]-c-tem- ∂ G-Xm\pw l-Zo-Yp-I-ƒ Im-Wp-I:
47
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
""]eni Xn∂p-∂-ht\bpw Xo‰n-°p-
∂-hs\bpw Fgp-Xn-sh-°p-∂-hs\bpw
km£n \n¬°p-∂-scbpw A√mlphn-
s‚ dkq¬(k) i]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. At±-
lw ]d™p: Ah-sc√mw ka-∑m-cmWv''
(apkvenw)
""]en-i°v 73 Ihm-Sß - f- mWv. AXn¬
G‰hpw \n m-c-am-bXv kz¥w amXm-hp-
ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v Xpey-amWv''
(lm°nw)
""]en- i - ∏ - W - a m- s W- ∂ - d n™v Hcp
Zn¿lw sIm≠v Xn∂p-∂Xv 36 XhW
hy`n-N-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ ITn-\-amWv''
(AlvaZv)
""]eni F{X- a m{Xap≠m- b mepw
AXns‚ ]cy-h-km\w C√m-bva-bn¬
sNs∂-Øpw'' (lm°nw)
{In-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ Ime-Øv H-cm-ƒ Hcp
Hu-¨-kv (28.35 {Kmw) kz¿-Ww A-©v
i-X-am-\w Iq-´p ]-eni-°v F-Sp-Øp-sh∂v
I-cp-Xp-I. A-Xv C-t∏m-ƒ Xn-cn-®-S-°-W-
sa-¶n-¬ \-Ωp-sS `q-an-sb-t∏m-se-bp-≈ \n-
ch-[n {K-l-ß-fp-sSb-{Xbpw `m-c-ap-≈
kz-¿-Æ°-´n th-≠n-h-cpw. ]en-i F-{X-
tØm-fw am-c-Ihpw A-{]m-tbm-Kn-I-hp-am-
sW-∂ h-kv-Xp-X hy-‡-am-°p-∂-XmWv
Cu I-W°v. N-c-°p--I-ƒ ]-eni-°v sIm-
Sp-°p-tºm-ƒ A-Xn-\v G-sd-°m-ew ap-
t∂m-´p t]m-hm-≥ I-gn-bp-I-bn-s√-∂v a-\-
 n-em-°n-bh - c - pm-bn-cp-∂p B-Zy-Ime-sØ
_m-¶-¿-am-¿. A-h-cp-sS X-e-t®mdn-¬ \n-
∂m-Wt√m {]-Xn-\n-[n ]-Ww (represen-
tative money) cq-]w sIm-≠-Xv. I-S-em-
kp-I-fp-sS I-W-°p-I-fm-hp-tºm-ƒ X-ß-
ƒ F-{X-tØm-fw hen-b K-¿-Øn-te-°m-
Wv F-Sp-Øp-Nm-Sm≥ t]m-Ip-∂-sX-∂v I-
Sw hm-ßp-∂h-\v s]-s´-∂v a-\- n-em-°m-
2009 am¿-®v-
≥ I-gn-bn-√-t√m. I-d-≥-kn-I-fp-sS h-c-thm-
sS-bm-Wv temI-sØ _m-¶nw-Kv hy-h-km-
bw X-g-®p-h-f-¿-∂-sX-∂ h-kvXp-X Iq-Sn
C-tXm-Sv tN¿-Øv hm-bn-t°-≠-XmWv.
km-[-\-߃ hm-ßp-hm-\p-≈-Xm-Wv
]Ww; A-s√-¶n-¬ N-c-°n-\v ]-I-c-°m-c-
\m-Wv ]-Ww. A-ß-s\-bm-sW-¶n-¬ N-c-
°n-s‚ \n-b-a-ß-ƒ X-s∂ ]-W-Øn\pw
_m-[-I-am-tI-≠-XmWv. N-cp-°p-I-ƒ sh-
dp-sX sh-®n-cp-∂m-¬ tI-Sp-h-cn-Itbm No-
™p-t]m-hp-Itbm B-Wv sNøp-I. C-tX
\n-b-a-ß-ƒ ]-W-Øn-\pnw _m-[-I-am-tI-
≠-XmWv. G-Xp k-ºØpw D-]-tbm-K-£-
a-a-s√-¶n-¬ \-in-°p-Itbm aq-ey timj-
Ww kw`-hn-°p-Itbm sN-øpw. ]en-i
h-cp-∂-tXm-sS ]-Ww Cu {]-Ir-Xn \n-b-
a-Øn-\v ]p-d-tØ-°v t]m-Ip∂p. ]-Ww
sh-dp-sX-bn-cp-∂mepw h-f-cp-sa-∂ A-h-
ÿ-bp-≠m-Ip∂p. ]en-i {]-Ir-Xn h-cp-
≤-am-sW-∂-¿∞w.
