Baigianglythuyetmach

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
L THUYT MCH
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa) Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2006
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
L THUYT MCH
Bin son :
ThS. NGUYN QUC DINH
LI GII THIU
L thuyt mch l mt trong s cc mn c s ca k thut in t, vin thng, t ng ho, nhm cung cp cho sinh vin kh nng nghin cu cc mch tng t, ng thi n l c s l thuyt phn tch cc mch s. Vi ngha l mt mn hc nghin cu cc h thng to v bin i tn hiu, ni dung c s l thuyt mch (basic circuits theory) ch yu i su vo cc phng php biu din, phn tch, tnh ton v tng hp cc h thng in to v bin i tn hiu da trn m hnh cc cc thng s & cc phn t hp thnh in hnh. Tp bi ging ny ch yu cp ti l thuyt cc phng php biu din v phn tch mch kinh in, da trn cc loi phn t mch tng t, tuyn tnh c thng s tp trung, c th l: - Cc phn t & mng hai cc: Hai cc th ng, c hoc khng c qun tnh nh phn t thun tr, thun dung, thun cm v cc mch cng hng; hai cc tch cc nh cc ngun in p & ngun dng in l tng. -Cc phn t & mng bn cc: Bn cc tng h th ng cha RLC hoc bin p l tng; bn cc tch cc nh cc ngun ph thuc (ngun c iu khin), transistor, mch khuch i thut ton... Cng c nghin cu l thuyt mch l nhng cng c ton hc nh phng trnh vi phn, phng trnh ma trn, php bin i Laplace, bin i Fourier... Cc cng c, khi nim & nh lut vt l. Mi chng ca tp bi ging ny gm bn phn: Phn gii thiu nu cc vn ch yu ca chng, phn ni dung cp mt cch chi tit cc vn cng vi cc th d minh ha, phn tng hp ni dung h thng ha nhng im ch yu, v phn cui cng a ra cc cu hi v bi tp rn luyn k nng. Chng I cp n cc khi nim, cc thng s c bn ca l thuyt mch, ng thi gip sinh vin c mt cch nhn tng quan nhng vn m mn hc ny quan tm. Chng II nghin cu mi quan h gia cc thng s trng thi ca mch in, cc nh lut v cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in. Chng III i su vo nghin cu phng php phn tch cc qu trnh qu trong mch. Chng IV trnh by cc cch biu din hm mch v phng php v c tuyn tn s ca hm mch. Chng V cp ti l thuyt mng bn cc v ng dng trong nghin cu mt s h thng. Cui cng l mt s ph lc, cc thut ng vit tt v ti liu tham kho cho cng vic bin son. Mc d c rt nhiu c gng nhng cng khng th trnh khi nhng sai st. Xin chn thnh cm n cc kin ng gp ca bn c v ng nghip. Ngi bin son
THUT NG VIT TT
AC ADC DC FT
(Alternating Current) ch dng xoay chiu. (Analog Digital Converter) b chuyn i tng t -s. (Direct Current) ch dng mt chiu. (Fourier transform) bin i Fourier
KTT B khuch i thut ton. LT M4C NIC (Laplace transform) bin i Laplace. Mng bn cc. (Negative Impedance Converter) b bin i tr khng m.
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
CHNG 1
CC KHI NIM V NGUYN L C BN CA L THUYT MCH

GII THIU
Chng ny cp n cc khi nim, cc thng s v cc nguyn l c bn nht ca l thuyt mch truyn thng. ng thi, a ra cch nhn tng quan nhng vn m mn hc ny quan tm cng vi cc phng php v cc loi cng c cn thit tip cn v gii quyt cc vn . C th l: Tho lun quan im h thng v cc mch in x l tn hiu. Tho lun cc loi thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch di gc nng lng. Cch chuyn m hnh mch in t min thi gian sang min tn s v ngc li. Cc thng s ca mch trong min tn s. ng dng min tn s trong phn tch mch, so snh vi vic phn tch mch trong min thi gian.
NI DUNG 1.1 KHI NIM TN HIU V MCH IN

Tn hiu
Tn hiu l dng biu hin vt l ca thng tin. Th d, mt trong nhng biu hin vt l ca cc tn hiu ting ni (speech), m nhc (music), hoc hnh nh (image) c th l in p v dng in trong cc mch in. V mt ton hc, tn hiu c biu din chnh xc hoc gn ng bi hm ca cc bin c lp. Xt di gc thi gian, mc d trong cc ti liu l khng ging nhau, nhng trong ti liu ny chng ta s thng nht v mt nh ngha cho mt s loi tn hiu ch yu lin quan n hai khi nim lin tc v ri rc.
Tn hiu lin tc
Khi nim tn hiu lin tc l cch gi thng thng ca loi tn hiu lin tc v mt thi gian. N cn c gi l tn hiu tng t. Mt tn hiu x(t) c gi l lin tc v mt thi gian khi min xc nh ca bin thi gian t l lin tc. Hnh 1.1 m t mt s dng tn hiu lin tc v mt thi gian, trong : Hnh 1.1a m t mt tn hiu bt k; tn hiu ting ni l mt th d in hnh v dng tn hiu ny. Hnh 1.1b m t dng tn hiu iu ha. Hnh 1.1c m t mt dy xung ch nht tun hon. Hnh 1.1d m t tn hiu dng hm bc nhy n v, k hiu l u(t) hoc 1(t):
1, u (t ) = 0,
t0 t<0
(1.1)
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch Cn hnh 1.1e m t tn hiu dng hm xung n v, cn gi hm delta. Hm ny c phn b Dirac v k hiu l (t):
(t ) = 0,
+
t0
(1.2)
(t)dt = 1
Cn lu rng, v mt bin , tn hiu lin tc v mt thi gian cha chc nhn cc gi tr lin tc. Nu bin ca loi tn hiu ny l lin tc ti mi thi im, th tn hiu mi l tn hiu lin tc thc s.
t (a) 1 u(t) (b)
t (c) (t)
0 (d)
0 (e)
Hnh 1.1 Mt s dng tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian
Tn hiu ri rc
V mt ton hc, tn hiu ri rc l mt hm trong bin thi gian ch nhn cc gi tr ri rc. Thng thng, loi tn hiu ri rc n gin nht ch c nh ngha cc gi tr ti cc im thi gian ri rc t =n.Ts, trong n nguyn; do trong cc ti liu, tn hiu ri rc x(nTs) thng c k hiu l x(n). Hnh 1.2a m t dng mt tn hiu ri rc v mt thi gian.
-1
-1
Hnh 1.2a Minh ha tn hiu ri rc
Hnh 1.2b Minh ha tn hiu s nh phn
Tn hiu s
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch Tn hiu s l loi tn hiu ri rc ch nhn cc gi tr trong mt tp hu hn xc nh. Nu tp gi tr ca tn hiu s ch l hai gi tr (0 hoc 1) th tn hiu chnh l tn hiu s nh phn. Hnh 1.2b l mt th d minh ha cho trng hp ny.
S ly mu
Ly mu l thut ng ch qu trnh ri rc ha tn hiu lin tc. Ni cch khc, y l qu trnh chuyn i tn hiu lin tc s(t) thnh tn hiu ri rc s(n) tng ng. Ta gi s(n) l phin bn c mu ha t tn hiu gc s(t). Nu s(n) quan h vi tn hiu gc s(t) theo biu thc:
s (n) = s (t ) t = nT
th ngi ta gi y l qu trnh ly mu u, trong Ts c gi l bc ly mu hay chu k ly mu. C th m hnh ha qu trnh ly mu ny thnh b ly mu nh hnh 1.3. Trong , phn t ht nhn l mt chuyn mch hot ng ng/ngt theo chu k Ts.
t Tn hiu gc s(t)
Ts Hnh 1.3 M hnh ha qu trnh ly mu
Phin bn c mu ha s(n)
Chuyn i AD/DA
Chuyn i AD l qu trnh s ha tn hiu lin tc. Ni cch khc, y l qu trnh chuyn i tn hiu lin tc s(t) thnh tn hiu s tng ng. Thng thng, trong cc h thng in t, qu trnh ny bao gm ba cng on: Trc tin l cng on ri rc ha tn hiu v mt thi gian. K tip l cng on lm trn cc gi tr ly mu thnh cc gi tr mi thuc mt tp hu hn; cng on ny cn gi l cng on lng t ha. Cui cng, ty thuc vo h thng s c s dng m cc gi tr c lng t ha s c m ha tng thch vi thit b x l v mi trng truyn dn. Ngc li qu trnh chuyn i AD l qu trnh chuyn i DA. y l qu trnh phc hi tn hiu lin tc s(t) t tn hiu s tng ng.
X l tn hiu
X l tn hiu l mt khi nim rng ch cc qu trnh bin i, phn tch, tng hp tn hiu nhm a ra cc thng tin phc v cho cc mc ch khc nhau. Cc h thng khuch i v
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch chn lc tn hiu; Cc h thng iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu; cc h thng phn tch, nhn dng v tng hp thng tin phc v cc lnh vc an ninh-quc phng, chn on bnh, d bo thi tit hoc ng t... l nhng th d in hnh v x l tn hiu.
Mch in
S to ra, tip thu v x l tn hiu l nhng qu trnh phc tp xy ra trong cc thit b & h thng khc nhau. Vic phn tch trc tip cc thit b v h thng in thng gp mt s kh khn nht nh. V vy, v mt l thuyt, cc h thng in thng c biu din thng qua mt m hnh thay th.
+E
Uv
R + -E
Ura
Hnh 1.4 Trn quan im h thng, mch in l m Mch tch phn hnh ton hc chnh xc hoc gn ng ca mt h thng in, nhm thc hin mt ton t no ln cc tc ng u vo, nhm to ra cc p ng mong mun u ra. M hnh thng c c trng bi mt h phng trnh m t mi quan h gia cc tn hiu xut hin bn trong h thng. Trong min thi gian, cc h thng mch lin tc c c trng bi mt h phng trnh vi tch phn, cn cc h thng mch ri rc c c trng bi mt h phng trnh sai phn.
V mt vt l, mch in l mt m hnh tng ng biu din s kt ni cc thng s v cc phn t ca h thng theo mt trt t logic nht nh nhm to v bin i tn hiu. M hnh phi phn nh chnh xc nht & cho php phn tch c cc hin tng vt l xy ra, ng thi l c s tnh ton & thit k h thng. Th d hnh 1.4 l m hnh mt mch in lin tc thc hin ton t tch phn, trong mi quan h vo/ra tha mn ng thc: u ra = k u v dt . Hnh 1.5 l mt trong nhng m hnh tng ng ca bin p thng. Trong m hnh tng ng ca phn t ny c s c mt ca cc thng M s in tr R, in cm L v h cm M. Nhng thng s R1 R2 * * c trng cho nhng tnh cht vt l khc nhau cng tn ti trn phn t ny v s pht huy tc dng ca chng U2 U1 L1 L2 ph thuc vo cc iu kin lm vic khc nhau. Cn phn bit s khc nhau ca hai khi nim phn Hnh 1.5 t v thng s. Phn t (trong ti liu ny) l m hnh vt Mt m hnh tng l ca cc vt liu linh kin c th nh dy dn, t in, ng ca bin p cun dy, bin p, diode, transistor... Thng s l i thng lng vt l c trng cho tnh cht ca phn t. Mt phn t c th c nhiu thng s. V mt in, v mch tng ng ca cc phn t c ngha l biu din cc tnh cht v in ca phn t thng qua cc thng s e, i, r, C, L, M, Z, Y ... ni vi nhau theo mt cch no . Cui cng biu din cch u ni tip nhiu thng s ngi ta v cc k hiu ca chng u n ni vi u kia to thnh mt chui lin tip, cn trong cch u ni song song th cc cp u tng ng c ni vi nhau. Trong s mch in cc on lin nt ni cc k hiu thng s c trng cho cc dy ni c tnh cht dn in l tng.
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch Cng nn lu , v mt hnh thc, s mch in trong l thuyt mch khc vi s chi tit ca mt thit b. S mch in (trong l thuyt mch) l mt phng tin l thuyt cho php biu din v phn tch h thng thng qua cc thng s v cc phn t hp thnh, cn s chi tit ca tht b l mt phng tin k thut biu din s ghp ni cc linh kin ca thit b thng qua cc k hiu ca cc linh kin .
Mch tng t & mch ri rc

Xt trn phng din x l tn hiu th cc h thng mch l m hnh to v bin i tn hiu ch yu thng qua ba con ng, l: - X l tn hiu bng mch tng t (analog circuits). - X l tn hiu bng mch ri rc (discrete circuits). - X l tn hiu bng mch s (digital circuits), gi l x l s tn hiu. Nh vy, cch thc x l tn hiu s qui nh tnh cht v kt cu ca cc h thng mch. Trn hnh 1.6 l s phn loi mch in x l tn hiu lin tc.
Tn hiu lin tc xa(t) Mch tng t tn hiu ri rc Mch ly mu Mch ri rc Mch khi phc xa(t)
ADC
Mch s tn hiu s
DAC
Hnh 1.6
Cc h thng mch in x l tn hiu lin tc
Ghi ch: ADC - Analog to Digital Converter: mch chuyn i tng t - s. DAC - Digital to Analog Converter: mch chuyn i s - tng t.
Mch c thng s tp trung & mch c thng s phn b

Mt h thng mch c cu thnh t phn ln cc phn t mch tuyn tnh & khng tuyn tnh. Trong , mch tuyn tnh li c chia thnh mch c thng s phn b (nh dy dn, ng dn sng, dng c pht nng lng...) v mch c thng s tp trung. di tn s thp, khi kch thc ca cc phn t cng nh khong cch vt l t phn t ny ti cc phn t ln cn l rt nh so vi bc sng ca tn hiu, cc mch in c phn tch nh tp hp cc thng s tp trung. Lc ny khi nim dng dch trong h phng trnh Maxwell
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch l khng ng k so vi dng dn (dng chuyn ng c hng ca cc in tch trong dy dn v cc phn t mch, quy c chy trn ti t im c in th cao n im c in th thp), nhng bin thin ca t trng v in trng trong khng gian c th b qua c. tn s rt cao, kch thc ca cc phn t cng nh khong cch vt l t phn t ny ti cc phn t ln cn c th so snh vi bc sng ca tn hiu truyn lan, cc mch in c xem nh c thng s phn b. Lc ny nng lng t trng tch tr c lin kt vi in cm phn b trong cu trc, nng lng in trng tch tr c lin kt vi in dung phn b, v s tn hao nng lng c lin kt vi in tr phn b trong cu trc. Lc ny khi nim dng dch (nhng bin thin ca t trng v in trng phn b trong khng gian) tr nn c ngha. Nhiu trng hp cc vi mch c coi l c cc tham s phn b d n lm vic di tn thp v gii hn kch thc ca n.
Cc trng thi hot ng ca mch

Khi mch trng thi lm vic cn bng & n nh, ta ni rng mch ang Trng thi xc lp. Khi trong mch xy ra t bin, thng gp khi ng/ngt mch hoc ngun tc ng c dng xung, trong mch s xy ra qu trnh thit lp li s cn bng mi, lc ny mch Trng thi qu . Xt mch in nh hnh 1.7. ngun tc ng l mt chiu hoc iu ha. Ban u kha K h, mch trng thi xc lp (n nh). Khi kha K ng, trong mch s xy ra qu trnh qu thit lp li trng thi xc lp mi. Qu trnh qu l nhanh hay chm ty thuc vo cc thng s ni ti ca mch.
R1 R2 K e(t) C R3
Cc bi ton mch
Hnh 1.7 Mch in c kha ng ngt
C hai lp bi ton v mch in: phn tch v tng hp mch. Phn tch mch c th hiu hai gc , vi mt kt cu h thng sn c th: + Cc qu trnh nng lng trong mch, quan h in p & dng in trn cc phn t xy ra nh th no? Nguyn l hot ng ca mch ra sao? y l cc vn ca l thuyt mch thun tu. + ng vi mi tc ng u vo, chng ta cn phi xc nh p ng ra ca h thng trong min thi gian cng nh trong min tn s l g? Qu trnh bin i tn hiu khi i qua mch ra sao? Ngc li, tng hp mch l chng ta phi xc nh kt cu h thng sao cho ng vi mi tc ng u vo s tng ng vi mt p ng mong mun u ra tha mn cc yu cu v kinh t v k thut. Ch rng phn tch mch l bi ton n tr, cn tng hp mch l bi ton a tr.
1.2 CC THNG S TC NG V TH NG CA MCH

10
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch Nh phn trn nu, biu din h thng phi xc nh c cc thng s ca n. C hai loi thng s c bn l thng s tc ng v thng s th ng.
i(t)
Xt di gc nng lng, mt phn t (hnh 1.8), nu dng in trong phn t l i(t) v in p trn n l u(t) th cng sut tc thi trn phn t ti thi im t l: p (t ) = u ( t ).i ( t ) . Trong khong thi gian T = t2 t1, nng lng c trn phn t l:
t2
u(t)
Phn t
WT =
t1
p ( t ) dt .
Hnh 1.8
+ Nu u(t) v i(t) ngc chiu th p(t) c gi tr m, th ti thi im t phn t cung cp nng lng, ngha l n c cha cc thng s tc ng (thng s to ngun). + Nu u(t) v i(t) cng chiu th p(t) c gi tr dng, tc ti thi im t phn t nhn nng lng. Lng nng lng nhn c c th c tch lu tn ti di dng nng lng in trng hay nng lng t trng, m cng c th b tiu tn di dng nhit hoc dng bc x in t. c trng cho s tiu tn v tch lu nng lng l cc thng s th ng ca phn t.
1.2.1 Cc thng s th ng cu mch in

-Xt v mt phn ng ca phn t khi chu tc ng kch thch, cc thng s th ng c trng cho phn ng th ng ca phn t i vi tc ng kch thch ca ngun v th hin qua mi quan h gia in p v dng in chy trong n. Ngi ta r phn cc thng s th ng ny thnh hai loi thng s qun tnh v thng s khng qun tnh. r i(t) a. Thng s khng qun tnh (in tr): Thng s khng qun tnh c trng cho tnh cht ca phn t khi in p v dng in trn n t l trc tip vi nhau. N c gi l in tr (r), thng c hai kiu k hiu nh hnh 1.9 v tha mn ng thc: u(t) = r.i(t) hay
u(t)
Hnh 1.9 K hiu in tr
1 i( t ) = u(t ) = g. u(t ) r
(1.3)
r c th nguyn vn/ampe, o bng n v m (). Thng s g= 1/, n v l Simen(S).
1 gi l in dn, c th nguyn r
V mt thi gian, dng in v in p trn phn t thun tr l trng pha nn nng lng nhn c trn phn t thun tr l lun lun dng, r c trng cho s tiu tn nng lng di dng nhit. b. Cc thng s qun tnh: Cc thng s qun tnh trong mch gm c in dung, in cm v h cm.
i(t) C
11
u(t)
Hnh 1.10 K hiu in dung
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch - Thng s in dung (C): in dung l thng s c trng cho tnh cht ca phn t khi dng in trong n t l vi tc bin thin ca in p, c th nguyn ampe.giy/vn, o bng n v fara (F), k hiu nh hnh 1.10 v c xc nh theo cng thc:
i (t ) = C
hay
du( t ) dt
(1.4) (1.5)
u (t ) =
1 q (t ) i (t )dt = C C
trong q (t ) = i (t )dt l in tch tch lu c trn phn t thi im t. v nng lng tch lu trn C:
WE = p( t )dt = C.
du 1 . u( t ).dt = Cu 2 dt 2
(1.6)
Xt v mt nng lng, thng s C c trng cho s tch lu nng lng in trng, thng s ny khng gy t bin in p trn phn t v thuc loi thng s qun tnh . Xt v mt thi gian in p trn phn t thun dung chm pha so vi dng L i(t) in l /2. - Thng s in cm (L): in cm c trng cho tnh cht ca phn t khi in p trn n t l vi tc bin thin ca dng in, c th nguyn vn x giy/ampe, o bng n v hery(H), k hiu nh hnh 1.11 v c xc nh theo cng thc:
u(t)
Hnh 1.11 K hiu in cm
u( t ) = L
hay v nng lng tch lu trn L:
di( t ) dt
(1.7) (1.8)
i (t ) =
1 u(t ) dt L
WH = L
di 1 i( t )dt = Li 2 dt 2
(1.9)
Xt v mt nng lng, thng s L c trng cho s tch lu nng lng t trng, thng s ny khng gy t bin dng in trn phn t v thuc loi i1 i2 M thng s qun tnh. Xt v mt thi gian, in p trn phn t thun cm nhanh pha so vi dng in l /2. -Thng s h cm (M): H cm l thng s c cng bn cht vt l vi in cm, nhng n c trng cho s nh hng qua li ca hai phn
u1 L1 L2 u2
12
Hnh 1.12 Hai cun dy c ghp h cm
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch t t gn nhau khi c dng in chy trong chng, ni hoc khng ni v in. V d nh trn hnh 1.12 ta thy dng in i1 chy trong phn t in cm th nht s gy ra trn phn t th hai mt in p h cm l:
21
=M
di 1 dt
(1.10)
Ngc li, dng in i2 chy trong phn t in cm th hai s gy ra trn phn t th nht mt in p h cm l:
u =M 12
di
2 dt
(1.11)
Nh vy do tc dng ng thi ca cc thng s in cm v h cm, trn mi phn t s c tng ng mt in p t cm v mt in p h cm. Tng hp ta c h phng trnh:
di di 2 u =L 1 M 1 1 dt dt
u2 = M di1 di + L2 2 dt dt
(1.12)
(1.13)
trong M = k L1 L2 (k l h s ghp, thng c gi tr nh hn 1). Nu cc dng in cng chy vo hoc cng chy ra khi cc u cng tn th in p h cm ly du +, nu ngc li ly du -. Trong cc s , cc u cng tn thng c k hiu bng cc du *. c. Thng s cu cc phn t mc ni tip v song song: Trong trng hp c mt s cc phn t cng loi mc ni tip hoc song song vi nhau th cc thng s c tnh theo cc cng thc ghi trong bng 1.1. Cch mc ni tip Thng s in tr Thng s in cm Thng s in dung
r = rk
k
L = Lk
k
1 1 = C k Ck
C = Ck
k
song song
1 1 = r k rk
1 1 = L k Lk
Bng 1.1: Thng s cu cc phn t mc ni tip v song song
1.2.2
Cc thng s tc ng cu mch in
Thng s tc ng cn gi l thng s to ngun, n c trng cho phn t c kh nng t n (hoc khi n c kch thch bi cc tc nhn khng in bn ngoi) c th to ra v cung cp nng lng in tc ng ti cc cu kin khc ca mch, phn t gi l ngun in. Thng s tc ng c trng cho ngun c th l:
13
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch + Sc in ng ca ngun (eng): mt i lng vt l c gi tr l in p h mch ca ngun, o bng n v vn v c k hiu l V. + Dng in ngun (ing): mt i lng vt l c gi tr l dng in ngn mch ca ngun, o bng n v ampe v c k hiu l A.
1.2.3 M hnh ngun in

S xc nh cc thng s to ngun dn n s phn loi ngun tc ng thnh hai loi sau: + Ngun in p, bao gm ngun p c lp & ngun p ph thuc (tc l ngun p c iu khin). + Ngun dng in, bao gm ngun dng c lp & ngun dng ph thuc (tc l ngun dng c iu khin). Ngun in l tng l khng c tn hao nng lng. Nhng trong thc t phi tnh n tn hao, c ngha l cn phi tnh n s tn ti ni tr trong ca ngun (Rng). Trong ti liu ny, qui c chiu dng sc in ng ca ngun ngc li vi chiu dng dng in chy trong ngun. a. Ngun c lp Ngun p c lp: k hiu ngun p c lp c hai kiu nh hnh 1.13.
Ri eng
Ri
Ri
+ -
eng
+ -
a Eng b Rt
Hnh 1.13 Ngun p c lp
Hnh 1.14 Ngun p ni vi ti
By gi ta xt in p m ngun ny cung cp cho mch ngoi (hnh 1.14):
Uab =
E ng Ri + Rt
Rt
(1.14)
(cng thc phn p trn cc phn t mc ni tip) Nh vy ta thy rng trong trng hp ngun p l tng, tc ni tr ngun bng khng, in p m ngun cung cp cho mch ngoi s khng ph thuc vo ti. Ngun dng c lp: k hiu ngun dng c lp c hai kiu nh hnh 1.15.
Iab a
Ing
Ri
Ing
Ri
Ing
Ri b
Rt
14
Hnh 1.15 Ngun dng c lp
Hnh 1.16
By gi ta xt dng in m ngun ny cung cp cho mch ngoi (hnh 1.16):
I ab =
I ng Ri + Rt
Ri
(1.15)
(cng thc phn dng trn cc phn t mc song song) Nh vy ta thy rng trong trng hp ngun dng l tng, tc ni tr ngun bng v hn, dng in m ngun cung cp cho mch ngoi s khng ph thuc vo ti. Trong cc ng dng c th, cc ngun tc ng c th c k hiu mt cch r rng hn nh ngun mt chiu, ngun xoay chiu, ngun xung... Cng cn ch rng, tr trng hp ngun l tng, ngun p c th chuyn i thnh ngun dng v ngc li. Bn c hon ton c th t minh chng iu ny. R
I1
2
I2
b. Ngun ph thuc Ngun ph thuc cn c gi l ngun c iu khin v n c phn thnh cc loi sau: + Ngun p c iu khin bng p (A-A), biu din trong hnh 1.17. Trong Sc in ng ca ngun Eng lin h vi in p iu khin U1 theo cng thc: Eng =kU1 ( k l h s t l ) Trong trng hp l tng th R1=, R2=0 v khi I1=0, U2 =Eng = KU1.
U1 I1 R2 I2 U2 U1 R1 Eng U2
Ngun A-A
Hnh 1.17
(1.16)
R1
Eng
+ Ngun p c iu khin bng dng (A-D), biu din trong hnh 1.18. Trong sut in ng ca ngun Eng lin h vi dng in iu khin I1 theo cng thc: Eng =rI1 ( r l h s t l ) Trong trng hp l tng th R1=0, R2=0, khi U1 =0 v U2 =Eng = rI1.
U1 I1
Ngun A-D
Hnh 1.18
(1.17)
I2 U2
R1
Ing
R2
15
Ngun D-A
Hnh 1.19
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch + Ngun dng c iu khin bng p (D-A), biu din trong hnh 1.19. Trong dng in ngun Ing lin h vi in p iu khin U1 theo cng thc: Ing =gU1 ( g l h s t l ) Trong trng hp l tng th R1=, R2= v khi I1=0, I2 =Ing = gU1. + Ngun dng c iu khin bng dng (D-D), biu din trong hnh 1.20. Trong dng in ngun Ing lin h vi dng iu khin I1 theo cng thc:
U1 I1 I2 U2
(1.18)
R1
Ing
R2
Ngun D-D
Hnh 1.20
Ing =I1 ( l h s t l ) Trong trng hp l tng th R1=0, R2= v khi U1 =0, I2 =Ing =I1.
(1.19)
I2 U
P A Ura N Zvao
Zra A.(UP UN) Ura
N I1
(a)
(b) Hnh 1.21 K hiu v m hnh tng ng ca KTT
-Trong thc t thng quy cc phn t tch cc v cc loi ngun c iu khin. Th d, phn t khuch i thut ton, k hiu v m hnh tng ng ca n c m t thnh ngun p c iu khin bng p nh hnh 1.21, trong A l h s khuch i vng h ca phn t ny. Cn vi transistor, min tn hiu nh v tn s thp, ngi ta hay dng s tng ng vt l nh hnh 1.22. Trong s ny c ngun dng ph thuc IE . Cc in tr trn s l cc in tr vi phn ca cc thnh phn dng xoay chiu c bin nh m bo on lm vic tuyn tnh, v c xc nh bi h c tuyn vo/ ra ca transistor.
IE E C
I1=IE
E U1
rE rC rB B
I2=-IC
C U2
16
Hnh 1.22: M hnh tng ng vt l ca transistor
Tng t nh cc ngun c lp, cc loi ngun c iu khin cng c th chuyn i ln nhau. Khi phn tch mch in trn my tnh, thng s dng dng ngun D-A lm chun. V vy nhng loi ngun cn li khi cn phi chuyn v dng D-A theo yu cu.
1.3 BIU DIN MCH TRONG MIN TN S

Trong cc phng php phn tch mch in, c mt phng php rt c hiu qu da trn cch biu din phc, v vy trc khi bc vo phn ny sinh vin cn nm chc cc kin thc ton v s phc.
1.3.1 Cch biu din phc cc tc ng iu ho

Theo l thuyt chui v tch phn Fourier, cc tn hiu ngu nhin theo thi gian v hu hn v bin u c th phn tch thnh cc cc thnh phn dao ng iu ho. Bi vy vic phn tch s hot ng ca mch, c bit l mch tuyn tnh, di tc ng bt k, c th c quy v vic phn tch phn ng ca mch di cc tc ng iu ha. mt gc khc, xut pht t cng thc ca nh ton hc Euler: exp(j) = cos + jsin
Xm
x(t)
Hnh 1.23
(1.20)
bt k mt dao ng iu ho x(t) trong min thi gian vi bin Xm , tn s gc 2 = [ rad / s] , v pha u l 0[rad] (hnh 1.23), u c th biu din di dng phc trong min T tn s:
G G X = X m . exp( jt + 0 ) = X m . exp( jt )
trong bin phc ca x(t) c nh ngha:
(1.21)
G X m = X m . exp( j 0 )
(1.22)
G Th d, mt ngun sc in ng iu ho c biu din phc E =Emexp[j(t + u)], th biu thc thi gian ca n s l: G e(t) =Emsin(t + u) Im[ E ] G hoc e(t) =Emcos(t + u) Re[ E ]
Vic phn tch ngun tc ng thnh cc thnh phn iu ho v biu din chng di dng phc lm cho s tnh ton cc thng s trong mch in tr nn thun li da trn cc php ton v s phc. c bit khi cc ngun tc ng l iu ha c cng tn s, th thnh phn exp(jt) tr nn
17
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch khng cn cn thit phi vit trong cc biu thc tnh ton na, lc ny bin phc hon ton c trng cho cc thnh phn dng v p trong mch.
1.3.2 Tr khng v dn np
By gi hy ni n nh lut m tng qut vit di dng phc: G G U = Z. I hay
(1.23) (1.24)
G 1 G G I = U = Y .U Z
trong Z chnh l mt ton t c nhim v bin i dng in phc thnh in p phc v gi l 1 tr khng ca mch, n v o bng m (), cn Y = l mt ton t c nhim v bin i in Z p phc thnh dng in phc v gi l dn np ca mch, n v o bng Siemen (S). Chng c biu din di dng phc: Z =R + jX = Z exp( j arg Z ) = Z exp( j Z ) Y =G + jB = Y exp( j arg Y ) = Y exp( j Y ) trong R l in tr, X l in khng, G l in dn v B l in np. Mt khc: (1.25) (1.26)
G U U m exp[ j( t + u )] = Z= G = I I exp[ j( t + )] m i G I exp[j( t + )] I i = Y= G = m U + exp[j( t U m u )]

Nh vy, t cc biu thc trn ta c th rt ra:
m exp[ j( )] u i I m
exp[j( u )] i
(1.27)
Um
Im
(1.28)
Z = R 2 + X2 =
m ; I m
= arg Z = arctg
Z
X = i u R
B = u = Z i G
(1.29)
v:
I Y = G 2 + B2 = m ; U m
Y = arg Y = arctg
(1.30)
Sau y ta xt tr khng v dn np ca cc phn t l tng tng ng vi cc tham s th ng: -i vi phn t thun tr:
G G G U = Z . I = r. I r r
vy Zr =r v Yr =1/r (1.31) -i vi phn t thun dung:
18
G G 1 G 1 1 1 G U = Idt = I exp[j(t + )]dt = I exp[j(t + )] = I=Z I C C C C m jC m jC

vy
1 Z = = j X C c jC
YC = jC =jBC
B
(1.32) (1.33)
trong
XC =
1 ; C
BC = C
(1.34)
-i vi phn t thun cm:
G d I exp[ j(t + )] G G G di m U =L =L = jLI exp[ j(t + )] = jLI = Z I m L L dt dt

vy ZL = jL = jXL (1.35)
Y =
L
1 j L
=jB
L
1 L
(1.36)
trong
XL =L ;
B =
L
(1.37)
Nh vy nh c cch biu din phc, ta thay th cc php ly o hm bng ton t nhn p, cn php ly tch phn c thay th bng ton t nhn 1/p (trong trng hp c th ny th p=j). Tng qut hn, vi p l mt bin nm trn mt phng phc, s c cp chi tit trong cc chng sau.
-Tr khng tng ng ca nhiu phn t:
a Z1 Z2 Zn b
+Trng hp mc ni tip (hnh 1.24):
U ab = I.Z ab = I Z k
k
Hnh 1.24
vy
Zab = Zk
k
(1.38)
a
Y1 Y2 Yn Hnh 1.25 b
+Trng hp mc song song (hnh 1.25):
I ab = U.Yab = U k Yk = U Yk
k k
vy
Yab = Yk
k
(1.39)
Tr khng v dn np ca cc phn t mc ni tip v song song cho trong bng 1.2.
Cch mc
Tr khng
Dn np
19
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch ni tip
Z td = Z k
k
1 1 = Ytd k Yk
song song
1 1 = Z td k Zk
Ytd = Yk
k
Bng 1.2: Tr khng v dn np ca cc phn t mc ni tip v song song .
1.3.3 c trng ca mch in trong min tn s

Khi phc ha mch in sang min tn s, tt c cc thng s ca mch u c phc ha. Mch c c trng bi dng in phc, in p phc v cc thnh phn tr khng hay dn np tng ng vi cc thng s th ng ca mch. ngha ca vic phc ha mch in lin tc trong min thi gian (cn gi l mch in truyn thng) chnh l chuyn cc h phng trnh vi tch phn thnh h phng trnh i s (trong min tn s).
1.4 CC YU T HNH HC CA MCH

Mt khi mch tng ng ca mt h thng c xy dng, vic phn tch n c tin hnh da trn mt s cc nh lut c bn v cc nh lut ny li c xy dng theo cc yu t hnh hc ca s mch. y l nhng khi nim mang tnh cht hnh hc, to c s cho vic phn tch mch c thun tin, chng bao gm:
+ Nhnh: l phn mch gm cc phn t mc ni tip trong c cng mt dng in chy t mt u ti u cn li ca nhnh. + Nt: l giao im ca cc nhnh mch.
+ Cy: l phn mch bao gm mt s nhnh i qua ton b cc nt, nhng khng to thnh vng kn. Xt mt cy c th, nhnh thuc cy ang xt gi l nhnh cy v nhnh khng thuc cy gi l nhnh b cy.
+ Vng: bao gm cc nhnh v cc nt to thnh mt vng khp kn. Vng c bn (ng vi mt cy) l vng ch cha mt nhnh b cy. Nu mch in c s nhnh Nnh, s nt Nn, ng vi mt cy c s nhnh b cy l Nb v s vng c bn l Nv th ta c:
Nb = NV = Nnh - Nn + 1
(1.40)
Z6 Z2
V3
Z6 Z2 Z4
A Z1
B Z3
Z4
C Z5
A Z1
B Z3
C Z5
O V1 V2
20
Hnh 1.26
O V4
minh ha, ta xt mch in hnh 1.26. Mch in ny c cc nt A, B, C, O (tc Nn =4); c cc nhnh Z1, Z2, Z3 Z4, Z5, Z6 (tc Nnh =6). Cc nhnh Z1, Z3, Z5 to thnh mt cy c ba nhnh, gc ti O, cc nhnh cn li l cc nhnh b cy. ng vi cy c gc O, cc vng V1, V2, V3, l cc vng c bn; cn vng V4, cha 2 nhnh b cy, nn khng phi vng c bn.
1.5 TNH CHT TUYN TNH, BT BIN MCH IN

Tnh tuyn tnh
Mt phn t c gi l tuyn tnh khi cc thng s ca n khng ph thuc vo in p v dng in chy qua n, nu khng tho mn iu ny th phn t thuc loi khng tuyn tnh.
V NHN QU CA
i[mA]
(a)
(b)
Mch in c gi l tuyn tnh khi cc thng s hp thnh ca n khng ph thuc vo in p u[V] v dng in chy trong mch. Nh vy, trc Hnh 1.27 ht mch tuyn tnh phi gm cc phn t tuyn tnh, ch cn trong mch c mt phn t khng tuyn tnh th mch cng khng phi l mch tuyn tnh. hiu r kha cnh ny, ta xt ngay i vi cc phn t th ng: +in tr l phn t tuyn tnh nu c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca n l mt ng thng nh trng hp (a) trn hnh 1.27, quan h gia in p v dng in trn n c dng: U =R.I hay
U = R (vi R l mt hng s) I
v n s l khng tuyn tnh (phi tuyn) nu c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca n khng phi l mt ng thng m l mt ng cong nh trng hp (b) trn hnh 1.27, quan h gia in p v dng in trn n c dng mt hm: U=f(I) hay R=f(U,I)
+Tng t nh vy, mt t in c gi l tuyn tnh nu c quan h: q =C.U hay
q = C (vi C l mt hng s) U
v n s l phn t phi tuyn nu c quan h hm s: q =f(U) hay C=f(U,I)
+Cng nh th, mt cun cm c gi l tuyn tnh nu c quan h:
= L. I
hay
= L (vi L l mt hng s) I
21
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch v n s l phn t phi tuyn nu c quan h hm s:
= f ( I)
hay L=f(U,I)
* Cc tnh cht ca cc phn t v mch tuyn tnh bao gm: +C th p dng nguyn l xp chng. +c tuyn c trng cho phn t l mt ng thng. +Phng trnh ca mch l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh. +Di tc ng vi tn s bt k, trong mch khng pht sinh ra cc hi mi. * i vi mch khng tuyn tnh, th cc tnh cht ni trn khng cn ng na: -Khng p dng c nguyn l xp chng. -c tuyn c trng cho phn t khng l ng thng. -Phng trnh ca mch l phng trnh vi phn khng tuyn tnh. -Di tc ng vi tn s bt k, trong mch c th pht sinh ra cc hi mi.
Tnh bt bin
Mt mch c gi l bt bin nu cc thng s ca mch khng ph thuc thi gian, khi mt trong cc thng s ca n chu nh hng ca thi gian th mch l mch khng bt bin (mch thng s). Vi mch bt bin, gi thit mch khng c nng lng ban u, nu y(t) l p ng ca mch tng ng vi tc ng x(t), th y(t-t1) s l p ng ca mch tng ng vi tc ng x(t-t1).
Tnh nhn qu
Mch in (vi gi thit khng c nng lng ban u) c gi l c tnh nhn qu nu p ng ra ca mch khng th c trc khi c tc ng u vo. Cng cn phi nhc rng tnh cht tuyn tnh v bt bin ca mch in ch ng trong iu kin lm vic nht nh, khi iu kin lm vic b thay i th cc tnh cht c th khng cn ng na. Vic phn chia tnh tuyn tnh /khng tuyn tnh v bt bin /khng bt bin ch mang tnh cht tng i.
1.6 KHI NIM V TNH TNG H CA MCH IN

Phn t tng h l phn t c tnh cht dn in hai chiu, tho mn iu kin: Zab = Zba. Mch in tng h l mch in bao gm cc phn t tng h. Ni mt cch tng qut n tho mn iu kin: Zlk = Zkl hay YMN = YNM trong : Zlk: tr khng chung gia vng l v vng k, Zkl: tr khng chung gia vng k v vng l, YMN: dn np chung gia nt M v nt N, YNM: dn np chung gia nt N v nt M. (1.41)
22
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch Nh vy trong mch tng h, dng in trong vng l (sinh ra bi cc ngun t trong vng k) bng dng in trong vng k (sinh ra bi chnh ngun chuyn sang vng l). Hay ni mt cch khc, dng in trong nhnh i (sinh ra bi ngun E t trong nhnh j) bng dng in trong nhnh j (sinh ra bi chnh ngun chuyn sang nhnh i). Cc phn t v mch tuyn tnh c tnh cht tng h (nh cc phn t th ng dn in hai chiu R, L, C ...) lm cho vic phn tch mch trong cc phn cp tr nn thun li. i vi cc phn t v mch khng tng h (nh n in t, tranzito, it...) th vic phn tch kh phc tp, khi cn phi c thm cc thng s mi.
1.7 CNG SUT TRONG MCH IN IU HA

1.7.1 Cc loi cng sut
Xt mt on mch nh hnh 1.28. ch xc lp iu ha, dng in v in p trn mch c biu din di dng: u(t) =Umcos(t + u) i(t) =Imcos(t + i)
-cng sut tc thi trn on mch ti thi im t l:
p (t ) = u ( t ).i ( t )
Hnh 1.28
i(t)
u(t)
on mch
(1.42)
Trong khong thi gian T = t2 t1, nng lng m on mch nhn c l:

t2
WT =
t1
p ( t ) dt
1 U m I m . cos( u i ) = UI . cos 2
-Cng sut trung bnh, cn gi l cng sut tc dng trn mch ny l:

P = 1 T
t2
t1
p (t ) dt
(1.43)
trong U,I l cc gi tr hiu dng ca in p v dng in, cn l gc lch pha gia in p v dng in trong on mch. Cng sut tc dng c ngha thc tin hn so vi cng sut tc nn P lun th. Trong mch th ng, s lch pha ca p v dng lun nm trong gii hn 2 lun dng. Thc cht P chnh l tng cng sut trn cc thnh phn in tr ca on mch. n v cng sut tc dng tnh bng W.
-Cng sut phn khng trn on mch ny c tnh theo cng thc:
Qr = 1 U m I m . sin( u i ) = UI . sin 2
(1.44)
Trong mch th ng, cng sut phn khng c th c gi tr dng hoc m. Nu mch c tnh cm khng, tc in p nhanh pha hn so vi dng in, th q s c gi tr dng. Nu mch c tnh dung khng, tc in p chm pha hn so vi dng in, th Qr s c gi tr m.Thc cht Qr chnh l cng sut lun chuyn t ngun ti tch ly trong cc thnh phn in khng ca mch v sau li c phng tr v ngun m khng b tiu tn. N c gi tr bng hiu i s gia cng sut trn cc thnh phn in cm v cng sut trn cc thnh phn in dung. Khi Qr bng
23
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch khng, c ngha l cng sut trn cc thnh phn in cm cn bng vi cng sut trn cc thnh phn in dung, hay lc mch l thun tr. n v cng sut phn khng tnh bng VAR.
-Cng sut biu kin, cn gi l cng sut ton phn trn on mch ny c tnh theo cng thc:
S = P 2 + Q r2 = 1 U m I m = UI 2
(1.45)
n v cng sut ton phn tnh bng VA. Cng sut ton phn mang tnh cht hnh thc v cng sut trong mch khi cc i lng dng v p c o ring r m khng ch ti s lch pha gia chng. Tng qut cng sut trong mch cn c biu din di dng phc: G (1.46) S = P + jQ r
-H s cng sut l t s gia P v S:
P = cos S
(1.47)
V mt l thuyt, mc d Qr khng phi l cng sut tiu tn, nhng trong thc t dng in lun chuyn nng lng gia cc thnh phn in khng v ngun li gy ra s tiu hao cng sut ngun do ni tr trn cc ng dy di ti in. V vy trong k thut in, nng cao hiu sut truyn ti in nng (gim dng in trn ng dy) ngi ta thng phi s dng bin php c bit nng cao h s cng sut.
1.7.2 iu kin cng sut trn ti t cc i

Xt mt ngun iu ha c sc in ng E (gi tr hiu dng). Gi thit rng ni tr trong ca ngun l Zng =Rng+jXng. Trong trng hp khng ch trng n hiu sut ca ngun, nu tr khng ti ni vi ngun tha mn iu kin:
* Z t = Z ng = R ng jX t
(1.48)
khi cng sut trn ti s t cc i v c gi tr bng:

P0 = E2 4 R ng
(1.49)
1.8 K THUT TNH TON TRONG L THUYT MCH

1.8.1 K thut chun ha qua cc gi tr tng i
Ta bit rng gi tr ca cc phn t v cc thng s trong mch in thng nm trong mt khong rt rng v lin quan ti cc gi tr m ca 10, iu ny gy kh khn nhiu lm nh hng n tc tnh ton. khc phc nhc im ny trong l thuyt mch thng s dng mt s k thut tnh ton, c bit l s dng cc gi tr c chun ho.
Nguyn tc: Bng vic chn cc gi tr chun thch hp, ngi ta thay vic phi tnh ton trn cc gi tr thc t bng vic tnh ton qua cc gi tr tng i, iu cho php gim phc tp trong biu thc tnh ton. Sau khi tnh ton xong, ngi ta li tr kt qu v gi tr thc ca n.
24
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch <Gi tr tng i> = <Gi tr thc t> / <Gi tr chun>. Sau y ta xt trng hp mch in tuyn tnh cha cc thng s R,L,C, v . Nh vy cn phi la chn bn gi tr chun. Bn gi tr chun c mi lin h:
R ch = ch . L ch 1 R ch = . C ch ch
(1.50)
Nh vy trong bn gi tr chun, c hai gi tr c chn t do v hai gi tr chun cn li c suy ra t h thc trn.

