Steve Collins Last 4 digits of ID#: 3678 EE250 Fall 2010 Binary communication with Additive White Gaussian

Noise The purpose of this project is to use the Monte Carlo method to produce random inputs into a binary communication system with additive white Gaussian noise, and examine how the theoretical bit error rate (BER) compares to the simulated BER. The system model is shown below:

Transmitter B: random 1/0

Receiver S R

BPSK Mod (2B-1)

BPSK De-Mod

W The input B is a random variable taking values of 0 or 1, produced using the Monte Carlo method. B is then input into a modulator which uses the transformation S=2B-1, mapping 0 -> 1 and 1-> 1. The bit is then sent to the receiver which receives the bit plus noise, R=S + W. This received value is compared to a decision value and the decision of whether the bit is a 0 or 1 is made. An error occurs when BB and the BER is calculated by dividing the number of error bits by the total number of bits sent. The math behind the system is straightforward if you have taken EE 250 and are familiar with how the Gaussian distribution shifts for each input B. The PDF for a Gaussian random variable is:

pW(w)=

The value of b shifts the distribution horizontally. Assigning inputs s0=0 and s1=1, the conditional PDFs of the received signal are:

pR/s0(R/s0)=

pR/s1(R/s1)=

The figure below shows graphically the conditional PDF with BPSK modulation.

From the figure you can see that the conditional distribution is a Gaussian distribution shifted so that the input B is now the mean of the distribution. The total probability of an error, assuming P[s0]=P[s1]= , is:

P[error] = P[s0]P[error/s0] + P[s1]P[error/s1] = *erfc )

No in the above equation is half of the variance. With this theory in hand, we need a MatLab code that will generate this simulation. The code I used was from The Art of Error Correcting Code [1] by Professor Robert Morelos. I changed the seed value to equal my school ID number and the range from 10 dB to 4 dB. The MatLab code I used is shown below:
clear seed = 003563678; rand('state',seed) randn('state',seed) Nsim = 1000000; i = 1; P0 = 1/2; % Clear all variables in Matlab's workspace % This allows to reproduce results

% Number of simulated bits % Index for array of results % Probability of bit = "0"

for EsNo=0:1:4 % Loop over energy-to-noise ratio error = 0; % Error counter for n = 1:Nsim No = 10^(-EsNo/10); sigma= sqrt(No/2); % Standard deviation of the AWGN if (rand < P0), M = 0; % Generate a random bit else M = 1; end A = (-1)^M; % Mapping: "0" --> 1, "1" --> -1 Y = A + sigma*randn; % Add noise to transmitted symbol if Y > 0, Mhat = 0; % Decision device else Mhat = 1; end if Mhat ~= M, error = error+1; end % Count errors, if any end % Nsim snr(i) = EsNo; ber(i) = error/Nsim; fprintf('%3.1f \t %10.7e\n', snr(i), ber(i)); i = i + 1;

end % EsNo % Theoretical bir error probability of BPSK modulation perr = Q(sqrt(2*10.^(snr/10))); % Plotting commands figure(1) semilogy(snr,ber,'-*r') hold on semilogy(snr,perr,'-ob') legend('Simulated','Theory'); title('Error performance of binary transimission over an AWGN channel'); xlabel('E_b/N_0 (dB)'); ylabel('Bit error rate'); grid on hold off

Result: After playing around with the code and seeing how it affected the results, I can see that as the number of simulations increase, the closer the simulated curve fits to the theoretical curve. The curve shown below is for 1 million simulations.