aq∂mw tem-I-Øn-s‚ h-f-¿®-°p ap-
∂n-¬ hne-ßp X-Sn-bm-bn \n-¬-°p∂-Xv
{]-[m-\-ambpw ]-en-i-bmWv. \-K-c-h-¬-°-
c-W-am-Wv ]p-tcm-K-Xn-sb-∂ \-h- en-_-d-
en-kv-‰v _p-≤nPo-hn-I-fp-sS hym-bm-a-°-k-
¿-Øp-I-fn-¬ s]-´v ]-c-amh-[n I-Sw hm-
ßm-≥ Z-cn-{Z -cm-{„-ß-ƒ k-∂-≤-am-Ip-∂-
tXm-sS km-{am-PyXz-sam-cp-°p-∂ sI-Wn-
bn-¬ A-h-¿ ho-gm-≥ Xp-S-ßp∂p. ]n-s∂
H-cn-°epw B I-S-s°-Wn-bn-¬ \n-∂v c-
£-s∏-Sm-≥ A-h¿-°v I-gn--bn-√. A-Xv Z-cn-
{Z cm-{„-ß-fn-ep-≈-hcp-sS Pohn-X \n-e-
hmc-sØ km-c-am-bn _m-[n-°p∂p. ]-´n-
Wnbpw Zm-cn-{Zyhpw A-h aq-eap-≈ a-c-
W-ßfpw tcm-K-ß-fp-sa√mw km-¿-h-{Xn-
I-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p. I-Sw Xn-cn-®S- °
- m≥ th-
≠n-bp-≈ ]-cn-{i-a-Øn-s‚ ^-e-ambn Hm-
tcm h-¿-jhpw Fgp]-Xv e-£w Ip-´n-I-
fm-Wv a-cn-®p-ho-gp-∂-Xv F-∂ h-kvXp-X
lr-Z-b-ap-≈-h-cp-sS I-Æp-Xp-d-∏n-t°-≠-
XmWv. A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS {]-Xn-io-¿-j-h-cp-
am-\w 1960 ¬ 9,983 tUm-f-¿ B-bn-cp-s∂-
¶n-¬ 2000 Øn-¬ AXv 34100 tUm-fd - mWv.
\m-enc-´n h-¿[-\! F-∂m¬ tkm-am-en-b-
bp-sS 1960 se {]Xn-io-¿-j h-cp-am-\w
891 tUm-f-¿ B-bn-cp-∂-Xv 2000 B-b-t∏m-
tg-°v 600 tUm-f-dm-bn Np-c-ßn. 1013 tUm-
f-¿ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂ a-U-Km-kv-I-dn-t‚-Xv
820fpw 1172 tUm-f-¿ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂ kmw-
_n-b-bp-tS-Xv 750Dw B-bn Ip-d™p.
Fß-s\ Np-cp-ßm-Xn-cn-°pw? Cu cm-{„-
ß-sf√mw [-\n-I-cm-{„-߃-°v I-S-s∏-
48
]-T-\w
´-h-cmWv. C-h-cp-sS I-™n h-‰p-I-ƒ s]-
dp-°n-Øn-∂m-Wv H∂mw tem-I-cm-{„-ß-
ƒ h-f¿-∂p h-ep-Xm-Ip-∂Xpw X-Sn-®p No-
¿-°p-∂-Xp-sa-√mw.