Th d: chun ha cc thng s ca mch in hnh 1.29, ta c th chn hai gi tr chun mt cch tu , chng hn ta chn: Rch = 100; Lch = 4mH, v ta c hai gi tr chun cn li:
200 350 16mH 0,8F 0,4F
4mH
100
ch
R 100 = ch = = 25 Krad / s L ch 410 . 3
Hnh 1.29
2 3,5 1 4 2 1 1
C ch =
1 1 = = 0.4 F ch . R ch 2510 . 3 .100
T h n v chun va tnh c, ta c Hnh 1.30 th biu din gi tr cc phn t ca mch in theo cc gi tr c chun ho, tc l theo cc gi tr tng i nh hnh 1.30. R rng vic tnh ton trn cc gi tr tng i c n gin i kh nhiu.
1.8.2 Cc i lng lgarit

Trong l thuyt mch ta lun gp nhng i lng c gi tr nm trong mt khong rt rng, hn na cc khu khuch i thng c ni ghp theo kiu dy chuyn. Vic dng cc n v lgarit s gip cho s tnh ton v biu din cc c tuyn c thun li. Sau y l mt s i lng logarit thng dng:
-i vi t s cng sut:
a = 10.log a=
P1 , P0
dB
(1.51)
hoc
P 1 .ln 1 , P0 2
Np
(1.52)
-i vi t s in p: xut pht t hai cng thc trn, ngi ta nh ngha:
a = 20.log a = ln
U1 , U0 Np
dB
(1.53)
hoc
U1 , U0
(1.54)
25
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch Quan h gia dB v Np: 1Np=8,7dB
-i vi t s ca tn s:
hay
1dB=0,115Np
(1.55)
= log 2
hoc Quan h gia [oct] v [D]: 1oct=0,3D
[oct]
(1.56)
= lg
[D] 0
(1.57)
hay
1D=3,33oct
(1.58)
CC TH D MINH HA
Th d 1.1: Tnh in cm tng ng ca ca hai phn t in cm L1 v L2 trong hai trng hp mc ni tip v mc song song (gi s gia chng c h cm M). Gii:
L1 M L2
a. Trong trng hp mc ni tip (hnh 1.31):
Hnh 1.31
di di di di M ; v u = L M Ta c: u = L 1 1 dt 2 2 dt dt dt
Mt khc: u = u1 + u 2 = ( L1 + L 2 2 M ) Vy Ltd = L1 + L 2 2 M
di di = L td dt dt
(1.59)
Du - ly khi u ni chung gia hai phn t l cng cc tnh, ngc li th ly du +. b. Trong trng hp mc song song (hnh 1.32): Ta xt trong cch biu din phc:
L1
M L2
G G G I = I1 + I2 G G G G K U = Z1 . I1 ZM I2 = ZM I1 + Z2 I2
T cc phng trnh trn rt ra: G 2 Z 1 .Z 2 Z M U Z td = jLtd = G = Z1 + Z 2 2Z M I Vy
Hnh 1.32
(1.60)
Ltd =
Z td j
(1.61)
trong : Z1=jL1, Z2=jL2 l tr khng ca hai phn t trong cch biu din phc. ZM=jM l tr khng h cm gia hai phn t. Ztd =jLt l tr khng tng ng ca hai phn t.
26
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch Du - c ly khi dng in cng chy vo hoc cng chy ra khi cc u c k hiu *, nu ngc li th biu thc ly du +.
Th d 1.2: Tnh tr khng ca on mch hnh 1.33, bit R=100, XL=20, XC=5 (ly theo gi tr mun) Gii:
R a XL XC b
Zab = ZR + ZL + ZC = R + jX L jX C thay s ta c:
hnh 1.33
Z ab = 100 + j20 j5 = (100 + j15)

Th d 1.3 : Cho mch in hnh 1.34, trong : Z1 = 1-5j ; Z2 = 3+3j ; Z3= 6+6j . in p G o vo c bin phc: U 1m = 9 2 .e j 30 V.
a. Xc nh U1(t), i1(t), i2(t) v i3(t). b. Tnh cng sut tc dng ca on mch.

Gii:
U1m
Z1 Z2 Z3
Hnh 1.34
a.Ta c: Z td = Z 1 +
Z2Z3 = 33j Z2 + Z3
Z1
Z3 Z2 Z4
Z5
G G 0 U 1m I 1m = = 3.e j15 Z td G G 0 I 1m I 2m = Z 3 = 2.e j15 Z2 + Z3 G G 0 I 1m I 3m = Z 2 = 1.e j15 Z2 + Z3

-Vy: u1 (t ) = 9 2 sin(t 30 o ) i1(t) =3sin(t + 15o) b. Cng sut tc dng: P = U.I cos = 13,5W. i2(t) =2sin(t + 15o)
Hnh 1.35
i3(t) =sin(t + 15o)
Th d 1.4: Cho mch in nh hnh 1.35, vi cc s liu vit di dng phc: Z1=(2.4 + 5j) ; Z2=(5-j) ; Z3=j ; Z5=(2 - j4) ; Z4=(2 + j4) .
a. V s tng ng chi tit theo cc tham s r, XL, XC b. t ln mch in p iu ha c gi tr hiu dng l 5V, vit biu thc thi gian ca dng in chy trong mch.
Gii:
27
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch a. S tng ng chi tit theo cc tham s r, Xl, Xc c dng nh hnh 1.36, ly n v l . b. Ta c:
XL=5 XL=1 r =2 r =2
20 Z4 Z5 = =5 Z45 = 4 Z4 + Z5
Z345 = Z3 + Z45 = (5 + j)
r =2.4
r =5 XC=1
Z2345 =
26 Z2 Z345 = = 2.6 Z2 + Z345 10
XL=4
XC=4
ZV =Z1 + Z2345 = (5 + 5j) . G G Um 5 2 Im = = = exp[ j (t )] 4 Z V 5(1 + j ) Vy biu thc thi gian ca in p v dng in trong mch l:
Hnh 1.36
u(t ) = 5 2 .cost
i ( t ) = cos(t ) 4
Th d 1.5: Cho mch in nh hnh 1.37, vi cc s liu di dng phc (n v l Siemen):
Y1 Y2
Y3 Y4
Y5
Y1=5 + 5j Y2=4 + 5j Y3=1 - j
Y4= 0.5 + 4j Y5= 0.5 - 3j
Hnh 1.37
a. V s tng ng chi tit theo cc tham s g, BL, BC

B
b. Cho dng in iu ha chy qua mch c gi tr hiu dng l 5A, hy vit biu thc thi gian ca in p t trn hai u mch in.
Gii:
a. S tng ng chi tit ca mch theo cc tham s g, BL, BC c dng nh hnh 1.38, (n v l Siemen). b. Ta c: Y45 = Y4 + Y5 = 1 + j
g=5 g=1 BL=1 g=4 BC=4 g=0.5 BL=3 g=0.5
Y345 =
Y3 . Y45 =1 Y3 + Y45
BC=5 BC=5
Y2345 = Y2 + Y345 = 5 + 5 j
Hnh 1.38
Y .Y YV = 1 2345 = 2.5 + 2.5j Y1 + Y2345 G G Im 5 2 Um = = = 2 exp[ j (t )] 4 YV 2.5(1 + j )
28
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch Vy biu thc thi gian ca in p v dng in trong mch l:
i ( t ) = 5 2 cost
u ( t ) = 2 cos(t ) 4
Th d 1.6: Hy xt cc c tnh v in (theo tn s) ch xc lp ca mch RLC ni tip nh hnh 1.39. Gii: Tr khng ca mch: G
I R L
U Z = G = R + j ( X L X C ) = R + jX I
X L = L nm na dng ca trc o;
1 nm na m ca trc o. XC = C
Hnh 1.39
X = X L X C l thnh phn in khng ca mch.

Z = R2 + (X L X C )2 = R2 + X 2 ;
= arg[ Z ] = arctg
X R
Mi tng quan ca cc thnh phn tr khng ca mch c biu din trn mt phng phc nh hnh 1.40a. Cn hnh 1.40b m t c tnh cc thnh phn in khng ca mch theo tn s. Khi tn s nh hn f0, XC ln hn XL, khi X c gi tr m, mch c tnh in dung, in p chm pha hn so vi dng in. Khi tn s ln hn f0, XC nh hn XL, khi X c gi tr dng, mch c tnh in cm, in p nhanh pha hn so vi dng in.
XL Z X=XL-XC R (a) 0 f0 f XL
XC (b)
XC
Hnh 1.40
Ti tn s cng hng ca mch f 0 = ca mch b trit tiu, tr khng ca mch l b nht v thun tr, dng in trn mch t cc i v ng pha vi in p. Khi tn s lch khi gi tr cng hng, phn in khng X ca mch s tng, tc l tr khng ca
1 2 LC
, XL cn bng vi XC, thnh phn in khng X

I
I0 =
U R
0,7 I 0
f1 f0 f2 BW
B B B
29
Hnh 1.41
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch mch tng, ngha l dng trong mch s gim. S ph thuc ca bin dng in vo tn s dn n tnh chn lc tn s ca mch. Hnh 1.41 m t tnh chn lc tn s ca mch (vi ngun tc ng l ngun p l tng). -Di thng ca mch:
BW = f 2 f1 =
f0 Q
(1.62)
trong f1, f2 l cc tn s bin ca di thng, cn gi l tn s ct, c xc nh ti v tr m bin c tuyn b gim i 3dB (tc bng 0,7I0); cn Q l i lng c trng cho tnh chn lc tn s ca mch v gi l phm cht ca mch (ti tn s cng hng). Khi Q tng th di thng ca mch cng hp, chn lc cng cao.
Q=
1 L . R C
(1.63)
-Ti tn s cng hng, in p trn L v C ngc pha nhau v u gp Q ln in p tc ng:
G G U r = U (in p trn R bng in p tc ng c v bin v pha). G G U c = jQU in p trn C chm pha /2 so vi U. G G U L = jQU
in p trn L nhanh pha /2 so vi U.
Ch rng, thc t, ti tn s cng hng, in p tng U s t cc tiu, nhng trong L v C tn ti cc in p ngc pha nhau vi ln bng nhau v gp Q ln in p tng. V vy ngi ta ni mch RLC ni tip l mch cng hng in p.
Th d 1.7: Hy xt cc c tnh v in (theo tn s) ch xc lp ca mch RLC song song nh hnh 1.42. Gii: Dn np ca mch: G
I 1 1 Y = G = = + j ( BC BL ) = G + jB U Z R
1 BC = C = nm na dng ca trc o; XC 1 1 = BL = nm na m ca trc o. L X L
I U
B = BC BL l thnh phn in np ca mch.

Y = 1 = Z 1 + ( BC B L ) 2 = G 2 + B 2 ; 2 R
Hnh 1.42
= arg[Y ] = arctg
B G
Mi tng quan ca cc thnh phn dn np ca mch c biu din trn mt phng phc nh hnh 1.43a.
BC B Y BC
30
B=BC-BL
B B B
Cn hnh 1.43b m t c tnh cc thnh phn in np ca mch theo tn s. Khi tn s nh hn f0, BL ln hn BC, khi B c gi tr U m, mch c tnh in cm, in p nhanh pha hn so vi dng in. Khi U 0 = IR tn s ln hn f0, BL nh hn BC, khi B c gi tr dng, mch c tnh 0,7U 0 in dung, in p chm pha hn so vi dng in. Ti tn s cng hng f ca mch f 0 = , BL cn bng 2 LC Hnh 1.44 vi BC, thnh phn in np B ca mch b trit tiu, tr khng ca mch l ln nht v thun tr, in p trn mch t cc i v ng pha vi dng in. Khi tn s lch khi gi tr cng hng, phn in np B ca mch s tng, tc l tr khng ca mch gim, ngha l in p trn mch s gim. Hnh 1.44 m t tnh chn lc tn s ca mch (vi ngun tc ng l ngun dng l tng). - Di thng ca mch:
f1 f0 BW
BW = f 2 f1 =
- Phm cht ca mch (ti tn s cng hng):
f0 Q
(1.64)
Q = R.
C L
(1.65)
Khi Q tng th di thng cng hp, chn lc ca mch cng cao. -Ti tn s cng hng, dng in trn cc thnh phn ca mch u t cc i, trong dng trn L v C ngc pha nhau v u gp Q ln dng in tc ng:
G G I R = I (dng in trn R bng dng tc ng c v bin v pha). G G I L = jQI dng trn L chm pha /2 so vi I. G G I C = jQI dng trn C nhanh pha /2 so vi I.
31
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch Ch rng, thc t, ti tn s cng hng, dng in tng I qua mch s t cc tiu, nhng tn ti mt dng in lun chuyn v khp kn trong LC vi ln gp Q ln dng in tng. V vy ngi ta ni mch RLC song song l mch cng hng dng in. Cc c tnh y v in ch xc lp iu ha ca cc mch dao ng n c th tm thy trong phn ph lc.
TNG HP NI DUNG CHNG I

Mch in l mt m hnh chnh xc hoc gn ng ca mt h thng in, nhm thc hin mt ton t no ln cc tc ng u vo, nhm to ra cc p ng mong mun u ra. Mch in bao gm cc thng s tc ng v th ng. Mi loi thng s c trng cho mt tnh cht nht nh ca cc phn t ni ring v mch in ni chung. in tr thuc loi thng s th ng khng qun tnh, c trng cho s tiu tn nng lng, trn dng in v in p ng pha. in dung thuc loi thng s qun tnh, c trng cho s phng v np nng lng in trng. Trong ch AC, trn in dung dng in nhanh pha hn 900 so vi in p. in cm cng thuc loi thng s qun tnh, c trng cho s phng v np nng lng t trng. Trong ch AC, trn in cm dng in chm pha 900 so vi in p. Ngun in ch pht thuc loi phn t tch cc, nhng bn thn n cng c tn hao c trng bi ni tr ca ngun. Khi phn tch mch, thng trin khai ngun thnh s tng ng ngun p hoc ngun dng. Khi Rng rt nh hn so vi Rti th s la chn ngun p l thch hp nht, ngc li th la chn ngun dng li c ngha thc tin hn. S phc ha cc dao ng iu ha c bn cht khai trin tn hiu thnh chui Fourier hoc tch phn Fourier. N cho php chuyn mch in v tn hiu t min thi gian sang min tn s. Mch in truyn thng trong min thi gian c trng bi mt h phng trnh vi phn, cn trong min tn s c trng bi mt h phng trnh i s. Tr khng v dn np ca mt on mch hon ton c trng cho tnh cht ca on mch trong min tn s ti tn s lm vic xc nh. Tr khng i din cho s tng ng ni tip, cn dn np i din cho s tng ng song song ca on mch. Vic phn tch ngun tc ng thnh cc thnh phn iu ho v biu din chng di dng phc lm cho s tnh ton cc thng s trong mch in tr nn thun li da trn cc php ton v s phc, c bit l khi cc ngun tc ng l iu ha c cng tn s. T min thi gian, bng cch phc ha mch in, bn c th chuyn mch in sang min tn s tnh ton p ng ca mch theo cc php tnh i s n gin, sau , nu cn thit, bn c th chuyn i ngc kt qu v min thi gian. Cng sut tc dng P ca mch chnh l cng sut ta nhit trn cc thnh phn in tr ca mch. Cng sut phn khng ca mch khng phi c trng cho s tiu tn nng lng, n c trng cho s chuyn ha nng lng gia cc thnh phn in khng ca mch v ngun.
32
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch Ti tn s cng hng, mch cng hng LC ni tip cho tr khng b nht v thun tr, ng thi lm cho in p trn cc thnh phn in khng gp Q ln in p li vo nhng ngc pha nhau. Ti tn s cng hng, mch cng hng LC song song cho tr khng ln nht v thun tr, ng thi lm cho dng in trn cc thnh phn in khng gp Q ln dng in li vo nhng ngc pha nhau. H s phm cht Q ca cc mch LC lin quan n ni tr R gy ra s tn hao nng lng ca mch; n quy nh tnh cht chn lc tn s ca mch.
CU HI V BI TP CHNG I
1.1 M hnh ton hc ca mch in trong min thi gian c th c trng bi:
a. Cc thnh phn tr khng hoc dn np ca mch. b. Mt h phng trnh vi phn hoc sai phn. c. Cc thnh phn dng in v in p trong mch.
1.2 Hiu qu khi chuyn mt mch in analog t min thi gian sang min tn s l:
a. bin i Fourier. b. s phc ha dng v p trong mch in. c. s thay th cc thng s th ng ca mch bng cc i lng phc. d. s thay th h phng trnh vi phn bng mt h phng trnh i s.
1.3 Tr khng ca phn t thun dung l :
a) ZC = jC
b) Z C =
1 = jX C jC
c) ZC = jC
1.4 Tr khng ca phn t thun cm l :
a) Z L =
1 j L
b) Z L =
j L
c) Z L = j L = jX L
1.5 Dn np ca phn t thun dung l :
a) YC = j
1 = jBC C
b) YC = jC = jBC
c) YC =
1 = jBC jC
1.6 Dn np ca phn t thun cm l :
a) YL = j
1 1 1 = jBL ; c) YL = j L = jBL ; d) YL = = jBL = jBL ; b) YL = j L j L L
1.7 Xc nh tr khng tng ng ca on mch nh hnh 1.45.
a. Z=1-j5
R=1
XL=5
XC=10
33
Hnh 1.45
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch b. Z=1+j5 c. Z=1-j15 d. Z=1+j15

1.8 Xc nh tr khng tng ng ca on mch nh hnh 1.46?
a. Y=5+j5 (S) b. Y=5+j15 (S) c. Y=5-j15 (S) d. Y=5-j5 (S)
5S
5S
10 S Hnh 1.46
1.9 Xc nh trong hnh 1.47 s tng ng ca on mch c tr khng Z= 2+j2 ?

R=2 XC=2 a) R=2 XL=2 a) b) c) XL=2 XC=2
Hnh 1.47
1.10 Xc nh trong hnh 1.48 s tng ng ca on mch c tr khng Z =3-j2 ?

R=3 XL=2 a) a) b) c)
R=3
XC=2
XL=3
XC=2
Hnh 1.48
1.11 Xc nh trong hnh 1.49 s tng ng ca on mch c dn np Y=2+j5 (S)?

G=2 S G=2 S BC=2 S
BL=5 S
a)
BC=5 S
b)
BL=5 S
c)
Hnh 1.49
1.12 Xc nh trong hnh 1.50 s tng ng ca on mch c dn np Y=3-j5 (S)?

G=3 S G=3 S BC=3 S
BL=5 S
B B
BC=5 S
B B
34
BL=5 S
B B
a)
b)
c)
1.13 Xt mt ngun c Tr khng Zng=Rng+jXng. iu kin phi hp cng sut tc dng trn ti t cc i l:
a. Tr khng ti l thun khng. b. Tr khng ti l thun tr. c. Tr khng ti bng tr khng ngun (Zt = Zng= Rng+jXng). d. Tr khng ti bng lin hp ca tr khng ngun (Zt =Rng-jXng ).
1.14 Trong mch cng hng RLC ni tip, nu UL ln hn UC th:
a. Mch c tnh cm khng. b. Mch c tnh dung khng c. Mch l thun tr.
1.15 Ti im cng hng ca mch cng hng RLC ni tip:
a. Mch c tnh dung khng, dng in nhanh pha so vi p. b. Mch c tnh cm khng, dng chm pha so vi p. c. Mch c tnh thun tr, dng vi p l ng pha.
1.16 H s phm cht Q ca mch cng hng RLC ni tip c th tng bng cch:
a. Tng R. b. Gim R. c. Gim XL.

1.17 Tr khng ca mch RLC song song ti tn s cng hng l
a. Cc tiu v thun tr. b. Cc i v thun tr. c. Khng xc nh. d. Bng khng

1.18 Mch in hnh 1.51 c (nhiu nht) bao nhiu nt v nhnh ?
R1
e1
+
a. 4 nt, 5 nhnh b. 4 nt, 7 nhnh c. 3 nt, 7 nhnh d. 3 nt, 5 nhnh
R2
+
L
-
R3
-
e2
35
Hnh 1.51
1.19 on mch nh hnh 1.52. in p tc ng c bin G o phc U m = 3.e j 30 . Tnh dng in v in p trn cc phn
t ca mch.
Z1=1-j Z2=2-2j
Hnh 1.52
1.20 Cho mch in AC nh hnh 1.53 vi Z1=1.5-2j(); Y2=1+j (s); Y3= 1-j (s). in p tc ng c bin G o phc: U 1m = 6 2 .e j 30 .
Z1 Y2
Y3
a. Xc nh U1(t), i1(t), i2(t) v i3(t). b. V s tng ng on mch theo tnh cht cc thng s th ng. c. Tnh cng sut tc dng ca on mch.
U1m
Hnh 1.53
1.21 on mch in nh hnh 1.54, trong : Z1 = 1+5j; Z2 = 3-3j; Z3= 6-6j . in p vo G o c bin phc: U 1m = 6 2.e j 60
Z2
a. Xc nh U1(t), i1(t), i2(t) v i3(t). b. V s tng ng on mch theo tnh cht cc thng s th ng. c. Tnh cng sut tc dng ca on mch.
1.22 Cho mch in (hnh 1.55): Y1=0.5-0.5j (s); Y2= 0.5+0.5j (s); Z3=0.5-1.5j(). t ln mch mt in p c bin G o phc: U m = 2 2 .e j 30 .
Z1 U1m Z3
Hnh 1.54
Y1
a. Xc nh U(t), i1(t), i2(t) v i(t). b. V s tng ng on mch theo tnh cht cc thng s th ng. c. Tnh cng sut tc dng ca on mch.
Um
Y2
Z3
Hnh 1.55
36
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
CHNG II
CC PHNG PHP C BN PHN TCH MCH IN

GII THIU
Trong chng mt chng ta xt cc khi nim c bn ca mch in, trong ch yu da vo hai thng s trng thi c bn l in p v dng in. Sang chng ny s i su vo nghin cu mi quan h ca cc thng s trng thi , mi quan h ny c quy nh bi cc nh lut c bn v chng l cn c xy dng cc phng php phn tch mch in. C th l: Gii thiu hai nh lut c bn v dng in v in p trong mch. Tho lun cc phng php phn tch mch kinh in, bao gm phng php dng in nhnh, phng php dng in vng, phng php in p nt. C s ca cc phng php phn tch mch l cc nh lut Kirchhoff. p dng cc bin i tng ng tm p ng trn mt nhnh mch. Vn dng nguyn l xp chng trong phn tch mch tuyn tnh.
NI DUNG 2.1 C S CA CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH MCH

Bao trm ln hu ht cc hin tng c bn trong mch in l cc nh lut Kirchhoff, cc nh lut ny lin quan ti dng in ti cc nt v st p trong cc vng kn.
2.1.1 nh lut Kirchhoff I

nh lut ny pht biu v dng in, ni dung ca n l: Tng cc dng in i vo mt nt bng tng cc dng in i ra khi nt . Hoc l: Tng i s cc dng in ti mt nt bng khng:
a i
k
k k
=0
(2-1)
trong :
ak = 1 nu dng in nhnh i ra khi nt ang xt ak = -1 nu dng in nhnh i vo nt ang xt ak = 0 nu nhnh khng thuc nt ang xt.
Nh vy nh lut I c th m t di dng ma trn:
A . I nh = 0
x 1] gi l ma trn dng in nhnh.
(2-2)
trong A l ma trn h s c kch c ti a [Nn x Nnh] gi l ma trn nt, v I nh c kch c [Nnh Trong khi phn tch mch in, c th quy c chiu dng dng in trong cc nhnh mt cch tu , sau khi p dng nh lut I th kt qu phn tch s cho chng ta bit chiu thc ca cc dng in . Nu dng in sau khi phn tch ti thi im t c kt qu dng th chiu thc ca dng in ti thi im chnh l chiu m chng ta chn, ngc li, nu gi tr l m th chiu thc ca dng in ngc chiu quy c. Chng ta c th thy mc d t nh lut
37
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in Kirchhoff 1 c th vit c Nn phng trnh, nhng ch c Nn -1 phng trnh c lp. Nh vy s c Nnh- Nn+1 dng in nhnh coi nh nhng gi tr t do.
2.1.2 nh lut Kirchhoff II

nh lut ny pht biu v in p, ni dung ca n l: Tng i s cc st p trn cc phn t th ng ca mt vng kn bng tng i s cc sc in ng c trong vng kn . Hoc l: Tng i s cc st p ca cc nhnh trong mt vng kn bng khng:
b u
k k
=0
(2-3)
trong :
bk = 1 nu chiu in p trn nhnh cng chiu vng quy c, bk = -1 nu chiu in p trn nhnh ngc chiu vng quy c, bk = 0 nu nhnh khng thuc vng ang xt.
Khi phn tch mch in, vic p dng nh lut II c thun tin, nu trong mch cha ngun dng th cn phi chuyn n v dng ngun p. Ta c th chn cc vng c bn hoc khng c bn vi chiu vng kn tu . Nhng mc d c th vit nh lut II cho nhiu vng th cng nn ch rng khng phi tt c cc phng trnh u c lp vi nhau. Chng ta cng c th chng minh c t nh lut kirchhoff 2 ch c th vit c (Nnh - Nn + 1) phng trnh c lp (tng ng vi s nhnh b cy, hay s vng c bn tng ng vi mi cy c la chn). Nh vy nh lut Kirchhof 2 c th m t di dng ma trn:
B. U nh = 0
(2-4)
trong B l ma trn h s thng c kch c [Nb x Nnh] gi l ma trn mch, v U nh c kch c [Nnh x 1] gi l ma trn in p nhnh. Th d, xt mch in nh hnh 2-1a. Vi qui c chiu cc dng in nhnh nh hnh v, theo nh lut Kirchhoff I ta c th vit c bn phng trnh, nhng trong c mt phng trnh ph thuc:
Z6 Z2 B Z3 Z4
A Z1
C Z5
Nt A: Nt B: Nt C: Nt O
i1
+i2 -i2 +i3 +i4 -i4 +i5 -i5
+i6
=0 =0
Hnh 2.1a
O
-i6
=0 =0
-i1
-i3
i1 1 0 0 0 1 i2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 .i3 = 0 Vit di dng ma trn: i4 0 0 0 1 1 1 i 1 0 1 0 1 0 5 i 6
38
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in Tr li mch in nu trn, nu p dng nh lut Kirchhoff II cho cc vng c bn ng vi cy gc ti O (hnh 2-1b) th ta c th vit c cc phng trnh tng ng:
V I: VII: VIII:
-u1
+u2
+u3 -u3 +u4 +u5 +u5 +u6
=0 =0 =0
A Z1 Z2 B I Z3 III O II Z5 IV Z4 C Z6
-u1
Vit di dng ma trn:
u1 u 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 0.u 3 = 0 u 4 u 1 0 0 0 1 1 5 u 6
Hnh 2.1b
Ch : Kt hp c hai nh lut Kirchhoff ta s vit c Nnh phng trnh c lp.
2.2 CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH MCH C BN

Xt bi ton tng qut: Cho mch in vi s nt mch l Nn, s nhnh mch l Nnh. Hy tm dng in chy trong cc nhnh. Cc thng E8 s ngun gi thit cho di dng hiu dng Z8 phc. - Trong mch hnh 2.2, ta c: Nn=5, Nnh=8 nh vy tng ng s c 8 bin s (l 8 dng in chy trong 8 nhnh tng ng). gii bi ton ny, c mt s phng php c bn sau y:
Z1 E1 Z3 E5 Z5 Z2 Z4 Z6 Z7 E7
2.2.1 Phng php dng in nhnh

C s: p dng trc tip 2 nh lut kirchhof lp h phng trnh trng thi ca mch, n s l cc dng in nhnh. Ch rng s c Nn-1 phng trnh theo nh lut 1, v Nnh-Nn+1 phng trnh theo nh lut 2. C th nh sau: Bc 1: t tn cho cc nt ca mch (A, B,C,D,O), chn mt nt bt k lm gc (c th ta chn O lm nt gc) nh hnh 2.2b. Ch rng cy tng ng vi nt gc O s cha cc nhnh l, cc nhnh chn l cc nhnh b cy.
Z8 Z2
Hnh 2.2a
E8
A Z1 E1
Z4 Z5
Z6
D Z7 E7
Z3 E5 O
Hnh 2.2b
39
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in Bc 2: Gi nh chiu dng trong cc nhnh mt cch ty (c th ta chn chiu dng trong 8 nhnh nh hnh 2.2b). Ch rng vic chn chiu dng trong cc nhnh ch nh hng ti vic vit phng trnh, cn du ca kt qu cui cng mi cho ta bit chiu thc t ca dng trong cc nhnh. E Bc 3: thnh lp cc vng cho mch (mi vng cha 1 nhnh mi). S vng phi thnh lp l Nnh-Nn+1. Thng vng la chn l cc vng c bn ng vi mt cy no . Chiu vng c th la chn ty . C th ta thnh lp 4 vng nh hnh 2.2c. Bc 4: thnh lp h c Nnh phng trnh dng in nhnh, bao gm: + (Nn-1) phng trnh theo nh lut I (vit cho cc nt, tr nt gc), c th nh sau: Nt A: I1+I2+I8 =0 Nt B: I2-I3-I4 =0 Nt C: I4-I5-I6 =0 Nt D: I6-I7+I8 =0 + (Nnh-Nn+1) phng trnh theo nh lut 2 (vit cho cc vng lp). C th nh sau: p.trnh cho V1: p.trnh cho V2: p.trnh cho V3: p.trnh cho V4: Z2.I2 + Z3.I3 + (-E1-Z1.I1) = 0 Z4.I4 + (Z5.I5 + E5) - Z3.I3 = 0 Z6.I6 + (Z7.I7+E7) + (-E5 - Z5.I5) = 0 ( Z8.I8 -E8 )+(Z7.I7+E7)+(-E1 - Z1.I1) = 0
V1 V2 Z8
8
A Z1 E1
Z2
Z4 Z5
Z6
D Z7 E7
Z3 E5 O V4 V3
Hnh 2.2c
Bc 5: gii h phng trnh thnh lp tnh dng in trong cc nhnh. Th d 2.1: Tnh dng trong cc nhnh ca mch in nh hnh 2.3a bng phng php dng in nhnh (gi thit ngun tc ng l mt chiu c gi tr 10V). Gii: mch c Nn=2, Nnh=3. +t tn cc nt l A, O. Chn O lm gc. +Gi nh chiu dng dng trong cc nhnh v thnh lp 2 vng ca mch nh hnh 2.3b. +Vit h phng trnh: I1+I3=I2 R1I1+R2I2-E=0
E =10V DC R1=5 E 10V R1=5 A R2 10 O Hnh 2.3a A R2 10 O Hnh 2.3b R3=10 R3=10
V1
V2
40
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in -R3I3- R2I2=0 Thay s liu ca mch ta c: I1+I3=I2 I1+2I2=2 I3-I2=0 Gii h ta c: I1= 1A, I2= 0,5A, I3= -0,5A. iu ny chc t dng I3 thc t chy ngc li
2.2.2 Phng php dng in vng

Ta bit t hai nh lut Kirchhoff c th lp c cc phng trnh ca mch, trong nh lut Kirchhoff 1 cho Nn - 1 phng trnh c lp, nh lut Kirchhoff 2 cho Nnh -Nn + 1 phng trnh c lp. Trn c s cc phng trnh , ngi ta tm cch bin i t cc mi quan h gia dng in v in p trong cc nhnh a cc phng trnh ny v dng c th gii theo cc n s mi, chnh l tng cho cc phng php phn tch mch in. in p nt hay dng in vng l nhng phng php i n s in hnh. Tr li bi ton tng qut hnh 2.2, by gi ta s tm dng in chy trong cc nhnh bng mt phng php khc, trong ta thay cc n s thc l dng trong cc nhnh bng cc n s trung gian l dng in vng gi nh chy trong cc vng kn. E8
Z8
Bc 1: Thnh lp cc vng cho mch nh hnh 2.4 (mi vng tng ng vi mt dng in vng gi nh). Ch rng vng thnh lp sau phi cha ti thiu mt nhnh mi so vi cc vng thnh lp trc. Cc vng c bn ng vi mi cy s tha mn iu kin ny. S vng phi thnh lp l Nnh-Nn+1. C th, ta thnh lp bn dng in vng ca mch l IV1, IV2, IV3, IV4.
A Z1 E1
Z2
Z4 Z5
Z6
D Z7 E7
Z3 E5 O IV1 IV2 IV4 IV3
Bc 2: Thnh lp h gm Nnh-Nn+1 phng Hnh 2.4 trnh cho mch tng ng vi cc vng kn, trong n s l cc dng in vng gi nh, da trn c s ch p dng nh lut kirchhof 2. lm r quy lut thnh lp h phng trnh, ta hy xt mt vng c th, chng hn ta xt vng th t (IV4). nh lut 2 p dng cho vng bn, nguyn thy theo n s thc (l dng in nhnh) c vit nh sau: ( Z8.I8 -E8 )+(Z7.I7+E7)+(-E1 - Z1.I1) = 0 Ch rng: I8=IV4; I7= IV4-IV3; v I1= -( IV1+ IV4). Khi , phng trnh ca vng bn c vit li theo cc n s mi (l dng in vng gi nh) nh sau: Z1.Iv1 +0.Iv2 -Z7.Iv3 + (Z1+Z7+Z8).Iv4 = E1 +E8 -E7 T ta thy quy lut thnh lp v tri v v phi ca phng trnh vit cho vng ang xt (IV4):
41

Cc dng in vng ln cn Dng in vng ang xt
Z1.Iv1 +0.Iv2 -Z7.Iv3 + (Z1+Z7+Z8).Iv4
V phi
E1 +E8 -E7
Tr khng chung gia cc vng ln cn v vng ang xt (ly du dng nu vng ln cn cng chiu vng ang xt, ly du m nu hai vng ngc chiu nhau).
Tng cc tr khng trong vng ang xt
V phi l tng i s cc sc in ng c trong vng ang xt, ly du dng khi chiu dng ca ngun cng chiu vng ang xt, ly du m khi chiu dng ca ngun ngc chiu vng ang xt
T quy lut , ta vit c h phng trnh dng in vng cho mch nh sau V1: V2: V3: V4: (Z1+Z2+Z3).Iv1 -Z3.Iv2 +0.Iv3 +Z1.Iv4 + 0.Iv4 = E1
-Z3.Iv1 +(Z3+Z4+Z5).Iv2+ Z5.Iv3 0.Iv1 Z1.Iv1
= -E5
+Z5.Iv2 + (Z5+Z6+Z7).Iv3- Z7.Iv4 = E7-E5 +0.Iv2 -Z7.Iv3 + (Z1+Z7+Z8).Iv4= E1 +E8 -E7
Bc 3: gii h phng trnh dng in vng tm gi tr cc dng in vng gi nh. Bc 4: chuyn kt qu trung gian v dng in trong cc nhnh, c th l: I1=-(Iv1+Iv4) I3=Iv1-Iv2 I5=Iv2+Iv3 I7=Iv4-Iv3 I2=Iv1 I4=Iv2 I6=-Iv3 I8=Iv4
Ch : H phng trnh dng in vng c th vit di dng phng trnh ma trn
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 Z3 0 Z1
Z3 Z3 + Z4 + Z5 + Z5 0
0 + Z5 Z5 + Z6 + Z7 Z7
I v1 E1 I E . v 2 = 5 I v 3 E 7 E5 Z7 Z 1 + Z 7 + Z 8 I v 4 E1 + E8 E 7 Z1 0
trong ta gi ma trn:
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 Z3 [ZV ] = 0 Z1
Z3 Z3 + Z 4 + Z5 + Z5 0
0 + Z5 Z5 + Z6 + Z7 Z7
Z7 Z1 + Z 7 + Z 8 Z1 0
42
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in l ma trn tr khng vng. Ma trn vung ny c c im l: -Nm trn ng cho chnh l cc tr khng vng. -Hai bn ng cho l tr khng chung i xng nhau qua ng cho chnh. Thd 2.2: Tnh dng trong cc nhnh ca mch in trong th d 2.1 bng phng php dng in vng. Gii: Thnh lp 2 vng, tng ng IV1 v IV2 nh hnh 2.5. H phng trnh c vit thnh: (R1+R2) IV1-R2IV2= E -R2IV1+(R2+R3) IV2=0 Thay s liu, ta c: 15 IV1-10IV2= 10 -10IV1+20 IV2=0 Gii h ta c: IV1=1A, IV2=0,5A. Vy dng trong cc nhnh l: I1= IV1=1A, I2=IV1- IV2=0,5A, I3=IV2=0,5A. Cc kt qu ny hon ton trng vi kt qu trong cch gii bng phng php dng in nhnh. Th d 2.3: Cho mch in hnh 2.6. a. Vit h phng trnh dng in vng khi khng tnh n h cm gia cc cun cm. b. Tnh dng in chy qua cc nhnh trong trng hp c tnh n ghp h cm, cho bit cc gi tr: R1=1; R2=1; XL1=1; XL2=2; XM=1; E=1V. Gii: a. Cc phng trnh dng in vng khi khng tnh n h cm: (R1+jXL1+R2)Iv1 -R2Iv2 = E -R2Iv1 +(jXL2+R2)Iv2 = 0
Hnh 2.6
R1 E XL1 Iv1 XL2 * * Iv2 R2
R1=5 E =10V DC
A R2 10 O Hnh 2.5
R3=10
V1
V2
b. Cc phng trnh dng in vng khi c tnh n h cm: (R1+jXL1+R2)Iv1 -(R2 +jXM)Iv2 = E -(R2+jXM)Iv1 +(jXL2+R2)Iv2 = 0
trong thnh phn -jXMIv2 l in p h cm do dng in Iv2 chy trong XL2 gy ra trn XL1, cn thnh phn -jXMIv1 l in p h cm do dng in Iv1 chy trong XL1 gy ra trn XL2. Thay s ta c:
43
(2 + j)I v1 (1 + j)I v 2 = 1 (1 + j)I v1 + (1 + 2 j)I v 2 = 0

p dng quy tc Crame ta tnh c:
I v1 =
2 j A 3
I v2 =
1 j A 3
Theo cng thc bin i vng:
i X L1 = I v1 =
2 j 1 j 1 A ; i X L2 = I v 2 = A ; i R 2 = I v1 I v 2 = A 3 3 3
Th d 2.4: hy tnh cc dng in nhnh ca mach in hnh 2.7. Gii: Trc ht ta phi chuyn ngun dng Ing2 v dng ngun p: E2 = Ing2.R2, v mch in c v li nh hnh 2.8. By gi ta vit h phng trnh dng in vng cho mch mi:
+ ( jX c jX M ) I v 2 = E1 ( R1 + jX L1 jX c ) I v1 ( jXc jXM ) I v1 + ( R 2 + jXL 2 jXc ) I v 2 = E 2

XL1 XM XL2
Theo quy tc Crame ta c:
E1 E 2 I v1 =
j( X c X M ) R2 + j ( X L 2 X c ) Z v
R1 E1
Xc
R2
Ing2
I v2
R1 + j ( X L1 X c ) E1 j( X X ) E2 c M = Z v
XL1 R1 E1 Iv1
Hnh 2.7
Cc cng thc bin i vng ca mch in: IL1 = Iv1; IL2= Iv2; IC= Iv1 + Iv2. Ch rng dng in trong R2 ca mch in ban u s c tnh theo cng thc: IR2= Ing2 - Iv2.
XM
XL2 R2 E2
Xc
Iv2
Hnh 2.8
Th d 2.5: Tnh dng cc in nhnh ca mch in hnh 2.9 vi cc s liu ngun di dng hiu dng phc: E1=1V; E6=j V; Z1=1; Z2=-j; Z3=j; Z4=1; Z5=j; Z6=1. Gii: Ta s s dng phng php dng in vng gii bi ton ny:
Z6 E6 B Z2 Iv2 D Z5 Z3 C Iv3 A Z1 Iv1 E1
Z4
Hnh 2.9
44
( Z1 + Z2 + Z4 ) I v1 Z2 I v 2 Z4 I v 3 = E1 Z2 I v1 + ( Z2 + Z3 + Z5 ) I v 2 Z5I v 3 = 0 Z I Z I + ( Z + Z + Z ) I = E 5 v2 4 5 6 v3 6 4 v1 ( 2 j)I v1 + jI v 2 I v 3 = 1 Thay s: jI v1 + jI v 2 jI v 3 = 0 I jI + ( 2 + j) I = j v2 v3 v1

Gii h phng trnh ny theo phng php nh thc:
2 j Z v = j 1
Tnh c:
1 0 Iv1 = j j 2+4 j 1 j =
j j
1 j = 2 + 4j
j 2 + j
2 j j
1 0
1 j
2 j j
j j
1 0
j j 2+ j
1 j 2 + j 1 j j 1 7 j 3 j 1+ 3 j ; Iv2 = ; I v3 = = = 10 2+ 4 j 5 2+4 j 10
Theo cc cng thc bin i vng ca mch in ta tnh c cc dng in hiu dng phc:
I 1 = I v1 =
3 j 1+ j 1+ 3 j 1+ 3 j ; I 2 = I v1 I v 2 = ; I 3 = I v2 = ; I 4 = I v 3 I v1 = 10 2 5 5 3 j 1 7 j ; I 6 = I v3 = 10 10
I 5 = I v3 I v 2 =
2.2.3 Phng php in p nt

Tr li xt bi ton tng qut hnh 2.10a. By gi ta s tm dng in chy trong cc nhnh bng mt phng php khc, trong ta thay cc n s thc bng cc n s trung gian l in p ca cc nt. Trong bi ton ny c mt s thay E8 i nh l biu din cc nhnh mch Y8 theo dn np. Bc 1: nh k hiu cho cc nt A,B,C,D,O v chn mt nt lm gc nh hnh 2.10b. Nt gc s c in th quy c l im chung (0V). in th cc nt cn li chnh l in p ca n so vi gc. Trong trng hp c th ny ta chn gc l nt O.
Y2 Y1 E1 Y3 E5 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 E7
Hnh 2.10a Bc 2: thnh lp h phng trnh in p nt cho mch. H phng trnh vit cho Nn-1 nt, tr nt gc. C s l nh lut Kirchhoff 1. tm quy lut thnh lp, ta hy xut pht t phng trnh gc ca nt A:
I1 + I2 + I8 = 0
45
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in Ch rng cc dng ny c th tnh t in p ca cc nt:
E8
Y8 Y2 Y4 Y5 Y3 Y5 O
U U D + E8 U A E1 U UB I2 = A I8 = A 1 / Y1 1 / Y2 1 / Y8 khi , phng trnh ca nt A c vit li theo cc n s mi (l in p cc nt) nh sau: I1 =
A Y1 E1
Y6
D Y7 E7
U A E1 U A U B U A U D + E8 + + =0 1 / Y1 1 / Y2 1 / Y8
nhm s hng v chuyn v ta c:
Hnh 2.10b
(Y 1 +Y 2 +Y 8 ).U A - Y 2 .U B - 0.U C - Y 8 .U D = Ing1 -I ng8

trong , cc dng in ngun c tnh theo biu thc:
I ng1 =
E1 = E1Y1 , Z1
I ng 8 =
E8 = E8Y8 Z8
Ta rt ra quy lut thnh lp cc v tri v phi ca phng trnh vit cho nt A:
Nt ang xt
Cc dn np chung gia cc nt ln cn so vi nt ang xt. Tt c u ly du m.
A:
(Y1+Y2+Y8).UA - Y2.UB - 0.UC - Y8.UD

Cc nt ln cn
Ing1-Ing8
Tng cc dn np ni vo nt ang xt
V phi l tng i s cc Ing ni vo nt ang xt. Ly du + nu chiu ca Ing i vo nt ang xt, ngc li th ly du -
T quy lut , ta vit c h phng trnh in p nt cho mch nh sau: A: B: C: D: (Y1+Y2+Y8).UA - Y2.UB - 0.UC - Y8.UD
B B
= Ing1 - Ing8
-Y2.UA +(Y2+Y3+Y4).UB - Y4.UC - 0.UD = 0 0.UA -Y4.UB + (Y4+Y5+Y6).UC - Y6.UD = Ing5

B
-Y8.UA -0.UB -Y6.UC + (Y6+Y7+Y8).UD = Ing7 + Ing8

B
Bc 3: gii h phng trnh tm ra in p cc nt. Bc 4: Chuyn i kt qu trung gian v dng trong cc nhnh, c th l:
46
I1 = I2 =
U A E1 Z1 U A U B Z2
I3 = I4 =
UB Z3 U B UC Z4
I5 = I6 =
U C E5 Z5 UC U D Z6
I7 = I8 =
U D E7 Z7 U A U D + E8 Z8
Ch : H phng trnh trn c th vit di dng phng trnh ma trn:
Y1 + Y2 + Y8 Y 2 0 Y8
Y2 Y2 + Y3 + Y4 Y4 0
0 Y4 Y4 + Y5 + Y6 Y6
U A I ng1 I ng 8 U 0 0 . B = I Y6 UC ng 5 Y6 + Y7 + Y8 U D I ng 7 + I ng 8 Y8
trong , ta gi ma trn:
Y1 + Y2 + Y8 Y 2 0 Y8
Y2 Y2 + Y3 + Y4 Y4 0
0 Y4
Y4 + Y5 + Y6 Y6
0 Y6 Y6 + Y7 + Y8
Y8
l ma trn dn np nt, n c c im l: -Nm trn ng cho chnh l cc dn np nt. -Hai bn ng cho l dn np chung i xng nhau qua ng cho chnh. Th d 2.6: Tnh dng trong cc nhnh ca mch in hnh 2.11 bng phng php in p nt. Gii: t tn cc nt mch l A,O. Chn nt O lm gc. Mch ch c 1 phng trnh cho nt A:
R1=5 E 10V R3=10
1 1 1 E + + ).U A = R1 R2 R3 R1
A R2 10 O Hnh 2.11
Thay s ta c:
1 1 1 10 ( + + ).U A = 5 10 10 5
U A = 5V
Cui cng, i kt qu trung gian v dng trong cc nhnh:
I1 =
UA E = 1A, R1
I2 =
UA = 0.5 A R2
I3 =
UA = 0.5 A R3
R2 XL1 R1 E1 O Hnh 2.12 E2
Du - ca I1 c ngha l dng thc t ca I1 chy vo nt A. Th d 2.7: Hy vit h phng trnh in p nt cho mch in hnh 2.12. Gii: K hiu cc nt l A, B, C, O v chn nt O lm gc. Nh vy ta s c h ba phng trnh, ba n s
B
Xc
XL2 R3
C
Ing3
47
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in UA, UB, UC:

B
1 E E 1 1 1 1 + + )U A UB UC = 1 + 2 ( jX L1 R2 R1 R 2 R 1 R 2 jX L1 1 1 1 1 1 UA + ( + + )U B UC = 0 jX jX jX jX jX L1 L1 L2 c L2 1 E 1 1 1 1 UA UB + ( + + )U C = I ng3 2 R2 jX L2 jX L2 R 2 R 3 R2
Qua th d trn ta thy trong s mch vic biu din ngun dng rt thun tin p dng phng php in p nt, do trc khi vit phng trnh bn c th chuyn i cc ngun p v ngun dng. Th d 2.8: Cho mch in hnh 2.13. Hy tnh cc dng in chy qua R1 v XL bng phng php in p nt. Gii: Chn nt gc l O, khi h hai phng trnh in p nt l:
R1 E1 A XL B R2 Xc R3 E2
E1 1 1 1 1 ( R + jX + jX )U A jX U B = R 1 1 c L L 1 U + ( 1 + 1 + 1 )U = E 2 A B R2 jX L R2 R3 jX L
Theo qui tc Crame ta c:
E1 R1 UA = E2 R2 1 1 1 + + R1 jX c jX L 1 UA jX L 1 jX L
UB =
Hnh 2.13
1 1 1 + + R2 R3 jX L 1 jX L
1 1 1 + + R 2 R3 jX L
E1 1 1 1 + + R 1 jX c jX L R1 E2 1 jX L R2 1 1 1 + + R 1 jX c jX L 1 1 1 UA + + jX L R2 R3
1 jX L 1 jX L
Theo cng thc bin i nt ca mch ta tnh c:
I R1 =
U A E1 R1
I XL =
U A UB jX L
Th d 2.9: Cho mch in iu ha hnh 2.14 vi cc s liu di dng phc: E1=1V; E6=jV; Z1=1; Z2=-j; Z3=j; Z4=1; Z5=j; Z6=1. Tnh cc dng in nhnh bng phng php in p nt. Gii: Chn nt B lm gc, khi :
48
1 E E 1 1 1 1 Uc UD = 1 6 + ) UA ( + Z6 Z1 Z1 Z6 Z1 Z4 Z6 1 E 1 1 1 1 + ) Uc UD = 6 U A + ( + Z3 Z5 Z6 Z3 Z6 Z6 1 E 1 1 1 1 + ) UD = 1 U A U c + ( + Z3 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z1 Z1
Thay s ta c:
Z1 A Z6 Z4 E6 C Z5 B
E1 Z3 Z2 D
Hnh 2.14
3UA Uc UD = 1 j UA + (1 2 j) Uc + jUD = j U + jU + U = 1 c D A
Dng qui tc Crame:
1 j j 1 3 -1 -1 -1 1 - 2j j -1 1 - 2j j -1 j 1 -1 j 1
UA =
1+ 3j 5
I4 =
UA 1+ 3j = 5 Z4
3 -1 Uc = -1 3 -1 -1 3 -1 UD = -1 3 -1 -1
-1- j j 1 -1 1 - 2j j -1 1 - 2j j -1 1 - 2j j
-1 j 1 -1 j 1 -1- j j 1 -1 j 1 = 1 j 2 I2 = UD 1+ j = Z2 2 = 1+ 3j 10 I5 = Uc 3 j = 10 Z5
V dng in nhnh s l:
1 U A U D + E1 3 j = = o 10 Z1 10 18 5 2 U UD 1 + 3 j i3 = c = = o 5 Z3 10 71 55 i1 = i6 = 1 7j 1 UA Uc + E 6 = = 10 Z6 2 98o
Th d 2.10: Cho mch in hnh 2.15.
a. Thnh lp h phng trnh in p nt cho mch.
49
b. Da vo cu a, hy vit cng thc tnh dng trong cc nhnh theo in p cc nt.

