Endosymbiotic Theory

p. 427-428

The Endosymbiotic Theory

Review:
What is

a theory? What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

The endosymbiotic theory is the idea that a long time ago, prokaryotic cells engulfed other prokaryotic cells by endocytosis. This resulted in the first eukaryotic cells.
First

proposed by Lynn Margulis Explains the origin of eukaryotic cells Explains the origin of certain membrane-bound organelles

What Exactly Happened?

Chloroplast Heterotrophic bacteria

Ancient Prokaryotes
Nuclear envelope evolving Photosynthetic bacteria Mitochondrion

Plants and plant-like protists

Primitive Autotrophic (Photosynthetic) Eukaryote

Ancient Heterotrophic Prokaryote

Primitive Heterotrophic Eukaryote

Animals, fungi, and animal-like protists

Membrane-Bound Organelles

Mitochondria = membrane-bound organelle that produces energy for the cell Chloroplast = membrane-bound organelle that captures sunlight and uses it to make food for the cell

Evidence in support of the endosymbiotic theory:

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA, which is fairly different from that of the cell nucleus, and that is similar to that of bacteria (circular and smaller).
They are surrounded by two or more membranes, and the innermost of these shows differences in composition compared to the other membranes in the cell. The composition is like that of a prokaryotic cell membrane.

New mitochondria and chloroplasts are formed only through a process similar to binary fission (prokaryote cell division).

Evidence in support of the endosymbiotic theory:

Much of the internal structure and biochemistry of chloroplasts, for instance the presence of thylakoids and particular chlorophylls, is very similar to that of cyanobacteria. The size of both organelles is comparable to bacteria. These organelle's ribosomes are like those found in bacteria (70s).

Cell Energy: Cells usable source of energy is called ATP ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate

Adenine

Ribose

3 Phosphate groups

 ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate

Adenine

Ribose

2 Phosphate groups

 All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds breaking the bond releases the energy When the cell has energy available it can store this energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP

 ATP is converted into ADP by breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate groups and releasing energy for cellular processes.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Part II

Two Parts of Photosynthesis

Two reactions make up photosynthesis: 1.Light Reaction or Light Dependent Reaction Produces energy from solar power (photons) in the form of ATP and NADPH.
SUN
2

Two Parts of Photosynthesis

2. Calvin Cycle or Light Independent Reaction Also called Carbon Fixation or C3 Fixation Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction to make sugar (glucose).

Light Reaction (Electron Flow)

Occurs in the Thylakoid membranes During the light reaction, there are two possible routes for electron flow: A. Cyclic Electron Flow B. Noncyclic Electron Flow
4

Cyclic Electron Flow

Occurs in the thylakoid membrane. Uses Photosystem I only P700 reaction center- chlorophyll a Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Generates ATP only, more ATP required for P ADP + ATP
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Adenosine Triphosphate ATP A. Because cells need a steady supply of energy to carry on cellular processes they store energy by bonding a third phosphate molecule to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) forming ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

What makes up ADP (adenosine diphosphate)?

Adenine base, ribose sugar and 2 (di)phosphates

ATP consists of an adenine base, a ribose sugar and 3 phosphate molecules
Adenosine Triphosphate Adenosine Diphophate

. Energy stored in the bonds between phosphate molecules is released when a phosphate molecule breaks off. Since every activity an organism performs requires energy, this cycle is repeated again and again throughout the life of the cell.

Cyclic Electron Flow

SUN
Primary Electron Acceptor

e-

ePhotons
P700 Accessory Pigments

ee-

ATP produced by ETC

Photosystem I

Pigments absorb light energy & excite e- of Chlorophyll a to produce ATP

Noncyclic Electron Flow

Occurs in the thylakoid membrane Uses Photosystem II and Photosystem I P680 reaction center (PSII) chlorophyll a P700 reaction center (PS I) chlorophyll a Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Generates O2, ATP and NADPH

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Noncyclic Electron Flow

Primary Electron Acceptor

2eEnzyme Reaction

Primary Electron Acceptor

2eETC

2e-

SUN
Photon

2eATP
P680

2e-

P700

NADPH

H2O O2 + 2H+

Photon

Photosystem I

Photosystem II

H2O is split in PSII & ATP is made, while the energy carrier NADPH is made in PSI

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Noncyclic Electron Flow

ADP + P ATP NADP+ + H NADPH Oxygen comes from the splitting of H2O, not CO2 (Photolysis) H2O O2 + 2H+
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Chemiosmosis
Powers ATP synthesis Located in the thylakoid membranes Uses ETC and ATP synthase (enzyme) to make ATP Photophosphorylation: addition of phosphate to ADP to make ATP
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Chemiosmosis
SUN H+ H+

(Proton Pumping) T C
H+ H+

Thylakoid PS II

E PS I
high H+ concentration

H+ H+

H+ H+

H+

ATP Synthase

Thylakoid Space

ADP + P

H+

ATP

low H+ concentration

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Calvin Cycle
Carbon Fixation (light independent reaction) C3 plants (80% of plants on earth) Occurs in the stroma Uses ATP and NADPH from light reaction as energy Uses CO2 To produce glucose: it takes 6 turns and uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.
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Chloroplast
STROMA where Calvin Cycle occurs
Outer Membrane Inner Membrane Thylakoid Granum

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Calvin Cycle (C3 fixation)

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Calvin Cycle
Remember: C3 = Calvin Cycle

C3
Glucose
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Photorespiration
Occurs on hot, dry, bright days Stomates close Fixation of O2 instead of CO2 Produces 2-C molecules instead of 3-C sugar molecules Produces no sugar molecules or no ATP
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Photorespiration
Because of photorespiration, plants have special adaptations (alternative pathways) to limit the effect of photorespiration: 1. C4 plants 2. CAM plants

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C4 Plants
Hot, moist environments 15% of plants (grasses, corn, sugarcane) Photosynthesis occurs in 2 places Light reaction mesophyll cells Calvin cycle - bundle sheath cells
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C4 Plants

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CAM Plants
Hot, dry environments 5% of plants (cactus and ice plants) Stomates closed during day Stomates open during the night Light reaction - occurs during the day Calvin Cycle - occurs when CO2 is present
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Stomata Open

Stomata Closed
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CAM Plants
Night (Stomates Open) Day (Stomates Closed)

Vacuole CO2 C-C-C-C Malate C-C-C-C Malate C-C-C-C Malate CO2 C3 C-C-C PEP
ATP

C-C-C Pyruvic acid

glucose
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Question:

Why do CAM plants close their stomata during the day?

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Cam plants close their stomata in the hottest part of the day to conserve water

Rates of Photosynthesis
1. 2. 3. Light Intensity CO2 Temperature

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