2006¬ hn-I-kz-c cm-{„-߃-°p ta¬
D-≠m-bn-cp-∂ I-S-_m-[y-X 29000 tIm-Sn
tUm-f-dm-bn-cp∂p. A-h¿ B h¿-jw am-
{Xw AS-®p Xo-¿-Ø-Xv 5730 tIm-Sn tUm-
f-dmWv. Cu I-S-Øn-¬ \n-∂v Z-cn-{Z-cm-{„-
߃-°v I-c-I-b-dm-≥ I-gnbp-tam? C-s√-
∂v F-√m-h-¿-°pw A-dn-bmw. ISw-sIm-Sp-
Øv hn-Ikz-c cm-{„-ß-fn-se cm-{„o-b-
°m-¿°pw D-tZym-K-ÿ Zp-jv-{]-`p-°-ƒ-
°pw A-gn-a-Xn-bn-eq-sSbpw Ip-Ø-I apX-
em-fn-am¿-°v I-®-h-S-ßfpw I-cm-dp-I-fpw
h-gnbpw k-º∂ - c
- m-Ip-hm\pw _-lp-`q-cn]-
£w h-cp-∂ km-[m-c-W-°m-sc Iq-Sp-X¬
Iq-Sp-X-¬ Z-cn-{Z-cm-°n A-h-cp-sS A-[zm-
\hpw kºm-Zyhpw ]-en-i-bn-\-Øn-¬ ]n-
Sn-®S-°n Nqj-Ww sN-øp-I-bp-am-Wv tem-
I-_m-¶n-s‚bpw sF.Fw.F-^n-s‚bpw
k-lm-b-tØm-sS H∂mw tem-I cm-{„-ß-
ƒ sN-bv-Xp sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv.
Z-cn-{Z cm-{„ß-sf X-ß-fp-sS sNm-¬-
]-Sn-bn-¬ \n-¿-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Nqj-Ww sN-
øp-∂-Xn\pw th-≠n ]-S-s®-Sp-Ø ]-eni-
°v I-Sw sIm-Sp-°p-∂ ]≤-Xn Xn-cn-™p
Ip-Øn-b-Xm-Wv A-ta-cn-°-bn-se km-º-
Øn-I {]-Xn-k-‘n-bp-sS {]-[m-\-s∏-´ Im-
c-W-ß-fn-sem∂v. {]-Xn-k-‘n-bp-sS t]-
cp-Ifn-sem-∂v hm-bv-]m {]-Xn-k-‘n 2009
(Credit Crurch 2008) F- ∂ m- W - t √m.
sF.Fw.F-^n-s‚ thƒ-Uv F-°-tWm-an-
Iv Hu-´v-ep-°v 1998 ¬ Cß-s\ Im-Wmw.
"lr-kzIm-e hm-bv-]-I-ƒ ]-cn-[n-bn-te-sd
h-¿-[n-® cm-Py-ß-ƒ kº-Zv hy-h-ÿ-°-
I-Øp-\nt∂m ]p-d-Øp-\nt∂m D-S-se-Sp-
°p-∂ {]-Xn-k-‘n-I-fm-¬ X-I-¿-®-bn-te-
°v \-bn-°-s∏-Smw.' X-ß-fp-sS ]-°-¬-\n-
∂v I-Sw hm-ßn-Øpe-™v X-I-cp-∂ Z-cn-
{Z cm-{„-ß-fp-sS ]X-\w {]-h-Nn-®-h¿-°v
A-Xv A-dw ]-‰n-b-Xm-sW-∂v tXm-∂p∂p.
A-ta-cn-°-≥ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ A-I-Øp-
\n∂pw ]p-d-Øp-\n-∂pw {]-Xn-k-‘n-I-ƒ
t\-cn´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. ]m-h-s∏-´-
h-¿ ]-´n-Wn In-S∂pw tcm-K-ß-f-\p-`-hn-
®pw an-®w sh-® ]-Ww ]-en-i-bn-\-Øn¬
hm-ßn-s°m-≠p t]m-bn kz-¥w \m-´n-¬
hn-Xc-Ww \-S-Øn-b-t∏m-ƒ A-tX ]en-
i X-s∂ Ip-S-Øn-e-S-® `q-X-am-bn Xß-
sf Xn-cn-®v A-{I-an-°p-sa-∂v \n-tbm-en_-
d-en-k-Øn-s‚ h-‡m-°ƒ- a\ n-em-°n-
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
bn-√. ]en-i-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb hyh-
ÿn-Xn-Iƒ°v kw-`-hn-°m-hp-∂ kzm`m-