Gii:
-Chn 0 lm gc: a. H phng trnh in p nt: UA(Y1+Y2+Y3) - UB.Y3 = Ing1

B
R1
R3
L3
-UA.Y3
+ UB(Y3+Y4) = -Ing4
B
b. Dng trong cc nhnh: I1=(UA-E1)/R1. I2=UA/ZC2. I3=(UA UB)/(R3+ZL3).

B
E1
C2
R4
Ing4
Hnh 2.15
I4=UB/R4.
B
Th d 2.11: Mch in nh hnh 2.16a, vi cc s liu: R1= R2=R3= 2; E1= 1,5V; E2 = 3V. Hy tnh dng in trong cc nhnh bng phng php dng in vng v phng php in p nt? Gii:
R1 R2
a. Theo phng php dng in vng: -Gi thit chn chiu cc vng nh hnh 2.16b: Xt vng 1: IV1(R1+R3) Xt vng 2: -IV1R3 -Dng trong cc nhnh: IR1 = IV1= 1A. IL2 = IV2= 1,25A. IR3 = IV2 IV1= 0,25A. b. Theo phng php in p nt: -Chn 0 lm gc nh hnh 2.16c. -Phng trnh in p nt: UA(G1+G2+G3) = Ing1-Ing2 -Thay s tnh c: UA = -0,5V. -Vi chiu dng ca dng trong cc nhnh chn nh hnh 2.16c, ta c: I1= 1,0 A. I2= 1,25 A. I3= -0,25A.
E1
- IV2.R3
= E1. = E2.
E1
R3
E2
+ IV2(R2+R3)
Hnh 2.16a
R1
R2
IV1
R3
IV2
E2
Hnh 2.16b
R2
R1
E1
R3 0
E2
Hnh 2.16c
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2.3 PHNG PHP NGUN TNG NG

Trong mt s trng hp, nhim v phn tch mch khng i hi phi tnh tt c dng v p ca tt c cc nhnh, m ch i hi tnh ton trn mt nhnh hay mt phn mch no . Lc vic vn dng cc phng php nu trn s dn n cc php tnh khng cn thit v cc kt qu tha. Phng php ngun tng ng m c s ca n l nh l Thevenine-Norton cho php chng ta gii cc bi ton nh vy mt cch n gin hn bng cch thay th phn mch c cha ngun bi mt ngun p hay ngun dng tng ng.
Ni dung nh l Thevenine-Norton
Trong mch in, phn mch AB c cha ngun (v ni vi phn cn li Z ca mch ti cp im AB, ng thi gia hai phn khng c ghp h cm vi nhau), c th c thay th tng ng bng mt ngun p c sc in ng bng in p h mch trn cp im AB (hay mt ngun dng c dng in ngun bng dng in ngn mch trn cp im AB), cn tr khng trong ca ngun bng tr khng tng ng nhn t cp im AB vi nguyn tc ngn mch cc ngun sc in ng v h mch cc ngun dng c trong phn mch ny. Ni dung nh l c m t nh hnh 2.17.
S tng ng Thevenine
Zi=Ztd AB
A
E=Uhm AB
Phn mch c cha ngun A
B
Z
B A
Ing=Inm AB S tng ng Norton
Zi=Ztd AB
Hnh 2.17: Minh ha nh l Thevenine-Norton
nh l ny c th suy ra trc tip t s m rng nh ngha ca ngun in v nu phn mch gc ch cha cc phn t tuyn tnh th ngun Z3 B A tng ng ca n cng l ngun tuyn tnh. Z1 Z5 Nh vy, nh l Thevenine-Norton cho php bin Z2 Z4 i phn mch in c cha ngun thnh 2 s E1 E5 tng ng: s tng ng ngun p (cn gi l s Thevenine), v s tng ng ngun dng (cn gi l s Norton). Hnh 2.18a
51
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in Th d 2.12: Cho mch in nh hnh 2.18a, hy tnh dng in chy qua Z3. Gii:
Ta thy y ch tnh dng chy qua mt nhnh, do n gin hy p dng phng php ngun tng ng. Z3 B A -Trc ht ct b Z , phn mch cn li chnh l
3
phn mch c cha ngun nh hnh 2.18b. -Xc nh in p h mch trn cp im AB:
Z1 E1 Z2 Z4
Z5 E5
UhmAB = UA UB =
E1 E5 Z2 Z4 Z1 + Z2 Z4 + Z5
Hnh 2.18b
-Xc nh ZtAB nhn t cp im AB, ngn mch ngun s E1 & E5 nh hnh 2.18c:
ZtdAB
ZZ ZZ = 1 2 + 4 5 Z1 + Z2 Z4 + Z5
A Z1 Z2
Z3
B Z5
Z4
-T suy ra c dng in ngn mch trn cp im AB l:
I nm. AB =
U hmAB Z tdAB
Hnh 2.18c
S tng ng Thevenine v Norton c dng nh hnh 2.18d.

Zt AB A Uhm AB Z3 B Inm AB Zt AB A Z3 B
S Thevenine Hnh 2.18d
S Norton
R rng vic tnh dng trn Z3 lc ny tr nn n gin hn nhiu:
I3 =
U hmAB I nm. AB = Z tdAB Z tdAB + Z 3 Z tdAB + Z 3
Th d 2.13: Cho mch in hnh 2.19a, vi cc s liu: R1=R2= 10; R3= R4 = 20; Ing1= 3A; Eng4 = 30V. Hy tnh dng in iR2 bng nguyn l ngun tng ng. Gii:
R2 Ing1 R1 R3 R4 Eng4
Bin i tng ng thnh s Thevenine hoc Norton: - Tnh in p h mch ti cp im AB nh hnh 2.19b. Ta c:
Hnh 2.19a
52
UAhm=30V. UBhm=15V. Vy suy ra: UABhm=Eng=15V. - Tnh dng in ngn mch trn cp im AB nh hnh 2.19c, ta c: IAB ng.m =3/4 A.
IAB ng.m A Ing1 R1 B R4 R3 Eng4 Ing1 Ing1
A R1
B R4 R3 Eng4
Hnh 2.19b
A R1 B R4 R3
Hnh 2.19c
Hnh 2.19d
- Tnh in tr tng ng nhn ti cp im AB nh hnh 2.19d, ta c: Rtd=20. - Tng hp, s tng ng Thevenine v Norton c dng nh hnh 2.19e:
A R2 Ing1 R1 R3 B R4 Eng4
Ri=20
A
Eng =15V
R2=10
Ing=3/4A
Ri =20
A B
R2 =10
Hnh 2.19e
Vy ta tnh c: IR2 = 0.5A (A sang B).

Th d 2.14: Cho mch in hnh 2.20, hy tnh dng I0 bng phng php ngun tng ng. Gii:
E1 A E2
Iv
R1 X1 R0 X0 B X2 R2 *
* XM
-Ngt R0 v X0 ra khi mch. tnh UhmAB, th trc ht ta tnh dng in vng Iv chy trong mch theo cng thc:
Iv =
E1 E 2 R1 + R2 + j ( X 1 + X 2 2 X M )
Hnh 2.20
53
Mt khc: ( R1 + jX1 jXM ) I v U hmAB = E1 Vy: U hmAB = E1 + ( R1 + jX 1 jX M ) I v

I1 R1 * XM X1 X2 B
I2 R2 I -By gi ta phi tnh ZtAB. Sau khi ngn mch hai * ngun s, nhn t cp im AB c hai nhnh mch A U nh hnh 2.21a. Do c tnh n ghp h cm nn ta khng th tnh ZtAB theo quan nim hai nhnh mch Hnh 2.21a ghp song song vi nhau m phi p dng phng php dng in vng, t:
Z1 = R 1 + jX1 Z 2 = R 2 + jX 2 Z = jX M M
khi s hnh 2.21a c th v li nh hnh 2.21b:
I A
I1 I2
* ZM * U
Z1 Z2 B
ZtdAB
G U = G I
theo kt qu ca th d xt trong chng I, p dng trong trng hp c th ny ta c:
Hnh 2.21b
Z tdAB
2 Z1 Z 2 Z M = Z 1 + Z 2 2Z M
Nh vy theo s tng ng Thevenine hnh 2.21c ta tnh c kt qu cui cng:
Ri=Zt AB A E=Uhm AB B
I0 R0 X0
U hmAB I0 = Z tdAB + R0 jX 0
Hnh 2.21c
Th d 2.15 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.22. Hy xc nh cc thng s ca mch Thevenine.
A Z1 Z5 Z4 B E Z3 Z2
Gii: -H mch ti Z5, ta xc nh c sc in ng ca ngun tng ng l in p UAB h mch:
Z1 Z4 Etd = E Z1 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 4 Z2 Z3 Etd = E Z1 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 4
hay
Hnh 2.22
Ngn mch ngun E, nhn t cp im AB ta xc nh c ni tr ca ngun tng ng:
Z td =
ZZ Z1Z 2 + 3 4 Z1 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 4
54
2.4 PHN TCH MCH TUYN TNH BNG NGUYN L XP CHNG

Trong chng I chng ta c dp bn n khi nim phn t tuyn tnh v mch tuyn tnh. Mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng nht ca loi mch ny l c th p dng nguyn l xp chng phn tch cc p ng v cc qu trnh nng lng xy ra trong h thng.
Ni dung nguyn l xp chng
Trong h thng tuyn tnh, nu yi l p ng tng ng vi tc ng xi, th a.y1+b.y2 s l p ng tng ng vi tc ng a.x1+b.x2. C th, nu mt mch in tuyn tnh c cha nhiu ngun tc ng, th dng in vng sinh ra trong vng l bi tt c cc ngun ca mch bng tng cc dng in vng sinh ra trong vng l bi ring cc ngun t trong mi vng k ca mch. Hay ni mt cch khc, dng in vng sinh ra trong vng l no ca mch, bi tt c cc ngun ca mch bng tng cc dng in vng sinh ra trong vng l bi mi ngun ring r ca mch ( khi cc ngun khng lm vic s ngn mch nu n l ngun sc in ng v h mch nu n l ngun dng ). Nguyn l xp chng hon ton ng cho dng in nhnh, dng in vng v c in p nt. Vic m t nguyn l ny s thng qua mt s th d minh ho di y.
Th d 2.16: Cho mch in tuyn tnh nh hnh 2.23a, hy tnh dng in chy qua Z3 bng cch p dng nguyn l xp chng.
A Z1 E1 Z2 Z4 Z3 B Z5 E5
Hnh 2.23a
Gii: Nu ngun E1 gy nn trong Z3 mt dng in I3E1 v ngun E5 gy nn trong Z3 mt dng in I3E5 th dng tng qua Z3 s l s xp chng ca I3E1 v I3E5.
- tnh dng I3E1 trc ht ta ngn mch ngun E5, khi mch tr thnh nh hnh 2.23b:
Z45 = Z2345
Z4 Z5 ; Z4 + Z5
Z345 = Z3 + Z45
Z1 E1 Z2
Z3
B Z5 Z4
Z2 Z345 = ; Ztd1 = Z1 + Z2345 Z2 + Z345

E1 Z2 (t A sang B) Z td 1 Z 2 + Z 345
v nh vy: I 3 E1 =
Hnh 2.23b
- tnh dng I3E5 ta phi loi b ngun E1, khi mch tr thnh nh hnh 2.23c. Vi cch tnh tng t ta s tnh c:
Z12 =
Z1Z2 ; Z1 + Z2
Z123 =Z3 + Z12

Z1 Z2
Z3
B Z5 Z4 E5
Z1234 =
Z4 Z123 ; Zt5 = Z5 + Z1234 Z4 + Z123
Hnh 2.23c
55
v ta c: I 3 E 5 =
E5 Z4 (t B sang A). Z td 5 Z 4 + Z 123

R1 R2 R3 R4
Nh vy nu tnh n chiu dng in ta s c:
I 3 = I 3 E1 I 3 E 5
Th d 2.17: cho mch in nh hnh 2.24a vi cc s liu: R1= R2= 4; R3=R4 = 2. Eng1 = 6V (ngun mt chiu). Ing4= 3A (ngun mt chiu). Hy tnh dng in IR3.
Eng1
Ing4
Hnh 2.24a
Gii: Mch l tuyn tnh, nn c th vn dng nguyn l xp chng:
-Khi E1 tc ng, Ing4 b h mch, lc ny mch c dng nh hnh 2.24b: Sau mt vi php tnh n gin, ta c dng in trn R3 l I3.1 =0,5A (chiu t A sang B). -Khi Ing4 tc ng, E1 b ngn mch, lc ny mch c dng nh hnh 2.24c. Ta cng d dng tm c dng in trn R3 l I3.2 =1A (chiu t B sang A).
R1 Eng1
R2
R3
B R4
R1 R2
R3
B R4 Ing4
Hnh 2.24b
Hnh 2.24c
- Vy khi c hai ngun ng thi tc ng, ta c dng in tng hp trn R3 l: I3 = I3.2 - I3.1 = 0,5A (chiu t B sang A).
TNG HP NI DUNG CHNG II

Phng php dng in nhnh, dng in vng v in p nt l cc phng php c bn phn tch mch. Phng php dng in nhnh vn dng c hai nh lut Kirchhoff vi n s l cc dng in nhnh, v vy s phng trnh ca mch chnh l s nhnh mch. Phng php ny khng thun li khi s nhnh ca mch tng ln. gim s phng trnh ca mch, c th s dng cc phng php khc bng cch a vo cc n s trung gian: Nu n trung gian l cc dng in gi nh chy trong cc vng kn, th h gm Nnh-Nn+1 phng trnh. C s l nh lut kirchhof 2. Phng php ny khng thun li i vi mch c cha ngun dng. Nu n trung gian l in p cc nt, th h gm Nn-1 phng trnh. C s l nh lut kirchhof 1. Phng php ny khng thun li i vi mch c ghp h cm.
56
Phng php bin i tng ng mch in (nh phng php ngun tng ng) c th chuyn mch in c cu trc phc tp v dng cu trc c bn. Phng php ny khng thch hp trong mt s trng hp ghp h cm. Vi mch tuyn tnh chu cc tc ng phc tp, th vic vn dng nguyn l xp chng cng l mt phng php lm n gin ha qu trnh phn tch v tnh ton mch. Khi nim tuyn tnh l mang tnh tng i. Vic vn dng nh l Thevenine-Norton hoc nguyn l xp chng rt thch hp tm p ng trn mt nhnh mch n l. Ni chung, vic vn dng phng php phn tch no t c hiu qu ti u l ty thuc vo tng mch v yu cu ca tng bi ton c th. C nhng bi ton, nu cn thit, c th phi vn dng nhiu phng php t c kt qu nhanh nht.
CU HI V BI TP CHNG II
2.1 Trong mt mch vng khp kn, tng i s cc st p trn cc nhnh:
a. lun lun khc khng. b. bng khng nu c cc dng in chy trong mch. c. bin thin ph thuc vo in p ngun. d. bng khng.
2.2 Mt on mch mc ni tip bao gm 3 phn t th ng. Nu in p ngun cung cp v st p ca hai phn t bit, st p ca phn t th ba:
a. khng th xc nh c b. bng khng c. c th xc nh c bng cch p dng nh lut Kirchhoff v in p. d. khng phi cc phng n trn
2.3 Nu tnh ton ca bn cho thy tng i s cc st p trong mt mch vng l khc khng th:
a. kt qu ca bn l ng b. mch vng c cha ngun c. mch vng khng cha ngun d. tnh ton ca bn cha ng
2.4 C s chnh ca phng php dng in vng da vo :
a. nh lut Ohm b. nh lut Kirchhoff v dng in c. nh lut Kirchhoff v in p d. nh l Thevenine- Norton

2.5 Nu khi gii mch in thu c dng trong mt nhnh mch c gi tr m th:
57
a. Gi tr dng in l ng nhng chiu ban u ca n l khng ng. b. Gi tr dng in l khng ng, nhng chiu ban u l ng. c. C gi tr v chiu u ng. d. C gi tr v chiu u khng ng.
2.6 Khi phn tch mt mch in c Nn nt v Nnh nhnh bng phng php in p nt, th s phng trnh to ra l:
a. Nnh-1 phng trnh c lp b. Nn-1 phng trnh c lp c. Nnh-Nn-1 phng trnh c lp d. Nnh- Nn+1 phng trnh c lp
2.7 Khi phn tch mch in tuyn tnh p dng nguyn l xp chng, th:
a. Cc ngun in phi c loi b ng thi b. Ln lt ch gi li mt ngun, cc ngun cn li cn c loi b. c. Cc ngun c gi nguyn d. Cc ngun c cng li
2.8 C s phn tch mch bng phng php ngun tng ng da vo :
a. nh l Thevenine- Norton b. Nguyn l xp chng c. nh lut Kirchhoff v dng in d. nh lut Kirchhoff v in p

2.9 Trong mch hnh 2.25, p dng nh lut Kirchhoff v in p, xc nh in p ri trn R2.
a. 50 Vdc b. 25 Vdc c. 15 Vdc d. 10 Vdc
Hnh 2.25
2.10 Hy tm phng trnh no di y l khng ng i vi mch in hnh 2.26?
a. b.
1 1 1 E + + ).U A = R1 R2 R3 R1
E
R1
A R2 I1 O Hnh 2.26
R3
(R1+R2) I1-R2I2= E
b. -R2I1+(R2+R3) I2=0 d. IR2 = I1+I2
I2
58
2.11 Cho mch in hnh 2.27, chn chiu dng in trong cc vng nh hnh v. Hy vit cc biu thc dng in vng cho mch. R1 R2
E1
IV1
R3
IV2
E2
2.12 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.28:
a. Thnh lp h phng trnh dng in vng cho mch.
Hnh 2.27
b. Da vo cu a, hy vit cng thc tnh dng trong cc nhnh theo cc dng in vng.
R1 L1 L2 IV2 R2 R1 R2
E1
IV1
E2
E1
IV1
R3
IV2
E2
Hnh 2.28
Hnh 2.29
2.13 Cho mch in hnh 2.29, chn chiu dng in trong cc vng nh hnh v. R1=R2=R3=2; E1=10 V; E2=4 V. Hy xc nh dng in trn cc nhnh theo phng php dng in vng ?
2.14 Cho mch in hnh 2.30, chn chiu dng in trong cc vng nh hnh v. Hy vit cc biu thc dng in vng theo phng php dng in vng ?
XM
*
R1 E1 XL1
*
XL2 XC R2
IV1
IIV2
+ -
E2
Hnh 2.30
2.15 Cho mch in v chiu dng in trong cc vng nh hnh 2.31. Hy vit cc phng trnh vng theo phng php dng in vng ?
R1 L1 L2 R2
E1
IV1
IV2
E2
59
Hnh 2.31
2.16 Mch in hnh 2.32 vi cc s liu:
R1
R2
R1= R2=R3= 20. E1= 3V. E2 = 6V. Hy tnh dng in trong cc nhnh bng phng php Hnh 2.32 in p nt.
E1 R3 E2
2.17 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.33. Chn nt O l nt gc, hy vit cc phng trnh nt theo phng php in p nt ?
R1 XC R2
+ -
E1
XL
R3
+ -
E2
Hnh 2.33
2.18 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.34. Chn nt O lm nt gc. Hy vit cc phng trnh nt cho mch theo phng php in p nt.
A R2 L2 B R4
Ing1
R1
C3
Eng4
Hnh 2.34
2.19 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.35. Tnh in p Et v ni tr trong Rt ca ngun tng ng khi chuyn sang mch Thevenine.
R1
10 10
+ 10V R2
20 20
60
R3
20 20
Ti
2.20: Xt mch in nh hnh 2.36. Tnh in p Et v ni tr trong Rt ca ngun tng ng khi chuyn sang mch Thevenine.
R1
R3
A
+ 10V R2
Ti B Hnh 2.36
10V +
2.21 Cho mch in hnh 2.37. Hy tnh dng in IR4 theo phng php ngun tng ng vi cc s liu Ing= 4A; Eng =6V; R1=R2=R3=R4=R5=R6=2.
R1 Eng R2
R3 R4
R5 R6 Ing
Hnh 2.37
2.22 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.38. Tnh tr khng tng ng Rt ca mch Thevenine.
R ti
Hnh 2.38
61
2.23 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.39 vi cc s liu:
R1=R2= 5. R3= R4 = 10. Ing1= 6A. Eng4 = 15V. Hy tnh dng in iR2 bng nguyn l xp chng.
Ing1
A R2 R1
B R4 R3 Eng4
Hnh 2.39
62
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
CHNG III
HIN TNG QU TRONG CC MCH RLC

GII THIU
Trong chng II chng ta xt cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in ch xc lp, trong ch yu da vo hai nh lut Kirchhoff v in p v dng in. Sang chng ny s i su vo nghin cu phng php phn tch mch in ch qu . C th l cc ni dung sau: Nhc li c bn v bin i Laplace ca cc tn hiu lin tc, c bit nhn mnh phng php bin i Laplace ngc. Rn luyn k nng phn tch cc qu trnh qu ca mch bng phng php ton t da trn cp bin i Laplace. i su phn tch mt s bi ton qu vi cc mch RLC di tc ng mt chiu v xoay chiu.
NI DUNG 3.1 BIN I LAPLACE

Nh chng ta bit, vic phn tch mch in trong min thi gian gy nn nhng kh khn v tnh ton cho cc phng trnh vi phn v tch phn. Nh c cch biu din trong min tn s m xut pht ca n l cp bin i Fourier, ta thay th c cc php ly tch phn v vi phn bng cc php ton i s:
d j dt dt 1 j
Nh vy thc cht y l ngi ta thc hin ton t ha mch in bng bin i Fourier. Trong mc ny chng ta s xt phng php ton t ha mch in mt cch tng qut hn, thng qua bin i Laplace. Cc ni dung di y s c cp mt cch ngn gn.
3.1.1 Bin i Laplace thun

Bin i Laplace thun (vit tt l LT) ca hm gc f(t) trong min thi gian s tng ng l mt nh F(p) trong min tn s phc p, c tnh theo cng thc:
LT [ f (t )] = F ( p) =
f (t ). exp( pt ).dt
j
Hnh 3.1: Mt phng phc
(3.1)
trong p l mt i lng phc c nh ngha: p= +j v n c biu din trn mt phng phc nh hnh 3.1. Nh vy F(p) l mt hm phc ca bin phc p. C ngha l vi mi gi tr phc pj= j + jj ta s c F(pj)= aj+jbj tng qut cng l mt s phc.
62
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC Bin i Laplace mt pha ca f(t) c nh ngha:
F ( p) =
f (t ). exp( pt ).dt
(3.2)
trong F(p) ch ph thuc vo gi tr ca f(t) vi t0, bt u t ln cn tri 0-. Khc vi bin i hai pha, bin i Laplace mt pha cho php t hp mt cch r rng cc gi tr u ca f(t) v cc o hm ca n vo trong min lm vic p, do n c bit hu dng khi gii quyt cc bi ton lin quan n phng trnh vi phn c iu kin u. V vy trong ti liu ny ch cp ti Bin i Laplace mt pha. Ch rng mc d vi mi hm gc x(t), nh F(p) tng ng ch c nh ngha cho cc gi tr ca bin phc p nm trong vng hi t ( tc l vng gi tr ca p m ti tch phn trong cng thc trn tn ti), nhng trong hu ht cc p dng khng cn thit phi cn nhc ti vng hi t, v vy tr trng hp c bit, vng hi t ca cc bin i Laplace trong ti liu ny s khng c nhc ti. Mt khc, bin i Laplace l s tng qut ha ca bin i Fourier. Mc d mt s trng hp hm s tn ti bin i Laplace nhng khng tn ti bin i Fourier, nhng ni chung, c th tnh ton trc tip bin i Fourier t bin i Laplace bng cch thay th p =j :
F ( ) = F ( p ) p = j
3.1.2 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Laplace
(3.3)
Ngoi tr mt vi tnh cht, ni chung cc tnh cht ca bin i Fourier cng l tnh cht ca bin i Laplace. Sau y l m t mt s tnh cht ch yu ca bin i Laplace: +Tnh tuyn tnh: Nu LT[x1(t)]=X1(p) v LT[x2(t)]=X2(p), ta c:
LT [a.x1 (t ) + bx2 (t )] = aX 1 ( p ) + bX 2 ( p )
+Dch phi trong min thi gian: Nu LT[x(t)]=X(p) th vi s thc dng a bt k, ta c:
(3.4)
LT [ x(t a ).u (t a )] = e ap . X ( p )
ch rng khng c kt qu cho trng hp dch tri trong min thi gian +Thay i thang t l trong min thi gian: Nu LT[x(t)]=X(p) th vi s thc dng a, ta c:
(3.5)
1 p LT [ x(at )] = . X ( ) a a
+Nhn vi hm m: Nu LT[x(t)]=X(p) th vi s a thc hoc phc bt k, ta c:
(3.6)
LT [e at .x(t )] = X ( p + a)
+Nhn vi hm iu ha: Nu LT[x(t)]=X(p) th vi s thc bt k, ta c:
(3.7)
j LT [ x(t ). sin t ] = [ X ( p + j ) X ( p j )] 2
(3.8) (3.9)
1 LT [ x(t ). cos t ] = [ X ( p + j ) + X ( p j )] 2
+Vi phn trong min thi gian: Nu LT[x(t)]=X(p) th ta c:
63
LT [ LT [
d x(t )] = p. X ( p) x(0) dt
(3.10)
d2 x(t )] = p 2 . X ( p) p.x(0 ) x ' (0 ) 2 dt
(3.11)
+Tch phn trong min thi gian: Nu LT[x(t)]=X(p) th ta c:
LT [ x(t )dt ] =
0
1 . X ( p) p
(3.12)
+Gi tr u: Nu LT[x(t)]=X(p) th ta c:
x(0 + ) = lim[ p. X ( p )]
p
(3.13) (3.14)
x ' (0 + ) = lim[ p 2 . X ( p) p.x(0 + )]

p
+Gi tr cui: Gi s LT[x(t)]=X(p), nu tn ti lim[ x(t )] th ta c:

t
lim[ x(t )] = lim[ p. X ( p )]

t p 0
(3.15)
cn cn thn khi p dng nh l ny, bi v c tn ti gii hn bn v phi nhng cha hn tn gii hn bn v tri.
3.1.3 Bin i Laplace ca mt s hm thng dng

Hm gc f(t) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. a.u(t) hay a.1(t) tn.u(t) (t) (cos0t).u(t) (sin0t).u(t) exp(-at).u(t) nh F(p)
a p
n! p n +1
1
p 2 p + 0
2
0 2 p + 0
2
1 p+a 1 vi n=1,2,3... ( p + a) n p+a ( p + a) 2 + 2
7. 8. 9.
t n 1 exp( at ) .u(t) (n 1)!

exp(-at).cost.u(t) exp(-at).sint.u(t)
( p + a) 2 + 2
64
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC y l bng bin i Laplace ca mt s hm thng gp. Trong bng, tr trng hp u tin, vic s dng hm bc nhy n v u(t) thc cht l loi b phn ng vi t<0 ca tn hiu.
3.1.4 Bin i Laplace ngc, phng php Heaviside

3.1.4.1 Bin i Laplace ngc T nh F(p), ta c th tm li hm gc trong min thi gian theo cng thc bin i Laplace ngc ( vit tt l LT-1 ):
f (t ) = LT 1 [ F ( p )] =
1 F ( p ). exp( pt )dp 2j c j
c + j
(3.16)
trong c l mt s thc bt k sao cho tch phn trn theo ng p=c+j (t c-j n c+j) nm trong vng hi t. Vic tnh trc tip f(t) theo cng thc tch phn LT-1 thng rt kh khn, v vy phn sau ta s ch tp trung nghin cu mt gii php i s thay th cho vic tnh tch phn, l phng php Heaviside. Phng php ny p dng cho trng hp F(p) c dng phn thc hu t. Trc ht ta cn bt u t mt s khi nim lin quan. 3.1.4.2 Dng phn thc ca nh F(p) Mt lp nhiu trng hp cc bin i Laplace ca tn hiu s cho nh F(p) l mt phn thc hu t v thng c a v dng chun tc:
b + b p + ... + b m p m F ( p) = 0 1 = a0 + a1 p + ... + a n p n
b p a
q =0 r =0 n r q
=
q
H1 ( p ) H 2 ( p)
(3.17)
trong an=1 v bc ca mu s ln hn bc ca t s (n >m). im khng ca F(p) l cc im pi l nghim ca a thc H1(p) v ng nhin ti F(pi)=0. im cc ca hm mch l cc im pk l nghim ca a thc H2(p) v ti F(pk)=. Cc gi tr pi v pk c th l nghim n hay nghim bi, c th l nghim thc hay cc cp nghim phc lin hp, v s phc tp hn nu c t hp nhiu loi nghim. 3.1.4.3 Phng php Heaviside tng ca Heaviside l xut pht t hm mch F(p) c dng phn thc hu t, tm ra hm gc f(t) trc ht phi phn tch F(p) thnh nhng phn thc ti gin. Sau da vo bng cc hm gc - nh c bn bit xc nh cc hm gc thnh phn, sau s dng tnh cht tuyn tnh ca bin i Laplace tng hp. phn tch thnh cc phn thc ti gin, ta s phi xt ti cc im cc pk l nghim ca H2(p). Sau y l mt s trng hp thng gp: a. Trng hp H2(p) ch c cc nghim n: Vit li H2(p) di dng tch: H2(p)=(p-p1)(p-p2) ... (p-pn) Khi c th khai trin:
n An Ak A1 A2 F ( p) = + + ... + = p p1 p p 2 p p n k =1 p p k
65
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC Theo hm gc - nh (trng hp s 6): Vy khi F(p) ch c cc nghim n ta c:
-1 1 LT exp( pk t ) p pk
f (t ) = Ak .e pk t
k =1
(3.18)
Trong cc h s Ak c tnh theo biu thc:
Ak = Lim p pk [ F ( p ).( p pk )] =
H 1 ( pk ) ' H2 ( pk )
(3.19)
chng minh Ak c dng (3.19) ta nhn c hai v ca (3.19) vi (p-pk):
F ( p ).( p p k ) =
An A1 ( p p k ) + ... + Ak + ... + ( p pk ) p p1 p pn
khi cho p pk th v phi ca biu thc trn ch cn li Ak do :
Ak = lim p pk [ F ( p ).( p p k )] = lim p pk [

gii hn trn c dng
H 1 ( p) ( p p k )] H 2 ( p)
0 , p dng quy tc lpital ta c: 0 [ H 1 ( p ).( p p k )]' H 1' ( p)( p p k ) + H 1 ( p) H ( pk ) ]= 1 = lim p pk [ ' ' ' H 2 ( p) H 2 ( p) H2 ( pk )
Ak = lim p pk
vy cng thc c chng minh. Th d 3.1: Tm hm gc khi bit F ( p) = Gii: Phn tch F ( p ) =
3p + 6 p + 4 p2 + 3p
3
3p + 6 3p + 6 H ( p) = 1 = 2 p + 4 p + 3 p p( p + 1)( p + 3) H 2 ( p )
3
Nh vy H2(p) c 3 nghim n p1=0, p2=-1, p3=-3. Do :
F ( p) =
A A1 A + 2 + 3 p p +1 p + 3 3p + 6 ( p + 1)( p + 3) 3p + 6 p ( p + 3) 3p + 6 p ( p + 1) =2
p =0
A1 = Lim[ F ( p).( p p1 )] =
p p1
A2 = Lim[ F ( p).( p p2 )] =
p p2
=
p = 1
3 2 1 2
A3 = Lim[ F ( p).( p p3 )] =
p p3
=
p = 3
66
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC Vy ta c:
3 1 f (t ) = 2 e t e 3t , t 0 2 2
Th d 3.2: Tnh u(t) nu bit nh ca n l:
U ( p) =
p2 +1 p (2 p + 4)(3 p + 9)(4 p + 16)
Gii: Trc ht ta x l a mu s v dng chun vi cc h s bng 1 v t hm mch:
p2 +1 H ( p) p2 +1 24 U ( p) = = = 1 2.3.4. p.( p + 2)( p + 3)( p + 4) p( p + 2)( p + 3)( p + 4) H 2 ( p )

Nghim ca H2(p) l cc nghim n nm bn tri mt phng phc: p1=0, p2=-2, p3=-3, p4=-4. T cng thc Heaviside cho trng hp nghim n ta c:
u (t ) =
H 1 ( p1 ) p1t H 1 ( p 2 ) p2t H 1 ( p 3 ) p3t H 1 ( p 4 ) p4t e + ' e + ' e + ' e ' H2 H 2 ( p2 ) H 2 ( p3 ) H 2 ( p4 ) ( p1 )
Thay s ta c: u (t ) =
1 5 5 17 4t e 2 t + e 3t e , 576 96 36 192
t0
b. Trng hp H2(p) c cp nghim phc lin hp: pk= k + jk v p*k= k - jk

* ) khi H2(p) c th vit di dng: H 2 ( p) = ( p pk )( p pk
* Ak Ak + * p pk p p k
(3.20)
Coi nh trng hp hai nghim n, ta c: F ( p ) = Do , ta c:
* pk t f (t ) = Ak e pk t + Ak e = 2 Ak .e k t . cos( k t + arg Ak )
(3.21) (3.22)
Trong :
Ak = Lim[ F ( p ).( p p k )] =
p pk
H1 ( pk ) ' H2 ( pk )
H 1 ( pk ) Ak = ' H 2 ( pk ) H1 ( pk ) arg Ak = arg H ' ( p ) 2 k

Th d 3.3: Tnh u(t) nu bit nh ca n l U ( p ) =
(3.23)
p p +4
2
Gii: t hm mch c dng: U ( p ) =
H ( p) p = 1 p + 4 H 2 ( p)
2
H2(p) = p2+4 c nghim phc lin hp:
67
pk = 2 j * pk = 2 j
k = 0 k = 2
1 Ak = 2 arg{Ak } = 0
p 1 Ak = lim [ F ( p ).( p pk )] = k = .e j0 p pk 2 pk 2
Vy
1 u (t ) = 2 Ak e k t cos( k t + arg Ak ) = 2 e 0t cos(2t + 0) = cos 2t 2
c.Trng hp H2(p) c nghim bi pl (bi r): H2(p) c th vit di dng: H2(p)=(p-pl)r Lc F(p) c th khai trin di dng:
F ( p) =
Vit li ta c:
Al0 + Al1 ( p pl ) + ... + Alr 1 ( p pl ) r 1 ( p pl ) r
F ( p) =
Al0 ( p pl ) r
Al1 ( p p l ) r 1
+ ... +
Alr 1 ( p pl )
=
i =0
r 1
Ali ( p p l ) r i
(3.24)
Nu pl l s thc, t bng hm gc - nh ta suy ra c:
f (t ) = Ali .
i =0
r 1
t r i 1 e pl t (r i 1)!
(3.25)
Cch xc nh A l i : Nhn c hai v ca (3.24) vi (p p l ) r khi :
Al0 = lim p pl [ F ( p ).( p pl ) r ]
Al1 = lim p pl Al2 =
d [ F ( p).( p pl ) r ] dp
1 d2 lim p pl [ F ( p).( p pl ) r ] 2 dp 2
Tng qut ho ta c:
1 di Ali = lim p pl [ F ( p).( p p l ) r ] i i! dp

Th d 3.4: Tnh u(t) nu bit nh ca n l U ( p ) =
(3.26)
2 p2
Gii: H2(p) = p2 c nghim p1=0 (bi r=2), do c th trin khai:
U ( p) =
Al0 ( p pl ) 2
Al1 ( p pl )
68
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC suy ra
u (t ) = Al0 Al0 =
t p1t t0 e + Al1 e p1t 1! 0!
trong
1 d0 2 lim p p1 0 [ 2 p 2 ] = 2 0! dp p
d 1 [2] = 0 Al1 = lim p p1 dp 1!

