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Detonation Waves and Pulse Detonation Engines
Detonation Waves and Pulse Detonation Engines
1w1 = 2 w2
2 2 P 1 + 1 w1 = P 2 + 2 w2 2 w12 w2 h1 + = h2 + 2 2 The Hugoniot is the locus of possible solutions for state 2 from a given state 1 and a given energy release.
h2 h1 =
1 (v1 + v2 )( P2 P 1) 2
The solution state is at the intersection of the Hugoniot and the Rayleigh line.
2
At the solution point (the Chapman-Jouguet detonation point), the Hugoniot, Rayleigh line, and isentrope are tangent. It can be shown that the flow behind a CJ detonation is sonic relative to the wave: M2=1. The CJ points divide the Hugoniot into 4 regions.
Weak deflagrations (subsonic to subsonic) Strong deflagrations (subsonic to supersonic) Weak detonations (supersonic to supersonic) Strong detonations (supersonic to subsonic)
Strong deflagrations and weak detonations can be ruled out by considering the structure of the wave. Only weak deflagrations and strong detonations are practically observed. Most detonations travel at the CJ velocity.
4
ZND profile of a detonation wave in stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixture at 1 atm and 300 K.
http://www.aardvark.co.nz/pjet/
M. Grunthaner
10
The flow in a PDE is a challenging research problem, because it involves compressible, chemically reactive flow in complex geometrical configurations with moving boundaries.
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Shock focusing
12
L
Lmin > 7JP10 = 420 mm (Dorofeev, 2000)
Another technique is to initiate a detonation in a small sensitized driver (e.g., fuel-oxygen), which diffracts into the main detonation chamber.
Mixture 1
Mixture 2
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Idea: to create an imploding detonation wave in a sensitized driver that implodes on the axis of the main detonation tube. Advantage: no flow blockage, low drag initiator for PDEs.
S. Jackson
14
Single Single cycle cycle of of a a pulse pulse detonation detonation engine engine
thrust surface
products
UCJ reactants
open end
The detonation wave, followed by the Taylor wave, is initiated at the closed end of the detonation tube and propagates towards the open end.
impulse
products
air
reflected wave
transmitted shock
When the detonation wave reaches the open end of the tube, the products expand outside the tube. A diffracted shock and a reflected wave are created.
15
Gas Gas dynamics dynamics inside inside the the detonation detonation tube tube
During a cycle, thrust is generated as long as the pressure inside the tube on the thrust surface is greater than the atmospheric pressure. After the passage of the detonation wave, the pressure at the thrust surface remains constant until the reflected wave (expansion wave on the diagram) reaches the thrust surface.
x-t diagram
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Impulse :
I = A P(t )dt
0
L L + ( + ) I = AP3 c3 U CJ
UCJ = Chapman-Jouguet detonation velocity c3 = sound speed of burned gases behind Taylor wave
M. Cooper
I = 4.3
P3 P AL = 4.3 3 V U CJ U CJ
18
Steel wires
Fiducial
The ballistic pendulum technique was used to measure experimentally the impulse obtained from detonations in fuel-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures.
Ballistic pendulum eqn: m = pendulum mass Lp = pendulum arm x = deflection
2 x I = m 2 gL p 1 1 L p
I sp =
I g1V
M. Cooper and S. Jackson
19
I I = V 1Vg 1 g
Comparison of model predictions for H2, C2H2 and C2H4 mixtures with experimental data from Cooper et al. for the impulse per unit volume. Filled symbols represent data for unobstructed tubes, open symbols for obstacle cases.
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Specific Specific impulse impulse varying varying initial initial pressure pressure
IV 1 g
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The impulse of a detonation tube is found to scale directly with the mass of explosive m in the tube and the square root of the chemical energy release q.
I m q and I sp q
At sufficiently high initial pressure, the specific impulse is almost independent of pressure and temperature. Specific impulses of most hydrocarbon fuels are similar
120 s for stoichiometric fuel-air 160 s for stoichiometric HC-O2 190 s for hydrogen-O2
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Goal: to develop a simple predictive model for the performance of airbreathing PDEs at various operating conditions based on control volume methods. We consider a single-tube supersonic PDE with a steady inlet, a large plenum, a valve, and a straight detonation tube.
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PC TC
P0, Tf
P0 T0
J.J. Quirk, AMRITA - A Computational Facility (for CFD Modelling)," VKI 29th CFD Lecture Series, 1998. 25
Properties at the valve plane modeled as constant functions of time during open part of cycle. Average plenum conditions can be determined with the additional consideration of the flow in the detonation tube when the valve is open. 26
2.5 2 1.5 1
PR
12 10
model Amrita
P V/P 0
8 6 4
2 0
10
15
20 27
PR
& s = 0u0 ( AV A0 ) m
o & 0 = topen m &V m
Momentum conservation
d u(u.n)dS = F udV + dt
d udV dt
Energy conservation
d 2 2 ( e + u / 2 ) dV + (e + u / 2 )(u.n)dS = P(u.n)dS dt
o htV = ht 0
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Average thrust:
F=
& 0 (u u0 ) + I dt + m AV ( PVo P0 ) 14 24 3 442443 { 1 detonation tube ram momentum ram pressure impulse
o V
topen
Volume of detonable mixture determined by mass balance in detonation tube and purging coefficient = tpurge/tfill :
V= & 1 + f m 0 1 + i
Specific impulse:
I SPF
29
5
model Amrita
3 2 1 0 0
1 M fill
4000
3000
2000
1000
M0
Single-tube supersonic PDE with straight detonation tube has higher performance than ideal ramjet for M0 < 1.35.
31
P0
Pi At
u x , Px , Ax
Isp (s)
330 300 270 240 210 180 150 1 10 100 1000 10000
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& u x + ( Px P0 ) Ax F =m
u2 = Constant h+ 2 u I I SP = x = V g 1 g
P i / Px
T5 Test Section
T5 Dump Tank
M. Cooper
M. Cooper
ISP / ISP
Charge
ISP
0.8 1
Tube
Tamper mass
ux
35
V/V
ISP (s)
M. Cooper
P 3 / P0
1000
At low pressure ratios (<100), unsteady gas dynamics and tamping dominate. At high pressure ratios (>100), quasi-steady isentropic flow expansion dominates. Full expansion of products at highest pressure ratio with largest nozzle.
36
Conclusions Conclusions
Exit nozzles appear to have the potential to significantly improve PDE performance at high pressure ratios. However, there is a need for multicycle experiments with nozzles to understand their effect on performance. Major technological challenges for PDEs:
Valved/valveless inlet concepts and inlet response to unsteady flow in detonation tube. Injection and mixing of liquid hydrocarbon fuels in short time frame. Reliable repetitive initiation in insensitive fuel-air mixtures. Understanding and control of filling process. Performance estimates with nozzles and ejectors. Single and multiple tube PDE concepts. Thermodynamic cycle model for upper bound performance prediction. Friction and heat transfer in PDEs. Hybrid PDE cycles.