hn-I {]-Xn-k‘ - n X-s∂-bm-Wv A-ta-cn°-
-bn-¬ D-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. ssZhn-I \oXn-
bm-WXv. A-√m-lp ]-d-™pht√m:
"A√mlp ]enisb £bn∏n°pI-
bpw Zm\[¿Ωßsf t]mjn∏n°pIbpw
sNøpw. bmsXmcp \µnsI´ Zp¿hrØ-
s\- b pw A√mlp Cjv S s∏Sp∂X√'
(Jp¿B≥ 2:276)
]-en-i-bn-¬ A-[n-jv-Tn-Xam-b km-º-
Øn-I hy-h-ÿn-Xn ]-W-Øn-s‚ h-f-¿®-
sb tI-{µo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv \n-e-\n-¬-
°p-∂-Xv. ]W-sØ ]-c-amh-[n h-f-¿-Øm-
≥ F-s¥m-s° sN-ø-W-sa-∂-Xm-Wv A-
Xn-s‚ ss\-XnI-X. ]-Ww ]W-sØ {]-
k-hn-°p-Ib - n-√. I-gnhpw {]m-]vX - n-bp-ap-≈
kw-cw-`-I¿ ssI-Imcyw sN-øp-tºm-gm-Wv
]-Ww h-f-cp-∂Xv. ]en-i hy-h-ÿ-nXn-
bn¬ kw-cw-`-I-sc-s°m-≠v \n-¿-_-‘-am-
bpw I-S-sa-Sp-∏n-°p-hm-\m-h-iyam-b tk-
h-\˛ \n-Ip-Xn hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ-°v k-¿-°m¿
cq-]w \-¬-Ip∂p. I-S-sa-Sp-t°≠Xv _m-
¶p-I-fp-sS \n-e-\n-¬-∏n-\v A-\n-hm-cy-am-
bXp-sIm-≠m-WnXv. kw-cw-`I - ¿ - D-≠m-°p-
∂ em-`-Øn-s‚ \-s√mcp Hml-cn A-ß-
s\ _m-¶p-I-fp-sS ssIh-iw F-Øn-t®-
cp∂p. A-h-¿-°p-≠m-tb-°m-hp-∂ \-„-
Øn-s‚ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw _m-¶v G-s‰-Sp-
°p-∂p-an-√. kw-cw-`-I-cn-¬ \n-∂v e-`n-°p-
∂ ]-en-i ho-≠pw _m-¶n-s‚ aq-e-[-\-
am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw A-h ho≠pw I-S-am-
bn \-¬-Ip-Ibpw sN-bv-Xv _m-¶v X-Sn-®p
sIm-gp-°p-∂p. A-tXm-sSm-∏w X-s∂ _m-
¶p-Iƒ-°v I-Sw kr-„n-°p-∂ ]-cn-]m-Sn-
bp-ap-≠v. (Credit Creation) aq-e[ - \ - Ø
- n-s‚
A©pw ]Øpw Cc-´n Xp-I I-Sw sIm-Sp-
°p-∂ k-a¿ - ∞
- am-b X-{¥-am-WnXv. Aß-
s\ ]-c-amh-[n ]-en-i Cu-Sm-°p-hm-≥
_m-¶p-Iƒ-°v I-gn-bp∂p. \mepw A-©pw
Cc-´n ]-eni! Cu hym-]m-c-Øn-¬ I-Sw
hm-ßn-∏n-t°≠-Xv _m-¶n-s‚ B-h-iy-
amWv. AXp-sIm-≠p X-s∂ hm-bv-]m hy-
h-ÿ-I-ƒ D-Zm-c-am-°n-bm-¬ Iq-Sp-X-¬
]en-i e-`n°pw. ]en-i ]-c-amh-[n h-kq-
em-°p-hm-\p-≈ _m-¶p-I-fp-sS a-’-c-am-
Wv hm-bv-]m {]-Xn-k-‘n 2008s‚ Im-c-
W-ßfn-sem-∂m-bn hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv. ]en-i hy-hÿ - n-Xn ]m-∏c- m-Ip-sa-∂Xv
{]-hm-N-I-s‚  {]-h-N-\-am-Wv. A-Xn-s‚
e-£-W-ß-fm-Wv I-≠p sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂-
Xv F-∂p ]-d™ - m-¬ A-Xv sX-‰m-hp-Ib - n√.