Vy u(t)= 2.t.e0t +0.e0t = 2t
-Ch : Trong trng hp H2(p) c nhiu loi nghim th hm gc cn tm chnh l s xp chng ca cc hm gc thnh phn. Th d 3.5: Tnh hm gc nu bit nh ca n: F ( p ) =
p2 2 p +1 ( p 2 + 2 p + 2)( p + 1)
Gii: F ( p ) =
H ( p) p2 2 p +1 p2 2 p +1 = 1 = 2 ( p + 2 p + 2)( p + 1) ( p + 1 j )( p + 1 + j )( p + 1) H 2 ( p )
H2(p) c cp nghim phc pk=-1+j, pk*=-1-j, v nghim n p3=-1 nn c th khai trin:

* Ak Ak A3 + + F ( p) = * p pk p pk p p3
Vy ta c:
f (t ) = 2 Ak .e k t . cos( k t + arg Ak ) + A3 .e p3t
Trong cc h s c tnh theo biu thc:
5 j (1800 + arctg 3 ) 3 Ak = Lim [ F ( p).( p + 1 j )] = + 2 j = .e p 1+ j 2 2

A3 = Lim[ F ( p ).( p + 1)] = 4
p 1
Thay s ta c: f (t ) = 5.e t . cos[t + (180o + arctg Th d 3.6: Tnh i(t) nu bit nh ca n: I ( p ) =
4 )] + 4.e t , 3
t0
p +1 ( p + 2)( p 2 + 9)
Gii: t hm mch: I ( p ) =
H ( p) p +1 = 1 2 ( p + 2)( p + 9) H 2 ( p )
Nghim ca H2(p)=(p+2)(p2+9) l:
p1 = 2 = 0 p 2 = 3 j = 3
Vy
i (t ) =
H 1 ( p1 ) p1t H ( p 2 ) t e +2 1 e cos(t + ) ' ' H 2 ( p1 ) H2 ( p2 )
69
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC trong
H 1 ( p1 ) p1 + 1 1 = 2 = = 0,08 ' 13 H 2 ( p1 ) p1 + 9 H1 ( p2 ) p2 + 1 1 1 + 3j = . = 2 ' H 2 ( p 2 ) ( p 2 + 9) + 2 p 2 ( p 2 + 2) 2 - 9 + 6j
H1 ( p2 ) 1 1 + 3j 1 1 34,2 = . = 0,15 9 2 + 33 2 = 1170 = ' 2 9 + 6j 234 234 234 H p ( ) 2 2 H 1 ( p2 ) 1 1 + 3j 33 = arctg = = arg arg . ( ) = arctg 3,37 ' 2 9 + 6j 9 H p ( ) 2 2
Thay s:
i (t ) = 0,08e 2 t + 0,3 cos(3t arctg 3,37 )
10 9 Th d 3.7: Tnh f(t) nu bit nh ca n: F ( p ) = 2 p p + 10 4
A 0 Al1 A3 10 9 Gii: F ( p ) = 2 = l2 + + 4 p p p + 10 p p + 10 4
Trong :
A3 = Lim 4[ F ( p ).( p + 10 4 )] = 10
p 10
Al0 = Al1 =
Vy:
1 d0 lim p 0 0 [ F ( p ). p 2 ] = 10 5 0! dp 1 d lim p 0 [ F ( p ). p 2 ] = 10 1! dp
4
f (t ) = 10 5 t 10(1 e 10 t )
Th d 3.8: Tnh i(t) nu bit nh ca n l:
I(p ) =
p (p + 1)(p + 3) 2
Gii: t hm mch:
I(p ) =
H (p ) p = 1 2 H 2 (p) (p + 1)(p + 3)
H2(p) c nghim n p1=-1 v nghim bi p2=-3 (bi r=2). Vy theo tnh cht xp chng ta c:
i (t ) =
trong :
H 1 ( p 1 ) p 1t t 1 e + A l 0 e p 2 t + A l1 e p 2 t ' 1! 0! H 2 (p 1 )
1 3 d0 p p A l 0 = lim p3 0 [ = ]= 0! dp p + 1 p + 1 p3 2
70
A l1 =
Vy:
1 1 d p p + 1 p lim p3 [ ] = lim p3 [ ]= 2 1! 4 dp p + 1 (p + 1) 1 t 3 3t 1 3t e + t. e + e 4 2 4
i (t ) =
3.1.5 Mi quan h gia v tr cc im cc v tnh xc lp ca hm gc

Gii hn khi t ca f(t) c th tnh c t v tr cc im cc ca F(p) trn mt phng phc hnh 3.2. V mt ton hc, ta c th chng Im[p] minh c rng: iu kin cn f(t) khng tin ti v hn khi t l cc im cc phi nm bn na tri mt phng phc, cng lm l trn trc o. Hm gc f(t) s hi t v 0 khi t khi v ch khi mi im cc nm trn na tri mt phng phc, tc l Re[pk]<0, k=1,2, ...,n.
=Re[p]
Hnh 3.2: Minh ha v tr im cc
Tn ti gii hn f(t) khi t khi v ch khi mi im cc nm trn na tri mt phng phc, ngoi tr c mt im cc n nm ti gc. Gii hn chnh l h s tng ng vi im cc ti gc v c tnh theo cng thc tnh gi tr cui bit:
lim[ f (t )] = lim[ p.F ( p )] = [ p.F ( p )]p =0

t p 0
(3.27)
Th d, nh xt trong mc trc:
F ( p) =
A A A 3p + 6 = 1+ 2 + 3 p ( p + 1)( p + 3) p p +1 p + 3
F(p) c mt im cc nm ti gc (p1=0), cc im cc cn li nm trn na mt phng tri (p2=1, p3=-3), do tn ti gii hn f(t) khi t. Gii hn chnh bng:
A1 = Lim[ F ( p ).( p p1 )] =
p p1
3p + 6 ( p + 1)( p + 3)
=2
p =0
Bn c th kim chng li trn hm gc ca n:
3 1 f (t ) = 2 e t e 3t , t 0 2 2
3.2 CC THNG S CA MCH IN TRONG MIN P

3.2.1 M hnh cc phn t th ng trong min p
By gi ta xt ti m hnh ca cc phn t th ng v cch biu din tr khng v dn np ca chng trong min tn s phc p. Vic chuyn m hnh mt phn t t min thi gian sang min p c khi u t vic Laplace ha phng trnh trng thi ca n trong min thi gian. -i vi phn t thun tr: Laplace ha phng trnh t min thi gian:
u (t ) = R.i (t )
U(p) = R.I ( p)
71

i(t) I(p)
u(t)
U(p)
ZR =R
Hnh 3.3: Laplace ha m hnh in tr
Vy m hnh ca in tr trong min thi gian v min p c dng nh hnh 3.3. Tr khng v dn np ca in tr trong min p c dng:
Z R ( p ) = R,
YR ( p ) =
1 R
(3.28)
- i vi phn t thun cm: Phng trnh v m hnh phn t in cm trong min thi gian v min p c dng nh hnh 3.4. Trong i(0) l dng in ti thi im ban u v gi l iu kin u, cn thnh phn L.i(0) ng vai tr l mt ngun s c sinh ra do iu kin u ca phn t thun cm, ngc chiu U(p).
u( t ) = L
i(t) L
di dt
U(p) = pL.I(p) - L.i(0)
I(p)
ZL=p.L
L.i(0)
Hnh 3.4: Laplace ha m hnh in cm
Tr khng v dn np ca in cm trong min p c dng:
Z L ( p ) = pL,
YL ( p ) =
1 pL
(3.29)
- i vi phn t thun dung: Phng trnh v m hnh phn t in dung trong min thi gian v min p c dng nh hnh 3.5. Trong uc(0) l in p ti thi im ban u v gi l iu u ( 0) kin u, cn thnh phn c ng vai tr l mt ngun s c sinh ra do iu kin u ca p phn t thun dung, cng chiu U(p) .
u (t ) =
1 i (t )dt + u c (0) C 0
C
U ( p) = Z c .I ( p) +
u c (0) p
u c ( 0) p
i(t)
I(p)
Zc = 1 p. C
Hnh 3.5: Laplace ha m hnh in dung
72
Tr khng v dn np ca in dung trong min p c dng:
Z C ( p) =
1 , pC
YC ( p) = pC
(3.30)
-Ch : Tr khng v dn np ca cc phn t th ng trong min tn s thng hon ton c th suy ra t cch biu din trong min tn s phc p bng s thay th p =j.
ZR = R 1 Zc = jC Z = jL L ZM = jM
= j p
ZR = R 1 Zc = pC Z = pL L ZM = pM
i(t) R L
Tr khng ca cc phn t qun tnh th ng trong min tn s phc p ch c tnh bng biu thc Z=U(p)/I(p) khi nng lng ban u trong phn t bng khng.
e(t)=1(t).Eo.sint
3.2.2 Nguyn tc chuyn cc thng s ca mch t min thi gian sang min p
Hnh 3.6
-Ly bin i Laplace h phng trnh c trng ca mch trong min thi gian, ch ti trng thi ban u trong cc phn t qun tnh th ng. - Chuyn m hnh cc thng s ca mch sang min p. Th d 3.9: Xt mch in hnh 3.6. Phng trnh c trng ca mch trong min thi gian khi xt ti iu kin u iL(0) v uC(0) c vit di dng:
e(t ) = u R (t ) + u L (t ) + uC (t ) = R.i (t ) + L.
di (t ) 1 + i (t ).dt + uc (0) dt C0
Ly bin i Laplace phng trnh ca mch trong min thi gian:
E ( p) = U R ( p) + U L ( p) + U C ( p) = R.I ( p) + pL.I ( p) L.iL (0) +

I(p) ZR= R ZL= pL L.iL(0)
u (0) 1 .I ( p) + c pC p
ZC=1/pC
E ( p) = E0
p +2
2
u c (0) p
73
Hnh 3.7
Sau khi thc hin Laplace ha cc thng s dng in v in p trong mch, m hnh mch in trong min p c dng nh hnh 3.7.
3.3 NG DNG BIN I LAPLACE GII CC BI TON MCH QU RLC

3.3.1 Khi nim chung a-Qu trnh qu : Qu trnh qu trong mch in l qu trnh mch chuyn t trng thi ban u ny ti mt trng thi xc lp khc di mt tc ng kch thch no . Bi ton qu l bi ton tm cc qu trnh qu xy ra trong mch in. V mt l thuyt, thi gian qu ca mch l v cng ln, song trong thc t thng ch tnh bng n v nano giy n mili giy. Thng thng loi bi ton ny gn lin vi mt kho ng ngt cc nhnh mch hoc l ngun tc ng lm vic ch t bin. Thi im trong mch xy ra t bin thng c quy c lm gc (t=0). V mt hnh thc, qu trnh qu trong mch c th coi nh s xp chng ca dao ng t do v dao ng cng bc. i vi cc h n nh tnh, dao ng t do khng c ngun duy tr nn tt dn theo thi gian. Khi dao ng t do tt hn, trong mch ch cn li dao ng cng bc v khi mch t n trng thi xc lp mi. i vi cc h khng n nh tnh, dao ng t do c th tng dn theo thi gian v trong mch xut hin hin tng t kch. C nhiu phng php phn tch mch qu . u tin, cn phi nhc n l phng php kinh in. Vic gii quyt bi ton qu bng phng php ny ng ngha vi vic gii mt h phng trnh vi tch phn c iu kin u, trong cc thng s ngun tc ng thng c xp sang v phi. Thnh phn dao ng t do chnh l nghim ca h phng trnh vi tch phn thun nht (ng vi ngun tc ng vo mch b loi b). Thnh phn dao ng cng bc chnh l nghim ring ca h phng trnh khng thun nht v n ph thuc vo ngun tc ng. b -Lut ng ngt: Khi gii cc bi ton qu , c bit theo phng php tch phn kinh in, c mt iu quan trng l phi xc nh c cc iu kin u. iu kin u ni ln c tn ti nng lng ban u trong cc phn t qun tnh th hin di dng dng in i0 hay in p u0 ti thi im ng ngt mch in hay khng. Cc iu kin u ny tun theo lut ng ngt ca cc phn t qun tnh, c th nh sau: +Lut ng ngt ca phn t thun cm: trong cun dy khng c t bin dng in, k c ti thi im ng ngt mch. iL(0+) = iL(0-) = iL(0) +Lut ng ngt ca phn t thun dung: trong t in khng c t bin in p, k c ti thi im ng ngt mch. uc(0+) = uc(0-) = uc(0) Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp c bit (trng hp khng chnh) th pht biu trn khng p dng c. Khi ta phi p dng lut ng ngt tng qut: Tng t thng mc vng trong mt vng kn phi lin tc, k c ti thi im c t bin trong vng. Tng in tch ti mt nt ca mch phi lin tc, k c ti thi im c t bin trong cc nhnh ni vo nt .
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c- S dng php bin i Laplace gii cc bi ton qu : Vic s dng php bin i Laplace gii cc bi ton qu l mt gii php hu hiu v n cho php bin h phng trnh vi tch phn thnh h phng trnh i s. Cc bc c bn gii mch in qu bao gm:
b1: Xc nh iu kin u ca bi ton ( chnh l xc nh gc thi gian, cng vi cc gi tr ban u ca cc phn t qun tnh). Cng cn ch rng, vi phng php ton t, gi tr ban u ca cc phn t qun tnh trong tt c cc dng cc bi ton qu u c quy v ti ln cn bn tri thi im khng uc(0-) v iL(0-). b2: Chuyn m hnh mch in sang min p (tc l Laplace ha mch in). b3: S dng cc phng php phn tch mch bit tm nh F(p) ca p ng. b4: Bin i Laplace ngc tm hm gc f(t) ca p ng trong min thi gian.
3.3.2 Th d vi cc mch RL, RC

Sau y ta xt mt s th d c th trn cc mch RL, RC di cc tc ng mt chiu, hoc cc tc ng di dng xung. Ngi ta rt ra c mt kt qu mang ngha vt l quan trng: p ng f(t) ca cc mch RL & RC di tc ng mt chiu bao gi cng c dng:
f ( t ) = f ( ) + A . e
v i
(3.31)
A = f (0) f ( )
c = rtd .C ;
L =
L rtd
(3.32)
f (0) = f (t ) t = 0 l gi tr ban u ca p ng. f ( ) = f (t ) t gi tr xc lp ca p ng. A. e

t
c trng cho giai on qu xy ra trong mch.
rt l in tr tng ng nhn t cp u ca C hoc L, khi cc ngun sut in ng b ngn mch cn cc ngun dng b h mch. Th d 3.10: Cho mch in nh hnh 3.8a, vi cc s liu R=150 L=0,15H
R e(t)
i(0) L
Hnh 3.8a
Hy tnh dng in i(t) chy qua mch nu t vo hai u n mt in p e(t)=300V, cho bit i(0)=1,5A. Gii: V c dng i(0) nn ban u cun dy c tch tr nng lng. Khi chuyn sang min p mch s c dng nh hnh 3.8b.
R E(p)
I(p) L Li(0)
Hnh 3.8b
I(p)[R + pL] = E (p ) + Li (0)
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300 + 0,15.1,5 E ( p ) + Li (0) p 2.10 3 + 1,5 p H 1 ( p ) I ( p) = = = = R + pL 150 + 0,15 p H 2 ( p) p( p + 10 3 )

H2(p) c hai nghim n l p1=0 Vy p2=-103
i (t ) =
H 1 ( p 1 ) p 1t H 1 ( p 2 ) p 2 t e + ' e H '2 (p 1 ) H 2 (p 2 )
Thay s
3 2.10 3 0t 0,510 . 3 103 t i (t ) = e + e = 2 0,5e 10 t 3 3 10 10
Kim tra li kt qu tnh trn bng cng thc (3.31) ta thy kt qu hon ton trng nhau, trong : i(o)=1,5A e(t ) 300 i()= = = 2A R 150 L 0,15 = = 10 3 L= rtd 150 th thi gian ca i(t) l mt ng cong tng t 1,5A n 2A theo quy lut hm s m nh hnh 3.9. Ti T ln, i(t) tin n gi tr xc lp. Gi tr ny thng c quy L nh l T = 3 vi = gi l hng s Rtd Th d 3.11: Cho mch in nh hnh 3.10a, vi cc s liu: R1=30 C=50F R2=20 e(t)=300V
e(t) R1 A C K R2 i(t) 2 1,5 t T giai on qu d giai on xc lp
Hnh 3.9
thi gian ca mch RL, trong Rt l in tr tng ng ca mch nhn t cp u L.
Ti t=0 ng kho K, hy xc nh uc(t) Gii: Xc nh iu kin u ca bi ton: uA(0)=uc(0)=300V ng kho K, khi m hnh mch trong min p nh 300 hnh 3.10b cng vi ngun E ( p ) = s c thm p thnh phn
Hnh 3.10a
R1
A 1/pC R2
u c (0) . p
E ( p)
u c ( 0) p
Hnh 3.10b
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Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC p dng phng php in p nt:
U A (p )[
thay s:
1 1 E (p ) u c (0) + pC + ]= + pC R1 R2 R1 p
300 + 300.50.10 6 30p 2.10 5 + 310 . 2 p H 1 (p) U A (p ) = = = 1 1 H 2 (p) 10 4 6 + 50.10 p + p(p + ) 30 20 6

H2(p) c hai nghim n p1=0 p2=
10 4 6
4
Vy
10 H (p ) H (p ) u A (t ) = '1 1 e p1t + '1 2 e p 2 t = 120 + 180. e 6 H 2 (p 1 ) H 2 (p 2 )
Ta c th kim tra li kt qu vi cc s liu sau:
u A (t ) = u A ( ) + [u A (0) u A ( )]e
trong :
t c
uc(t)
300 120 0 giai on qu Hnh 3.11 T giai on xc lp t
u A (0) = u c (0) = 300V 20 u A ( ) = u c ( ) = u R 2 = 300. = 120V 50 R1R 2 4 c = C. rtd = C. R + R = 6.10 1 2
th thi gian ca uc(t) l mt ng cong gim (C phng in) t 300V xung 120V theo quy lut hm s m nh hnh 3.11. Ti T ln, uc(t) tin n gi tr xc lp. Gi tr ny thng c quy nh l T = 3 , vi = rtd .C gi l hng s thi gian ca mch RC. trong Rt l in tr tng ng ca mch nhn t cp u C. trong mch c th ny ta c:
RR rtd = R1 // R2 = 1 2 R1 + R2
Th d 3.12: Cho mch in nh hnh 3.12a, vi cc s liu: R=1 C2=3F C1=1F e(t)=1V
e(t) R
C1 A Hnh 3.12a
C2
E(p) 77
C1 1/p
B B
C2
B B
Hnh 3.12b
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC Ti t=0 ng kho K, hy xc nh uA(t) Gii: Xc nh iu kin u ca bi ton: uC1(0-)=1V, uC2(0-)=0V Khi ng K, trong min p m hnh mch c dng nh hnh 3.12b. Bng cc phng php phn tch mch bit ta c th d dng tm c:
i R (t ) = 0,75.e 0.25t
v uA(t) = e(t) iR(t).R = 1 - 0,75.e-0,25t Ch rng kt qu trn cho thy uC1(0+) = uC2(0+)=0,25V, tc l in p trn C1 v C2 khng tha mn tnh lin tc ti thi im ng mch. Bi ton ny thuc loi khng chnh. Nu p dng lut ng ngt tng qut: tng in tch ti mt nt ca mch phi lin tc, k c ti thi im c t bin trong cc nhnh ni vo nt , ta s c ti nt A: q(0-)=q(0+) trong
. = 1V q (0 ) = C1 . u A (0 ) = 11 q (0+ ) = (C1 + C2 ). u A (0+ )
C . u (0 ) u A (0+ ) = 1 A = 0,25V C1 + C2
iu ny chng t kt qu tnh ton trn l ng n. Th d 3.13: Mch in vi: C=1F, R1=R2=200, ngun in p tun hon e(t) nh hnh 3.13. Xc nh uC(t). Gi thit cc iu kin u ca mch bng khng.
e(t)[Vol] R1 e(t) R2 C
20
uC(t)
0 100 1000 1100
t(s)
Gii: a. Trong khong 0 t < x -Ngun tc ng:
Hnh 3.13
( x = 100s ) :
e(t)=2.105t.
-iu kin u: UC(0)=0. -S dng phng php ton t, vi E ( p ) = Lp phng trnh cho mch:
2.105 , mch c dng nh hnh 3.14a: p2
1 1 2.10 5 ( + + Cp )U c ( p) = 2 R1 R2 p R1
Bin i dn n:
R1
E(p)
1/pC R2
Hnh 3.14a
uC(p)
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U C ( p) =
10 9 10 5 10 10 = + 2 4 2 p p + 10 4 p ( p + 10 ) p
4
U c (t ) = 10 5 t 10(1 e 10 t )
-Ti tx=100s:
U c (t x ) =
10 = U 0 3,7V . e
b. Trong khong t x t < T : -Gc thi gian ti tx. -Ngun tc ng: e(t)=0
-iu kin u: UC(0)=U0. -S dng phng php ton t, mch c dng nh hnh 3.14b: Lp phng trnh cho mch:
1 1 + + Cp )U c ( p ) = U 0 C R1 R2
Bin i dn n:
R1 R2
1/pC
U0/p
U C ( p) =
U0 p + 10 4
4
U c (t ) = U 0 .e 10
-Ti t=T=1000s:
( t t x )
Hnh 3.14b
U c (T ) = U 0 .e 9 =
10 0. e10
Nhn xt: kt thc mt chu k mch tr v trng thi ban u. Chu k sau p ng ca mch li lp li ging chu k trc.
3.3.3 Th d vi cc mch dao ng n

C mt dng m hnh mch rt quan trng trong thc t, l cc mch dao ng n. Mch dao ng n y l cc mch gm c ba thng s th ng r, L, C mc ni tip hoc song song vi nhau. Trong chng I ta xt ti mt s c im ca cc mch dao ng n ch xc lp iu ha. Trong phn ny, tng qut hn, ta s ng dng phng php ton t trong min tn s phc p xt qu trnh qu ca cc mch dao ng ny di cc tc ng iu ho v t bin mt chiu. Th d 3.14: Xt mch dao ng n ni tip nh hnh 3.15, gi thit rng ngun tc ng c dng hm: e(t)= cos0t
r e(t)
L C
Hnh 3.15
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Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC By gi ta s tm dng in chy trong mch, vi iu kin u bng khng. p dng phng php ton t:
I ( p) =
p 2C 1 E ( p) p . = 2 = 2 1 1 r Z ( p) p + 0 2 )( p 2 + p + ) r + pL + LC ( p 2 + 0 pC L LC
p2 H (p) L I(p ) = 2 = 1 2 2 2 (p + 0 )(p + 2p + ch ) H 2 (p )
Trong :
1 ch = LC = r 2L
(3.33)
Gi thit rng tn hao trong mch rt nh, tc l r rt nh, sao cho:
<< ch
nh vy dn n H2(p) s c cc nghim phc:
(3.34)
p 1, 2 = j 0 2 p 3, 4 = j 2 ch
Nu t
2 r = ch 2
(3.35)
trong r l tn s ring ca mch LC, ta s c r ch . Ta c th vit li:
p 1, 2 = j 0 p 3 , 4 = j r
Theo cng thc Heaviside ta c:
i (t ) = 2
H 1 ( p 1 ) 1t H (p ) . e .cos( 1 t + 1 ) + 2 '1 3 . e 3t . cos( 3 t + 3 ) ' H 2 (p 1 ) H 2 (p 3 )
trong
1 = 0 1 = 0
3 = 3 = r
Thay s v tnh n cc yu t lin quan n cc gi thit trn ta c:
i (t ) =
.[cos( 0 t arctg ) e t .cos( r t arctg )] 2 L +

1
2 2 (1) (2)
(3.36)
(1): l thnh phn cng bc (xc lp) (2): l thnh phn t do
: l lch cng hng tuyt i
80
= 0 ch
T (3.36) ta thy dng in i(t) gm c hai thnh phn:
(3.37)
+ Thnh phn cng bc (xc lp) vi tn s 0. dch pha ph thuc vo lch cng hng gia 0 c trng cho ngun cng bc v ch c trng cho cc thng s ca mch. + Thnh phn t do, dao ng gn iu ho vi tn s dao ng ring ca mch r, bin gim dn theo hm m, dch pha cng ph thuc vo lch cng hng . Sau y ta xt chi tit tng thnh phn. a. Dng in t do (hnh 3.16):
itd(t) Im Im.e-t
itd (t ) = I m .e t . cos( r t + )
(3.38)
1 Im = 2 2 L + 2 vi = arctg
t
Tr = 2 r
+Thi gian tt (t): l thi gian m dng qu ch cn bng 0,1.Im:
I m . e t = 0,1I m
t = ln 0,1
t = ln 0,1 2L L = 2 ,3 = 4 ,6 r r
(3.39)
Hnh 3.16
+ Lng gim logarit (): c trng cho tc suy gim ca dng in qu , o bng ln ca t s bin hai chu k k tip nhau:
= ln
e t 1 e
( t 1 + Tr )
= Tr = 2
(3.40)
+ in tr ti hn (rth): c im quan trng nht ca itd l n c xc nh ch yu bi cc thng s ca mch. Ngun tc ng y ch c tc dng kch thch dao ng t do trong mch hnh thnh, nn n ch nh hng n cc gi tr ban u nh Im, . V mt vt l, iq c sinh ra nh s chuyn i nng lng in v nng lng t tch lu trong cc thng s L, C. Nng lng chnh l nng lng ban u do ngun tc ng cung cp ti thi im ng mch. Trong qu trnh trao i nng lng, n b thng s r lm tiu hao nn gim dn. Tc suy gim ph thuc vo gi tr ca r, nu n tng qu ln th biu thc:
2 r = ch 2 =
1 r2 2 LC 4L
s b gim dn v 0 v c th bin thnh o, lc n khng cn ngha tn s na m tr thnh mt h s suy gim. in tr ti hn l gi tr ti n lm trit tiu tn s dao ng t do (r=0), tc l:
81

2 2 ch =0
rth = 2
L C
(3.41)
Nh vy nu tn hao trong mch cng t th bin v thi gian ca dao ng t do s tng ln. b. Dng in cng bc
i cb (t ) =
1 2 L 2 + 2
.cos( 0 t arctg
) = I m .cos( 0 t )
(3.42)
1 Im = 2 2 L + 2 vi = arctg
Thnh phn cng bc l dao ng iu ho vi tn s ca ngun tc ng 0. Bin v pha u ph thuc ch yu vo lch cng hng =0-ch. Hnh 3.17a biu din s ph thuc ca Im vo lch cng hng. -Nu 0=ch , tc =0 th Im s bng I mch :
Im 1/r
o
Hnh 3.17a
I mch =
1 1 = 2 L r
(3.43)
nh vy mch tn hao cng t (r cng nh) th bin cng hng cng ln. S ph thuc ca Im vo dn n tnh chn lc tn s ca mch: tn s no cng gn ch th cho i qua mch, tn s cng xa ch th s b chn li. nh gi chn lc tn s ca mch, ngi ta dng khi nim di thng: gi s cc tn hiu c cng bin tc ng, tn s no sinh ra dng in c bin :
Im
1 Im 2 ch
(3.44)
th tn s nm trong di thng (xem hnh 3.17b). Bin ca di thng tha mn:
1 2 L 2 + 2 d
hay
= 1
1 1 2 2 L
Im
I m ch = 1 r
1 2 + 2 d d = =
= r 2L
2 2
0,7 I m ch
-d
Vy di thng:
r 2 d = L
Hnh 3.17b
(3.45)
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Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC Khi r gim th di thng cng hp, chn lc cng cao. Dng in cng bc khc vi dng in t do ch n tn ti lu di, cn dng in t do ch tn ti trong giai on u, v sau ny trong mch ch cn li dng in cng bc. c. Dng in tng hp trong mch Dng in trong mch c phn ra thnh giai on qu v giai on xc lp. Dng in tng hp trong giai on qu l tng dng in t do v dng in cng bc, ko di trong sut thi gian t. Khi hai vect thnh phn dao ng theo nhng tn s khc nhau s dn n hin tng phch, ni dung ca hin tng ny nh sau: + Khi hai vect thnh phn cng phng & chiu (tc cng pha) th bin vect tng hp s t gi tr max (bng tng i s ca hai thnh phn). + Khi hai vect thnh phn cng phng nhng ngc chiu (tc ngc pha) th bin vect tng hp s t gi tr min (bng hiu i s ca hai thnh phn). Nhng trong trng hp phch Im tng hp c th ny c mt iu cn lu l vect dng in t do gim 1 dn, lm cho gi tr max gim r dn, gi tr min tng dn. Cui 2 Tp = cng khi dao ng t do tt hn, gi tr max trng vi gi tr min 1 th hin tng phch khng cn 2 2L + 2 na v mch chuyn sang giai on xc lp. Hin tng phch ni trn gy ra trong mch dng t o in tng hp c bin bin thin theo tn s phch (hnh Hnh 3.18 3.18). Vi gi thit mch tn hao t v lm vic ch lch cng hng nh, tn s phch c tnh theo biu thc:
= 0
p = r o
(3.46)
Khi lch cng hng bng 0, th dng in tng hp khng cn bin thin na. Ngha l ti cng hng khng xy ra phch (p=0). Kt lun: - Trong trng hp lch cng hng: bin dng in tng hp giai on qu s dao ng theo p trong khong thi gian t. Tn s dng in tng hp c xc nh bi gc (c th tnh theo phng php vect da vo hai tn s thnh phn):
( t ) = thqd .t
(3.47)
Ta c th biu din th thi gian ca dng in trong trng hp lch cng hng nh hnh 3.19: - Trong trng hp cng hng ( =0), tc l o = ch r : khi biu thc (3.36) c th vit li:
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i th (t ) =
1 1 e t .cos o t .(1 e t ) = .cos o t = I mth .cos o t 2 L 2L
(3.48)
ith(t)
Tp =
1 2L + 2
2
o t
thqd
Giai on qu Hnh 3.19
thxl = o
Giai on xc lp
Nh vy dng tng hp s c tn s th=o, bin ca n bin thin theo quy lut hm m v tin ti gi tr xc lp l 1/r (ti thi im t). th thi gian ca n biu din trn hnh 3.20.
ith(t)
1 r
th=o t t
Giai on qu Hnh 3.20
Ch :
1. Nu ta thay i ngun tc ng l mt chiu, th d nh e(t)=E0, khi p dng li cng thc Heaviside th dng in trong mch ch l thnh phn dao ng t do tt dn:
i (t ) =
E 0 t .e . sin r t r L
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Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC 2. Nu ngun tc ng l mt dy xung (th d dy xung vung tun hon nh hnh 3.21), khi mt trong nhng phng php gii l ta xt trong tng khong thi gian, c th nh sau: -Trong khong 0-t1: gc thi gian ti 0, ngun tc ng e(t)=E0, uc(0)=0, iL(0)=0. Vi cc iu kin nh vy ta s tm c p ng i(t) v uc(t) tng ng. e(t)
E0 0 t1
Hnh 3.21
T+t1
-Trong khong t1-T: gc thi gian dch n t1, ngun tc ng e(t)=0 tc u vo b ngn mch, uc(0) v iL(0) chnh l cc gi tr tnh c trong giai on trc ti thi im t1. -Xt tng t cho cc khong k tip. Cn lu rng, nu kt thc mt chu k m mch tr v trng thi ban u th chu k sau c p ng lp li nh chu k trc . 3. Mch dao ng n song song l mch i ngu ca mch dao ng n ni tip, do ta c th p dng tnh cht i ngu suy ra kt qu ca mch dao ng n song song t mch dao ng n ni tip hoc ngc li. L thuyt i ngu c th tm thy trong phn ph lc.
TNG HP NI DUNG CHNG III

Vic gii bi ton qu c th bt u bng h phng trnh vi phn m t trng thi mch in trong min thi gian v vic gii n thng l gp kh khn. gii d dng, ngi ta thng dng phng php ton t, tc l bin i h phng trnh vi phn thnh h phng trnh i s. Mt trong nhng cng c thng dng trong phng php ton t l bin i Laplace mt pha. V mt ton hc, bin i Laplace tng qut hn bin i Fourier, v vy thch hp gii cc lp mch qu . Cc bi ton qu thng rt a dng. Nhng lun tun th 4 bc c bn nu trong bi hc, trong cn tun t lu cc iu kin u ca mch, bao gm c vic quy nh gc thi gian; Laplace ha mch v p dng cc phng php phn tch mch tm ra nh F(p) ca p ng; cui cng l bin i Laplace ngc ly li p ng gc f(t) trong min thi gian. gii quyt tt bi ton qu , iu ct li l phi nm chc bin i Laplace, c bit l bin i Laplace ngc. Phng php Heaviside l mt phng php hu hiu tnh bin i Laplace ngc, phng php ny trit li dng tnh cht tuyn tnh (xp chng) ca bin i Laplace khai trin F(p) thnh tng ca cc thnh phn nh nh n gin. Vic khai trin ny hon ton da trn tnh cht cc im cc ca F(p). Mch dao ng n c qu trnh qu phc tp. D tc ng l mt chiu th trn mch vn c th ny sinh cc dao ng t do sinh bi s p t nng lng ban u trn mch. Thi gian tn ti dao ng t do ty thuc vo phm cht Q ca mch. Thng s in tr (r) s quy nh s tn hao nng lng, phm cht (Q) v tnh cht chn lc tn s (di thng) ca mch. Mch in s n nh nu cc im cc nm bn na tri mt phng phc.
85
CU HI V BI TP CHNG III
3.1. Khi mi im cc ca hm mch F(p) nm bn na tri mt phng phc (khng bao hm trc o), p ng f(t) s: a. hi t v 0 khi t. b. hi t khi t. c. khng hi t khi t. d. tin n v hn khi t. 3.2. Khi mi im cc ca hm mch F(p) nm bn na tri mt phng phc, cng lm nm trn trc o, p ng f(t) s: a. hi t v 0 khi t. b. hi t khi t. c. khng hi t khi t. d. khng tin n v hn khi t. 3.3. Khi tn ti im cc ca hm mch F(p) nm bn na phi mt phng phc, p ng f(t) s: a. hi t v 0 khi t. b. hi t khi t. c. khng hi t khi t. d. tin n v hn khi t. 3.4. Lut ng ngt ca cc phn t qun tnh c pht biu : a. Trong cun dy khng c t bin in p, trong t in khng c t bin dng in, k c ti thi im ng ngt mch. b. Trong cun dy khng c t bin dng in, trong t in khng c t bin in p, k c ti thi im ng ngt mch. c. Trong cun dy, t in khng c t bin in p, k c ti thi im ng ngt mch. d. C ba pht biu trn u khng ng 3.5. Xc nh hm gc UC(t) nu bit nh ca n l U C ( p ) = a. U C (t ) = c. U C (t ) =
p p(2 p + 6)
1 1 3t + e 6 2 1 1 3t e 6 4
1 1 3t e 6 2 1 1 3t + e 6 4
b. U C (t ) = d. U C (t ) =
3.6. Dng cng thc bin i Heaviside hoc bng gc- nh, hy xc nh hm gc iL(t) nu bit p nh ca n l iL ( p ) = ( p + 2)( p + 3) 2
86
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC a. iL (t ) = 2e 2t + 3e 3t + 2te 3t c. iL (t ) = 2e 2t + 3e 3t + 2e 3t b. iL (t ) = 2e 2t + 3te 3t + 2e 3t d. iL (t ) = 2e 2t 3te 3t 2e 3t
3.7. Cho mch in nh hnh 3.22, vi cc s liu: R1=10; R2=90; C=2F e(t)=100V (DC). Ti t=0 ngt kho K, hy xc nh uC(t) ?
R1 e(t) C
K R2
Hnh 3.22
3.8. Cho mch in nh hnh 3.23, vi cc s liu: R1=30 R2=20 C=50F e1(t)=60V (DC) e2(t)=10V (DC) Ti t=0 ng kho K, hy xc nh uC(t) ?
R1 e1(t) C
Hnh 3.23
K R2 e2(t)
3.9. Cho mch in nh hnh 3.24, vi cc s liu: R1=10; R2=90; C=2F e(t)=100V (DC). Ti t=0 ng kho K, hy xc nh uC(t) ?
R1 e(t) C
Hnh 3.24
K R2
3.10. Cho mch in nh hnh 3.25, vi cc s liu: R1=30 R2=20 C=50F e1(t)=6V (DC) e2(t)=1V (DC) Ti t=0 ngt kho K, hy xc nh uC(t) ? 3.11. Cho mch in nh hnh 3.26 vi cc s liu: R1=5 R2=R3=10 C=0,1F
Hnh 3.25
R1 e1(t) C
K R2 e2(t)
R1 C
R3 R2
e(t) 87
Hnh 3.26
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC e(t)=10V (DC). Ti t=0 ngt kho K, hy xc nh uC(t)?
3.12. Cho mch in nh hnh 3.27 vi cc s liu: R1=5 R2=R3=10 L=1,5mH e(t)=10V (DC). Ti t=0 ngt kho K, hy xc nh iL(t) ?
R1 R2 e(t) L
Hnh 3.27
K R3
3.13. Cho mch in nh hnh 3.28 vi cc s liu: R1=5 R2=R3=10 L=2mH e(t)=10V (DC). Ti t=0 ngt kho K, hy xc nh iL(t) ?
Hnh 3.28
R1
K R2 e(t) L R3
3.14. Cho mch in nh hnh 3.29 vi cc s liu: R1= R2=R3=10 L= 2 mH e1(t)=e2(t)= 15V (DC). Ti t=0 ngt kho K, hy xc nh iL(t) ?
R1 R3 e1(t) L
Hnh 3.29
K R2 e2(t)
3.15. Cho mch in nh hnh 3.30 vi cc s liu: R1=5 R2=10 L=1 mH e1(t)=e2(t)= 10V (DC). Ti t=0 ngt kho K, hy xc nh iL(t)?
R1
K R2 e1(t) L
Hnh 3.30
e2(t)
3.16. Cho mch in nh hnh 3.31 vi cc s liu: R1= R2=R3=10 C=2F
R1 C
R2 K R3
B B
88
e(t)
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC e(t)=30V (DC). Ti t=0 ng kho K, hy xc nh uC(t)?
3.17. Xt mch in nh hnh 3.32. Nu
i (t ) = sin 0 t , t 0 , gi thit h khng

c nng lng ban u, tc uC(0-)=0, tnh u(t).
i(t)
u(t)
Hnh 3.32
3.18. Mch in cp hai, RLC ni tip nh hnh 3.33a vi L=0.5mH, R=5, C=2nF. -Ngun tc ng: e(t)=1(t).s(t) [Vol]. -Dng ca s(t) nh hnh 3.33b.
s(t)[Vol] e(t)
L C
Hnh 3.33a uC(t)
10 -2 -1.2 0 0.8 2 2.8

t(ms)
Hnh 3.33b
a. Tnh v v th dng in i(t) sinh ra trong mch v in p UC(t). b. Trong trng hp R=1 ( tc l phm cht ca mch tng ln 5 ln ), cc thng s khc khng thay i, hy xt i(t) v UC(t) trong trng hp ny. 3.19. Mch in cp hai, RLC song song hnh 3.34a vi C=10nF, R=50K. Ngun tc ng Ing(t)=1(t).s(t). Nh m t hnh 3.34b, biu thc ca s(t) trong mt chu k:
Ing(t)
L
Hnh 3.34a
uC(t)
10 3 cos10 6 t , 0 t 2 (ms) s (t ) = 2 (ms) < t 6 (ms) 0,
s(t)[mA]
1 -4 -2 -1
Hnh 3.34b
t(ms)
a. Vi gi tr in cm L=0.1mH, hy xc nh v v dng in iL(t) sinh ra trong in cm L v in p UC(t) trn in dung C.
89
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC b. Gi tr in cm L c iu chnh mch lch cng hng:
ch = (10 6 + 10 3 )[rad / s ]
Cc s liu khc khng thay i. Hy xt UC(t) trong trng hp ny.
90
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
CHNG IV
HM TRUYN T V P NG TN S CA MCH
GII THIU
Cc phng php phn tch v tng hp h thng c mt tm quan trng c bit trong k thut in t. Ni dung c cp trong chng ny bao gm: Khi nim hm truyn t v mt s yu t lin quan n hm truyn t ca cc h thng lin tc, tuyn tnh, bt bin v nhn qu. Phng php phn tch mch trn quan im h thng qua vic xc nh p ng tn s ca mch. Cch v c tuyn tn s ca mch theo phng php th Bode.
NI DUNG 4.1 HM TRUYN T CA H THNG

4.1.1 Biu din h thng lin tc, tuyn tnh, bt bin v nhn qu
Xt h thng lin tc, tuyn tnh, bt bin v nhn qu (bc hu hn n) trong min thi gian nh hnh v:
Tc ng x(t) H thng LT.TT.BB.NQ Hnh 4.1 p ng y(t)
Quan h gia p ng ra v tc ng vo c th tn ti di hnh thc l mt phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng (bc n) chun ha:
d n y (t ) n 1 d i y (t ) m d i x(t ) + ai = bi dt n dt i dt i i =0 i =0
(4.1)
4.1.2 Hm truyn t ca h thng

Vi iu kin u ca h thng bng khng, khi Laplace ha h thng cng cc phng trnh tng ng sang min p (bng bin i Laplace (LT)) ta c hm truyn t ca h thng:
H ( p) =
Ch rng:
Y ( p) X ( p)
(4.2) (4.3)
H ( p) = Y ( p) X ( p ) =1
Dng tng qut ca hm truyn t thng l mt phn thc hu t, c th xc nh trc tip t cc h s ca phng trnh vi phn ni trn:
H ( p) =
b0 + b1 p + ... + b m -1 p m -1 + b m p m H 1 ( p) = H 2 ( p) a0 + a1 p + ... + a n-1 p n-1 + p n
(4.4)
im khng ca h thng l cc im pi m ti H1(pi)=0.
90

im cc ca h thng l cc im pk m ti H2(pk)=0.
Khi H(p) c th biu din di dng tch:
H ( p) = bm
( p p )
i
( p p
k =1
m
i =1 n
(4.5)
Nu cc nghim khc khng, dng tch cn c biu din theo mt cch khc:
H ( p) = k 0
(1 p )
p (1 ) pk k =1
i =1 n i
(4.6)
4.1.3 Tnh n nh ca h thng

Tnh n nh ca h thng lin quan ti v tr ca cc im khng v cc im cc ca H(p) trn mt phng phc nh hnh 4.2. Chng l mt c s quan trng xc nh Im[p] k/hiu im cc c trng ca h thng. + Trn cc h thng n nh, vi mi tc ng hu hn th p ng cng phi hu hn. H thng l n nh khi v ch khi mi im cc ca H(p) nm bn na tri ca mt phng phc, tc l Re[pk]<0, vi mi k=1,2, ...,n.
k/hiu im khng
=Re[p]
+ H thng nm bin gii n nh Hnh 4.2: Mt phng phc nu khi v ch khi cc im cc ca H(p) nm bn na tri mt phng phc, ngoi tr c th tn ti cc im cc khng lp nm trn trc o. + H thng l khng n nh khi tn ti im cc ca H(p) nm bn na phi mt phng phc, hoc tn ti im cc lp nm trn trc o. iu kin n nh ca cc mch in tuyn tnh, bt bin, c thng s tp trung l mi im cc ca H(p) nm bn na tri ca mt phng phc. i vi cc mch th ng, c th tn ti cc im cc (khng lp) nm trn trc o m mch vn n nh bi v mch khng bao gi b t kch vi bt k s thay i no ca cc thng s. Cn i vi cc mch tch cc, nu tn ti cc im cc nm trn trc o, th di tc ng ca bt k s thay i nh no ca cc thng s mch, cc im cc hon ton c th nhy sang na mt phng phi v mch s b t kch.
4.2 P NG TN S CA H THNG
4.2.1 Khi nim
Khi Fourier ha h thng (cng cc phng trnh tng ng) sang min tn s ta c khi nim p ng tn s ca h thng:
91

H ( j ) = FT [h(t )] = Y ( j ) = H ( j ) .e j arg H ( j ) X ( j )
(4.7)
trong H ( j ) l p ng bin v arg H ( j ) l p ng pha ca h thng. T c tuyn tn s, ta c th nhn bit c c trng ca h thng trong min tn s v phn ng ca h thng khi cc tc ng u vo c dng iu ha.
4.2.2 Mi quan h gia p ng tn s v hm truyn t

T kt qu ca chng trc, ta thy rng nu vng hi t ca H(p) bao hm c iu kin tn ti bin i Fourier th ta c th tnh trc tip H ( j ) t H(p) bng cch thay th p =j.
H ( j ) = H ( p ) p = j
i vi cc h thng nhn qu v n nh, lun tn ti H ( j ) . Th d 4.1
(4.8)
Xt mch in nh hnh 4.3. Khi mi gia i(t) l dng in tc ng, v u(t) l p ng ra s l pt vi phn cp 1:
dy (t ) 1 1 + y (t ) = x(t ) dt CR C
-Hm truyn t tng ng vi cc h s ca phng trnh l:
x(t) =i(t)
C
Hnh 4.3
y(t)=u(t)
H ( p) =
1/ C U ( p) = 1 I ( p) p+ CR
H thng tuyn tnh, bt bin v nhn qu ny l n nh v c mt im cc n pk=-1/RC nm bn na mt phng tri. -Do h nhn qu n nh nn tn ti p ng tn s:
H ( j ) = H ( p ) p = j =
1/ C = 1 + j CR
1/ C 1 +2 2 C R
2
.e jarctgRC
/H(j)/
R
argH(j) 0 -/2
Hnh 4.4
Cho tn s bin thin t 0 n v cng, c tuyn tn s ca h gm c tuyn bin v c tuyn pha c th v nh tnh nh hnh 4.4.
92

c tuyn ny m t mi tng quan v bin v pha ca in p ra i vi dng in vo theo tn s:
H ( j ) =
U R ( j ) , v: arg H ( j ) = U R I I ( j )
T c tuyn tn s, ta c th nhn bit c c trng ca h thng trong min tn s l mch lc thng thp. Vng tn s thp tn hiu vo v ra ng pha, vng tn s cao tn hiu ra chm pha so vi tn hiu vo mt gc /2. - minh chng, nu i (t ) = sin 0 t , t 0 , gi thit h khng c nng lng ban u, tc l uC(0-)=0, khi ta c:
U ( p ) = H ( p). X ( p ) =
1/ C . 2 0 2 1 p + 0 p+ CR
Bin i Laplace ngc ta c p ng ra l:
u (t ) =
1
2 + C ( 0
1 R C2
2
1 t 1 RC 0 cos 0 t + e sin 0 t 0 RC )
r rng bn c th kim chng ch xc lp th thnh phn exp u tin khng cn na. vng tn thp th thnh phn sin c tc dng ng k vi bin gp R ln v ng pha vi tc ng. Khi tn s tng ln th thnh phn cos c tc dng ng k nhng c bin gim dn v chm pha dn ti /2 so vi tc ng.
4.3 TH BODE
Trong th d trc, ta ngu nhin cp ti phng php v nh tnh c tuyn tn s ca h thng mt cch trc tip theo p ng tn s H ( j ) . Trong mc ny, chng ta s ni n phng php v nh tnh c tuyn tn s ca mch trn c s cc im cc v im khng ca H(p) theo phng php v th Bode. 4.3.1 Nguyn tc th Bode Nguyn tc th Bode l v p ng tn s (bin & pha) ca mch bng cch tng hp trc tip cc c tuyn tn s thnh phn ng vi cc im cc v im khng ca H(p), c th nh sau: -c tuyn bin :
a ( ) = ln F( j ) Np
hoc -c tuyn pha: b() = arg[F(j)] rad
(4.9) (4.10)
a ( ) = 20. lg F( j ) dB
(4.11)
Cc c tuyn ny c thc hin trn thang t l logarithmic i vi , k hiu l trc , n v Decade:
93

= lg
hoc n v octave:
[D] 0 0 [oct]
(4.12)
= log 2
(4.13)
trong 0 l tn s chun dng chun ho gi tr cho . Trong ti liu ny, ta quy c cc th d v th Bode c thc hin trn h trc ta logarit nh hnh 4.5.
a( ), dB
b(), rad
[D]
c tuyn bin
Hnh 4.5
[D]
c tuyn pha
4.3.2 ngha ca phng php th Bode th Bode l mt cng c c lc c bit v nh tnh c tuyn tn s ca h thng. iu th hin qua s phn tch v h o lng ca phng php ny: Xut pht t biu din ca H(p) di dng tch ca cc tha s thnh phn:
H ( p ) = bm
( p p )
i
( p p
k =1
i =1 n
hay
H(p) = k 0
(1 p )
p (1 ) pk k =1
i =1 n i
Tng qut:
H ( p) = K
H i ( p)
k =1
H k ( p)
i =1 n
(4.14)
Khi , vi s thay th p=j, ta s c:
H ( j ) = K
H i ( j )
k =1
H k ( j )
i =1 n
(4.15)
-Vy p ng pha s l:
b( ) = arg[ H ( j )] = arg[ K ] + arg[ H i ( j )] arg[ H k ( j )]

i =1 k =1
(4.16)
-Cn p ng bin s l:
a( ) dB = 20 log H ( j ) = K
dB
+ H i ( j )
i =1
dB
H k ( j ) dB
k =1
(4.17)
94

V mt ton hc, vic s dng n v dB cho php phn gii tch cc tha s thnh tng i s ca cc i lng thnh phn, lm n gin ho php nhn th bng php cng cc thnh phn th Bode c bn. Ngoi ra s lgarit ho cn lm n gin vic phn tch cc khu mc dy chuyn (mc chui xch) trong h thng. By gi ta xt ti s biu din tn s. Hnh v di y minh ho cho mt s gi tr tn s theo n v Decad v tng ng theo n v rad/s ( tn s chun 0 c chn l 1rad/s):
-2
0,01 rad/s
-1
0.1 rad/s
0
1 rad/s
1
10 rad/s
2
100 rad/s
[D]
Vy trc Decade gip cho vic biu din cc vng tn s d dng hn d n bin thin trong mt khong rt rng. ng thi cho php cc ng phi tuyn trn trc (dng a ( ) dB = A. lg
) 0
bin thnh ng thng trn trc (dng a ( ) dB = A. ) v do vic tng hp cc ng cong s c n gin ha thnh vic tng hp cc on thng tim cn gn ng ca cc th thnh phn c bn. Nh vy th Bode ca p ng tn s H(j) da trn cc thnh phn tha s K, Hk(p) v Hi(p) ca hm truyn t: H ( p) = K
m
H i ( p)
k =1
H k ( p)
i =1 n
, y cn c mt s ch quan trng:
1. Ngoi tr thnh phn h s K, dng ca cc thnh phn cn li ph thuc hon ton vo v tr ca cc im khng pi ( nghim ca tha s Hi(p) ) v v tr ca cc im cc pk ( nghim ca tha s Hk(p) ). 2. Xt hai thnh phn: Hj(p) v
1 , th Bode (bin v pha) ca hai thnh phn ny H j ( p)
hon ton i xng nhau qua trc Decade. V vy chng ta ch cn xt dng th Bode ca cc thnh phn c bn ng vi im khng, t suy ra dng th ca cc thnh phn ng vi im cc theo nguyn tc ly i xng. Cng cn phi nhc li rng cc im cc khng nm bn na phi ca mt phng phc.
4.3.3 Cc thnh phn th Bode c bn

1. th ca thnh phn h s K:
a()[dB] 20.lg[K] [D]

Hnh 4.6
b()[rad] K<0 K>0 0 [D]
95

a( ) = 20. lg K
0 b( ) = arg K =
dB
khi K > 0 khi K < 0
th Bode ca thnh phn ny c minh ho trn hnh 4.6. 2. th ca thnh phn ng vi im khng gc to : Trn hnh 4.7 m t mt im khng gc, pi =0, khi hm truyn t thnh phn s c dng:
H i ( p) = p
suy ra: Hi(j)=j
Im
+ Xt c tuyn bin :
a( ) = 20. lg j = 20. lg = 20 [dB]

Lu rng vit y c chun ho, tc l t s ca tn s ang xt v tn s chun. Nh vy a() l mt ng thng i qua gc v c dc 20dB/D. + By gi ta xt sang c tuyn pha:
=Re
Hnh 4.7
b( ) = arg( j ) =
[rad ] 2
th pha l mt ng thng song song vi trc honh. th Bode ca thnh phn ny c minh ho trn hnh 4.8.
a()[dB] 20 0 1
20dB/D
b()[rad] /2
[D]
Hnh 4.8
[D]
3. th ca thnh phn ng vi im khng (khc 0) nm trn trc : Nu im khng nm trn na tri trc :
Im
Trn hnh 4.9 m t mt im khng pi =- h trn na tri ca trc , vi h l mt hng s dng, khi hm truyn t thnh phn s c dng:
=Re
H i ( p) = 1 +
+ Xt c tuyn bin :
-h
h
Hnh 4.9
96

a( ) = 20. lg 1 + j = 10. lg[1 + ( ) 2 ] h h [dB]
0 a ( ) = 3dB 20 lg h
khi < 0.1 h khi = h khi > 10 h

20 3
a()[dB]
20dB/D
a() c th c xp x l mt ng gy 10-1h h 101h khc ti tn s gy h trn trc D, dc Hnh 4.10 bng 20dB/D nh hnh 4.10. ng chnh xc ca a() s l mt ng cong tim cn vi ng gy khc ni trn v i qua gi tr 3dB ti im h. + By gi ta xt sang c tuyn pha:
[D]
b( ) = arg(1 + 0 b( ) = 4 2
j ) = arctg h h
b()[rad]
/2 /4
10-1h
khi < 0.1 h khi = h khi > 10 h
101h
[D]
Hnh 4.11
Vy c tuyn pha cng c th xp x bng mt ng gy khc nh hnh v: ng chnh xc ca b() s l mt ng cong tim cn vi ng gy khc ni trn v c gi tr l /4 ti im h. Nu im khng nm trn na phi trc :
Im
Khi im khng nm trn na phi ca trc nh hnh 4.12, hm truyn t thnh phn s c dng:
=Re
H i ( p) = 1
h
Hnh 4.12
vi h l mt hng s dng.
a()[dB]
20 3 10-1h
b()[rad] 20dB/D
10-1h
101h
[D]
-/4
101h
[D]
Hnh 4.13
-/2
97

th Bode trong trng hp ny c dng nh hnh 4.13. So vi trng hp H i ( p ) = 1 +
, th bin ca thnh phn H i ( p) = 1
c dng
khng thay i, nhng th pha c dng ly i xng qua trc honh. 4. th ca thnh phn ng vi im khng l cp nghim phc lin hp: Nu im khng l cp nghim phc lin hp nm trn na tri mt phng phc:
Im
Hnh 4.14 di y minh ho gi tr mun v argumen ca im khng l cp nghim phc lin hp nm trn na tri mt phng phc. Lc tch hai tha s tng ng vi cp nghim ny trong min tn s phc c dng:
i -i
=Re
H i ( p) = (1
p p )(1 )= j i i .e i .e j i p
= 1 - 2cos i
Hay: H i ( p ) = 1 + 2 + c tuyn bin :
i
p
p2
Hnh 4.14
i2
p2
i2
, trong = - cosi , 0 < < 1 , v i>0:
2 2 2 a ( ) = 20.lg 1 + j2 + 2 = 10.lg[(1 2 ) + 4 2 ( ) 2 ] i i i i
[dB]
0 a( ) = 10 lg 4 2 40 lg i
khi < 0.1 i khi = i khi > 10 i
a() c dng l cc on cong v on gy khc tu thuc vo gi tr ca ( vi 0<<1) c m t nh hnh 4.15.
a()[dB] 40
10 i
-1
40dB/D
=1
-6
=0,5
10 i
=0,25
[D]
Hnh 4.15
+ By gi ta xt sang c tuyn pha:
98

i b( ) = arctg 2 1 2 i
2 0 b( ) = 2
b()[rad]
1 < 2 /2
10-1i
101i
[D]
Hnh 4.16
c tuyn pha cng c th xp x bng cc on cong v gy khc tu thuc vo gi tr ca ( vi 0<<1) nh hnh 4.16. Nu im khng l cp nghim phc lin hp nm trn na phi mt phng phc (nh hnh v 4.17):
Im
Hm truyn t thnh phn s c dng:
H k ( p) = 1 2
p2
2 i
trong : = -cosi , ( 1 < < 0 ) Hnh 4.18 l th d th Bode trng hp ng vi = 0.25 .
i -i
=Re
Hnh 4.17
a()[dB] 40
10-1i
40dB/D
b()[rad]
10-1i
-6
101i
=-0,25
[D]
-/2 -
101i
[D]
Hnh 4.18
So vi trng hp = 0.25 , th bin thnh phn ng vi = 0.25 c dng khng thay i, nhng th pha c dng ly i xng qua trc honh. 5. Thnh phn ng vi im khng nm trn trc o: Hnh v 4.19 di y minh ho im khng l cp nghim phc lin hp nm trn trc o. y l trng hp c bit ca thnh phn xt trn khi = 0 , lc hm mch tng ng vi cp nghim ny trong min p c dng:
Im ji
-ji
Hnh 4.19
99

H i ( p) = (1
+ c tuyn bin :
p j i
)(1 +
p j i
) = 1+
p2
i2
a()[dB]
[dB ]
2 a ( ) = 20. lg 1 2 i
40dB/D
40
10-1i
101i
[D]
c tuyn bin c m t nh hnh 4.20.
0 a( ) = 40 lg i
-Ti = 2 i

a( ) = 0
Hnh 4.20
b()[rad]
+ By gi ta xt sang c tuyn pha:
10-1i
101i
[D]
b( ) = arg[1
2 ] i2
[rad]
Hnh 4.21
c tuyn pha c dng nh hnh 4.21:
0 b( ) =
khi < i khi > i
-Ti = i c s nhy vt ca pha. 4.3.4 Tng hp th Bode c tuyn tn s H ( j ) ca mt h thng c tng hp bng phng php th Bode nh sau: + Phn tch hm truyn t ca h thng H(p) thnh dng tch ca cc thnh phn c bn:
H ( p) = K
H i ( p)
k =1
H k ( p)
i =1 n
+ V c tuyn bin v pha ca tng thnh phn tng ng. + Tng hp c tuyn bng phng php cng th. Ch vic cng th nn c thc hin t tri sang phi, ch cc im gy khc.
100

Th d 4.2 Tr li xt mch in nh hnh v 4.22, i(t) l dng in tc ng, v u(t) l p ng ra ca mch. -Hm truyn t tng ng l:
H ( p) =
U ( p) 1/ C = 1 I ( p) p+ CR
i(t)
C 100F
R 10
u(t)
-Phn tch hm truyn t H(p) thnh dng tch ca cc thnh phn c bn:
Hnh 4.22
H ( p ) = R. 1+
1 p 1 / RC
- Thnh phn (1) ng vi h s R, H1(p)=R, th bin v pha ca n c dng nh hnh 4.23:
a1()[dB]
20
b1()[rad]
20.lgR [D]
Hnh 4.23
[D]
-Thnh phn (2): tng ng im cc nm trn na tri trc :
H 2 ( p) = 1 +
, trong h =
1 = 10 3 RC
th bin v pha ca n c dng nh hnh 4.24 (i xng vi th ca im khng tng ng qua trc Decade):
a2()[dB]
0 3
b2()[rad] [D]
0 -/4 -20dB/D -/2 2 3 4
[D]
-20
Hnh 4.24
-Xp chng hai th thnh phn ln nhau v thc hin cng th (bt u t tri qua phi, ch cc v tr gy khc), th tng hp c dng nh hnh 4.25.
101
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch a()=a1()+a2() b()=b1()+b2()

20 0 -20 (2) 2 3 4 (1)
[D]
0 -/4
(1)
[D]
-20dB/D
-/2
(2)
Hnh 4.25
a() c xp x l mt ng gy khc ti tn s gy h =3D, dc bng 0 khi <<h, v dc bng -20B/D khi >>h nh hnh v. ng chnh xc ca a() s l mt ng cong tim cn vi ng gy khc ni trn. b() c xp x l mt ng gy khc ti cc tn s gy h 1 trn trc D. ng chnh xc ca b() l mt ng cong tim cn vi ng gy khc ni trn.
4.4 NG DNG TH BODE KHO ST MCH IN

Trong nhiu trng hp, p ng tn s di dng cc c tuyn gy gn ng theo phng php Bode cng kho st tnh cht ca h thng, v vy khng cn phi v c tuyn chnh xc ca n. Trong th d va xt trn: Khi tn s tng th c tuyn bin b suy hao. Ti im h suy gim l 3dB (so vi gc).T c tuyn tn s, ta c th nhn bit c c trng ca mch trong min tn s l mch lc thng thp. vng tn s thp tn hiu vo v ra ng pha, vng tn s cao tn hiu ra chm pha so vi tn hiu vo mt gc /2. Cng cn ch rng c tuyn bin c on a() >0dB, tuy nhin iu ny khng minh chng c rng y l mch khuch i bi nh ngha hm truyn t ca n khng phi p dng cho hai i lng vo v ra cng loi. Sau y ta s xt mt vi th d vi nh ngha hm truyn t ca hai i lng cng loi. Th d 4.3: Hy xc nh th Bode ca hm truyn t in p ca mch in hnh 4.26. Cho cc s liu: R1=40k, R2=10k, C=100nF. Gii: Hm truyn t in p ca mch:
R2 1 + R2 pC U R2 K ( p) = 2 = = R2 U1 R1 + R2 + pR1 R2 C R1 + 1 + R2 pC
R2 R1 + R 2 1 = =k R1R 2 p 1+ C. p 1+ h R1 + R 2
R1 U1 C R2 U2
Hnh 4.26
102

trong : k =
R2 10 = = 0,2 R 1 + R 2 40 + 10
h =
R1 + R2 (40 + 10).10 3 = = 1250rad .s 1 9 6 R1 R2 C 40.10.10 .100.10
th Bode ca hm truyn t in p ca mch in biu th trn hnh 4.27 gm c hai th thnh phn, trong gi tr bin thnh phn th nht ca th l: a1 = 20lgk=20lg0,2=-14dB.
a,dB
1 -10 2 3 4
b,rad [D]
(1) (2) -20dB/D -/4 -/2 1 2 3 4
[D]
Hnh 4.27
Th d 4.4: Hy xc nh th Bode ca hm truyn t in p ca mch in hnh 4.28 trong cc trng khc nhau ca L (L=1H; L=4mH; L=0,4H). Gii: Hm truyn t in p ca mch:
RLp U R + Lp LC. p 2 K(p ) = 2 = = L RLp 1 U1 1 + p + LC. p 2 + R pC R + Lp

a. Trng hp L=1H: Khi mu s c dng: H2(p)=1+10 .p+10 .p
-3 -7 2
C=0,1F U1 L R 1k U2
Hnh 4.28
tam thc bc hai ny c hai nghim n: p1 = -1,12.103; p2 = -8,9.103 t 0 =
1
LC
1 1.0,1.10 6
= 10 7 = 3,16.10 3 , T s c dng H1(p) =

p2
p2 . 2 0
p2 K ( p) =
2 0
p p (1 )(1 ) p1 p2
= (1 +
2 0
p p )(1 + ) p1 p2
103

Thay s, K(p) c th vit li:
K ( p ) = 10 7
p. p
(1 +
p p )(1 + ) 1120 8900
th Bode ca hm mch gm c nm th thnh phn tng ng vi:
K 1 ( p ) = 10 7 K 2 ( p) = K 3 ( p) = p p 1120 p K 5 ( p) = 1 + 8900 K 4 ( p) = 1 +
v th tng hp ca chng nh hnh v 4.29.
a,dB
(1)+(2)+(3) 40dB/D
b,rad
(1)+(2)+(3)
/2 3 -10 4
[D]
(1) -/4 -/2
4 (5)
[D]
(4)
(4) -20dB/D
(5) -20dB/D
Hnh 4.29
Nh vy vng tn thp, in p ra b suy gim nhiu, ng thi nhanh pha hn so vi in p vo. Khi tn s tng th suy gim tin gn n khng v dch pha cng tin dn n khng. Mch ng vai tr l b lc thng cao (HPF). b. Trng hp L=4mH:
0 =
1 LC
1 410 . .0,110 .
3 6
= 0,2510 . 10 = 510 . 4
Mu s c dng: H2(p)=1+4.10-6.p+4.10-10.p2 tam thc bc hai ny c cp nghim phc lin hip: p1 = -0,5.104 + j0,5.105 ; Vy ta s a v dng: p2 = -0,5.104 - j0,5.105 (1)
104

H 2 ( p) = 1 + 2 p p2 + 2 i i
(2)
Thc hin ng nht hai biu thc (1) & (2) ta c: i = 5.104; Vy K(p) c th vit li: = 0,1;
p2 2 0 K( p) = p p2 1 + 2 + i 2 i
hay
K ( p ) = 4.10 10
1 + 2
pp p
p2
i2
th Bode ca hm mch gm c 4 th thnh phn tng ng vi:
K 1 ( p ) = 4.10 10 K 2 ( p) = K 3 ( p) = p K 4 ( p ) = 1 + 2 p + p2
i2
v tng hp th Bode ca chng nh hnh v 4.30.
a,dB
(1)+(2)+(3) 40dB/D
b,rad
(1)+(2)+(3)
/2 4 -10 5
[D]
(1) -/2
[D]
(4) -40dB/D
(4) -
Hnh 4.30
Nh vy ti ln cn tn s i = 5.104 , trong mch xy ra hin tng c bit, l in p ra c bin ln hn in p vo . iu ngha l c s khuch i in p (cng hng in p) ti 1 vng tn s ln cn = , l mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca cc mch th LC ng bc hai RLC. Lc ny mch vn ng vai tr l b lc thng cao, nhng c tuyn tn s ca n xut hin vng bu vng ln. c. Trng hp L=0,4H:
0 =
1 LC
1 0,4.0,110 .
6
= 0,2510 . 8 = 510 . 3
105

Mu s c dng: H2(p)=1+4.10-4.p+4.10-8.p2 tam thc bc hai ny c nghim kp: p1,2 = -5.103
p2 2 0 Vy K(p) c th vit li: K( p) = p 2 (1 + ) p1

th Bode ca hm mch gm c bn th thnh phn nh hnh 4.31.
a,dB
(1)+(2) 40dB/D
b,rad
(1)+(2)
/2 3 -10 -/2 (3)+(4) -40dB/D (3)+(4) 4
[D]
[D]
Hnh 4.31
Qua th d trn ta thy rng, khi c tam thc bc hai xut hin trong hm mch th trc ht ta a v dng: 1 + b.p + a.p2 v sau tm nghim ca a thc ny. C th xy ra ba trng hp: -a thc c hai nghim n (p1 v p2): khi vit li a thc di dng:
1 + b. p + a. p 2 (1
p p )(1 ) p1 p2
v th Bode s c hai th thnh phn tch bit. -a thc c nghim kp (p1 = p2): khi vit li a thc di dng:
1 + b. p + a. p 2 (1
p p p )(1 ) = (1 ) 2 p1 p2 p1
v th Bode s c hai th thnh phn trng nhau, hay ni cch khc tng ng mt th c dc gp i. -a thc c hai nghim phc lin hip: khi cn phi vit li a thc di dng: 1 + b.p + a.p2
1 + 2
p2
i2
v thc hin ng nht a thc tm ra cc tham s tng ng.
106
TNG HP NI DUNG CHNG IV

Hm truyn t ca mch tng t-tuyn tnh-bt bin v nhn qu c nh ngha trc tip t t s gia p ng v tc ng trong min p. Hm truyn t hon ton c trng v thay th cho mch in v mt ton hc trong cc bi ton phn tch v tng hp mch. N cung cp mt cch nhn ton din mch in trn quan im l thuyt h thng. p ng tn s ca mch c nh ngha trc tip t t s gia p ng v tc ng trong min tn s. p ng tn s c th suy ra t hm truyn t bng cch thay th p=j. N m t cc c trng ca mch i vi tn s thng qua c tuyn bin v pha . Phng php th Bode l phng php v gn ng c tuyn ca p ng tn s ca mch. Mc tiu ca n l n gin ha cng vic thc hin v c tuyn ca cc p ng tn s phc tp (bc cao) trn c s phn tch hm truyn t thnh tch ca cc thnh phn c bn tng ng vi cc im cc v im khng, ng thi bin php nhn th thnh php cng th trn h n v logarit. th Bode l mt cng c hu hiu phn tch mch in trong min tn s.
CU HI V BI TP CHNG IV
4.1 Xt cc im cc ca hm truyn t H(p) ca mch. Mch in ch thc s n nh khi v ch khi: a. mi im cc nm bn na tri mt phng phc ( bao hm c trc o). b. mi im cc nm bn na tri mt phng phc (khng bao hm trc o). c. tn ti im cc nm bn na phi mt phng phc. d. mi im cc l nghim n nm bn na tri mt phng phc 4.2 Xc nh tnh n nh ca h thng c trng bi hm truyn t sau y:
H ( p) =
(1 +
p p p )(1 + ) 1120 8900
4.3 Xc nh tnh n nh ca h thng c trng bi hm truyn t sau y:
H ( p) =
(1 +
p p p )(1 ) 11 90
H ( p) =
k p.(1 + p ) 11
H ( p) =
k p 2 .(1 + p ) 11
107

4.6 i vi cc mch in nhn qu v n nh, ta lun c th tnh ton trc tip p ng tn s H ( j ) t hm truyn t H(p) bng cch: a. nhn p vi j. b. nhn H(p) vi j. c. thay th p = j. d. thay th p = -j. 4.7 th Bode ca im cc c dng tha s tng ng vi dng tha s ca im khng thuc na tri mt phng phc c suy ra t th ca im khng theo nguyn tc: a. th Bode bin v pha u c ly i xng qua trc honh b. th Bode bin v pha u c gi nguyn dng c. th Bode pha gi nguyn dng cn th bin phi ly i xng qua trc honh d. th Bode bin gi nguyn dng cn th pha phi ly i xng qua trc honh 4.8 Trng hp no trong hnh v 4.32 di y tng ng vi th pha ca thnh phn ng vi h s K<0 ca hm truyn t?
b() rad /2 b() rad
- [D]
b() rad
a)
[D]
[D]
b)
Hnh 4.32
c)
4.9 Xc nh hm truyn t ca h thng nu th Bode ca n c dng nh hnh v 4.33.
a()[dB]
0 -20 3
b()[rad] [D]
-20dB/D 0 -/4 -/2 2 3 4
[D]
a()
20 0 -20 2 3 4
Hnh 4.33
b()
0 -/4 -/2 2 3 4
[D]
-20dB/D
[D]
Hnh 4.34
108

4.10 Xc nh hm truyn t ca h thng nu th Bode ca n c dng nh hnh v 4.34 4.11 Xc nh hm truyn t ca h thng nu th Bode ca n c dng nh hnh v 4.35
a,dB
b,rad
/2
[D] 3
-40
5
-/2 -40dB/D -
[D]
Hnh 4.35
4.12 v nh tnh trc tip (khng dng h trc ta logarit) c tuyn hm truyn t in p ca mch in hnh 4.36:
R1 U1 C R2 U2
Hnh 4.36
R
4.13 V thi Bode ca hm truyn t in p v nhn xt v tnh cht ca mch in hnh 4.37.
L R
Hnh 4.37
U1
U2
4.14 V thi Bode ca hm truyn t in p v nhn xt v tnh cht ca mch in hnh 4.38.
R U1 L
Hnh 4.38
U2
109
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
CHNG V
MNG BN CC V NG DNG
GII THIU
Mng bn cc, cn gi l mng hai ca l mt h thng mch c bn u ra tng ng vi hai ca ( thng thng c phi ghp vi ngun tn hiu v ti ) din t nh hnh 5.1, trong : U1, I1: in p v dng in ti ca 1 U2, I2: in p v dng in ti ca 2 Trong ti liu ny, ta quy c mang tnh thng nht nh sau: chiu dng ca in p t trn xung, chiu dng ca dng in i vo M4C. Vi mc tiu trang b kh nng nghin cu cc mch in di gc h thng mng bn cc, cc ni dung c cp trong chng ny bao gm:
I1 U1 M4C
I2 U2
Hnh 5.1: M hnh mng bn cc
Tho lun cc tham s c bn ca bn cc tuyn tnh, bt bin, khng cha ngun c lp, tng h v khng tng h. S phi ghp gia cc khi chc nng trong h thng mng bn cc. Nghin cu tnh cht v tnh ton cc thng s ca mt s mng bn cc thng gp.
5.1 MNG BN CC TUYN TNH, BT BIN, TNG H

5.1.1 Cc h phng trnh c tnh v thng s tng ng cu bn cc:
Dng tng qut ca phng trnh c tnh: a11U1 + a12U2 + b11I1 + b12I2 = 0 a21U1 + a22U2 + b21I1 + b22I2 = 0 T 4 i lng: U1 U2 I1 I2 ta c th rt ra hai thng s bt k theo hai thng s cn li. Nh vy c tt c 6 h phng trnh c tnh m t mi quan h gia dng v p trn cc ca ca M4C nh bng 5.1. Tu theo tng dng bn cc m ta s dng h phng trnh c tnh ph hp nht phn tch. Mi h phng trnh c tnh tng ng vi mt loi thng s ph hp. H phng trnh c tnh Thng s tng ng Tr khng h mch zij
U 1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2 U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2 U 1 = a 11 U 2 + a 12 I 2 I 1 = a 21 U 2 + a 22 I 2
Truyn t aij
110
U 1 = h 11 I 1 + h 12 U 2 I 2 = h 21 I 1 + h 22 U 2 I 1 = y 11 U 1 + y 12 U 2 I 2 = y 21 U 1 + y 22 U 2 I 1 = g11 U 1 + g12 I 2 U 2 = g 21 U 1 + g 22 I 2 U 2 = b 11 U 1 + b 12 I 1 I 2 = b 21 U 1 + b 22 I 1
Hn hp hij
Dn np ngn mch yij
Hn hp ngc gij
Truyn t ngc bij
Bng 5.1: Cc h phng trnh c trng ca mng bn cc. Sau y ta s xt mt s h phng trnh c tnh c th: - H phng trnh c tnh tr khng Di dng ma trn:
I1 U1 U = Z. I 2 2
trong Di dng h phng trnh:
(5-1)
z 11 Z= z 21
z 12 z 22
(gi l ma trn tr khng h mch)
U 1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2 U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2
Cc h s (thng s tr khng h mch) c tnh theo cc cng thc:
(5-2)
z 11 =
U1 I1
(tr khng vo h mch ca ca 1)

I2 = 0
(5-3)
z 22 =
U2 I2 U1 I2 U2 I1
(tr khng vo h mch ca ca 2)

I1 = 0
(5-4)
z 12 =
(tr khng truyn t h mch)

I1 = 0
(5-5)
z 21 =
(tr khng truyn t h mch)

I2 = 0
(5-6)
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c: z12 = z21 - H phng trnh c tnh dn np (5-7)
111
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng Di dng ma trn:
I1 U1 Y = I U 2 2
(5-8)
y 11 Y= y 21
y 12 y 22
( ma trn dn np ngn mch)
I 1 = y 11 U 1 + y 12 U 2 I 2 = y 21 U 1 + y 22 U 2
Cc h s (thng s dn np) c tnh theo cc cng thc:
(5-9)
y 11 =
I1 U1 I2 U2 I1 U2 I2 U1
(dn np vo ngn mch ca ca 1)

U2 = 0
(5-10)
y 22 =
(dn np vo ngn mch ca ca 2)

U1 = 0
(5-11)
y 12 =
(dn np truyn t ngn mch)

U1 = 0
(5-12)
y 21 =
(dn np truyn t ngn mch)

U2 = 0
(5-13)
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c: y12 = y21 - H phng trnh c tnh truyn t Di dng ma trn: (5-14)
U1 U 2 I = A I 1 2
(5-15)
a 11 A= a 21
a 12 a 22
( ma trn truyn t)
U 1 = a 11 U 2 + a 12 I 2 I 1 = a 21 U 2 + a 22 I 2
Cc h s (thng s truyn t) c tnh theo cc cng thc:
(5-16)
a 11 =
U1 U2
a 22 =
I2 =0
I1 I2
a 12 =
U2 = 0
U1 I2
a 21 =
U2 = 0
I1 U2
(5-17)
I2 =0
112
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c: a= -1 - H phng trnh c tnh truyn t ngc Di dng ma trn: (5-18)
U 2 U1 I = B I 2 1
(5-19)
b 11 B= b 21
b 12 b 22
( ma trn truyn t ngc)
U 2 = b 11 U 1 + b 12 I 1 I 2 = b 21 U 1 + b 22 I 1
Cc h s (thng s truyn t ngc) c tnh theo cc cng thc:
(5-20)
b 11 =
U2 U1
b 22 =
I1 = 0
I2 I1
b 12 =
U1 = 0
U2 I1
b 21 =
U1 = 0
I2 U1
(5-21)
I1 = 0
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c: b= -1 - H phng trnh c tnh hn hp Di dng ma trn: (5-22)
U1 I1 I = HU 2 2
(5-23)
h 11 H= h 21
h 12 h 22
( ma trn hn hp)
U 1 = h 11 I 1 + h 12 U 2 I 2 = h 21 I 1 + h 22 U 2
Cc h s (thng s hn hp) c tnh theo cc cng thc:
(5-24)
h 11 =
U1 I1
h 22 =
U2 = 0
I2 U2
h 12 =
I1 = 0
U1 U2
h 21 =
I1 = 0
I2 I1
(5-25)
U2 = 0
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c: h12 = - h21 - H phng trnh c tnh hn hp ngc Di dng ma trn: (5-26)
113
I1 U 1 U = G I 2 2
(5-27)
g11 G= g 21
g12 g 22
( ma trn hn hp ngc)
I 1 = g11 U 1 + g12 I 2 U 2 = g 21 U 1 + g 22 I 2
Cc h s (thng s hn hp ngc) c tnh theo cc cng thc:
(5-28)
g11 =
I1 U1
g 22 =
I2 =0
U2 I2
g12 =
U1 = 0
I1 I2
g 21 =
U1 = 0
U2 U1
(5-29)
I2 =0
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c: g12 = - g21 - Quan h gia cc thng s cu mng bn cc Tr khng h mch Hn hp ngc Truyn t ngc Truyn t (5-30)
U 1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2 U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2 I 1 = g11 U 1 + g12 I 2 U 2 = g 21 U 1 + g 22 I 2 U 2 = b 11 U 1 + b 12 I 1 I 2 = b 21 U 1 + b 22 I 1 U 1 = a 11 U 2 + a 12 I 2 I 1 = a 21 U 2 + a 22 I 2 U 1 = h 11 I 1 + h 12 U 2 I 2 = h 21 I 1 + h 22 U 2 I 1 = y 11 U 1 + y 12 U 2 I 2 = y 21 U 1 + y 22 U 2
z11
z12
z21
z22
g11
-g12
g21
g22
b21
-b22
b11
-b12
a21
a11
-a
-a22
-a12
Hn hp
h22
h12
-h21
h11
Dn np ngn mch
y22
-y12
-y21
y11
Bng 5.2: Bng quan h gia cc thng s cu mng bn cc
Bng 5.2 c s dng thit lp mi quan h gia cc thng s. c im ca bng ny l: + Trong mt hnh ch nht bt k thuc bng, tch cc thng s trn ng cho bng nhau. Chng hn nh -z12.h21 = h12.z21.
114
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng + Cc hng t l vi nhau theo mt h s nht nh. H s t l chnh l thng s trn hng bit nm cng mt ct vi ch s 1 trn hng thng s cha bit. Chng hn, cho bit zij, tm hij ta lm nh sau: Ly ch s 1 trong hng hij c hi, chiu ln hng zij cho ta s tm c z22 l h s t l. Dng theo ct ta s c gi tr cc thng s tng ng, kt qu l:
h 11 =
z ; z 22
h 12 =
z 12 ; z 22
h 21 =
z 21 ; z 22
h 22 =
1 ; z 22
h =
z 11 z 22
+ S t l theo quy tc trn cng ng vi cc ct. Nh vy c th tm cc thng s trn mt ct da theo mt ct khc bit (nh quy tc nu i vi hng). 5.1.2. iu kin tng h cu bn cc Bn cc tng h c xy dng t cc phn t tng h ( tc l cc phn t c tnh cht dn in hai chiu (nh RLC)). Ta c th tm tt iu kin ca bn cc tng h nh sau:
z 12 = z 21 a = 1
g 21 = g 12 h 12 = h 21
y 12 = y 21 b = -1
(5-31)
(trong k hiu a, b l nh thc ca ma trn thng s aij, bij) Nh vy, xc nh mt bn cc tng qut, ta cn phi bit bn thng s (tng ng vi mt h phng trnh c tnh). Vi bn cc tng h, ta ch cn xc nh ba thng s. 5.1.3 S tng ng ca bn cc tuyn tnh, th ng, tng h Nh phn trn ta bit bit bn cc tuyn tnh, tng h hon ton c xc nh bi ba thng s. Quan h gia dng in v in p hai ca ca bn cc s tng ng vi quan h ca ba thng s ny trong mng bn cc c ba tr khng c chn mt cch thch hp. Cc s tng ng n gin nht cha ba tr khng thng gp l bn cc hnh T v hnh . Z1 Z2 I I
1 2
- S chun hnh T: K hiu cc tr khng ca bn cc hnh T l Z1, Z2, Z3 (hnh 5.2): By gi ta tnh cc thng s zij ca bn cc tng h theo cc tr khng trn. Theo nh ngha ta c:
U1
Z3
U2
Hnh 5.2
z 11 =
U1 I1 U2 I2 U1 I2
= Z1 + Z 3
I2 = 0
(5-32)
z 22 =
= Z2 + Z3
I1 = 0
(5-33)
z 12 =
= Z3
I1 = 0
(5-34)
115
z 21 =
U2 I1
= z 12 = Z 3
I2 = 0
(5-35)
V ta c th suy ngc li, xc nh cc tr khng ca s tng ng hnh T theo cc thng s zij ca bn cc: Z1=z11-z12 Z2=z22-z12 Z3=z12=z21 (5-36)
y l cc thng s ca s tng ng chun hnh T ca bn cc tng h, s tng ng ny th hin trn hnh 5.3.
I1 U1
Mng bn cc tng h c trng bi cc zij
I2 U2 U1
Z1 =Z11-Z12
Z2=Z22-Z12
I1
I2
Z3 = Z12 =Z21
U2
Hnh 5.3: S tng ng chun hnh T ca bn cc tng h
- S chun hnh : K hiu cc dn np ca bn cc hnh l Y1, Y2, Y3 (hnh 5.4). By gi ta tnh cc thng s yij ca bn cc tng h theo cc dn np trn. Theo nh ngha ta c:
I1 U1 Y1
Y3 Y2
I2 U2
Hnh 5.4
y 11 =
I1 U1 I2 U2 I1 U2
= Y1 + Y3
U2 =0
(5-37)
y 22 =
= Y2 + Y3
U1 = 0
(5-38)
y12 =
= Y3
U1 = 0
(5-39)
y21 =
I2 U1 U
= y12 = Y3
2
(5-40)
=0
V ta c th suy ngc li, xc nh cc dn np ca s tng ng hnh theo cc thng s yij ca bn cc: Y1= y11+ y12 ; Y2= y22+ y12 ; Y3= -y12= -y21 (5-41)
116
I1 I1 U1
Mng bn cc tng h c trng bi cc yij
Y3=-y12=-y21 Y1=y11+y12 y22+y12 =Y2
I2 U2
I2 U2 U1
Hnh 5.5: S tng ng chun hnh ca bn cc tng h
y l cc thng s ca s tng ng chun hnh ca bn cc tng h, s tng ng ny th hin trn hnh 5.5. 5.1.4 Cc phng php ghp ni bn cc Bn cc phc tp c th coi nh c ghp ni t cc bn cc n gin theo nhng cch khc nhau. Vi mi hnh thc ghp ni s c mt h phng trnh v mt h thng s thch hp nht. C nm cch ghp ni bn cc, bao gm: Ghp ni tip - ni tip (N-N) Cc bn cc c gi l mc ni tip-ni tip vi nhau nu i vi mi ca c dng in l chung, cn in p l tng cc in p thnh phn (hnh 5.6). H phng trnh thch hp nht c trng cho c im ca cch ni ny l h phng trnh tr khng. Vi cch k hiu cc thng s nh trn hnh v, ta c: i vi bn cc I:
' ' U1 ' I1 = Z ' ' U2 I2
'' '' U1 '' I 1 '' = Z '' I 2 U 2
I1
I1 U1
I2
I2
U2 I2
U1
I1 U1
U2
II
U2
Hnh 5.6: Ghp N-N
i vi bn cc II:
Cng hai phng trnh ma trn theo tng v v nhm tha s chung, ta c:
U1 ' '' I 1 = [Z + Z ] I 2 U 2
Vy ta rt ra:
Z = Z ' + Z ''
Mt cch tng qut ta c th vit cho n bn cc mc N-N vi nhau:
Z = Zk
k =1
(5-42)
117
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng Ghp song song - song song (S-S) Cc bn cc c gi l mc theo kiu S-S vi nhau nu i vi mi ca c in p l chung, cn dng in l tng ca cc dng in thnh phn (hnh 5.7). H phng trnh thch hp nht c trng cho c im ca cch ni ny l h phng trnh dn np. Vi cch k hiu cc thng s nh trn hnh v, ta c: i vi bn cc I:
' ' I1 ' U1 ' =Y ' I 2 U 2 '' '' I1 '' U 1 '' = Y '' I 2 U 2
I1
I2
I1 U1
U1
I1 U1
U2
I2 U2
I2
II
U2
Hnh 5.7: Ghp S-S
i vi bn cc II:
I1 ' '' U 1 = [Y + Y ] I 2 U 2
Vy ta rt ra:
Y = Y ' + Y ''
Mt cch tng qut ta c th vit cho n bn cc mc S-S vi nhau:
Y = Yk
k =1
(5-43)
Ghp ni tip - song song (N-S) Cc bn cc c gi l mc theo kiu N-S vi nhau nu i vi ca 1 c dng in l chung, cn in p l tng cc in p thnh phn. Cn ca 2 c in p l chung, cn dng in l tng ca cc dng in thnh phn (hnh 5.8). H phng trnh thch hp nht c trng cho c im ca cch ni ny l h phng trnh hn hp. Vi cch k hiu cc thng s nh trn hnh v, ta c: i vi bn cc I:
I1
I1 U1
I2
U2
I2 U2
U1
I1 U1
I2
II
U2
Hnh 5.8: Ghp N-S
' ' U1 ' I1 = H ' ' I2 U 2 '' '' U1 '' I 1 '' = H '' I2 U 2
i vi bn cc II:
118
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng Cng hai phng trnh ma trn theo tng v v nhm tha s chung, ta c:
U1 ' '' I 1 = [H + H ] I2 U 2
Vy ta rt ra:
H = H ' + H ''
Mt cch tng qut ta c th vit cho n bn cc mc N-S vi nhau:
H = Hk
k =1
(5-44)
Ghp ni song song - ni tip (S-N) Cc bn cc c gi l mc theo kiu S-N vi nhau nu i vi ca 1 c in p l chung, cn dng in l tng ca cc dng in thnh phn. Cn ca 2 c dng in l chung, cn in p l tng cc in p thnh phn (hnh 5.9). H phng trnh thch hp nht c trng cho c im ca cch ni ny l h phng trnh hn hp ngc. Vi cch k hiu cc thng s nh trn hnh v, ta c: i vi bn cc I:
' ' I1 ' U 1 G = ' ' U 2 I2 '' '' I1 '' U 1 '' = G '' U 2 I2
I1
I2
I2
I1 U1
U1
U2
I1 U1
I2
U2
II
U2
Hnh 5.9: Ghp S-N
i vi bn cc II:
I1 ' '' U 1 = [G + G ] U 2 I2
Vy ta rt ra:
G = G ' + G ''
Mt cch tng qut ta c th vit cho n bn cc mc S-N vi nhau:
G = Gk
k =1
(5-45)
Ghp ni theo kiu dy chuyn Cc bn cc c gi l mc theo kiu dy chuyn vi nhau nu ca ra ca bn cc ny c ni vi ca vo ca bn cc kia theo th t lin tip (hnh 5.10).
I1 U1
I1 U1
I2
I1 U1
I2
I2 U2
U2
II
U2
119
Hnh 5.10: Ghp dy chuyn
H phng trnh thch hp nht c trng cho c im ca cch ni ghp ny l h phng trnh truyn t. Vi cch k hiu cc thng s nh trn hnh v, ta c: i vi bn cc I:
' ' U1 ' U 2 ' =A ' I1 I2 '' '' U1 '' U 2 A = '' '' I1 I2
(1)
i vi bn cc II:
(2)
By gi ta i du ct hai ca ma trn A ' ta s c A *' , v (1) c th vit li:

' ' U 1 *' U 2 = A ' ' I1 I 2
(3)
Phng trnh (3) li c th vit thnh:

'' ' U 1 *' U 1 A = ' '' I1 I1
(4)
Thay (2) vo (4) ta c:

' U 1 U '' *' '' 2 ' = [A . A ]. '' I1 I2
(5)
Phng trnh (5) c vit li thnh:
U 1 U 2 *' '' = [A . A ]. I1 I2
Vy ta rt ra:
A = A *' . A ''
Mt cch tng qut ta c th vit cho n bn cc mc dy chuyn vi nhau:
A = A* k .A n
k =1
n 1
(5-46)
Th d 5.1: Hy nu phng php xc nh cc thng s yij v zij ca M4C nh hnh 5.11:
Z4 I1 U1 Z2 Z3 Z1 I2 U2 120
Hnh 5.12
Z4
I1 U1
Z2 Z1 Z3
I2 U2
Hnh 5.11
Gii: C th c vi phng php xc nh cc thng s yij, zij. Th d nh: -Cch 1: Tch mng in trn thnh hai bn cc thnh phn mc song song-song song vi nhau nh hnh 5.12. Xc nh cc thng s yij ca cc bn cc thnh phn, sau tng hp li thnh cc thng s yij ca bn cc theo cng thc:
Y = Yk
k =1
-Cch 2: Tch mch in trn thnh hai bn cc thnh phn mc ni tip-ni tip vi nhau. Xc nh cc thng s zij ca cc bn cc thnh phn, sau tng hp li thnh cc thng s zij ca bn cc theo cng thc:
Z = Zk
k =1
Khi bit zij ta c th tnh yij (hoc ngc li) theo bng quan h thng s. -Cch 3: Xc nh cc yij trc tip theo nh ngha trong h phng trnh tr khng hoc dn np c tnh ca bn cc.
z 11 =
U1 I1 U2 I2 U1 I2
=
I2 =0
Z 2 (Z1 + Z 4 ) + Z 3 (Z1 + Z 2 + Z 4 ) Z1 + Z 2 + Z 4 Z 1 (Z 2 + Z 4 ) Z1 + Z 2 + Z 4 Z 2 Z 1 + Z 3 (Z 1 + Z 2 + Z 4 ) Z1 + Z 2 + Z 4
z 22 =
= Z3 +
I1 = 0
z 12 =
= z 21 =
I1 = 0
Th d 5.2: Cho mng bn cc hnh 5.13, hy xc nh cc thng s dn np ngn mch yij v cc thng s truyn t aij ca mng. Cho bit R1 = 10, R1 R2 = 2, R3 = 3, R4 = 5, R5 = 5, R6 = 10. Gii: Nhn vo s ta nhn thy mch in c th phn tch thnh hai mng bn cc thnh phn hnh T v mc song song-song song nh hnh 5.14. Ta c: Y = Y T + Y Nh vy ta s phi tnh cc thng s yij ca tng bn cc thnh phn.
Hnh 5.13
I1 U1 R4
R2 R5
R3 R6
I2 U2
R2
R3 R5 121
B B
I1
B B B
I2
B B
U1
B
U2
B B
R1
B B
-Xt mch hnh T: l s chun ca bn cc (hnh 5-15) vi cc cc thng s zij c tnh theo phn t ca mch:
Z11-Z12 Z22-Z12
z11 = R2 + R5 z12 = R5 z22 = R3 + R5
I1 U1
Z12 =Z21
I2
U2
Z = R 2 R 3 + R 2 R 5 + R 3 R 5
Theo bng quan h thng s ta c cc thng s yij ca mch hnh T:
Hnh 5-15
y 11 =
z 22 R3 + R5 8 = = = 0,258 Z R 2 R 3 + R 2 R 5 + R 3 R 5 6 + 10 + 15
z 12 R5 5 = = = 0,1615 R 2 R 3 + R 2 R5 + R 3R5 Z 6 + 10 + 15
y 12 = y 22 =
z 11 R2 + R5 7 = = 0,226 = Z R 2 R 3 + R 2 R 5 + R 3 R 5 6 + 10 + 15
-Xt mch hnh : y l s chun ca bn cc (hnh 5-16) vi cc cc thng s yij c tnh theo phn t ca mch:
R + R 4 15 1 1 + = 1 = = 0,3S y 11 = 50 R 4 R1 R1R 4
I1
y11+y12
-y12
I2 U2
y 12
1 1 = = = 0,1S 10 R1
R + R 4 15 1 1 + = 1 = = 0,3S 50 R 4 R1 R1R 4 R + R6 1 1 20 + = 1 = = 0,2S 100 R 6 R1 R1R 6
U1
y22+y12
y 11 = y 22 =
Hnh 5-16
-Nh vy ta c cc thng s yij ca mng da vo cc bn cc thnh phn l:
0,258 0,161 0,3 0,1 0,558 0,261 Y = Y T + Y = + = 0,161 0,226 0,1 0,2 0,261 0,426
Y = 0,558.0,426 0,2612 = 0,17S 2
122
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng -Theo bng quan h thng s ta tnh c cc thng s aij:
a 11 =
y 22 0,426 = = 1,635 y 21 0,261
a 12 =
1 1 = = 3,84 0,261 y 21 Y 0,17 = = 0,653S y 21 0,261
a 21 =
a 22 =
y 11 0,558 = = 2,14 0,261 y 21
a = a 11 a 22 a 12 a 21 = 1,635.2,14 + 3,84.0,653 = 1 (ph hp vi iu kin tng h)

5.1.5 Mng bn cc i xng - Khi nim bn cc i xng Mt bn cc c gi l i xng v mt in nu cc ca ca n c th i ch cho nhau m cc thng s ca bn cc hon ton khng thay i. C th ta xt h phng trnh tr khng h mch:
U 1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2 U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2
(1)
Nu bn cc i xng, ta c th i ca 1 thnh ca 2, ngha l trong h phng trnh trn cc ch s 1 v 2 ca cc i lng in p v dng in c th i ln nhau m cc thng s zij vn gi nguyn:
U 2 = z 11 I 2 + z 12 I 1 U 1 = z 21 I 2 + z 22 I 1
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta rt ra iu kin i xng v mt in ca bn cc: z12 = z21 v z11 = z22 (5-47)
Nh vy i vi bn cc i xng ta ch cn xc nh hai trong s bn thng s. Bn cc gi l i xng v mt hnh hc nu n tn ti mt trc i xng qua trc ng chia bn cc thnh hai na ging nhau (hnh 5-17a).
I1 U1
I2 U2
1/2 BCX 1/2 BCX
Hnh 5-17a
Th d v mt M4C i xng v mt hnh hc nh hnh v 5-17b di y:
123
Z1 Z2
Z1
Z1 2Z2
Z1 2Z2
Hnh 5-17b Ch rng mt bn cc i xng v mt hnh hc th ng nhin i xng v mt in, nhng iu ngc li th khng ng.
Th d 5-3: Hy xc nh iu kin mng bn cc (M4C) hnh 5-18 tho mn iu kin i xng v mt in. Gii: Ta c:
Ra
z 11 = R a + z 22 = R b (R c + R d ) Rb + Rc + Rd
Rc Rb
Hnh 5-18
Rd
R d (R b + R c ) Rb + Rc + Rd
iu kin mch in tho mn iu kin i xng v mt in l z11 = z22, tc l:
Ra +
R b (R c + R d ) R d (R b + R c ) = Rb + Rc + Rd Rb + Rc + Rd
T ta rt ra mi quan h gia cc in tr mch in i xng in l:
Rd =
RaRb + RaRc + RbRc Rc Ra
Ta thy: Nu Ra > Rc th mch in khng th i xng c. Nu Ra = 0 th iu kin s l Rb = Rd v mch tr thnh i xng v mt hnh hc. Cn nu Rc = Ra th Rd = v mch cng tr thnh i xng v mt hnh hc. - nh l Bartlett - Brune Ni dung: Bn cc i xng v mt hnh hc bao gi cng c th thay th bng s cu tng ng ( cn gi l hnh X, hnh 5-19). Tr khng ZI bng tr khng vo ca na bn cc i xng khi ngn mch cc dy dn ni hai na bn cc v cun dy th cp ca bin p 1:1, cn i vi cc dy dn cho v bin p 1: -1 th phi h mch. Tr khng ZII bng tr khng vo ca na bn cc i xng khi h mch cc dy dn ni hai na bn cc v cun dy th cp ca bin p 1:1, cn i vi cc dy dn cho v bin p 1: -1 th phi ngn mch.
ZI I1 U1
Mng bn cc i xng
I2 U2 124 U1 ZII ZII U2
ZI
B B
Ni dung nh l Bartlett-Brune c minh ho trn hnh 5-20:
1/2
1/2
ZI
bn cc i xng
ZII
bn cc i xng
Hnh 5-20: Minh ha cch tnh cc tr khng ca s cu
Trong nh l trn chng ta thy s c mt ca bin p, y l mt trong s cc phn t bn cc c bn ca mch in. Bin p l tng theo nh ngha l mt bn cc c cch in mt chiu gia ca vo v ca ra v c h phng trnh c trng:
U = n. U 1 2 I = 1 I 2 1 n
(5-48)
M hnh bin p l tng minh ho trn hnh 5-21a. B phn ch yu ca bin p thc gm hai cun dy ghp h cm vi nhau, nu b qua in tr ca cc cun dy th bin p c v nh hnh 5-21b (n l t s vng dy gia cun th cp v s cp)
I1 1:n U1
I2 U2
I1 U1
1:n
I1 U2
Hnh 5-21a
Hnh 5-21b
i vi bin p l tng ta c: Nu n=1 th :
U 2 = U 1 I 2 = I 1
(5-49)
125
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng Nu n=-1 th:
U 2 = U 1 I 2 = I1
(5-50)
Vy bin p 1:1 tng ng vi bn cc c hai dy dn song song hnh 5-22a, cn bin p 1:-1 tng ng vi bn cc c hai dy dn cho nhau nh hnh 5-22b.
I1 U1
I2 U2
I1 U1
Hnh 5-22b
I2 U2
Hnh 5-22a
By gi ta s xt ti quan h gia cc thng s trong s cu ca bn cc i xng. Nh ta bit, i vi bn cc i xng ch cn xc nh hai thng s, chng hn hai thng s l z11 v z12. Trong s tng ng cu ca bn cc i xng (hnh 5-23) ta c:
I1 U1 ZII
ZI ZII ZI
Hnh 5-23
I2 U2
z 11 =
U1 I1 U1 I2
=
I2 = 0
1 (Z I + Z II ) 2 1 (Z II Z I ) 2
(5-51)
z 12 =
=
I1 = 0
(5-52)
Nh vy suy ra mi quan h ngc li: ZI = z11 - z12 ZII = z11 + z12 Sau y ta xt mt th d v ng dng ca nh l Bartlett-Brune. Th d 5-4: Hy xc nh cc thng s zij ca mch in hnh 5-24a. Gii: Theo kt qu tnh c t cc th d trc, ta bit mt s cch gii: -Cch 1: Tch mch in trn thnh hai mng bn cc thnh phn mc ni tip-ni tip vi nhau. Xc nh cc thng s zij ca cc bn cc thnh phn, sau tng hp li thnh cc thng s zij ca bn cc. -Cch 2: Xc nh cc zij trc tip theo nh ngha trong h phng trnh tr khng c tnh ca bn cc. (5-53) (5-54)
z 11 =
R (R + R 1 ) + R 2 (2 R + R 1 ) 2R + R1
z 12
R 2 + R 2 (2 R + R 1 ) = 2R + R1
126
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng -By gi ta s dng cch dng nh l Bartlett-Brune gii bi tp ny. Trc ht ta b i ly mt na bn cc (hnh 5-24b), sau tnh ZI v ZII:
R1 I1 U1 R R2
Hnh 5-24a
R1/2 R I2 U2 ZV R 2R2
R1/2 R 2R2
Z I = Z Vngm
R R 1 2 = R. R 1 = R 2R + R1 R+ 1 2
Hnh 5-24b
Z II = Z Vhm = R + 2 R 2
z 11 = z 12 = R (R + R 1 ) + R 2 (2 R + R 1 ) 1 1 R. R 1 (Z I + Z II ) = [ + R + 2R 2 ] = 2 2 2R + R1 2R + R1 R. R 1 R 2 + R 2 (2 R + R 1 ) 1 1 ]= (Z II Z I ) = [R + 2 R 2 2 2 2R + R1 2R + R1
Vy kt qu ny hon ton trng vi kt qu cch trn. 5.1.6 Bn cc c ti Trong mc ny ta s cp ti cc thng s ca bn cc khi ni bn cc vo gia ngun v ti (hnh 5-25). Gi s Z1 l tr khng ca ngun tn hiu ca 1, cn Z2 l tr khng ca ti ca 2 ca M4C, trong : Z1 =R1+jX1 Z2 =R2+jX2 a. Tr khng vo M4C: Tr khng vo ca ca 1:
Z1
I1 U1
Mng bn cc c ti
I2 U2 Z2
Hnh 5.25
ZV 1 =
Tr khng vo ca ca 2:
U 1 z11 Z 2 + z a11 Z 2 + a12 = = I1 z 22 + Z 2 a 21 Z 2 + a 22
(5-55)
ZV 2 =
U 2 z 22 Z 1 + z a Z + a12 = = 22 1 I2 z11 + Z 1 a 21 Z 1 a11
(5-56)
Trng hp ring khi ca 2 b ngn mch hoc h mch th tr khng vo ca 1:
127
Z V 1nm =
a12 a 22
Z V 1hm =
a11 a 21
(5-57)
Tng t nh vy, khi ca 1 b ngn mch hoc h mch th tr khng vo ca 2:
Z V 2 nm =
a12 a11
Z V 2 hm =
a 22 a 21
(5-58)
b. Hm truyn t in p ca M4C:
K ( p) =
U2 Z 2 .z 21 = E ( z11 + Z 1 )( z 22 + Z 2 ) z12 .z 21
(5-59)
Trng hp ring: khi Z1=0, ta c:
K u ( p) =
U2 Z 2 .z 21 Z2 y 21 = = = U 1 z11 ( z 22 + Z 2 ) z12 .z 21 a11 Z 2 a12 y 22 + 1 / Z 2
(5-60)
Th d 5-5: Cho M4C nh hnh v 5.26a + Xc nh cc thng s aij ca M4C. + V nh tnh c tuyn bin ca hm truyn t in p T ( j ) =
R1 U1 C
Hnh 5.26a
U 2 ( j ) khi u ra M4C c Zt=R2. U 1 ( j )
R2
U2
+ Nhn xt tnh cht ca mch (i vi tn s). Gii: Theo nh ngha, d dng tnh c ma trn thng s truyn t:
R1 + R2 + R1 R2 Cp R2 [ A] = 1 pC + R2
R1 1 /T(j)/ R2/(2R1+R2)
Hm truyn t in p c tnh theo biu thc:
T ( j ) =
Zt R2 = a11 Z t a12 2 R1 + R2 + jR1 R2 C
c tuyn bin nh tnh nh hnh v 5.26b. Nhn xt: y l mch lc thng thp, vng tn s thp tn hiu vo v ra ng pha, vng tn s cao tn hiu ra chm pha so vi tn hiu vo mt gc /2. c. H s truyn t, lng truyn t ca bn cc
0
Hnh 5.26b
Nu t ngun l tng ta c th ly c cng sut ln bt k, th vi ngun khng l tng c th d dng chng minh cng sut tc dng ln nht ti c th nhn c l:
128
P0 =
E2 4. R 1
(5-61)
Cng sut tiu th trn ti u ra M4C c tnh theo cng thc:

2 U2 P2 = R2
(5-62)
- H s truyn t ca bn cc theo nh ngha i vi mch th ng:
P0 >1 P2 R2 R1
(5-63)
T c th rt ra:
P0 E = P2 2 U 2
C th vit li biu thc trn theo hm ca tn s phc p:
( p) =
E 2U 2
R2 R1
(5-64)
H s truyn t tnh theo cng thc trn ch dng cho cc mch th ng, c trng cho mch in tng qut ngi ta phi s dng thm biu thc ca hm truyn t in p nu mc trc. Ta c th vit li h s truyn t cho mch in tng qut:
(p ) =
(z 11 + R 1 ).(z 22 + R 2 ) z 12 . z 21 2. z 21 . R 1 . R 2
(5-65)
Nh vy h s truyn t v hm truyn t in p t l nghch vi nhau. Trong cc mch khuych i v tch cc th K(j) ln hn 1, cn trong cc mch th ng th (j) ln hn 1. H s truyn t l mt hm phc v c th biu din theo bt k loi thng s no ca bn cc da theo bng quan h gia cc thng s. Xt ring i vi trng hp bn cc i xng, trong trng hp R1 = R2:
(p ) =
(Z I + R ).(Z II + R ) (Z II Z I ). R
(5-66)
- Lng truyn t c vit di dng lgarit t nhin ca h s truyn t:
g( ) = ln = ln + j.arg( ) = a ( ) + jb( )
(5-67)
trong a( ) = ln gi l suy gim, o bng Npe (Nu tnh theo xiben th
a( ) = 20.log , dB ); cn b() = arg() gi l dch pha, o bng rad.

d. Cc thng s sng (cc thng s c tnh) ca M4C Trc ht ta xt ti khi nim phi hp tr khng trong l thuyt ng dy, khi c ngun tc ng in p E vi ni tr trong l Zi c mc vo ti c tr khng Zt (hnh 5-27a) . c s
129
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng phi hp tr khng m bo khng c s phn x tn hiu th phi tho mn iu kin: Zt =Zi, khi cng sut trn ti s l:
P0 =
E2 .Ri 2 4(R 2 i + Xi )
Zi E Zt
(vi Zi =Ri + jXi ). v h s phn x khi PHTK s l:
r=
Zt Zi =0 Zt + Zi
Hnh 5-27a
By gi ta xt mng hai ca nh hnh 5-27b. c s phi hp trn c hai ca (tc khng c phn x) th cn phi c hai iu kin: -Vi ti ca 2 l Z20 th tr khng vo ca 1 phi l Z10, -Vi ti ca 1 l Z10 th tr khng vo ca 2 phi l Z20.
Z10
Zv1=Z10
M4C
Zv2=Z20
Z20
Hnh 5-27b
Ni mt cch khc, iu kin c s phi hp tr khng c hai ca l:
Z i = Z 10 Z 2 = Z 20
trong Z10 gi l tr khng sng ca ca 1 v tnh theo cng thc:
(5-68)
Z 10 =
a 11 . a 12 a 21 . a 22
(5-69)
v Z20 gi l tr khng sng ca ca 2 v tnh theo cng thc:
Z 20 =
a 22 . a 12 a 21 . a 11
(5-70)
Khi Bn cc c phi hp tr khng c hai ca th h s truyn t c gi l h s truyn t sng v k hiu l 0:
0 =
hay
( z11 + Z 10 ).( z 22 + Z 20 ) z12 . z 21 2. z 21 . Z 10 . Z 20

= a 12 . a 21 + a 11 . a 22
(5-71)
0 =
a 12 + Z 10 . a 22 + Z 20 . a 11 + a 21 . Z 10 . Z 20 2. Z 10 . Z 20
(5-72)
Lng truyn t lc ny s l lng truyn t sng:
g 0 = ln 0 = ln
a 12 a 21 + a 11 a 22 = ln 0 + j.arg( 0 ) = a 0 + jb 0
(5-73)
130
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng trong :
a 0 = ln 0
b0 = arg(0)
gi l suy gim sng, o bng Npe. gi l dch pha sng, o bng rad.
e. Mi quan h gia cc loi thng s ca bn cc:
Z 10 = Z V1ngm . Z V1hm ; Z 20 = Z V 2 ngm . Z V 2 hm thg 0 =

Trong
(5-74) (5-75)
Z V1ngm Z V1hm
Z V 2 ngm Z V 2 hm
ZV1ngm: tr khng vo ca ca 1 khi ngn mch ca 2. ZV1hm: tr khng vo ca ca 1 khi h mch ca 2. ZV2ngm: tr khng vo ca ca 2 khi ngn mch ca 1. ZV2hm: tr khng vo ca ca 2 khi h mch ca 1.
Cc thng s sng Z10, Z20, g0 hon ton xc nh bn cc tuyn tnh c thng s tp trung, th ng v tng h. T cc thng s sng ta c:
z 11 =
Z 10 thg 0
Z 10 .Z 20 shg 0
y 11 =
1 Z 10 thg 0 1
Z 10 .Z 20 .shg 0
a11 =
Z 10 .chg 0 Z 20
(5-76)
z12 =
y12 =
a12 = Z 10 .Z 20 .shg 0 a 21 =
z 22 =
Z 20 thg 0
y 22 =
1 Z 20 thg 0
1
Z 10 .Z 20
.shg 0
a 22 =
f. Cc thng s sng ca M4C i xng Nu l bn cc i xng vi s tng ng l mch cu (hnh 5-28), khi :
Z 20 .chg 0 Z 10
ZI ZII ZII
Z V1hm = Z V 2 hm =
1 ( Z I + Z II ) 2
Z I . Z II Z I + Z II
Z V1ngm = Z V 2 ngm = 2.
ZI
Hnh 5-28
T suy ra tr khng sng c tnh:
Z 10 = Z 20 = Z 0 = Z I .Z II =
a12 a 21
(5-77)
Nu cc tr khng ca mch cu l cc phn t i ngu, ngha l:
Z I Z II = R 2 0 = const
131
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng khi Z0 = R0, tr khng sng ca mch cu trong trng hp ny khng ph thuc vo tn s. H s truyn t sng ca mch cu c tnh theo cng thc:
0DX =
( Z I + Z I . Z II ).( Z II + Z I . Z II ) ( Z II Z I ). Z I . Z II
q= ZI Z II
(5-78)
(5-79)
Khi :
0DX =
1+ q 1 q
(5-80)
Mt khc, trong M4C i xng c phi hp tr khng, Z10 = ZV1, do :
0 DX =
Z U E E = 1 . 20 = 2U 2 Z 10 2U 2 U 2
(5-81)
ng thi lng truyn t sng c xc nh theo biu thc:
g 0 DX = ln 0 DX = ln
U U1 U = ln 1 + j. arg( 1 ) = a 0 DX + j.b0 DX U2 U2 U2
(5-82)
Th d 5-6: Xc nh cc thng s sng ca mch in hnh 5-29. Gii: Ta xc nh cc tr khng vo ca 1: ZV1ngm=jXL1 nt [jXL2 // (-jXC)] = 7j ZV1hm=jXL1 nt (-jXC) = -2j Vy tr khng sng ca 1 l:
XL1=1 U1
XL2=2 U2
XC=3
Hnh 5-29
Z 10 = Z V1ngm . Z V1hm = 14 .
Tng t i vi ca 2: ZV2ngm=jXL2 nt [jXL1 // (-jXC)] = ZV2hm=jXL2 nt (-jXC) = -j Vy tr khng sng ca 2 l:
7j 2
Z 20 = Z V 2 ngm . Z V 2 hm =
7 2
Lng truyn t sng ca mch c tnh theo cng thc:
thg 0 =
Z V1ngm Z V1hm
Z V 2 ngm Z V 2 hm
7 = j 3,5 . 2
132
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng Th d 5-7: Cho mt bn cc i xng c tr khng sng Z0 = 1000, lng truyn t sng g 0 = 1 + j , tr khng ti Zt = 1000. Bn cc mc vo ngun c Em =100V, in tr trong ca 2 ngun l 1000. Hy tnh in p v dng in ca 2. Gii: Theo bi, Zt = Zi= Z0 , nh vy bn cc i xng ny c phi hp tr khng c hai ca. Theo l thuyt phn tch ta c:
g 0 = ln
U1 + jb 0 = 1 + j U2 2
Vy
ln
U1 E = ln = 1 suy ra 2U 2 U2
U2 =
E 50 = = 18,5V 2. e 2 ,7 2
b 0 = U1 U 2 =
suy ra 2
j 2
U2 = E
Vy ta c
U 2 = 18,5. e
(V)
Th d 5-8: Cho M4C nh hnh 5-30, cho bit R = 1n v chun, C = 1 n v chun. a. Xc nh cc thng s sng ca M4C. b. Tnh h s truyn t (p) khi mc M4C trn vo ngun v ti vi cc gi tr Ri = Rt = R0 = 1 n v chun. Gii: a. y l bn cc i xng, nn c th p dng nh l Bartlett-Brune a v bn cc hnh X vi cc thng s:
1 ZI =[ C // R ]= p+1
ZII =[(C nt R) // (C nt R)] = Vy tr khng sng ca bn cc l:
p+1 2p
U1
R 2C
R R/2 U2
Z 10 = Z 20 = Z 0 = Z I . Z II =
1 2p
Hnh 5-30
H s truyn t sng c tnh theo cng thc:
0DX =
1 + q p + 1 + 2p = 1 q p + 1 2p
(trong q =
ZI ) Z II
b. Trong trng hp ny khng cn s phi hp tr khng nn h s truyn t ca mch c tnh theo cng thc:
( p) =
( Z I + R 0 ).( Z II + R 0 ) ( p + 2).( 3p + 1) = ( Z II Z I ). R 0 1 + p2
133
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng By gi ta bin i (p) v dng cha cc thnh phn chun:
p p (1 + )(1 + ) ( p + 2).( 3p + 1) 2 1 3 / = 2. ( p) = 1 + p2 1 + p2
c tuyn (j) trong trng hp ny gm c mt thnh phn tng ng vi h s k, hai thnh phn ng vi im khng nm trn trc -, v mt thnh phn tng ng vi im cc l cp nghim phc lin hp nm trn trc o.
5.2 MNG BN CC TUYN TNH KHNG TNG H

Tr li h phng trnh c trng ca bn cc tuyn tnh, khng cha ngun tc ng c lp gm c hai phng trnh tuyn tnh, thun nht: a11U1 + a12U2 + b11I1 + b12I2 = 0 a21U1 + a22U2 + b21I1 + b22I2 = 0 T hai phng trnh trn ta c th lp nn 6 h phng trnh c tnh. Mi mt h phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc tng ng vi mt tp thng s c tnh. Trong phn trc ta nghin cu cc h phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc vi gi thit v s tng h ca mch in. By gi ta s xt gc tng qut hn, tc l trong mch c th tn ti cc phn t khng tng h. Lc ny cc iu kin tng h:
z 12 = z 21 a = 1
g 21 = g 12 h 12 = h 21
y 12 = y 21 b = -1
s khng c tho mn, nh vy mch tng ng ca bn cc khng tng h cn phi xc nh bi bn phn t (tng ng vi bn thng s). a s cc mch khng tng h l tch cc, do trong phn ny cng s xt mt s phn t tch cc.
5.2.1 Cc ngun c iu khin

Bn cc khng tng h cn c bn phn t biu din, trong c t nht mt phn t khng tng h. C mt loi phn t khng tng h, tch cc c nhc ti trong chng I, l ngun iu khin. c trng ca ngun iu khin l cc thng s ca n chu s iu khin bi mch ngoi V bn thn n cng l mt bn cc khng tng h. C th n c chia thnh: -Ngun p c iu khin bng p (A-A), hnh 5-31a. Sc in ng ca ngun Eng lin h vi in p iu khin U1 theo cng thc: Eng =kU1 (5-83)
-Ngun p c iu khin bng dng (A-D), hnh 5-31b. Trong sc in ng ca ngun Eng lin h vi dng in iu khin I1 theo cng thc: Eng =rI1 (5-84)
-Ngun dng c iu khin bng p (D-A), hnh 5-31c. Trong dng in ngun Ing lin h vi in p iu khin U1 theo cng thc: Ing =gU1 (5-85)
134
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng -Ngun dng c iu khin bng dng (D-D), hnh 5-31d. Dng in ngun Ing lin h vi dng iu khin I1 theo cng thc: Ing =I1 (5-86)
I1 U1 A-A I1 U1 D-A gU1 kU1
I2 U2
I1 U1 A-D rI1
I2 U2
I2 U2 U1
I1 I1 D-D
I2 U2
Hnh 5-31 M hnh ha cc ngun c iu khin
5.2.2 Cc s tng ng ca mng bn cc khng tng h, tch cc

Tt c cc loi M4C khng tng h, tch cc u c th biu din tng ng c cha ngun iu khin. Ta s biu din s tng ng ca bn cc vi s c mt ca ngun iu khin. a. S tng ng gm hai tr khng v hai ngun iu khin Nu xut pht t h phng trnh tr khng:
U 1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2 U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2
ta s biu din c s tng ng ca bn cc nh hnh 5-32a.
I1 Z11 U1 Z12I2 Z22
I2 U2 Z21I1
Hnh 5-32a
Nu xut pht t h phng trnh dn np:
I1 U1 y11
I12U2 I21U1
I2 y22 U2
I 1 = y 11 U 1 + y 12 U 2 I 2 = y 21 U 1 + y 22 U 2
th s tng ng ca bn cc s biu din c nh hnh 5-32b. Tng t nh vy cng c th biu din mng bn cc khng tng h theo h phng trnh hn hp H nh hnh 5-32c.
Hnh 5-32b
I1 U1 135
h11
I2 U2
h12U2 h21U1
B B B B
h22
Hnh 5.32c
b. S tng ng gm ba tr khng v mt ngun iu khin Cc s c th c thnh lp t cc s chun hnh T v hnh bng cch gn ni tip ngun in p iu khin vo mt trong ba nhnh ca s hnh T, hoc mc song song ngun dng iu khin vo mt trong ba nhnh ca s hnh . Nh vy s c rt nhiu cc trng hp c th, nhng trong thc t thng gp l cc s hnh 5-33, tng ng vi cc h phng trnh tr khng v dn np:
U 1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2 z 12 I 1 U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2 z 12 I 1 z 12 I 2
I 1 = y 11 U 1 + y 12 U 2 y 12 U 1 I 2 = y 21 U 1 + y 22 U 2 y 12 U 1 y 12 U 2
I1 U1
Z11-Z12 Z12
Z22-Z12
I2
(Z21-Z12)I1
I1
-y12
y11+y12
I2
(y21-y12)U1 U 2
U2
U1
y22+y12
Hnh 5-33
Theo cc s trn, nu z12 = z21 hoc y12 = y21 th cc s ny li tr v dng bn cc tng h bit. Sau y ta xt mt s phn t phn tng h, tch cc. 5.2.3 Mt s bn cc khng tng h, tch cc thng gp: a. B bin i tr khng m (NIC)
I1 U1
INIC k=1
I2 U2
I1 U1
UNIC k= -1
I2 U2
Hnh 5-34
K hiu ca b bin i tr khng m nh hnh 5-34. H phng trnh c trng ca NIC l h phng trnh hn hp:
U 1 = kU 2 I 2 = kI 1
-Nu k = 1, ta s c:
(5-87)
U 1 = U 2 I 2 = I 1
136
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng theo quy c v du ca bn cc, in p hai ca s cng chiu cn dng in hai ca s ngc chiu, phn t NIC trong trng hp ny c k hiu l INIC. -Nu k = -1, ta c:
U 1 = U 2 I 2 = I 1
trng hp ny in p hai ca s ngc chiu cn dng in hai ca s cng chiu, phn t NIC vi k=-1 c k hiu l UNIC. T ta rt ra:
0 k [H ] NIC = , k 0
0 1 / k [G ] NIC = 0 1 / k
i vi NIC cc h phng trnh tr khng v dn np khng c ngha. Tr khng vo ca 1 khi mc ti ca 2:
Z V1 =
U1 U = k 2 2 = k 2 . Zt I1 I2
(5-88)
Nh vy NIC ng vai tr l mch bin i tr khng m. Chng hn nu ti l dung khng th u vo tng ng l dung khng m. b. Transistor Transistor c coi l mt bn cc tch cc. Hnh 5-35 l k hiu chiu dng in trong transistor PNP. Dng Emitter c phn phi gia Base v Collector, tho mn h thc:
E
IE
-IC
IB B
Hnh 5-35
IC = I = 0,98 0,998 E I B = (1 ) I E IC = >1 = IB 1

(5-89) Dng Emitter ch yu c xc nh bi in p UBE , ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo in p Collector, t dng IC cng ph thuc mt t vo in p UCE. -T cc tnh cht , c th c nhiu cch biu din s tng ng ca transistor, ty thuc vo tng iu kin lm vic c th (tuyn tnh/ phi tuyn, tn s cng tc, hay cch mc mch) v yu cu tnh ton m ngi ta s dng s tng ng thch hp. min tn hiu nh, tn s thp, ngi ta hay dng s tng ng hn hp H vi hai ngun iu khin ( ni trn), hoc dng s tng ng vt l vi mt ngun iu khin nh hnh v 5-36a.
IE
I1=IE
E U1
rE rC rB B
Hnh 5-36a
I2=-IC
I1=IE
C U2
E U1
rE rC rB B
rmIE
I2=-IC
C U2
137
Hnh 5-36b
Trong s ny c ngun dng ph thuc IE . Cc in tr trn s l cc in tr vi phn ca cc thnh phn dng xoay chiu c bin nh m bo on lm vic tuyn tnh v c xc nh bi h cc c tuyn ca transistor. in tr rE c gi tr vi m n vi chc m, rB khong vi trm m, trong khi rC c gi tr cao (t hng trm k n vi M). Ngun dng cng c th c thay th bi ngun p nh hnh 5-36b, vi eng= rC.IE = rm.IE, trong rm = .rC.
B
Tu theo cch chn u vo v u ra, c th c ba loi mch khuch i transistor: -S baz chung (hnh 5-37a). Di y l ma trn tr khng ca transistor tng ng vi trng hp ny:
I1=IE
E U1
rE rC rB B
rmIE
I2=-IC
C U2
[Z] BC
rE + rB = rB + rM
rB + rC rB
Hnh 5-37a
I1
-S Emitter chung (hnh 5-37b). Di y l ma trn tr khng ca transistor tng ng vi trng hp ny:
B U1
rB rC rE E
rmIE
I2
C U2
rE + rB [Z] EC = rE rM
rE rE + rC rM
Hnh 5-37b
-S collector chung (hnh 5-37c). Di y l ma trn tr khng ca transistor tng ng:
I1
B U1
rB rC
rE
I2
E U2
[Z] CC
rC + rB = rC
rC rM rE + rC rM
rmIE C
Hnh 5-37c
Trong thc t, ty vo ch phn cc bng cc ngun mt chiu, transistor c th c ng dng lm cc mch kha, mch khuch i, mch bin i tn s... Trong hnh 5-38 l mt th d mch khuch i tn hiu s dng transistor mc Emitter
+E R1 C1 Q1 1n R3 C2
Uv
R2 R4 C3
Rt
Ur
138
Hnh 5-38: mch khuch i mc E chung
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng chung ghp RC. Vic la chn cc gi tr linh kin bn ngoi m bo sao cho transistor lm vic trong min khuch i. Cc ng dng c th ca transistor s c nghin cu chi tit trong cc hc phn k tip.
c. Mch khuch i thut ton: Mch khuch i thut ton l mt trong nhng bn cc khng tng h, tch cc in hnh. Tn gi ca mch l dng ch nhng mch khuch i lin tc a nng c ni trc tip vi nhau, c h s khuch i ln, tr khng vo ln v tr khng ra nh, v vi cc mch phn hi khc nhau th mch khuch i thut ton s thc hin nhng chc nng khc nhau. K hiu v c tuyn vng h l tng ca mch c v trn hnh 5-39.
P
I2 U I1
Ura
+ A _ Ura
-U0
U2
N
AU0 U
U1
U0
Hnh 5-39: K hiu v c tuyn truyn t ca KTT
ch tuyn tnh, mch khuch i vi h s khuch i A>0 s cho in p u ra:
U ra = A. U = A (U 2 U 1 )
(5-90)
Nu U1 = 0 th Ura = A.U2 ngha l in p ra ng pha vi in p vo, do u vo (+) c gi l u vo khng o pha (P). Nu U2 = 0 th Ura = -A.U1 ngha l in p ra ngc pha vi in p vo, do u vo (-) c gi l u vo o pha (N). Mch khuch i thut ton s l l tng khi h s khuch i A bng , dng in cc u vo bng khng, tr khng vo l , tr khng ra bng khng. Trong thc t h s khuch i ca mch l mt s hu hn, ng thi ph thuc vo tn s. M hnh ca mch thc t m t trong hnh 5-40, trong c tuyn tn s ca A c th coi nh c dng gn ng:
139
A (p ) =
A0 p 1+ 0
(5-91)
P Zvao N
Zra
A.(UP UN)
20lgA,dB
Ura
Am 0 C
Hnh 5-40: M hnh tng ng KTT v c tuyn tn s hm truyn t ca n
Mch khuch i thut ton c rt nhiu cc ng dng trong thc t c ch tuyn tnh v phi tuyn nh cc b so snh, khuch i cc thut ton x l, lc tch cc, dao ng... gi cho mch lm vic min tuyn tnh th ngi ta phi tm cch gim mc in p vo (U) sao cho in p ra khng vt qua ngng bo ha dng VH hoc bo ha m VL. iu ny c th thc hin c nh cc vng hi tip m trong mch. Th d 5-9: Hy xt chc nng ca mch in hnh 5-41a. Gii: Nu coi KTT l l tng v lm vic trong min tuyn tnh th ta c:
Z2 I1 Z1 UV
N U=0
_ + Ura
U = 0
v khi im N c gi l im t o.
Hnh 5-41a
U U Dng in vo: I 1 = V = ra Z1 Z2
T ta rt ra: U ra =
Z2 UV ; Z1
K (p) =
Z2 Z1
-Nu Z1, Z2 l thun tr th chc nng ca mch l khuch i o pha. -Nu thay Z1 l thun tr, Z2 l thun dung khi hm truyn t ca mch:
K (p ) =
1 pCR
Ngha l mch trn thc hin chc nng ca mch tch phn. Trong min tn s mch ng vai tr l b lc thng thp tch cc bc 1. -Nu thay Z1 l thun dung, Z2 l thun tr th:
K (p) = pRC
140
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng Ngha l mch trn thc hin chc nng ca mch vi phn. Trong min tn s mch ng vai tr l b lc thng cao tch cc bc 1. Th d 5-10: Hy xc nh hm truyn t in p ca mch in hnh 5-41b, coi KTT l l tng v lm vic trong min tuyn tnh. Gii: Dng in chy trong nhnh hi tip:
U=0
+ _ Z2 Z1 I
Hnh 5-41b
I=
UV U ra = Z1 Z1 + Z 2
UV
Ura
Hm truyn t ca mch l:
K ( p) =
U ra Z = 1+ 2 UV Z1
Nh vy, bng vic thay i tnh cht ca nhnh hi tip m mch c th thc hin c cc thut ton ng dng khc nhau. l mt vi th d v tnh a nng ca loi linh kin ny nghin cu su hn v cc ng dng ca mch khuch i thut ton v transistor, c bit l cc thng s ca mch tng ng trong mi cch mc, hc sinh cn c thm trong cc gio trnh v cc ti liu tham kho ca cc hc phn k tip.
5.3 MNG BN CC C PHN HI

Mng bn cc c phn hi l mt dng kt cu ph bin ca cc h thng mch. Trong mt phn tn hiu ra s c a quay v khng ch u vo. M hnh tng qut ca mng bn cc c phn hi nh hnh v 5-42:
X Xht
Xv
Mng bn cc K
Khu h.tip
Hnh 5-42: M hnh tng qut M4C c phn hi

Gi thit: M4C ban u c h s truyn t h:
K=
Khu phn hi c h s hi tip:
Y XV
(5-92)
X ht Y
(5-93)
141
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng Nh vy, h thng kn (c phn hi) s c h s truyn t mi:
K ht =
Y K = X 1 K .
(5-94)
Trong trng hp hi tip m (tn hiu hi tip lm suy yu tn hiu vo), khi 1 K > 1 , tr s hm truyn t ca h kn s nh hn so vi h h. Trong trng hp hi tip dng (tn hiu hi tip lm tng cng tn hiu vo), khi
1 K < 1 , tr s hm truyn t ca h kn s ln hn so vi h h.
Nu K = 1 , khi tr s hm truyn t ca h kn s tin n v cng. l trng hp hi tip dng gy ra hin tng t kch, mch ri vo trng thi khng n nh. Nu ct b tn hiu vo trong trng hp ny, th h c th t dao ng cho ra tn hiu m khng cn tn hiu vo. Nu K >> 1 , khi tr s hm truyn t ca h kn s ch ph thuc vo khu hi tip. thng l trng hp hi tip m su. Nu xt ti kt cu v cc thng s tham gia, ngi ta chia hi tip thnh cc loi sau: +Hi tip ni tip in p: tn hiu hi tip ni tip vi tn hiu vo v t l vi in p u ra. M hnh ca n c minh ha nh hnh 5.43a. +Hi tip ni tip dng in: tn hiu hi tip ni tip vi tn hiu vo v t l vi dng in u ra. M hnh ca n c minh ha nh hnh 5.43b.
I1
I1 U1
I2
I1 I2 U2 U1
I1 U1 Iht Uht
I2
I2
U2 I2
U2 I2
U1
Iht Uht
U2
Hnh 5.43a
U2
Hnh 5.43b
U2
+Hi tip song song in p: tn hiu hi tip song song vi tn hiu vo v t l vi in p u ra. M hnh ca n c minh ha nh hnh 5.43c.
I2
I1
I2
I1
I2
I1
U1
Iht Uht
U2 I2
I2 U2
I1 U1
U1
U2 I2
U1
Iht Uht
U2
Hnh 5.43c
U2
Hnh 5.43d
U2
142
+Hi tip song song dng in: tn hiu hi tip song song vi tn hiu vo v t l vi dng in u ra. M hnh ca n c minh ha nh hnh 5.43d.
5.4 MT S NG DNG L THUYT MNG BN CC

Ni dung chnh phn ny l nhng ng dng da trn l thuyt ca mng bn cc, c bit i su vo cc ng dng ca mng bn cc th ng v tng h.
5.4.1 Mng bn cc suy gim

Mng bn cc suy gim c th nh ngha mt cch tng qut l cc mch chia in p chnh xc m khng lm thay i ni tr trong Ri ca ngun. Mch suy gim phi tho mn cc yu cu sau: -Mch suy gim phi l bn cc i xng vi tr khng c tnh bng in tr trong ca ngun. -Kt cu n gin v tnh ton d dng, ng thi khng yu cu dch pha gia tc ng vo v p ra, ngha l truyn t c tnh: g = a >0 (5-95)
p ng c yu cu ny th cc phn t ca b suy gim phi l cc thun tr. Cc phn t ca b suy gim c tnh ton theo cc s chun ca bn cc nh sau: a. S hnh T (hnh 5-44a):
I1 U1
R1 R3
R2 I2 U2
R3 = R1 = R 2 =
Ri sha Ri R i tha sha
(5-96) (5-97)
Hnh 5-44a
b. S hnh (hnh 5-44b):
I1 U1 G1
G3 G2
I2 U2
G3 = G1 = G 2 =
1 R i sha 1 1 R i tha R i sha
(5-98)
(5-99)
Hnh 5-44b
Th d 5-11: Hy tnh mch suy gim lm vic vi ngun c in tr trong l Ri=600, suy gim c tnh l 2,75 Npe. Gii: Theo cc iu kin ca bi ton: Ri = 600 ; a = 2,75Npe.
Vy cc phn t ca mch suy gim theo s hnh T l:
143
R3 =
Ri 600 = = 77 ; sha sh2 ,75 Ri R 600 600 i = = 522 tha sha th2 ,75 sh2 ,75
R1 = R 2 =
Tng t bn c th tnh cc phn t ca mch suy gim theo s hnh . 5.4.2 Mng bn cc phi hp tr khng Khc vi bn cc suy gim, nhim v ca bn cc phi hp tr khng l kt hp vi ngun lm thay i ni tr trong (Ri1) ca ngun thnh gi tr mi (Ri2), hoc ngc li, bin i tr khng ti thnh tr khng ngun. Do c im ch yu ca bn cc phi hp tr khng l tnh khng i xng. Ngoi ra, yu cu khi kt hp vi ngun th truyn t c tnh ca n l thun o: g = jb (5-100)
Vi cc yu cu ny, cc phn t ca b phi hp tr khng c tnh ton theo cc s chun ca bn cc nh sau: a. S hnh T (hnh 5-45a):
I1 U1
Z1 Z3
Z2 I2 U2
Z3 = j
R i1 . R i 2 sin b
(5-101)
Z 1 = j( Z 2 = j(
R i1 R i 2 sin b R i1 R i 2 sin b
R i1 ) tgb R i2 ) tgb
(5-102)
Hnh 5-45a
(5-103)
b. S hnh (hnh 5-45b):
I1 U1 Y1
Y3 Y2
I2 U2
Y3 = j Y1 = j( Y2 = j(
1 R i1 R i 2 sin b 1 R i1 R i 2 sin b 1 R i1 R i 2 sin b 1 ) R i1 tgb 1 ) R i 2 tgb
(5-104)
(5-105)
Hnh 5-45b
(5-106)
Th d 5-12: Hy tnh mch phi hp tr khng gia ngun c in tr trong l 5000 v ti 75. Gi s in p in p ra chm pha hn in p vo 450. Gii: Theo cc iu kin ca bi ton ta c: Ri1 =5000; Ri2 =75; b = /4 [rad/s].
Vy cc phn t ca mch phi hp tr khng theo s hnh T l:
144
Z3 = j Z 1 = j( Z 2 = j(
R i1 . R i 2 sin b R i1 R i 2 sin b R i1 R i 2 sin b
= j
5000.75 2 /2
= j866
R i1 5000.75 5000 ) = j( ) = j4134 1 tgb 2 /2 R i2 5000.75 75 ) = j( ) = j791 1 tgb 2 /2
Tng t bn c th tnh cc phn t ca mch phi hp theo s hnh . 5.4.3 Mch lc th ng LC loi k a. Khi nim chung Mi mch c cha cc phn t in khng sao cho tr khng ca n ph thuc vo tn s u c th coi nh c tnh cht chn lc i vi tn s. Mt cch nh tnh c th nh ngha mch lc tn s l nhng mch cho nhng dao ng c tn s nm trong mt hay mt s khong nht nh (gi l di thng) i qua v chn cc dao ng c tn s nm trong nhng khong cn li (gi l di chn). V mt kt cu, mch lc tn s l tng l mt bn cc c suy gim c tnh tho mn:
0 a ( ) =
trong dai thong trong dai chan
(5-107)
Hay ni mt cch khc, h s truyn t in p ca mch lc tn s tho mn:
K ( ) =
U 2 1 = U 1 0
trong dai thong trong dai chan

/K()/ 1
(5-108)
c tnh tn s K( ) ca mch lc l tng biu th trong hnh 5-46. Vi mch lc th ng, tnh cht chn lc l tng ch c thc hin khi cc phn t xy dng nn mch l thun khng, ng thi ti phi hp trong di thng l thun tr. Chng ta s xt cc mch lc m s ca n c dng hnh ci thang nh hnh 5-47a, kt cu ny gip cho mch lc lm vic n nh do n c s dng rt rng ri trong thc t.
Za Zb Zb Za Zb Za Zb
1 di thng 2
Hnh 5-46
Hnh 5-47a
phn tch mt mch lc phc tp, thng dng phng php ct thnh nhng on nh n gin theo cc s hnh T hoc hnh , hnh thun hoc hnh ngc (hnh 5-47b) kt ni vi nhau theo kiu dy chuyn.
145
Za/2
Za/2
Za
Za/2
Za/2
Zb
2Zb
2Zb
2Zb
2Zb
Hnh 5-47b
Cc s hnh T v hnh thng c s dng nghin cu v mt l thuyt mch lc. Cc thng s c tnh ca hai loi s ny c tnh theo cc cng thc:
Z d (T ) =
4Z Za 1+ b Za 2
(5-109)
Z d ( ) = 2 Z b
1 4Z 1+ b Za
(5-110)
th g T ,
4Z b Za = 2Z 1+ b Za 1+
(5-111)
b. iu kin di thng ca mch lc Vi kt cu cc phn t to thnh Za, Zb cho, cn xc nh iu kin v di thng (hay di chn) ca mch lc. Trong di thng ta phi c:
a = 0 g = jb
Rt ra hai iu kin trong di thng: Th nht: Th hai: Cc phn t Za, Zb l thun khng.
Z d (T ) v Z d ( ) phi thun tr.
v iu kin ny s tng ng vi:
1 4
Zb Za
hay
Za 0 4Z b
(5-112)
y l iu kin di thng ca mch lc c kt cu hnh ci thang. Ti tn s c ca mch lc, ta s c:
4
c. Mch lc loi k
Z b ( c ) =1 Z a ( c )
(5-113)
Mch lc loi k l loi mch lc thun khng ni trn c cc phn t tho mn iu kin:
146
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng Za.Zb = k2 (trong k l mt hng s thc) tho mn iu kin trn, n gin nht l chn cc nhnh Za, Zb l cc phn t thun khng m tr khng c tnh cht ngc nhau. Sau y ta xt c th loi mch lc ny. d. Cu trc ca mch lc loi k - Mch lc thng thp: Za = jLa ; (5-114)
Zb =
1 jC b
(5-115)
La/2
La/2
La Cb/2
Hnh 5-48
Cb
Cb/2
Hnh 5-48 m t mt mt lc hnh T v hnh ca mch lc thng thp. Tn s ct ca mch lc c xc nh theo cng thc:
4
Rt ra - Mch lc thng cao:
Z b ( c ) 4 = 2 =1 Z a ( c ) La Cb
c =
2 La Cb
(5-116)
Za =
1 ; j C a
Zb = jLb
(5-117)
Hnh 5-49 m t mt lc hnh T v hnh ca mch lc.
2Ca Lb
2Ca 2Lb
Hnh 5-49
Ca 2Lb
Tn s ct ca mch lc c xc nh theo cng thc:
4
Rt ra
Z b ( c ) = 4 2 Lb C a = 1 Z a ( c )
c =
1 2 Lb C a
(5-118)
147
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng - Mch lc thng di:
Z a = j (La
1 ); C a
Zb =
1 1 j (Cb ) Lb
(5-119)
tho mn iu kin ca mch lc loi k, cn c:
1 = La C a
Hnh 5-50 m t s mch lc.
1 = 0 Lb Cb
(5-120)
Ca Lb Cb
La Lb
Ca Cb
La Lb Cb
Hnh 5-50
Z b ( ) = Z a ( )
4
La C b 0 Lb C a 0
p= Lb C a = La C b
2
t Rt ra
(5-121) (5-122)
c1, 2 = 0 ( p + 1 p
c1 c2
Di thng ca mch lc thng di: V ta c quan h sau:
2 c1 c 2 = 0 2 = = 2 0 p c1 c2 L C a b
(5-123)
- Mch lc chn di:
Za =
1 1 ) j (C a La
Z b = j (Lb
1 ) Cb
(5-124)
Tng t tho mn iu kin ca mch lc loi k, cn c thm iu kin:
1 La C a
1 Lb C b
= 0
(5-125)
148
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng Hnh 5-51 m t s mch lc chn di.