2009 am¿-®v-
]-T-\w
\_n]d™p: ]eni D]-tbm-Kw _m-¶p-I-ƒ \-S-Øp-∂Xv. ]-eni-°p ]I-
h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂h - c - p-sS-sb-√mw Ah-km\w cw em-`˛\-„ß - fm-Wv \n-t£-]I - c
- p-ambn
AXp IqSp- ∂ - X n- \ - \ p- k - c n®v A- bmƒ ]-¶p-sh-°p-∂Xv. ]-Ww hn-¬-°p-Ibpw
]m∏-cm-Ip-sa-∂X - mWv. (C_v\p-amP) hm-ßp-Ibpw sN-øp-∂ N-c-°-√∂pw {]-
]en-iap-‡am-b km-ºØn-I ÿm- Xyp-X aq-ey-am-]n-\nbpw ssI-a-m-t‰m-]m-[n-
]-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-® A-t\zj-Ww C-kv-em- bpw am-{X-am-sW-∂p-ap-≈ k-¶-¬-]-am-Wv
an-I _m-¶p-I-fn-em-Wv \-sΩ sIm-≠p-sN- C-kv-em-an-Iv _m-¶nw-Kv sh-®p ]p-e-¿-Øp-
s∂-Øn-°p-I. 1940 ap-X-¬-°m-Wv B-[p- ∂Xv. ]-W-Øn-\-√ aq-e-[-\-Øn-\m-Wv D-
\n-I _m-¶p-I-ƒ ap-t∂m-´psh-°p-∂ km- ¬-]m-Z\- £- a- X- s
- b-∂v A-Xv a-\ 
- n-em-°p-
ºØn-I {I-a-Øn-\v H-cp C-kv-eman-I _- ∂p. ]-Ww e-£ya-√; D-¬-]m-Z-\ h-¿[-
Z-¬ F-∂ Bi-bw hym-]-I-am-bn N-¿-®- \-hn\pw B-kv-Xn-bp-sS \n-¿-Ωm-W-Øn-
sN-øs - ∏-Sm-≥ Xp-Sß - n-bXv. C-°m-eØ - pX- \pw aq-ey-h-¿[-\-hn-\pap-≈ H-cp C-S-\n-
s∂ C-¥ym D-]` - q-Jfi- Ø
- n-¬ G-Xm\pw e-°mc-s‚ ]-¶m-Wv A-Xn-\p-≈Xv. AXp-
sN-dpIn-S hm-bv-]m ]-≤-Xn-I-ƒ {]-h-¿-Øn- sIm-≠v X-s∂ _m-¶n-s‚ I-Æv ]-W-Øn-
°m-≥ Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. 1963¬ Cu-Pn-]v- s‚ h-¿-[-\-hne-√, a-dn-®v D-¬-]m-Z-\-Øn-
Xn-¬ Xp-Sßn-b "an-Xv-Ka-¿' B-sW-∂p s‚ D-b-¿-®-bnepw hn-`-h-ß-fp-sS h-¿-[-
tXm-∂p∂p Cu cwK-sØ A¬-]w hn-i- \-hn-ep-am-bn-cn-°pw. b-Ym-¿-∞-Øn-¬, D-
Zam-b B-Zy kw-cw`w. l-÷n-\v t]m-Im- ¬-]m-Z-I-¿°pw \n-t£-]-I-¿°pw C-S-bn-
≥ D-t±-in-°p-∂-h-cp-sS k-ºmZyw kz-cq- ep-≈ H-cp C-S-\n-e-°mc-s‚ ]-¶m-Wv C-
]n-®v \n-t£-]-ß-ƒ \-S-Øp-Ibpw F-√m- kvv-em-an-Iv _m-¶v h-ln-°p-∂Xv. \n-t£-
h-¿°pw l-÷n-\v t]m-Ip-hm-≥ I-f-sam- ]-I\pw kw-cw-`-I-\pw _m¶pw D-ƒ-s∏-Sp-
\n-t£-]I - \pw kw-cw-`I- \
- pw _m¶pw D-ƒs
- ∏-Sp-∂ ap-Zm-d-_,
\n-t£-]-I\pw _m¶pw ]-¶m-fn-bm-Ip-∂ ap-imd-°, B-h-iy-
°m¿-°v h-kv-Xp-°-ƒ ]m-´-Øn-\v sIm-Sp-°p-∂ C-Pm-d, B-h-iy-
°m-c-\v h-kv-Xp-°ƒ \-¬-Ip-I-bpw X-h-W-I-fm-bn ]-W-a-S-°p-I-
bpw sN-øp-∂ ap-dm_-l, ]m-h-s∏-´-h¿-°v \-¬-Ip-∂ ]en-icln-
X hm-bv-]I-fm-b J¿-Zv l-k-≥ F-∂n-h-bm-Wv C-kv-em-an-Iv
_m-¶p-I-fp-sS {I-b-hn-{I-b am-¿-Kß-ƒ.
cp-°p-Ibpw sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n a-te-
jy-bn-¬ A-tX h¿-jw X-s∂ B-cw-`n®
"Xp-∫pw-Kv lm-Pn ss^-\m≥-kv tIm-¿-]-
tdj-≥' C-t∏mgpw hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn {]-h-
¿-Øn-®p- h-cp-∂p. 1975 ¬ \n-e-hn-¬ h∂
"Zpss_ C-kv -em-an-Iv _m¶v' B-Wv k-
am-¥-c C-kv -em-an-Iv _m-¶p-I-fn-¬ H-∂m-
a-tØ-Xv. 1985 B-b-t∏m-tg°pw hnhn-[
ap-kvenw cm-Py-ß-fn-em-bn 27 C-kv -em-an-
Iv _m-¶p-I-ƒ \n-e-hn-¬ h∂p; A-tXm-
sSm-∏w X-s∂ ]-c-º-cm-K-X _m-¶p-Ifpw
C-kveman-I {I-bh -- n-{I-b-ß-ƒ-°m-bn {]-
tXy-I Pme-Iw Xp-d∂p. c-≠m-bn-cam-t≠m-
Sp-Iq-Sn C-cp\q-tdm-fw C-kv-eman-I [-\Im-
cy-ÿm-]-\-ß-¬ \n-e-hn-¬ -h-∂p. 800
tIm-Sn A-ta-cn-°≥ tUm-f-¿ aq-e-[-\hpw
]-Xn-\m-bn-cw tIm-Sn tUm-f-dn-s‚ \n-t£-
]-hp-ap-≈ ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-Wnh.
em-`˛\-„ km-[y-X-I-ƒ ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-
∂ [-\-hn-\n-a-b-ß-fm-Wv C-kvem-an-Iv
49
 B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-am-µyw
∂ ap-Zm-d-_, \n-t£-]-I\pw _m¶pw ]-
¶m-fn-bm-Ip-∂ ap-imd-°, B-h-iy-°m¿-
°v h-kv-Xp-°-ƒ ]m-´-Øn-\v sIm-Sp-°p-
∂ C-Pm-d, B-h-iy-°m-c-\v h-kv-Xp-°ƒ
\-¬-Ip-bpw X-h-W-I-fm-bn ]-W-a-S-°p-I-
bpw sN-øp-∂ ap-dm_-l, ]m-h-s∏-´-h¿-
°v \-¬-Ip-∂ ]en-i cln-X hm-bv-]I-
fm-b J¿-Zv l-k-≥ F-∂n-h-bm-Wv C-kv -
em-an-Iv _m-¶p-I-fp-sS {I-b-hn-{I-b am-¿-
Kß-ƒ. C-h-sbm∂pw ]-cn-K-Wn-°p∂-Xv
]-W-Øn-s‚ {I-am-Xo-Xam-b h-f-¿-®b-√;
{]-Xyp-X hn-`-h-ß-fp-sS h-¿-[-\-hmWv. hn-
`-hh¿-[-\ h-gn \n-t£-]-I-¿°pw kw-cw-
`-I-¿°pw _m-¶n\pw am-{X-a-√ k-aq-l-
Øn-se km-[m-c-W-°m-¿-°p-Iq-Sn t\-´-ap-
≠m-Ip-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\m-¬ X-s∂ Nq-j-W
ap-‡a - m-Wv C-kve
- m-an-Iv _m-¶p-Iƒ
- F∂v
hm-Zn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. C-∂-sØ km-ºØn-
I {]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-¬ C-kv -em-an-Iv _m-¶p-
I-ƒ ]n-Sn-®p \n-¬-°p∂-Xv A-Xn-s‚ am-
\hn-I ap-Jw sIm-≠m-sW-∂m-Wv hn-e-
bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
]-en-i-bn-¬ ap-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂
k-m-aq-ly {I-a-Øn-¬ C-∂p \n-e-\n-¬-°p-
∂ C-kv-eman-I _m-¶p-I-ƒ H-cp I-®n-Øp-
cp-ºv X-s∂-bmWv. F-∂m-¬ A-h ]q-¿-
W-am-bn C-kv-em-ao-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-s≠-∂v
]-d-bm-\m-hn-√. \n-e-hn-ep-≈ ]-en-i-bn-
epw h-©-\bnepw A-[n-jv-Tn-Xam-b \m-