La La
Ca Cb Lb Cb Lb
Ca Cb Lb
Hnh 5-51
Z ( ) L C 0 4 b =4 b a Z a ( ) La C b 0
Cng t Rt ra
p=
Lb C a ; = La C b
p' =
1 16 p
(5-126) (5-127)
c1, 2 = 0 ( p ' + 1 p '
Di thng ca mch lc thng di c hai khong: c1 ; c2 V ta cng c quan h:

2 c1 c 2 = 0 1 = = 2 0 p ' c1 c2 2 Lb C a
(5-128)
e. Tnh cht ca mch lc loi k Ta s xt tr khng c tnh v truyn t c tnh ca tng loi mch lc. - i vi mch lc thng thp * Xt tr khng c tnh ca mt lc hnh T (hnh 5-52a):
La/2
La/2 Cb
Z d (T ) =
Za L 2 4Z 1 + b = j a 1 c2 Za 2 2
-Trong di chn ( > c): Z(T) mang tnh in cm. -Trong di thng ( < c): Z(T) mang tnh in tr v c tnh theo cng thc:
Z (T)
Hnh 5-52a
Z d (T ) =
La . 1 2 = R( ) Cb c
2
La Cb
0
R()
S ph thuc ca Z(T) theo tn s c biu th trong hnh 5-52 b.
Hnh 5-52b
149
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng * Xt tr khng c tnh ca mt lc hnh (hnh 5-53a):
Z d ( ) = 2Z b
1 1+ 4Z b Za
2 j C b
1 1
La

2 c 2
Cb/2
Hnh 5-53a
Z ()
Cb/2
-Trong di chn ( > c): Z() mang tnh in dung. -Trong di thng ( < c): Z() mang tnh in tr v c tnh theo cng thc:
Z d ( ) =
La . Cb
1 1
2
2 c
= R( )
La Cb
0
R() c
S ph thuc ca Z() theo tn s c biu th trong hnh 5-53 b. * By gi ta xt sang truyn t c tnh: -Trong di thng ( < c): suy gim c tnh a =0, khi :
Hnh 5-53b
th g T ,
c2 2 = j.tgb = c2 1 2 2
1
hay
c2 1 2 tgb = c2 1 2 2
-Trong di chn ( > c): in p trn ca ra gim nh mt cch ng k sao cho lc khng cn ti s dch pha gia n vi in p vo. Ngi ta quy c l b gi nguyn gi tr ca n ti c, sao cho sang di chn tgb =0 v thg = aTT, bTT (a) tha. Khi :
c2 2 a = arth 2 1 c2 2
1
Hnh 5-54 biu din s ph thuc ca a v b theo tn s trong cc di khc nhau. - i vi mch lc thng cao
(b)
0 c
Hnh 5-54
* Xt tr khng c tnh ca mt lc hnh T (hnh 5-55a):
Z d (T ) =
Za 4Z 2 1 1+ b = 1 2 Za 2 2 jC a c
2Ca Lb
2Ca
-Trong di chn ( < c): Z(T) mang tnh in dung.
Hnh 5-55a
150
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng -Trong di thng ( > c): Z(T) mang tnh in tr v c tnh theo cng thc:
Z d (T ) =
Lb 2 . 1 c2 = R( ) Ca
Lb Ca
Z (T)
S ph thuc ca Zd(T) theo tn s c biu th trong hnh 5-55 b. * Xt tr khng c tnh ca mt lc hnh (hnh 556a):
R() 0 c
Z d ( ) = 2Z b
1 1+ 4Z b Za
= 2 jLb
1 1
2
2 c
Hnh 5-55b
-Trong di chn ( < c): Z() mang tnh in cm. -Trong di thng ( > c): Z() mang tnh in tr v c tnh theo cng thc:
Ca 2Lb
Z ()
2Lb
Lb Z d ( ) = . Ca
2 c 2
= R( )
Hnh 5-56a
R()
Lb Ca
0 c
S ph thuc ca Zd() theo tn s c biu th trong hnh 5-56 b. * By gi ta xt sang truyn t c tnh: -Trong di thng ( > c): suy gim c tnh a =0, khi :
Hnh 5-56b
th g T ,
2 1 2 c = j.tgb = 2 1 2 c2
hay
2 1 c2 tgb = 2 1 2 c2
-Trong di chn ( < c): ngi ta cng quy c b gi nguyn gi tr ca n ti c, sao cho sang di chn tgb =0 v thg = tha. Khi :
1 a = arth 1
aTC, bTC
(a)
c2 2
c 0 -
Hnh 5-57
(b)
2 c2
Hnh 5-57 biu din s ph thuc ca a v b theo tn s trong cc di khc nhau. - i vi mch lc thng di
151
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng Xt mt lc hnh T v hnh ca mch lc thng di (hnh 5-58):
2Ca La/2
Lb
2Ca
La/2
2Lb
Ca Cb/2
La
2Lb
Cb
Cb/2
Hnh 5-58
Do vic tnh ton kh phc tp, nn y khng thc hin tnh ton trc tip m ch da vo tnh cht tng ng ca n i vi cc mch lc thng thp v thng cao trn cc on tn s khc nhau. C th l: -Trn on > 0 : nhnh Za mang tnh in cm, cn Zb mang tnh cht in dung, do mch lc thng di s tng ng nh mt mch lc thng thp.
Z (T) Z () R() R()
La Cb
0 c1
0 c2
La Cb
0 c1 0 c2
thng cao
thng thp
thng cao
thng thp
Hnh 5-59a
-Trn on < 0 : nhnh Za mang tnh in dung, cn Zb mang tnh cht in cm, do mch lc thng di s tng ng nh mt mch lc thng cao. Hnh v 5-59 biu din s ph thuc ca cc thng s c tnh ca mch lc thng di theo cc di tn s khc nhau.
aTD, bTD 0 -
Thng cao Thng thp
(a)
(b)
c1
c2
Hnh 5-59b
- i vi mch lc chn di Xt mt lc hnh T v hnh ca mch lc chn di (hnh 5-60):
152
La/2
2Ca
La/2
2Ca
La Ca Cb/2 2Lb Cb/2 2Lb
Cb Lb
Hnh 5-60
Tng t nh mch lc thng di, da vo tnh cht tng ng ca mch lc chn di i vi cc mch lc thng thp v thng cao trn cc on tn s khc nhau. C th l: -Trn on > 0 : nhnh Za mang tnh in dung, cn Zb mang tnh cht in cm, do mch lc chn di s tng ng nh mt mch lc thng cao. -Trn on < 0 : nhnh Za mang tnh in cm, cn Zb mang tnh cht in dung, do mch lc chn di s tng ng nh mt mch lc thng thp. Hnh v 5-61 biu din s ph thuc ca cc thng s c tnh ca mch lc chn di theo cc di tn s khc nhau.
Z () Z (T)
La Cb
0
R()
R()
La Cb
0
R()
R()
c1 0 c2
c1
c2
Thng thp
Thng cao
Thng thp
Thng cao
Hnh 5-61a
aCD, bCD 0 -
Thng thp (b)
(a) (a)
c1
0
(b)
c2
Thng cao
Hnh 5-61b
153
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng Trn y ta xt cc tnh cht ca b lc loi k, trong cc thng s c tnh c nh ngha da vo iu kin phi hp tr khng c hai ca. Nhng iu kin ny li rt kh thc hin, bi v thng thng tr khng ti v ni khng ca ngun c gi tr l thun tr c nh, hay nu c ph thuc tn s th cng theo quy lut ring ca n. Trong khi tr khng c tnh ca mch lc loi K cho d c tnh cht thun tr trong di thng nhng vn b ph thuc kh nhiu vo tn s. V vy nhc im ca loi b lc ny l tr khng c tnh v s truyn t tn hiu b nh hng nhiu bi tn s. Th d 5-13: Tnh cc phn t ca mch lc thng thp loi k c di thng t 0 n 1000Hz, tr khng c tnh u di thng l 600. V khu T v ca mch lc. Gii: Theo cc gi thit ta c:
La/2
9,5mH
La/2
9,5mH Cb=53nF
1 = 1000 f c = L C a b Z (0) = L a = 600 d Cb 1 Cb = = 53nF .6.10 6 Rt ra 2 L = 6.10 = 19mH a

Cc s mt lc thng thp c v hnh 5-62
La=19mH
Cb/2 26,5nF
Cb/2 26,5nF
Hnh 5-62
5.4.4 Mch lc th ng LC loi m

khc phc nhc im ca b lc loi k, ngi ta ci tin mt bc v mt kt cu t c cht lng cao hn. Cc mch lc c gi l mch lc m. a. Cc phng php xy dng b lc loi m xy dng b lc m, ngi ta dng cc phng php chuyn t b lc loi k. - Chuyn ni tip: Bao gm cc bc nh sau: +Chn khu c bn hnh T v tnh ton da vo tr khng ca nhnh. +Gi li mt phn trn nhnh ni tip, sao cho tr khng ca n tr thnh:
' Za = m.Z a
(vi m <1)
(5-129)
+Chuyn mt phn ca Za xung nhnh song song sao cho to thnh Z 'b . +Xc nh Z 'b da vo iu kin cn bng cc tr khng c tnh ca cc khu loi k v loi m:
Z d (TK ) = Z d (TM )
By gi ta tnh Z 'b , iu kin trn c vit thnh:
(5-130)
154
4 Z b' Za 4 Z b mZ a = 1+ 1+ mZ a 2 2 Za
Rt ra
(5-131)
Z b' =
Za/2
Z 1 m2 Za + b m 4m
Za/2 = mZa/2
Z d ( TK ) = Z d ( T M )
(5-132)
Za/2
Za/2 = mZa/2 Zb
Zb
Hnh 5-63
Khu lc m c xy dng bng cch ny gi l khu lc m ni tip. N cng c kt cu hnh T. Hnh 5-63 m t qu trnh chuyn ni tip va trnh by trn. - Chuyn song song: Bao gm cc bc nh sau: +Chn khu c bn hnh v tnh ton da vo dn np ca nhnh. +Gi li mt phn trn nhnh song song, sao cho dn np ca n tr thnh:
Yb' = m.Yb
(vi m <1)
(5-133)
+Chuyn mt phn ca Yb ln nhnh ni tip sao cho to thnh Ya' . +Xc nh Ya' da vo iu kin cn bng cc tr khng c tnh ca cc khu loi K v loi M:
Z d ( K ) = Z d ( M )
By gi ta tnh Ya' , iu kin trn c vit thnh:
(5-134)
2 Yb
2 1 1 = mYb 4Y 4Ya' 1+ a 1+ Yb mYb Ya' = Y 1 m2 Yb + a m 4m

Ya
(5-135)
Rt ra
(5-136)
Ya
Z d ( K ) = Z d ( M )
Yb/2 Yb/2
Yb/2
Yb/2
Hnh 5-64
155
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng Khu lc M c xy dng bng cch ny gi l khu lc M song song. N cng c kt cu hnh . Hnh 5-64 m t qu trnh chuyn song song va trnh by trn. b. Cc tnh cht ca mch lc loi m Trong phn trn ta xt cch xy dng mch lc loi M t mch lc loi K, trong cn ch rng iu kin cn bng tr khng c tnh ca cc khu loi K v loi M s lm cho hai loi mch lc s c cng di thng. Tuy nhin iu cha th hin nhng ci thin ca mch lc loi M so vi mch lc loi K mt cch thuyt phc. By gi ta hy xt ti cc thng s c tnh ca mch lc M theo mt cnh nhn khc, trc ht l tr khng c tnh ca mt lc hnh trong cch chuyn ni tip (hnh 5-65).
Za Za Za Zb Zb Za=mZa
Zb
Zb
Zb
Zb
Zb
Zb
Hnh 5-65 Zd
'
( M )
= 2Z
' b
1 4Z 1+ ' Za
' b
Z 1 m2 Z a + b ). = 2( m 4m
1
' 4Z b 1+ ' Za
trong nu ch n iu kin cn bng tr khng c tnh ta s c:
Zd
'
( M )
Z 1 m2 Z a + b ). = 2( m 4m
m 1+ 4Z b Za
1 m2 Za 1 + 4 Z 4Z b b 1+ Za 2Z b
(5-137)
hay
Zd
'
( M )
1 m2 Za = Z d ( K ) 1 + 4 Z b
Kt qu trn ni ln rng, tr khng c tnh ca b lc loi M trong cch chuyn ni tip cn ph thuc h s m. iu ny ch ra kh nng, nu chn m thch hp c th lm cho Zd(M) t ph thuc vo tn s nht. i vi tr khng c tnh ca mt lc hnh T trong cch chuyn song song (hnh 5-66) ta cng c:
Ya Ya Ya
Ya
Ya
Yb
Yb
Yb
Yb
Yb
Yb
Yb
Hnh156 5-66
Zd
'
(TM )
' Za 4Z ' 4Ya' 1 1 + 'b = 1 + = 2 Za Yb' 2Ya'
1
Y 1 m2 Yb + a ) 2( m 4m
. 1+
4Ya' Yb'
hay
Zd
'
(TM )
1 Y 1 m 2( Yb + a ) 4m m
2
1+ .
4Ya Yb
1+ =
4Ya Yb
2Ya
1 1 m 2 Yb 1+ . 4 Ya
(5-138)
tc l
Zd
'
(TM )
= Z d (TK ) .
1 1 m 2 Yb 1+ . 4 Ya
Kt qu trn cng ni ln rng, tr khng c tnh ca b lc loi M trong cch chuyn song song ph thuc h s m. C th ta xt b lc thng thp, c cc tr khng xut pht t loi K: Za = jLa;
Zb =
1 jCb
Z () m=1(loi K) m=0,6
-Theo cch chuyn ni tip s c b lc loi M, tng ng:
Z = jmLa ' 1 m2 1 Z b = j 4m La + jmC b

' a
La Cb
0
R() m=0,4 c
Zd ' ( M ) =
La . Cb
1 1
.[1 (1 m 2 ).
2 c2
Hnh 5-67a
c2
Hnh 5-67a l th biu din s ph thuc ca tr khng c tnh mt lc hnh mch lc thng thp ni tip theo gi tr ca m. -Theo cch chuyn song song s c b lc loi M, tng ng:
m=0,4 m=0,6
Z (T)
' 1 m2 1 Y j Cb + = a 4m jmLa Y ' = jmC b b
La Cb
R()
m=1
0 c
Hnh 5-67b
157

'
Zd
(TM )
La = . 1 2 . Cb c
2
1 [1 (1 m 2 ).
2 ] c2
Hnh 5-67b l th biu din s ph thuc ca tr khng c tnh mt lc hnh T mch lc thng thp song song theo m. Nh vy, nu chn m=0,6 th s cc khng c tnh ca cc mt lc nu trn s t ph thc vo tn s nht. i vi mch lc thng cao cng c kt qu tng t. By gi ta xt ti truyn t c tnh (g) ca mch lc loi M, trong ch yu xt n suy gim c tnh (a). Khu lc M phc tp hn khu lc K, do trn cc nhnh ni tip v song song ca mch lc c th xy ra cng hng lm h mch Ya hoc ngn mch Zb. Khi suy gim c tnh s ln v cng, v vy cc tn s cng hng ny c gi . Chng l nghim ca cc phng trnh
Ya' =
hoc Hay l
' b
Y 1 m2 Yb + a = 0 4m m
Z 1 m2 Z = Za + b = 0 4m m
4Z b = 1 m2 < 1 Za
(5-139)
R rng cc tn s nm trong di chn (v biu thc trn khng tho mn iu kin di thng) cc tn s ny ph thuc vo gi tr ca m. Hnh 5-68 minh ho s tn ti ca cc tn s v suy gim c tnh ca cc mch lc loi M. Ch rng cc thng s c tnh ca mch lc thng di v chn di loi M u c th suy ra t mch lc thng thp v thng cao cng loi.
aTT
M K
aTC
K M
0 aTD
0 aCD
c1
c2
158 Hnh 5-68
c1 1 0 2 c2
Nhn xt: Trong khong tn s gia c v , suy gim c tnh tng t 0 n . Do dc ca c tuyn ph thuc vo b rng ca khong (c, ), m b rng ny li ph thuc vo m, t ta c th chn dc ca c tuyn mt cch tu theo m. y l mt u im ln ca mch lc M so vi mch lc K. Tuy nhin khi i su vo di chn th suy gim c tnh li gim kh nh. y l nhc im ca b lc M so vi b lc loi K.
5.4.5 B lc th ng LC y
a. Nguyn tc thit k chung Nguyn tc tnh ton mt b lc l phi m bo cc yu cu k thut, sao cho cht lng ca n cng t ti l tng cng tt. Ni mt cch c th:
Ri E
1/2 khu M, PHTK m=0,6
Khu K
Khu M m
1/2 khu M, PHTK m=0,6

Za / Zb
Rt
Za / Zb Zd(,T) Zd(T,)
Za/Zb/ c
Za/Zb/
Zd(T,)
Zd(T,)
Zd(,T)
Hnh 5-69: B lc Lc y
-Suy gim c tnh (a) phi hon ton trit tiu trong di thng v rt ln trong ton b di chn. -B lc phi c phi hp tr khng tt vi ngun v ti. Trong thc t, p ng y cc yu cu k thut, thng phi xy dng cc b lc phc tp gm nhiu khu khc nhau v c cc tnh cht b xung cho nhau. Nhn chung mt b lc nh vy phi c hai khu khng i xng hai u lm nhim v phi hp tr khng vi ngun v ti, v mt s khu lc i xng loi M hoc K (hnh T hoc hnh ) ni vi nhau theo kiu dy chuyn (hnh 5-69). Sau y ta i su vo cc khu trong b lc: Khu lc M (i xng) c a vo m bo ra khi di thng suy gim c tnh tng rt nhanh. Do c tnh cng i su vo di chn th suy gim c tnh ca n cng tng, do Khu lc K (i xng) c a vo trc khu lc M khc phc nhc im v s gim ca suy gim c tnh khi i su vo di chn ca khu lc M. Nh vy m bo cc khu ny c cng di thng v s phi hp tr khng th khu M s c thc hin bng cch chuyn t khu K theo cch chuyn tng ng. H s m do tn s suy gim v cng quyt nh.
159
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng Hai khu 1/2 M (khng i xng): c t hai u b lc phi hp tr khng gia b lc vi ngun v ti. Do bn thn nhim v phi hp tr khng dn n n phi c tnh khng i xng. Mt khc va m bo phi hp vi ngun v ti, ng thi va m bo phi hp u ni n vi cc khu K v khu M pha trong b lc mt cch bnh thng, ngi ta to ra cc khu ny bng cch: to ra khu M t khu lc K theo cch chuyn tng ng, vi h s m=0,6, sau b i khu M va to trn ch gi li mt na. Vi h s m=0,6 th tr khng c tnh ca vo v ca ra ca b lc s m bo thun tr v n nh, m bo s phi hp tr khng vi ngun v ti. Vic ghp ni cc khu trong b lc sao cho nhn t ngoi vo c tr khng c tnh Z()=Ri=Rt trong trng hp chuyn ni tip (hnh 5-70a) v Z(T)=Ri=Rt trong trng hp chuyn song song (hnh 5-70b).
Z" a 2
Za 2
Za 2
' Za 2
' Za 2
Z" a 2
2Z " b{
Ri E
}2 Z "b
Z() Z(T)
Zb
} Z 'b
Z(T)
Hnh 5-70a
Rt Z()
Z(T)
2Ya Ya
Ya
2Ya
Ri
Yb/2 Yb/2 Yb/2 Yb/2 Yb/2 Yb/2
Rt
E Z(T) Z() Z()

Hnh 5-70b
b. Cch tnh ton b lc y Thng thng cc s liu sau y s c cho trc: Di thng (tn s ct), tr khng c tnh trong di thng, in tr trong ca ngun v in tr ti, tn s suy gim v cng, cc yu cu v suy gim c tnh v phi hp tr khng ... u tin vic tnh ton khu K s c thc hin trc, sau mi chuyn sang tnh ton cc khu M. Sau y l cc cng vic tnh ton cn thit trn cc loi b lc: 1. B lc thng thp:
Z()
Z(T)
La = Ri = Rt = R Cb - Khu lc K: 2 = c La C b
2R L a = c C = 2 b R c
160
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng -Cc khu lc M:
c
1 m2
m = 1-
2c 2
(Vi khu 1/2M th
m = 0,6)
Hnh 5-71 l cu trc ca cc khu (K, M v 1/2M) ca b lc thng thp y trong cc trng hp chuyn ni tip v chuyn song song.
Nu chuyn ni tip:
L'a = mLa ' 1 m2 La Lb = 4 m Cb' = mCb
La/2
La/2 Cb
La/2
La/2 Cb Lb
La/2 Cb/2 2Lb
Hnh 5- 71a Cb' = mCb Nu chuyn song song: L'a = mLa 1 m2 ' C a = Cb 4m
La La Ca Cb/2 Cb/2 Cb/2

Hnh 5-71b
2. B lc thng cao:
La/2 2Ca Cb/2 Cb/2
Lb = Ri = Rt = R Ca - Khu lc K: 1 = c 2 LC b a
-Cc khu lc M:
R L b = 2 c C = 1 a 2 R c m = 1-
= c 1 m2
2 2c
(Vi khu 1/2M th m = 0,6) Hnh 5-72 l cu trc ca cc khu (K, M v 1/2M) ca b lc thng cao y trong trng hp chuyn ni tip v chuyn song song.
161
Nu chuyn ni tip:
' Lb Lb = m 4m ' Ca Cb = 1 m2 ' Ca C a = m
2Ca Lb
2Ca
2Ca
2Ca Cb Lb
2Ca Cb/2 2Lb
Hnh 5-72a Lb ' Lb = m 4m ' Lb La = 2 m 1 ' Ca C a = m
Nu chuyn song song:
Ca 2Lb 2Lb
La Ca 2Lb
Hnh 5-72b
La/2 2Lb 2Ca 2Lb
3. B lc thng di: - Khu lc K:

2 0 = c1 . c 2 =
1 1 = La C a Lb Cb
c 2 c1 =
2 La Cb
La Lb = = Ri = Rt = R Cb Ca
Rt ra
La =
2R c 2 c1
Ca =
c 2 c1 2 R c1 c 2
Lb =
-Cc khu lc M:
R( c 2 c1 ) 2 c1 c 2 2 La Cb
Cb = 1 1 m2
2 R ( c 2 c1 ) =
2 1 =
c 2 c1
1 m2
162
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng rt ra
m = 1 (
c 2 c1 2 ) 2 1
(Vi khu 1/2M th m = 0,6) Nu chuyn ni tip:
L'a = mLa
L'b1 = Lb m
C 'a =
Ca m
C 'b1 = mCb
L'b 2 =
1 m2 La 4m
C 'b2 =
4m Ca 1 m2
Trong hnh 5-73a minh ho cch chuyn ni tip khu lc thng di .
2Ca La/2
2Ca
La/2
2Ca La/2 Lb1
2Ca Cb1 Cb2 Lb2
La/2
Lb
Cb
Hnh 5-73a
Nu chuyn song song:
L'a1 = mLa L'b = Lb m

1 m2 Cb 4m
C 'a1 =
Ca m
C 'b = mCb L'a2 = 4m Lb 1 m2
' Ca 2 =
Trong hnh 5-73b minh ho cch chuyn song song khu lc thng di.
Ca
La
La2 Ca2
2Lb
Cb/2
2Lb
Cb/2
2Lb
Ca1 Cb/2
La1
2Lb
Cb/2
Hnh 5-73b
163
4. B lc chn di:
2 = c1 . c 2 = - Khu lc K: 0
1 1 = La C a Lb Cb 1 2 Lb C a
c 2 c1 =
La Lb = = Ri = Rt = R Cb Ca
Rt ra
Lb =
La =
R 2( c 2 c1 )
2 R( c 2 c1 )
Cb =
Ca =
2( c 2 c1 ) R c1 c 2
1 2 R( c 2 c1 )
c1 c 2
-Cc khu lc M:
2 1 =
1 1 m 2 = ( c 2 c1 ) 1 m 2 2 Lb C a
rt ra
m = 1 (
2 1 2 ) c 2 c1
(Vi khu 1/2M th m = 0,6) Nu chuyn ni tip:

' Ca =
Ca m
L'a = mLa L' b1 = L' b2 =
Cb' 1 = mCb Cb' 2 =

4m Ca 1 m2
Lb m
1 m2 La 4m
Trong hnh 5-74a minh ho cch chuyn ni tip khu lc chn di.
La/2
2Ca
La/2
2Ca
La/2
2Ca
La/2
2Ca
Cb1 Lb1 Cb2 Lb2
Cb Lb
Hnh 5-74a
164
Nu chuyn song song:

' Ca 1 =
Ca m
L'a1 = mLa L' b = C 'a2 =
Cb' = mCb L'a 2 =

4m Lb 1 m2
Lb m
1 m2 Cb 4m
Trong hnh 5-74b minh ho cch chuyn song song khu lc chn di.
La Ca Cb/2 2Lb Cb/2 2Lb Cb/2
La1
Ca1
Ca2 La2
a
Cb/2 2Lb
L 2Lb
Hnh 5-74b
5.4.6 Mch lc tch cc vng tn s thp, loi mch lc th ng LC thng khng thch hp cho cc ng dng thc t v s cng knh ca cc phn t trong mch v phm cht ca mch b suy gim kh nhiu, thay vo l cc loi mch lc tch cc RC dng KTT. a. Khi nim chung: Hm truyn t tng qut ca mch lc tch cc RC c dng:
b0 + b1 p + ... + b m -1 p m-1 + b m p m , K ( p) = a 0 + a1 p + ... + a n -1 p n -1 + p n
(n m)
(5-140)
Bc ca mch lc l bc ln nht ca mu s (n). Thng thng n c quyt nh bi s lng in dung C trong cc vng hi tip ca mch. i vi mch lc tch cc RC, thng khi hm mch c bc cng cao th nhy ca cc i lng c trng ca mch i vi phn t tch cc cng tng mnh, sc ca c tuyn tn s cng tin dn n l tng. Trong l thuyt tng hp mch, phng php thng dng xy dng mch lc tch cc RC l phng php phn tch a thc v mc dy chuyn cc khu bc mt v bc 2. Gi s t hm mch K(p) l phn thc hu t, khi c th phn tch ra thnh tch:
( p + i ). ( p 2 + bi p + ci ) N ( p) i K ( p) = = k0 . p r . i = F ( p).K 1 ( p) D( p) ( p + j ). ( p 2 + b j p + c j )
j j
(5-141)
165
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng -u tin tch ra hm F(p) c th thc hin bng mch th ng RC. Trong cc im cc ca F(p) phi l thc:
F( p) =
P ( p) = Q( p)
P( p) (p + j )
j
Trong Q(p) cha cc nghim thc l im cc thc ca K(p). Cn P(p) cha mt phn cc nghim ca N(p), v bc ca P(p) nh hn hoc bng bc ca Q(p). Khi F(p) c th c thc hin bng cc phng php tng hp mch th ng. Nu P(p) ch cha cc im khng thc th c th thc hin bng mch hnh ci thang. -Cn li K1(p) l t hp cc hm truyn bc hai v s c thc hin bng cc khu bc hai (cha cc phn t tch cc) vi u im c in tr ra rt nh. b. Khu lc tch cc RC bc 2: Khu lc bc hai c mt ngha c bit quan trng v l khu c bn tng hp cc hm bc cao bt k. Tng qut, khu lc bc hai tng ng vi hm truyn in p:
b0 + b1 p + b 2 p 2 K u ( p) = a 0 + a1 p + p 2
(5-142)
I1b
Mch phn hi (b)
I2a U1 M4C (a)
_ + U2
Hm mch ny hon ton c th thc hin c bng mch KTT vi cc vng phn hi v mch RC. Mch phn hi ca KTT c thHnh l m5-75: t vng hoc nhi um vng. Khu l c c t
vng n h i -Khu dng phn hi mt vng: Hnh 5-75 m ph t m tkhu tch cc RC c mt vng phn hi m dng KTT; (a) l mch th ng RC; (b) l mch phn hi.
Vit li hm truyn di dng:
K u ( p) = k
N ( p) D( p)
(5-143)
Trong h s ca s hng bc cao nht N(p) v D(p) bng 1; D(p) l a thc Hurwitz c cc nghim na mt phng tri; N(p) khng c nghim trn trc dng c th thc hin mch in c dy t chung. d dng thc hin hm mch bng khu mch bc hai, ngi ta thng chn mt a thc ph P(p) c cc nghim thc, khng dng v bc i (tng qut, i = max bc N, bc D) -1; C th chn bc i cao hn, nhng khi s linh kin s tng ln), sao cho: N ( p) k1 N ( p) P( p) K u ( p) = k = (1) D( p) D( p) k2 P( p)
166
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng Theo h phng trnh dn np ca mch a ta c: I2a= y21aU1 + y22aUC = y21aU1 Theo h phng trnh dn np ca mch b ta c: I1b = y11bUC + y12bU2 = y12bU2 Ch rng I1b = -I2a; v i vi mch th ng tuyn tnh y12b=y21b, nn: (do C l im t o, UC =0 )
K u (p ) =
T (1) v (2) ta rt ra:
U2 y = 21a U1 y 21b
(2)
y 21a = k 1 .
N ( p) ; P( p )
y 21b = k 2
D( p) ; P( p )
k1 = k k2
(5-144)
Nh vy mch a l s thc hin y21a. Mch b l s thc hin y21b. Cn k1 v k2 l cc hng s s c tm ra khi thc hin mch RC. Cn y21a v y21b phi l cc hm cho php ca mch th ng RC. R rng tu thuc vo vic la chn a thc P(p) ta c th c rt nhiu mch RC thc hin hm truyn t trn. Vic chn mch no l ti u c da theo mt quan im thit k no . -Khu c phn hi nhiu vng: S hnh 5-76 l mt th d khu bc hai c thc hin vi nhiu vng phn hi. Tu theo vic la chn cc phn t Y1, Y2,...,Y5 ta c th thc hin c hm mch K(p) c cc chc nng mch khc nhau nh lc thng thp, thng cao, thng di, chn di ... Tuy nhin cu trc ny khng thc hin c hm phn thc hu t bt k.
Y4
Y5 _
U1
Y1 Y2
Y3 + U2
Hnh 5-76: Khu lc c phn hi nhiu vng
Th d 5-14: Xc nh chc nng ca mch in hnh 5-77a. Gi thit vi mch l l tng v lm vic ch tuyn tnh.
C
R
C
-
+E
U1 167
+ -E
U2
B
Hnh 5-77a
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng Gii: Tnh hm truyn t: Lp phng trnh trng thi ti cc nt theo nh lut Kirchhoff I, t rt ra: + Trong min p:
T ( p) =
U 2 ( p) RCp = 2 2 2 U 1 ( p) R C p + 2 RCp + 2
1/2
2 2
T ( j )
+ Trong min :
T ( j ) =
jRC 2 R C 2 + 2 jRC
0 0 Hnh 5-77b
Gi tr bin :
T ( j ) =
RC
(2 2 R 2 C 2 ) 2 + 4 2 R 2 C 2
, ti 0 =
1 2 th T ( j ) max = . RC 2
th nh tnh c dng nh hnh 5-77b. Nh vy y l khu lc tch cc thng di bc 2.
TNG HP NI DUNG CHNG V

c trng cho M4C c th dng cc loi thng s Z, Y, A, B, G, H. Mi loi gm c 4 thng s. Vi mng bn cc tng h ta ch cn xc nh 3 thng s. Cc thng s c tnh ( cc thng s sng) cng hon ton c trng cho M4C ch PHTK ti cc ca ca M4C. Da vo cc thng s c trng ca M4C cng vi ch ca ngun v ti, ta hon ton c th xc nh c cc tnh cht truyn t tn hiu t ngun ti ti thng qua M4C. Khi phn tch , ngi ta thng trin khai cc M4C thnh cc s tng ng. Mng tng h th ng thng dng s tng ng hnh T, hnh (hoc hnh cu vi M4C i xng). Mng khng tng h tch cc th vic trin khai thnh cc s tng ng kh a dng, ty thuc vo iu kin lm vic v di tn cng tc cng vi cc khuyn co ca nh sn xut. Cc h thng phc tp chnh l s ghp ni ca nhiu khu li m thnh. Trong tn hiu u ra c th c t chc quay tr v u vo nhm thay i cc tnh cht truyn t tn hiu ca mch hoc to ra cc hiu ng c bit cho mch hoc xy dng nn cc mch to dao ng. Tt c cc h thng to v bin i tn hiu u c th phn tch v tng hp da trn l thuyt mng bn cc.
CU HI V BI TP CHNG V
5.1 Mng bn cc c cha diode l loi M4C: a. Th ng. c. Khng tng h
168
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng b. Tng h. d. Khng tng h, tch cc.
5.2 Mng bn cc c cha transistor l loi M4C: a. Th ng. b. Tng h. 5.3 Transistor l loi M4C: a. Th ng. b. Tng h. c. Khng tng h d. Khng tng h, tch cc. c. Khng tng h d. Khng tng h, tch cc.
5.4 Mt mng bn cc tuyn tnh, bt bin, tng h tha mn: a. y12= y21 b. a=-1 c. z12= z21 d. C 3 phng n trn u ng
5.5 Cng thc no di y ng vi M4C c ghp t n M4C n gin theo cch ghp ni tip- song song? a. b.
Y
=
= Yk
k =1
c. d.
Z = Z
= k =1
H = H
= k =1
A=A
= k =1
5.6 Cng thc no di y ng vi M4C c ghp t n M4C n gin theo cch ghp ni tip-ni tip a. b.
Y = Y
= k =1
c. d.
Z = Z
= k =1
H = H
= k =1
A=A
= k =1
5.7 Mng bn cc tuyn tnh, tng h, th ng c th khai trin thnh s tng ng: a. Hnh T b. Hnh c. Hnh cu d. C ba phng n u sai
5.8 Mng bn cc tuyn tnh, tng h, th ng v i xng c th khai trin thnh s tng ng: a. Hnh T b. Hnh c. Hnh cu d. C ba phng n u ng
5.9 Mng bn cc i xng v s tng ng hnh cu c mi quan h:
a.
Z I = Z11 Z12 Z II = Z11 + Z12
1 ( Z I + Z II ) 2 b. 1 Z12 = ( Z II Z I ) 2
Z11 =
c. C hai phng n trn u ng
169
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng 5.10 Cc tr khng sng ca M4C c th c tnh theo cng thc: a.
Z10 = Z v 2 ngm Z v 2 hm Z 20 = Z v1ngm Z v1hm

Z10 = Z v1ngm Z v1hm Z 20 = Z v 2 ngm Z v 2 hm
c.
Z10 = Z v1ngm Z v 2 hm Z 20 = Z v 2 ngm Z v1hm

Z10 = Z v1ngm Z v 2 ngm Z 20 = Z v1hm Z v 2 hm
b.
d.
5.11 Tr khng sng ca mng bn cc i xng c th c tnh theo mch tng ng cu: a. Z 0 = Z10 = Z 20 = Z I / Z II b. Z 0 = Z10 = Z 20 = Z I + Z II c. Z 0 = Z10 = Z 20 = Z I Z II d. Z 0 = Z10 = Z 20 = Z I Z II
5.12 Xt mt ngun pht c ni tr thun Zng=R0 v mt ti thun tr Zt= R0 . Khi : a. cng sut trn ti t cc i. b. khng c s phn x tn hiu t ti v ngun. c. khng cn thm khu phi hp tr khng gia ngun v ti. d. tt c cc iu trn u ng. 5.13 Khi tn s tn hiu vo mch lc thng thp tng, in p li ra s: a. Gim b. Tng c. Gi nguyn. d. Gn bng in p li vo.
5.14 lc ly di tn Audio (t 0 kHz n 20 kHz) v loi b cc tn s khc, phi s dng loi mch lc no ? a. Thng thp. b. Thng cao. c. Thng di. d. Chn di.
5.15 V mt kt cu, mch in c hi tip ni tip dng in ph hp vi kiu ghp no? a. ghp ni tip-song song b. ghp ni tip-ni tip c. ghp song song-song song d. ghp song song-ni tip
5.16 Cho mng bn cc nh hnh v 5-78. Hy xc nh cc thng s hn hp Hij ca mng bn cc
I1
R1
I2
U1
R2
U2
Hnh 5-78
170
5.17 Hy xc nh s tng ng hnh T ca mng bn cc nh hnh v 5-79.
R1
U1
M * *
R2 L2
U2
L1
Hnh 5-79
5.18 Cho mng bn cc nh hnh v 5-80. Xc nh iu kin ca Zng v Zt c s phi hp tr khng trn c hai ca ca M4C.
Z1 U1 Z2
Hnh 5-80
R U2 U1 C
Hnh 5-81
2R
U2
5.19 Cho bn cc nh hnh 5-81: a. Xc nh cc thng s yij ca M4C. b. V nh tnh c tuyn bin v c tuyn pha ca hm truyn t in p
T ( j ) =
U 2 ( j ) khi u ra M4C c Zt=2R. U 1 ( j )
c. Nhn xt tnh cht ca mch (i vi tn s).
5.20 Cho mng bn cc nh hnh 5-82: a. Xc nh cc thng s aij ca M4C.
R U1
L 2R
Hnh 5-82
b. V nh tnh c tuyn bin v c tuyn pha ca hm truyn t in p T ( j ) = M4C c Zt=2R. c. Nhn xt tnh cht ca mch (i vi tn s).
U2
U 2 ( j ) khi u ra U 1 ( j )
R
5.21 Cho bn cc nh hnh 5-83:
171
U1
B B
2R
U2
B B
Hnh 5-83
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng a. Xc nh cc thng s yij ca M4C. b. V nh tnh c tuyn bin v c tuyn pha ca hm truyn t in p
T ( j ) =
U 2 ( j ) khi u ra M4C c Zt=2R. U 1 ( j )
c. Nhn xt tnh cht ca mch (i vi tn s).
5.22 Thit k mch lc thng di loi k bit tr khng c tnh ti tn s trung tm bng 10k, di thng ca mch nm trong khong (10 - 12)kHz.
5.23 Tnh cc phn t ca mch lc thng di M vi cc s liu: Z(0)=600, fc1=10kHz, fc2=12kHz, f1=9,5kHz, f2=12,8kHz.
172
Hng dn tr li
HNG DN TR LI
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM V NGUYN L C BN
1.1 M hnh ton hc ca mch in trong min thi gian c th c trng bi: b. Mt h phng trnh vi phn hoc sai phn. 1.2 Hiu qu khi chuyn mt mch in analog t min thi gian sang min tn s l: d. s thay th h phng trnh vi phn bng mt h phng trnh i s. 1.3 Tr khng ca phn t thun dung l : b) Z C =
1 = jX C jC
1.4 Tr khng ca phn t thun cm l : c) Z L = j L = jX L 1.5 Dn np ca phn t thun dung l : b) YC = jC = jBC 1.6 Dn np ca phn t thun cm l : d) YL =
1 j L
= jBL
1.7 Tr khng tng ng ca on mch hnh 1.45. a. Z=1-j5 1.8 Tr khng tng ng ca on mch hnh 1.46. d. Y=5-j5 (S) 1.9 S tng ng ca on mch c tr khng Z= 2+j2 l hnh 1.47.b. 1.10 S tng ng ca on mch c tr khng Z =3-j2 l hnh 1.48.a. 1.11 S tng ng ca on mch c dn np Y=2+j5 (S) l hnh 1.49.b. 1.12 S tng ng ca on mch c dn np Y=3-j5 (S) l hnh 1.50.a. 1.13 iu kin phi hp cng sut tc dng trn ti t cc i l: d. Tr khng ti bng lin hp ca tr khng ngun (Zt =Rng-jXng ). 1.14 Trong mch in RLC ni tip, nu UL ln hn UC th: a. Mch c tnh cm khng. 1.15 Ti im cng hng ca mch cng hng RLC ni tip: c. Mch c tnh thun tr, dng vi p l ng pha. 1.16 H s phm cht Q ca mch cng hng RLC ni tip c th tng bng cch: b. Gim R.
172
Hng dn tr li 1.17 Tr khng ca mch RLC song song ti tn s cng hng l b. Cc i v thun tr. 1.18 Mch in hnh 1.51 c (nhiu nht): d. 3 nt, 5 nhnh 1.19 Tr khng tng ng ca mch: Z td = 3 3 j
G 1 j15o -Bin phc dng in trong mch: I m = .e 2 G o -in p trn Z1: U 1m = e j 30 G o -in p trn Z2: U 2 m = 2e j 30
1.20 a.
1.5 2 1s 1s 1s 1s
u1 (t ) = 6 2 sin(t 30 o ) i1 (t ) = 3 sin(t + 15 o )
i2 (t ) = i3 (t ) = 3 2 sin(t + 60 o ) 2 3 2 sin(t 30 o ) 2
Hnh 6-1
b. S tng ng chi tit theo cc tham s c dng nh hnh 6-1. c. Cng sut tc dng: P = U.I cos = 9W. 1.21 a.
r =1 XL=5 r =3 XC=3 r =6
u1 (t ) = 6 2 sin(t + 60 )
o
i1(t) =2.sin(t + 15o) i2(t) =4/3.sin(t + 15o) i3(t) =2/3.sin(t + 15o)
XC=6
Hnh 6-2
b. S tng ng chi tit theo cc tham s c dng nh hnh 6-2, n v l . c. Cng sut tc dng: P = U.I cos = 6W. 1.22 a.
0,5s 0,5s 0.5s
o
1,5
u (t ) = 2 2 sin(t 30 ) i (t ) = 4 sin(t + 15 o ) 3
0,5s
0,5
Hnh 6-3
173
Hng dn tr li
i1 (t ) = i2 (t ) =
2 2 sin(t 30 o ) 3 2 2 sin(t + 60 o ) 3
b. S tng ng chi tit theo cc tham s c dng nh hnh 6-3. c. Cng sut tc dng: P = U.I cos = 4/3W.
CHNG II: CC PHNG PHP C BN PHN TCH MCH IN