W-b hy-h-ÿsb (Monitary System) X-
s∂-bm-Wv C-kv-em-an-Iv _m-¶p-Ifpw ]n-
≥-Xp-S-cp-∂Xv. h-©-\bpw A-[o-i-Xz-hp-
amWv Cu \m-W-b hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS A-Sn-
Ø-d-sb-∂v \-tS kq-Nn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. Cu
hy-hÿ-°v A-I-Øp-\n-∂p sIm-≠v C-
(Ata-cn-°≥ {]Xn-k‘n......t]Pv- 27¬- \n-∂v- Xp-S¿-®)-
fpw hmß-ep-Ifpw, A¿l-X-bn-√mØ
hmbv]-I-fp-sS-ta¬ s{IUn‰v Un^mƒ´v
(Credit Default) F∂ C≥jq-d≥kv A\p-
h-Zn-®-Xv, XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv C∂v A\p-`-
hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kmº-ØnI amµy-
Øn-\p≈ Imc-W-ß-fmbn Ata-cn-°≥
kmº-ØnI imk-{X-⁄-∑m¿ Nq≠n-
°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. C-Xn-s‚-b-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-
ep≈ ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-ß-fmWv Ata-cn-
°≥ k¿°mdpw s^U-d¬ dnk¿hpw
]b-‰n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch F{X-
tØmfw {]tbm-P-\{]-Z-am-Ip-sa∂v I≠-
dn-bpI Xs∂ thWw.
Ata-cn-°-bn-sebpw apX-em-fn-Ø-cm-
2009 am¿-®v-
kvv-em-an-I km-ºØn-I \n-b-aß-sf {]-
tbm-K-h-¬-°p-hm-\p-≈ ]-cn-{i-aw `m-Kn-
I-am-bn am-{X-sa hn-P-bn-°p-I-bp≈q. {]-
kvXp-X \m-W-b hy-hÿ-°v ]-I-c-am-bn
kz-¥-am-bn aq-ey-ap-≈ h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS
˛kz-¿Ww, sh≈n, πm-‰n\w, sNºv˛ A-
Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ \m-W-b hy-h-ÿ-bp-
≠m°p-I A-{X {]-bm-k-ap-≈ Imcy-sam-
∂pa-√. C-∂v hym-]-I-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂ Ce-t{Œm-Wn-Iv ]-W-Øn-\v
kz-bw aq-ey-ap-≈ h-kvX - p-°f- p-sS ]n-≥_-
ew \-¬-In-bm-¬ Ah sIm-≠p \-S-°p-
hm-\p-≈ A-ku-I-cy-Øn\pw ]-cn-lm-c-
am-hpw. C-kv-em-an-Iv _m-¶p-Iƒ-°v H-cp
A-¥m-cm-{„ Iq-´m-bv-a-bp-≠m-hp-Ibpw {]-
kv-XpX Iq-´mbv-a ]pXn-sbm-cp \m-W-b
hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-¬ ]-W-
an-S-]m-Sp-I-ƒ \-S-Øp-hm-≥ t\-XrXzw \-
¬-Ip-Ibpw sN-bv-Xm-¬ aq∂mw temI-
sØ Z-cn-{Z cm-{„-߃-°p Iq-Sn C-kv-em-
an-I km-ºØn-I hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS Kp-W-
t`m-‡m-°-fm-Im-≥ I-gn-bpw. Nq-j-W c-
ln-Xhpw am-\-hn-I-hpam-b km-ºØn-I
hn-\n-a-b-ß-fp-sS \-√ \m-fp-Iƒ-°p th-
≠n-bp-≈ a-Wn-ap-g° - a
- m-bn C∂-sØ km-
ºØn-I {]-Xn-k-‘n-sb am-‰n-Øo-¿-°p-
hm-≥ ap-kv -enw-Iƒ-t° I-gn-bq. I-f-¶-c-
ln-Xamb ssZhnI t_m[-\w A-h-cp-sS
ssI-bn-¬ am-{X-am-Wt√m A-h-ti-jn-®n-
´p-≈Xv.
h-©-\bnepw Nq-j-W-Ønepw A-[o-
i-Xz-Ønepw A-[n-jv-Tn-Xam-b km-º-Øn-
I-{I-aw X-I-cp-I-sb∂-Xv H-cp {]-Ir-Xn
\n-b-a-amWv. A-Xm-Wv kw-`-hn®p-sIm-≠n-
cn-°p-∂Xv. A-√m-lp ]-db - p∂-Xv Im-WpI.
jv{S-ßf- n-sebpw kmº-ØnI hnZ-Kv[∑
- m-
¿ hyh-ÿ° - I
- Øv \n∂p-sIm≠mWv {]-
iv\sØ A]-{K-Yn-°p-Ibpw ]cn-lm-cß - -
ƒ \n¿tZ-in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xv. AXp-
sIm≠v Xs∂ {]iv\-Øns‚ bYm¿Y
thcpIƒ ImWm≥ Ah¿°v Ign-™p-
sIm-≈-W-sa-∂n-√. temIØv C∂v \ne-
\n¬°p∂ kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿ°v ]pd-
Øv \n∂p-sIm≠v Nn¥n-®m¬ am{Xta
{]iv\-sØ bYm¿Y-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øm-
\m-hq. apX-em-fnØ kmº-ØnI b{¥-
Øns‚ Nne `mK-߃°v kw`-hn® Xpcp-
ºn-°-ep-Iƒ am{X-a√; {]kvXpX b{¥-
Øns‚ Xs∂ \n¿an-Xn-bnse Ipg-∏-ß-
50
]-T-\w
P\ßfpsS kzØp°fneqsS hf¿-
® t\Sphm\mbn \n߃ h√Xpw ]en-
ibv°v sImSp°p∂ ]£w A√mlphn-
¶¬ AXv hfcpIbn√. A√mlphns‚
{]oXn e£yam°ns°m≠v \n߃
h√Xpw kImØmbn \¬Ip∂ ]£w
A-ßs\ sNøp∂hcs{X Cc´n kºmZn-
°p∂h¿. (Jp¿B≥ 30:39)
d-^-d≥-kv-
1. Francis Fukuyama The end of History and The
Last Man (1992)
2. Samuel P. Huntington: The Clash of Civilisations
and The Remarking of World Order(1996)
3. www. whitehouse gov/usc/nss.pdf
4. The Newyork Times October 7, 2002
5. Asia Times November 19, 2002
6. The Newyork Times December 12, 2001
7. Asia Times October 12, 2002
8. Extinction Risk from Climate Change: Nature 8,
Jan 2004
9. Lin Lean Lim (Editor ) The Sex sector:The Eco
nomic and Scoical Bases of Prostitution in
Southeast Asia (1998)
10. Carl G Leukfeld, Frank M Times(Ed) Compu-
lsony Treatment of Drug Abuse ( 1988)
11. CBASSE: Alcohol in America; Taking Action to
prevent Abuse (1985)
12. World Economic Out look May 2001
www.imf.org.
13.UNDP Human Development Report 1997 (http:
//hdr. undp.org)
14. Global Development Finance 2001 ( http:/
econ. worldbank.org)
15. www.jubileesearch.org
16.undp Human Development Report 1998.
17. www.economy.point.org
18.(www.jbradford.delong.net)
19. www.econlib.org
20. www.econbrowser.com
fmWv {]Xn-k-‘n°v Imc-W-sa∂ hkv-
XpX ]cn-KW - n-°msXbp≈ ]cn-lm-c\ - n¿-
tZ-i-ß-sf√mw sXmen-∏p-dsØ NnIn’
am{X-am-bn-Øo-cp-sa∂v kwi-b-an-√. CXv
a\- n-em-I-W-sa-¶n¬ B b{¥Øn\v
]pd-Øp-t]mbn AXns\ ka-{K-amb ]cn-
tim- [ - \ °v hnt[- b - a m- t °- ≠ n hcpw.
Aßs\ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ am{Xta
CS-°n-S°v {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ krjvSn-®p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kzX{¥hn]-Wn-bpsS
kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿ° - I - Øpw ]pd-Øp-
ap≈ ]pgp-°p-Øp-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-hm\pw
]cn-lmcw \n¿tZ-in-°p-hm\pw Ign-bq.