2.1 Trong mt mch vng khp kn, tng i s cc st p trn cc nhnh: d. bng khng. 2.2 Nu in p ngun cung cp v st p ca hai phn t bit, st p ca phn t th ba: c. c th xc nh c bng cch p dng nh lut Kirchhoff v in p. 2.3 Nu tnh ton ca bn cho thy tng i s cc st p trong mt mch vng l khc khng th: d. tnh ton ca bn cha ng 2.4 C s chnh ca phng php dng in vng da vo : c. nh lut Kirchhoff v in p 2.5 Nu khi gii mch in thu c dng trong mt nhnh c gi tr m th: a. Chiu ban u ca n l khng ng. 2.6 Khi phn tch mt mch in c Nn nt v Nnh nhnh bng phng php in p nt, th s phng trnh to ra l: b. Nn-1 phng trnh c lp 2.7 Khi phn tch mch in tuyn tnh p dng nguyn l xp chng, th: b. Ln lt ch gi li mt ngun, cc ngun cn li cn c loi b. 2.8 C s phn tch mch bng phng php ngun tng ng da vo : a. nh l Thevenine- Norton 2.9 Trong mch hnh 2.25, in p ri trn R2. d. 10 Vdc 2.10 Phng trnh khng ng i vi mch in hnh 2.26: d. IR2 = I1+I2 2.11 Cc biu thc dng in vng cho mch:
IV 1 ( R1 + R3 ) IV 2 R3 = E1 IV 1 R3 + IV 2 ( R2 + R3 ) = E2
2.12
174
Hng dn tr li a. H phng trnh: -Xt vng 1: -Xt vng 2: b. Dng trong cc nhnh: IL1 = IV1. IL2 = IV2. IC = IV1 IV2 2.13 Dng in trn cc nhnh theo phng php dng in vng: IV1(R1+ZL1+ZC) -IV1ZC - IV2.ZC = E1.
+ IV2(R2+ZL2+ZC) =-E2.
I R1 = IV 1 = 4 A I R2 = IV 2 = 3 A I R3 = IV 1 IV 2 = 1A
2.14 Cc biu thc dng in vng:
IV 1 ( R1 + jX L1 jX C ) + IV 2 ( jX C jX M ) = E1 IV 1 ( jX C jX M ) + IV 2 ( R2 + jX L 2 jX C ) = E2
2.15 Cc phng trnh vng:
1 1 = E1 IV 1 R1 + j L1 + + IV 2 jC jC 1 1 + IV 2 R2 + j L2 + IV 1 = E2 jC jC
2.16 Dng in trong cc nhnh bng phng php in p nt
-PTrnh in p nt: UA(G1+G2+G3) = Ing1-Ing2 -Thay s tnh c: UA = -1V. -Vy ta c: I1=0,2A. I2=0,25A. I3=0,05A. 2.17 Cc phng trnh nt:
1 1 1 + + R1 jX L jX C
E 1 UB = 1 U A R1 jX C
1 E2 1 1 1 UA + + + U B = R2 jX C R2 R3 jX C
175
Hng dn tr li 2.18: Cc phng trnh nt:
1 1 1 UA + = I ng 1 UB R2 + j L2 R1 R2 + j L2 1 Eng 4 1 1 U A +UB + + jC = R2 + j L2 R4 R2 + j L2 R4
2.19 Et v Rt ca ngun tng ng: Et= 5V; Rt = 5 Ohm. 2.20: Tr khng tng ng ca mch Thevenine: Rt= R1// R2 // R3 2.21 Tnh dng in IR4 theo phng php ngun tng ng: Nu tnh theo thevenine khi :
36 U hmAB = V 7 12 Z tdAB = 7
Vy theo s tng ng Thevenine ta c:
I R4 =
U hmAB = Z tdAB + R4
36 18 = A 12 13 7( + 2) 7
Kt qu tng t nu ta trin khai theo Norton. 2.22 Tr khng tng ng Rt ca mch Thevenine. Rt= 1250 2.23 Tnh dng in iR2 bng nguyn l xp chng: Khi Ing1 tc ng (Eng4 b ngn mch): dng in trn R2 tnh c l 2A (chiu t A sang B). Khi Eng4 tc ng (Ing1 b h mch): dng in trn R2 l 0,5A (chiu t B sang A). Tng hp: dng in trn R2 l 1,5A (chiu t A sang B).
CHNG III: HIN TNG QU TRONG CC MCH RLC

3.1. Khi mi im cc ca hm mch F(p) nm bn na tri mt phng phc (khng bao hm trc o), p ng f(t) s: a. hi t v 0 khi t. 3.2. Khi mi im cc ca hm mch F(p) nm bn na tri mt phng phc, cng lm nm trn trc o, p ng f(t) s: d. khng tin n v hn khi t. 3.3. Khi tn ti im cc ca hm mch F(p) nm bn na phi mt phng phc, p ng f(t) s:
176
Hng dn tr li d. tin n v hn khi t. 3.4. Lut ng ngt ca cc phn t qun tnh c pht biu : b. Trong cun dy khng c t bin dng in, trong t in khng c t bin in p, k c ti thi im ng ngt mch. 3.5. Hm gc UC(t) nu bit nh ca n: b. U C (t ) =
1 1 3t + e 6 2
3.6. Hm gc iL(t) nu bit nh ca n l: b. iL (t ) = 2e 2t + 3te 3t + 2e 3t 3.7 Xc nh uC(t): -iu kin u: UC(0) =90V. -Ngt kho K, vit phng trnh cho mch:
1 E ( p) + pC ).U C ( p) = + C.U C (0) R1 R1
Kt qu tm c:
U C ( p) =
90 p + 5.10 6 100 10 = 4 p p ( p + 5.10 ) p + 5.10 4
-Chuyn v min thi gian:
U C (t ) = 100 10e 5.10

3.8 Xc nh uC(t) ? -iu kin u: UC(0) =60V.
-ng kho K. S dng cc phng hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm c:
U C ( p) =
60 p + 5.10 4 10 4 p( p + ) 6
U C (t ) = 30 + 30e
3.9 Xc nh uC(t): -iu kin u: UC(0) =100V.
10 4 t 6
-ng kho K. S dng cc phng hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm c:

177
Hng dn tr li
U C ( p) =
90 + p
10 10 6 p+ 18
U C (t ) = 90 + 10e
10 6 t 18
-Ngt kho K. S dng cc phng hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm c:
U C ( p) =
6 p
3 10 4 p+ 15
U C (t ) = 6 3e
10 4 t 15
U C ( p) =
10 p
5 10 7 p+ 5
U C (t ) = 10 5e
3.12 Xc nh iL(t): -iu kin u: IL(0) =0,5A.
10 7 t 5
I L ( p) =
2/3 1/ 6 p p + 10 4
I L (t ) =
2 1 104 t e 3 6
3.13 Xc nh iL(t):
178
Hng dn tr li -iu kin u: IL(0) =0,5A. -Ngt kho K. Lp phng trnh cho mch. Kt qu tm c:
I L ( p) =
0,5 p + 10 4
I L (t ) =
1 104 t e 2
3.14 Xc nh iL(t): -iu kin u: IL(0) =1A. -Ngt kho K. S dng cc phng hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm c:
I L ( p) =
3/ 4 1/ 4 + p p + 10 4
I L (t ) =
3 1 104 t + e 4 4
3.15 Xc nh iL(t): -iu kin u: IL(0) =3A. -Ngt kho K. S dng cc phng php hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm c:
I L ( p) =
1 2 + p p + 10 4
I L (t ) = 1 + 2e 10
-ng kho K. S dng phng php in p nt hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm c:
U C ( p) =
20 p + 15.10 5 15 5 = + 5 p p + 10 5 p ( p + 10 )
179
Hng dn tr li
U C (t ) = 15 + 5e 10
3.17. Gi thit h khng c nng lng ban u, tc uC(0-)=0:
U ( p ) = H ( p ). X ( p ) =
1/ C . 2 0 2 1 p + 0 p+ CR
Bin i Laplace ngc ta c p ng ra l:
u (t ) =
1
2 C ( 0 +
1 R C2
2
1 t 1 RC sin 0 t 0 cos 0 t + 0 e RC )
3.18 a. Xc nh dng in i(t) sinh ra trong mch v in p UC(t). - Trong khong 0 t < x ; ( x = 0.8ms) : S dng phng php ton t, cc iu kin u ca mch bng 0:
U C (t ) 10(1 e 5.10 t cos10 6 t )

i (t ) 0.02e 5.10 t sin 10 6 t
Ti thi im x=0.8[ms]:
3
U C ( x ) 10[Vol ] i ( x ) 0
- Trong khong x t < T ; (T = 2ms) : C th vn dng nguyn l xp chng, hoc s dng phng php kinh in:
U C (t ) 10e 5.10
( t x )
cos10 6 (t x ) sin 10 6 (t x )
i (t ) 0.02e 5.10
Ti thi im T=2[ms]:
( t x )
U C (T ) 0
i (T ) 0
Kt lun: Bt u t chu k th 2 ca dy xung tc ng, phn ng qu ca mch lp li mt cch tun hon. nh tnh th ca i(t) v UC(t) c dng nh hnh 6-4:
UC(t)[Vol]
10
t(ms)
Hnh 6-4a
180
Hng dn tr li
i(t)[mA]
20
t(ms)
-20
Hnh 6-4b
b. Khi phm cht ca mch tng ln 5 ln, lc qu trnh qu ca mch s b ko di hn so vi trng hp xt trn. iu ny lm cho trong cc khong tn ti v trng ca chu k xung, hin tng xy ra trong mch cha t n xc lp, do p ng ca chu k trc s ko di chng ln p ng ca chu k sau, lm mo dng tn hiu mt cch ng k. 3.19 a. Xc nh dng in i(t) sinh ra trong mch v in p UC(t). - Trong khong 0 t < x
( x = 2ms) :
3
i L (t ) 0.5(1 e 10 t ) sin 10 6 t
U C (t ) 50(1 e 10 t ) cos10 6 t
Ti thi im x=2[ms]:
U C ( x ) 50[Vol ] iL ( x ) 0
- Trong khong x t < T
(T = 6ms) :
3
i L (t ) 0.5e 10
( t x )
sin 10 6 (t x ) cos10 6 (t x )
U C (t ) 50e 10
Ti thi im T=6[ms]:
( t x )
U C (T ) 0
i (T ) 0
Kt lun: Bt u t chu k th 2 ca dy xung tc ng, phn ng qu ca mch lp li nh chu k trc . nh tnh th ca i(t) v UC(t) c dng nh hnh 6-5:
iL(t)[mA]
500 50
UC(t)[Vol]
t(ms)
-500 -50
t(ms)
Hnh 6-5
181
Hng dn tr li b. Mch b lch cng hng: +Trong giai on 0 t < x , biu thc in p trong mch c dng:
U C (t )
5.10 4
2 + 2
[cos(10 6 t arctg
) e 10 t cos( r t acrtg
)]
Trong lch cng hng: = 0 ch = 10 3 [rad / s ] . in p UC(t) l tng hp ca hai vect in p thnh phn c hai tn s khc nhau, v vy s xy ra hin tng phch. Tn s phch bng 103 [rad/s]. Bin phch gim dn v mch s chuyn dn sang giai on xc lp. 1 giai on ny bin UC(t) ch bng bin cng hng, ngha l tn s ca ngun tc ng 2 nm ti bin di thng ca mch dao ng. + Trong giai on x t < T , vic xt UC(t) ging nh thc hin trn.
CHNG IV: HM TRUYN T V P NG TN S CA MCH

4.1 Mch in ch thc s n nh khi v ch khi: a. mi im cc nm bn na tri mt phng phc (khng bao hm trc o). 4.2 H thng n nh. 4.3 H thng khng n nh. 4.4 H thng bin gii n nh. 4.5 H thng khng n nh. 4.6 i vi cc mch in nhn qu v n nh, ta lun c th tnh ton trc tip p ng tn s H ( j ) t hm truyn t H(p) bng cch: c. thay th p = j. 4.7 th Bode ca im cc c dng tha s tng ng vi dng tha s ca im khng thuc na tri mt phng phc c suy ra t th ca im khng theo nguyn tc: a. th Bode bin v pha u c ly i xng qua trc honh 4.8 Hnh v 4.32b tng ng vi th pha ca thnh phn ng vi h s K<0. 4.9 Xc nh hm truyn t ca h thng:
H ( p) =
1 1+ p
, trong h = 10 3
4.10 Xc nh hm truyn t ca h thng:
H ( p) = k.
1 1+ p
, trong h = 10 3 v k =10.
4.11 Xc nh hm truyn t ca h thng:
182
Hng dn tr li
H ( p) =
1 + 2
1 p
, vi i = 10 4 v 0<<1
i2
4.12 v nh tnh trc tip (khng dng h trc ta logarit) c tuyn hm truyn t: + Thnh phn bin : T ( j ) =
U 2 ( j ) = U 1 ( j )
R2 ( R1 + R2 ) + ( R1 R2 C ) 2
2
+ Thnh phn pha: arg[T ( j )] = U 2 U 1 = arctg -c tuyn tn s nh hnh 6-6:
R1 R2 C R1 + R2
/T(j)/ R2/(R1+R2)
0
U2-U1
0
Hnh 6-6
-/2
4.13 thi Bode ca hm truyn t in p nh hnh 6-7:
H ( p) = k.
1 1+ p
, trong h =
2R v k =0,5. L
b()[rad]
h
[D]
a()[dB] 0 0 -/4 -20dB/D -/2
[D]
Hnh 6-7
Nhn xt: Mch lc thng thp. 4.14 thi Bode ca hm truyn t in p nh hnh 6-8.
H ( p) = k. 1+
a()[dB] 0
p p
, trong h =
R L v k = 2L R
h
[D] b()[rad] /2 /4 0 [D]
20dB/D
Hnh 6-7
183
Hng dn tr li Nhn xt: Mch lc thng cao. Vng tn s cao tn hiu vo v ra ng pha, vng tn s thp tn hiu ra nhanh pha so vi tn hiu vo mt gc /2.
CHNG V: MNG BN CC V NG DNG

5.1 Mng bn cc c cha diode l loi M4C: c. Khng tng h 5.2 Mng bn cc c cha transistor l loi M4C: c. Khng tng h 5.3 Transistor l loi M4C: d. Khng tng h, tch cc. 5.4 Mt mng bn cc tuyn tnh, bt bin, tng h tha mn: d. C 3 phng n. 5.5 Vi M4C c ghp t n M4C n gin theo cch ghp ni tip- song song: b.
H
=
= Hk
k =1
5.6 Vi M4C c ghp t n M4C n gin theo cch ghp ni tip-ni tip: c.
Z = Z
= k =1
5.7 Mng bn cc tuyn tnh, tng h, th ng c th khai trin thnh s tng ng: a. Hnh T 5.8 Mng bn cc tuyn tnh, tng h, th ng v i xng c th khai trin theo: d. C ba phng n. 5.9 Vi mng bn cc i xng v s tng ng hnh cu: c. C hai phng n trn u ng 5.10 Cc tr khng sng ca M4C c th c tnh theo cng thc: b.
Z10 = Z v1ngm Z v1hm Z 20 = Z v 2 ngm Z v 2 hm
5.11 Tr khng sng ca mng bn cc i xng c th c tnh theo mch tng ng cu: c. Z 0 = Z10 = Z 20 = Z I Z II 5.12 Khi : d. tt c u ng. 5.13 Khi tn s tn hiu vo mch lc thng thp tng, in p li ra s: a. Gim
184
Hng dn tr li 5.14 lc ly di tn Audio (t 0 kHz n 20 kHz) v loi b cc tn s khc, phi s dng loi mch lc: a. Thng thp. 5.15 V mt kt cu, mch in c hi tip ni tip dng in ph hp vi kiu ghp: b. ghp ni tip-ni tip 5.16 Thng s hn hp Hij ca mng bn cc
R1 1 H ij = 1 1 R2
5.17 T h phng trnh h cm ca mch, so snh vi h phng trnh tr khng ca M4C, rt ra: z11=R1+ZL1. z22=R2+ZL2. z12=z21=ZM. -S tng ng hnh T gm ba tr khng: Za = z11-z12. Zb = z22-z12. Zc = z12=z21. 5.18 iu kin ca Zng v Zt c s phi hp tr khng trn c hai ca ca M4C:
Z ng = Z1 ( Z1 + Z 2 )
2 Z t = Z1 Z 2 /( Z1 + Z 2 )
5.19 a. Ma trn thng s:
1 [Y ] = R 1 R
3 pC + 2R 1 R
/T(j)/ 1/2 0 -/2

Hnh 6-8
U2-U1
b. Hm truyn t in p:
1 T ( j ) = 2 + jRC
c tuyn tn s nh hnh 6-8:
c. Nhn xt: Mch lc thng thp. Vng tn s thp tn hiu vo v ra ng pha, vng tn s cao tn hiu ra chm pha so vi tn hiu vo mt gc /2.
185
Hng dn tr li 5.20 a. Ma trn thng s:
1 1 + ( R + pL). 2 R [ A] = 1 2R
b.
( R + pL) 1
T ( j ) =
R 2 R + jL

/T(j)/
1/2 0
U2-U1 0
Hnh 6-9
-/2
c. Nhn xt: Mch lc thng thp. Vng tn s thp tn hiu vo v ra ng pha, vng tn s cao tn hiu ra chm pha so vi tn hiu vo mt gc /2. 5.21 a. Ma trn thng s:
1 [Y ] = R1 R
b.
1 3 + pL 2 R 1 R
T ( j ) =
j L R + j 2L
/T(j)/ 1/2 0
Hnh 6-10
U2-U1 /2 0
c. Nhn xt: Mch lc thng cao. Vng tn s cao tn hiu vo v ra ng pha, vng tn s thp tn hiu ra nhanh pha so vi tn hiu vo mt gc /2.
186
Hng dn tr li 5.22
Ta c
2 = c 2 c1 = 2 (12 10).10 3 LaCb Lb La = = Z d ( 0 ) = 10.10 3 Ca Cb 1 1 2 6 = = 2 0 = c1 c 2 = 4 .10.12.10 L C LbCb a a = 2

( c 2 c1 ). Z d ( 0 )
2Ca 0,26nF
La/2 0,8H
2Ca 0,26nF
La/2 0,8H
Lb
13,2mH
Cb
16nF
C b L a Rt ra C a L b
1 = 16nF .2.10 7
Ca
0,13nF
La
1,6H
2. Z d ( 0 ) 2.10 4 = = = 1, 6H c 2 c1 2.2.10 3 1 = = 0,13nF L a . c1 . c 2 = 1

C b c1 c 2
2Lb
26,4mH
Cb/2 8nF
2Lb
26,4mH
Cb/2 8nF
= 13, 2mH
Cc s mt lc thng di c v hnh 6-11. 5.23 -Ta tnh cc thng s xut pht t mch lc thng di loi K:
Hnh 6-11
2 0 = c1 . c 2 =
1 1 = LaCa L bC b
c 2 c1 = La = Cb
Rt ra
2 LaCb
Lb = Z d ( 0 ) = R Ca
Ca = Cb =
La = Lb =
2R = 96mH c 2 c1
R ( c 2 c1 ) = 0,79mH 2 c 1 c 2
c 2 c1 = 2 nF 2 R c1 c 2 2 = 0,26F R ( c 2 c1 )
-Tnh mch lc thng di loi M:
m = 1 (
f c 2 f c1 2 12 10 2 ) = 1 ( ) = 0, 76 12,8 9,5 f 2 f 1
Nu dng cch chuyn ni tip ta c:
L'a = mL a = 73mH
C 'a =
Ca = 2, 6nF m
187
Hng dn tr li
L' b1 = L' b 2 =
Lb = 1mH m
C 'b1 = mC b = 0,2F C 'b2 =
1 m2 L a = 13,3mH 4m
4m C a = 14 nF 1 m2
Hnh 6-12 minh ha mt lc thng di loi M theo cch chuyn ni tip t khu lc thng di loi K.
2Ca La/2 2Ca La/2 2Ca La/2 Lb1 Lb Cb 2Ca La/2
Cb1 Cb2 Lb2
Hnh 6-12
188
Ph lc
PH LC 1
MCH IN I NGU
-Cc yu t i ngu: Hai phn t Za v Zb c gi l i ngu nu: Za.Zb = k2 (vi k l mt hng s) (7-1)
T suy ra cc thng s sau y to nn tnh i ngu:
L C r g
E ng I ng ui
ZY
ng thi cc yu t hnh hc sau y cng to nn tnh i ngu: Nt Vng
Ni tip Song song -Mch in i ngu: + Hai mch c gi l i ngu nu chng tha mn hai iu kin sau y: 1. Phng trnh theo nh lut Kirchhoff I cc nt ca mch ny cng chnh l phng trnh theo nh lut Kirchhoff II cc vng ca mch kia sau khi thay in p nt bng dng in vng. 2. Quan h gia dng in nhnh v in p trn nhnh ca mch ny sau khi i ln chng cho nhau s cho quan h gia in p trn nhnh vi dng in nhnh ca mch kia. + Sau y l th d c th v s i ngu ca hai mch in hnh 7-1:
r (1) eng (2) L (3) (4) C ing (1) (2) g (3) C (4) L
(a)
(b)
Hnh 7-1: Mch RLC ni tip v mch i ngu ca n
Vit phng trnh c trng cho tng mch:
e ng = r. i + L I ng
di 1 + idt dt C du 1 = g. u + C + udt dt L
(a) (b)
R rng phng trnh (b) l phng trnh i ngu ca (a) v ngc li.
189
Ph lc -Nhn xt: Bng s thay th cc yu t i ngu, ta c th chuyn i t h phng trnh dng in vng sang h phng trnh in p nt, t mch mc ni tip sang mch mc song song. Tnh cht ny cho php suy ra kt qu phn tch ca mt mch t mch i ngu ca n.
PH LC 2
CC THNG S CA MCH DAO NG N CH XC LP IU HA
a. Vi mch dao ng n ni tip: Khi mch chuyn sang ch xc lp, ta hy xt cc thng s v quan h trong mch di dng phc (bn c th xem li th d nu trong chng I v chng III): + Tr khng ca mch:
1 X Z = r + j( o L ) = r (1 + j ) = r (1 + j ) C r o
X
trong
1 X = oL oC = X r 1 o = 1 LC = ch
(7-2)
X=0 khi o L =
oC
v X 0 khi lch cng hng. V vy gi l lch cng hng tng qut.
Z = r 1+ 2 arg Z = arctg
+ in tr c tnh: = X Lch = X Cch = + Dn np ca mch: Y = G + jB =
(7-3)
L C
(7-4) (7-5)
1 1 = Z r (1 + j )
Y 1 = Ych 1+ 2 Y arg( ) = arctg Y ch
1 Y 1 1 = 1 + j Y = Z = Y ch r 1+ 2 arg Y = arg Z = arctg v i Y = 1 ch r

Y Ych
1
(7-6)
-argY
ng cng hng vn nng
0,7
-1
190
Ph lc
Ta c th v th biu din cc biu thc (7-6) hnh 7-2. + Di thng (2d): Ngoi khi nim di thng (2d) nu chng I, ta cn c cch nh ngha khc: di thng (2d) l di tn s m
Y 1 , ngha l: Ych 2
d = 1
(7-7)
1 1+ 2 d
1 2
+ lch cng hng tng i (): Ngoi khi nim lch cng hng tuyt i () v lch cng hng tng qut (), ta cn c lch cng hng tng i:
o ch 2. ch o ch
(7-8)
+ Phm cht ca mch (Q): l t s gia cng sut phn khng lun chuyn gia L v C vi cng sut tiu hao trn mch ti tn s cng hng:
Q=
X c ( ch ) X L ( ch ) Px L 1 L 1 = = = = ch = . PT r r ch Cr r r C
(7-9)
Ta c th suy ra cc mi quan h:
= Q Q. 2 d =
2 ch
(7-10)
r ch = L Q
(7-11)
T (7-11) ta thy khi phm cht ca mch cng cao th di thng cng gim, ngha l chn lc tn s tng ln. + Dng in trong mch:
G G G G E E E I= = = . e jarctg j.arg Z 2 Z Z .e r 1+
+ in p trn r:
(7-12)
G G U r = I. r =
+ in p trn C:
G E
1+
. e jarctg
(7-13)
G G Uc = I
G j ( arctg + ) 1 1 E 2 = . .e j o C r 1 + 2 o C
nhn c t v mu vi ch
191
Ph lc
G Uc =
+ in p trn L:
G Q. E 1+ 2
) ch j( arctg + 2 .e o
(7-14)
G G G G j ( arctg ) ) E o L o j( arctg Q . E 2 2 U L = I . j o L = .e = . .e r 1+ 2 1 + 2 ch
-Ch : ti o=ch, th lch cng hng tng qut =0, khi : G G E I= dng in trong mch t gi tr max v cng pha vi E. r G G U r = E in p trn r bng E (c v bin v pha).
(7-15)
(7-16) (7-17) (7-18) (7-19)
G G j G U c = QE. e 2 = jQE G G j G U L = QE. e 2 = jQE
in p trn C chm pha /2 so vi E. in p trn L nhanh pha /2 so vi E.
Do ti tn s cng hng th in p trn C v trn L u gp Q ln sc in ng E (ch khc nhau v pha) nn ngi ta gi cng hng mch dao ng n ni tip l cng hng in p. b. Vi mch dao ng n song song Mch dao ng n song song l mch i ngu ca mch dao ng n ni tip. do ta c th p dng tnh cht i ngu suy ra kt qu. Sau y l cc hm c trng ca n ( ch xc lp): + Tn s cng hng: ch = + Dn np: Y = g + j( o C v i
1 LC B ) = g(1 + j ) = g (1 + j ) g oL 1 oL B 2 = Q = Q g ch 1
(7-20)
(7-21)
B = oC
(7-22)
+ lch cng hng tng qut:
(7-23)
1 1 Z = r + jX = Y = g (1 + j ) + Tr khng: 1 1 Z = & = 2 Y 1 g +
+ Phng trnh ng cng hng vn nng:
argZ = -argY = -arctg
(7-24)
192
Ph lc
Z 1 = Z ch 1+ 2 Z arg( ) = arctg Z ch
+ in dn c tnh:
(v i Zch = r )
(7-25)
C 1 1 = ch C = = L ch L
= o ch 2 ch o ch
(7-26)
+ lch cng hng tng i:
(7-27)
+ Phm cht ti fch:
Q=
C r = r ch C = =r L g ch L
(7-28)
+ Di thng:
g ch 2 d = = C Q = 1 d
G G Ing . r jarctg G Ing u= = e 2 Y 1+
G G Ig = ug = G Ing 1+
2
(7-29)
+ in p trn mch:
(7-30)
+ Dng in trn in dn:
e jarctg
(7-31)
+ Dng in trn C:
G G QIng o j( arctg ) 2 Ic = e 2 1+ ch G G QIng ch j( arctg + ) 2 IL = e 1+ 2 o
(7-32)
+ Dng in trn L: + Ti o=ch:
(7-33)
G G Ing U= g G G Ig = Ing ;
in p t max, cng pha vi Ing
(7-34) (7-35)
G G IL = jQ Ing ;
G G Ic = jQIng
Do ti tn s cng hng th dng in trn C v trn L u gp Q ln dng in ngun (ch khc nhau v pha) nn ngi ta gi cng hng mch dao ng n song song l cng hng dng in. c. in tr tng ng cu mch dao ng n song song Trn ta xt ti mch dao ng n song song l tng gm ba phn t r,L,C. Trong thc t thng gp dng mch m t nh hnh 7-3a, nh vy khng th p dng cc cng thc nu trn mt cch my mc c m trc ht phi chuyn tng ng v dng l tng nh hnh 7-3b.
rL
B B
rc
B B
193
Rt
B B
Ct
B B
Lt
B B
Ph lc
i vi mch 7-3b:
Yb =
Ya =
1 1 + j( o C td ) R td o L td
1 + rL + j o L 1 rc + 1 j o C
(1)
i vi mch 7-3a:
rL << o L vi iu kin 1 rc << C o Ya
ta s c:
rL + rc L rC 1 1 + j( o )= + j( o C ) L L L L oL oC C C C
(2)
Hai mch trn tng ng nhau khi YaYb, t (1) v (2) ta suy ra:
L = L td C ( trong td = C 2 R td = L = = Q = Q 2 r rC r
r = rL + rc )
(7-36)
Rtd l in tr tng ng ca mch cng hng hnh 7-3a. nghin cu m hnh cc mch dao ng khc (nh mch ba im in cm, mch ba im in dung...) hc sinh c th tham kho trong cc ti liu. Th d: Mt ngun sc in ng iu ho, bin 1V t ln mch dao ng n ni tip c r = 20, in dung C = 60pF, tn s cng hng fch = 3MHz. Gi thit mch c lch cng hng f = f0 - fch = 6kHz. Khi : -Phm cht ca mch:
Q=
1 1 1 = = = 44 ,25 6 ch . C. r 2fch C. r 2.310 . .6010 . 12 .20
- lch cng hng tng qut:
Q.2 f 44 ,25.2.610 . 3 = = 0,177 310 fch . 6
-Bin dng in trong mch:
194
Ph lc
Im =
E r. 1 + 2
1 20 1 + ( 0,177 ) 2
= 49 mA
-in khng ca mch:
X = . r = 0,177.20 = 3,54
-Bin in p ra trn t:
UC =
Q. E 1 + 2
44 ,25 ch = = 43V 0 1 + ( 0,177 ) 2
-Cc lch pha:
e i = arg Z = arctg = arctg 0,177 = 100 e U C = arctg + = 100 + 900 = 1000 2
Dng in trong mch chm pha so vi sc in ng nn mch mang tnh cht in cm (in khng X=3,54 > 0).
195
Ph lc
PH LC 3
VN TNG HP MCH TUYN TNH
Lu hnh 7-4 m t cc bc tng qut trong ton b qu trnh thit k mch.
Bt u t cc ch tiu cho trc
thit k bao gi cha ?
Ti liu c sn
N
a ra mt m hnh trn c s tng hp mch hoc trn c s kinh nghim thit k
Phn tch
tho mn cc ch tiu cha ?
Cu trc c th
Phn tch mch
Lp rp mch
o c
Dng
Hnh 7-4: Qu trnh thit k mch
196
Ph lc Nh vy, phn tch v tng hp mch l hai qu trnh khng th tch ri trong thit k mch in t. a. Tnh cht ca bi ton tng hp mch - Khc vi kt qu duy nht ca bi ton phn tch mch, i vi bi ton tng hp mch c th tm ra nhiu s tho mn yu cu t ra. - Cc qu trnh truyn t trong mch tuyn tnh thng b ph thuc vo tnh cht tn s ca mch, do bi ton tng hp thng quy v vic tm cc thng s ca mch theo c tuyn tn s cho. - Bi ton tng hp mch thng tun t gii quyt ba vn , bao gm: 1. Vn xp x: cn phi tm hm mch gn ng F(p) va tha mn cc ch tiu cho trc, va tha mn cc iu kin l hm cho php. Hm cho php l hm mch tha mn mt s iu kin cn v c th thc hin c vi cc phn t mch yu cu. 2. Vn thc hin mch theo hm mch cho php: l cng vic thit lp s mch in theo hm F(p) v xc nh gi tr ca cc phn t. 3. Vn chn s ti u: Vic chn mch thng da trn cc quan im ti u v cng ngh, s dng, nhy v dung sai. Trong cc vn nu trn, vn thc hin mch theo hm mch cho php ch l s thc hin mt cch my mc theo cc phng php bit trc, cn xp x l vn kh khn hn c. Do cc c tuyn ca tr khng, dn np hoc cc hm truyn t c cho di dng graph, th... cn hm cho php c vit di dng phn thc hu t, nn bi ton xp x s tm ra c cc hm cho php gn ng vi cc tiu chun cho trc thc hin c di dng mch mt ca hoc hai ca. - im cc v im khng c trng cho hm mch: Ta bit cc phng php biu din cc hm c trng ca mch in, bao gm f(t) trong min thi gian vi cng c chnh l phng trnh vi phn, F() trong min tn s vi cng c ch yu l cp bin i Fourier, v F(p) Trong min tn s phc s dng cng c l cp bin i Laplace. Trong vic biu din min tn s phc p l d dng nht cho cc qu trnh tnh ton v thit k mch in, hn na t min tn s phc ny ta hon ton c th chuyn mt cch n gin sang cc min khc bng bin i Laplace ngc hay bng s thay th p=j. Do ngui ta thng chn cch c trng cho mch in bng hm mch F(p). Hm ny c th l tr khng hoc dn np nu l mch hai cc, c th l hm truyn t gia i lng u ra v i lng u vo nu l mch bn cc. Mt cch tng qut F(p) l mt phn thc hu t v c th biu din di nhiu dng khc nhau theo cc im cc v im khng:
F ( p) =
a r pr b
q =0 r =0 m q
=K
i =1 1 m j =1
(p p i )
j
(p p )
= K2
(1 p
i =1 m
p
i
)
(7-37)
p (1 ) pj j =1
Trong im khng ca hm mch l cc im pi m ti t s bng khng v F(pi)=0. im cc ca hm mch l cc im pj lm cho mu s bng khng v ti F(pj)=. Cc im cc v im khng c hon ton xc nh i vi mi hm mch, cho nn chng c trng cho mch in. Da vo chng c th v c c tuyn tn s ca F(p) v c tuyn tn s ca mch in.
197
Ph lc
b. Vn xp x trong tng hp mch Xp x vt l l s la chn m hnh ton hc cho mt hin tng vt l. Nu s xp x ny l hp l th m hnh ton hc m t ng hin tng. Ni chung khng c biu thc chnh xc nh gi sai s ca s xp x vt l. Cn phn bit gia xp x vt l v xp x ton hc. Xp x ton hc l s thc hin gn ng cc qu trnh tnh ton trong ton hc, sai s ca n ni chung c th nh gi c. thc hin xp x ton hc, ngi ta thng dng chui Taylor v chui Fourier. Vn xp x trong tng hp mch, khc vi xp x ton hc, xut pht t cc ch tiu cho trc di dng th trong min thi gian hoc trong min tn s, cng vic u tin phi tin hnh l xp x bng cc hm mch cho php. Nu hm xp x gn ng cc ch tiu (vi sai s yu cu) m tho mn l mt hm mch cho php F(p) th mch in thuc hm F(p) c th thc hin c. Nu xp x khng c phng php th s dn n kt qu l mt mch in khng t cc ch tiu ra. Do vn xp x l mt vn quan trng nht nhng cng kh khn nht. Cc phng php xp x c th chia lm hai nhm: Xp x theo cch th v xp x bng con ng trc tip. *Nhm xp x theo cch th, thng c cc phng php sau y: 1. Thit k trn c s phn tch: Trong trng hp ny mch nguyn l xp x cc ch tiu cho trc c bit do kinh nghim. Tin hnh phn tch tm ra mi lin h gia cc phn t mch v cc ch tiu cho trc. T xc nh c hm mch v mch in c th. 2. Xp x bng th Bode. 3. Xp x ni suy. *Nhm xp x theo con ng trc tip: Vic xp x hm mch cho trc F( j ) bng hm mch F(p) c th theo phng php trc tip, th d nh: 1. Xp x vi bng phng cc i (cn gi l xp x Butterworth). 2. Xp x u (xp x Chebyshev). 3. Xp x liptic (Cauer) 4. Xp x Chebyshev ngc... Tu theo tnh cht ca tng loi mch cn phi tng hp m cc phng php ny s cho cc biu thc tnh ton khc nhau. c. Vn thc hin hm mch: Sau khi gii xong bi ton xp x, chng ta nhn c hm F(p) mt mt tho mn cc ch tiu cho trc, mt khc tho mn iu kin hm cho php. Bc tip theo s l thc hin hm mch tm c, tc l xc nh cu trc v gi tr cc phn t trong cu trc . -Vi hai cc th ng RLC, hm mch thng c biu din qua tr khng Z(p). Vic thc hin cc hm mch ny c th s dng cc phng php FOSTER, CAUER hoc BRUNE. - Vi bn cc th ng, hm mch thng c biu din qua cc thng s zij v yij. Ngi ta thng dng phng php Cauer hoc phng php kh im cc v y im khng thc
198
Ph lc hin bn cc LC v RC. Nhn chung mi mt phng php tng hp c mt u th nht nh, tu theo tnh cht ca hm mch m p dng sao cho ph hp nht. d. Vn chn s ti u: Sau khi thc hin c cc kiu s tng ng nhau tho mn hm mch, cn phi xem xt cc yu t ca n, cng thm cc iu kin ph (nh iu kin sn xut, tiu chun kinh t) la chn ly phng n ti u a vo sn xut. Cng cn ch rng trong tng hp mch, s lng phn t trong mch cng l mt yu t quan trng nh gi kt qu, do ti u mch vi s phn t t nht l mt trong nhng vn cn nghin cu trong tng hp v thit k mch. e. Tng hp mch tch cc Cc bc chnh ca qu trnh tng hp mch tch cc v c bn cng ging nh tng hp bn cc th ng. Ngoi ba vn nu, trong trng hp mch tch cc do thng dng cc phn t tch cc, v vy cn phi iu chnh mt chiu mch va tng hp. Lu hnh 7-5 m t cc bc tng qut tng hp mch tuyn tnh, y l mt trong cc cng on ch yu trong ton b qu trnh thit k mch. Ta c th thc hin c hm mch c dng phn thc hu t bng mch in gm cc phn t: in dung, in tr, ngun iu khin, NIC, mch khuch i thut ton... Thng thng ngi ta ly mt hoc nhiu phn t tch cc v mc chng vi cc mch n ca th ng, sau t K(p) xc nh gi tr cc phn t tch cc v cc hm cho php ca cc mch n ca th ng v thc hin c th cc hm ny. di tn thp, vic tng hp mch tch cc RC dng b KTT l s la chn ti u. Vi cc hm mch bc cao, ngi ta thng s dng cc phng php tch a thc v mc ni dy chuyn cc khu bc hai v bc mt. i vi mch tch cc cng cn phi ch n m hnh ca n trong cc iu kin lm vic khc nhau. Thng thng cc phn t tch cc l tng thng ch c thc hin thch hp vi m hnh ca n trong mt di tn s nht nh cng vi mt s phn t th ng h tr.
Cc ch tiu cho trc
Cc hm cho php
Xp x
K(p)
Thc hin mch
Kho st nhy, dung sai, Cc quan im cng ngh
Cc s tng ng chn ti u
iu chnh mt chiu
S mch in
Hnh 7-5: Cc bc tng hp mch tuyn tnh
199
Ph lc
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Phm Th C, Mch in (tp 1, 2), NXB KHKT, 1996. 2. Phm Minh H, K thut mch in t, NXB KHKT, 2002. 3. Phng Xun Nhn, Tn hiu - Mch v h thng v tuyn in, NXBH-THCN, 1972. 4. Xun th, K thut in t, NXB Gio dc, 1997. 5. H Anh Tu, L thuyt Mch (tp 1, 2), NXB KHKT, 1997. 6. Brogan,W.L., Modern control Theory, Prentice Hall, 1991. 7. Brigham,E.O., Transforms and applications, Prentice Hall, 1988. 8. Rugh,W.J., Linear systems theory, Prentice Hall, 1996.
200
L THUYT MCH
M s: 411LTM240
Chu trch nhim bn tho TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1 (Ti liu ny c ban hnh theo Quyt nh s: 816/Q-TTT1 ngy 25/10/2006 ca Gim c Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng)

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

ThS. NGUYN QUC DINH

Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch

CC KHI NIM V NGUYN L C BN CA L THUYT MCH

NI DUNG 1.1 KHI NIM TN HIU V MCH IN

t (a) 1 u(t) (b)

Hnh 1.1 Mt s dng tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian

Hnh 1.2a Minh ha tn hiu ri rc

Hnh 1.2b Minh ha tn hiu s nh phn

Ts Hnh 1.3 M hnh ha qu trnh ly mu

Mch tng t & mch ri rc

Mch c thng s tp trung & mch c thng s phn b

Cc trng thi hot ng ca mch

Hnh 1.7 Mch in c kha ng ngt

1.2 CC THNG S TC NG V TH NG CA MCH

1.2.1 Cc thng s th ng cu mch in

Hnh 1.9 K hiu in tr

r c th nguyn vn/ampe, o bng n v m (). Thng s g= 1/, n v l Simen(S).

Hnh 1.10 K hiu in dung

Hnh 1.11 K hiu in cm

Hnh 1.12 Hai cun dy c ghp h cm

Bng 1.1: Thng s cu cc phn t mc ni tip v song song

1.2.3 M hnh ngun in

Hnh 1.13 Ngun p c lp

Hnh 1.14 Ngun p ni vi ti

By gi ta xt in p m ngun ny cung cp cho mch ngoi (hnh 1.14):

Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch

By gi ta xt dng in m ngun ny cung cp cho mch ngoi (hnh 1.16):

Zra A.(UP UN) Ura

(b) Hnh 1.21 K hiu v m hnh tng ng ca KTT

Hnh 1.22: M hnh tng ng vt l ca transistor

Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch

1.3 BIU DIN MCH TRONG MIN TN S

1.3.1 Cch biu din phc cc tc ng iu ho

G U U m exp[ j( t + u )] = Z= G = I I exp[ j( t + )] m i G I exp[j( t + )] I i = Y= G = m U + exp[j( t U m u )]

Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch

G G 1 G 1 1 1 G U = Idt = I exp[j(t + )]dt = I exp[j(t + )] = I=Z I C C C C m jC m jC

-i vi phn t thun cm:

G d I exp[ j(t + )] G G G di m U =L =L = jLI exp[ j(t + )] = jLI = Z I m L L dt dt

+Trng hp mc ni tip (hnh 1.24):

+Trng hp mc song song (hnh 1.25):

Tr khng v dn np ca cc phn t mc ni tip v song song cho trong bng 1.2.

Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch ni tip

Bng 1.2: Tr khng v dn np ca cc phn t mc ni tip v song song .

1.3.3 c trng ca mch in trong min tn s

1.4 CC YU T HNH HC CA MCH

Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch

1.5 TNH CHT TUYN TNH, BT BIN MCH IN

+Tng t nh vy, mt t in c gi l tuyn tnh nu c quan h: q =C.U hay

v n s l phn t phi tuyn nu c quan h hm s: q =f(U) hay C=f(U,I)

+Cng nh th, mt cun cm c gi l tuyn tnh nu c quan h:

1.6 KHI NIM V TNH TNG H CA MCH IN

1.7 CNG SUT TRONG MCH IN IU HA

Trong khong thi gian T = t2 t1, nng lng m on mch nhn c l:

-Cng sut trung bnh, cn gi l cng sut tc dng trn mch ny l:

1.7.2 iu kin cng sut trn ti t cc i

khi cng sut trn ti s t cc i v c gi tr bng:

1.8 K THUT TNH TON TRONG L THUYT MCH

Nh vy trong bn gi tr chun, c hai gi tr c chn t do v hai gi tr chun cn li c suy ra t h thc trn.

R 100 = ch = = 25 Krad / s L ch 410 . 3

1 1 = = 0.4 F ch . R ch 2510 . 3 .100

1.8.2 Cc i lng lgarit