Chng 4 Truyn tin s qua knh bng thng di

4.1 Phn loi k thut iu ch 4.2 iu ch ng b nh phn 4.3 iu ch ng b vung pha 4.4 iu ch khng ng b 4.5 So snh iu ch nh phn v vung pha 4.6 iu ch hng M 4.7 Ph cng sut 4.8 Hiu sut rng bng 4.9 nh hng ca ISI v m phng trn my tnh 4.10 K thut ng b 4.1 Phn loi k thut iu ch sng mang s. Sng mang vi tn s thch hp c th tryn i xa trong mi trng truyn dn (nh dy ng, cp ng trc, hay khong khng) Da trn vic bin i cc tham s ca sng mang (bin , tn s hay pha) m thng tin c th truyn i xa theo yu cu truyn tin gi l k thut iu ch sng mang. Cc k thut iu ch sng mang s c phn loi c bn nh sau: iu ch ng b gm: - ng b nh phn c: ASK (t c dng), PSK, FSK - ng b hng M c: ASK hng M, PSK hng M, FSK hng M. V d: QPSK,QAM iu ch khng ng b c: - Khng ng b nh phn: ASK khng ng b, FSK khng ng b. Vi PSK khng c khng ng b (v khng ng b c nghi l khng c thng tin v pha nn cng khng c PSK), nhng thay vo ta c DPSK khng ng b - Khng ng b hng M cng c vi ASK, DPSK v FSK, song phn tch ton hc vi nhng kiu ny kh phc tp. 4.2 K thut iu ch ng b nh phn 4.2.1. PSK (Phase Shift Keying) k thut ny pha ca sng mang l i lng mang thng tin. Cp tn hiu ng vi 1 v 0 l: 2 Eb 2 Eb 2 Eb (4.1) s1 (t ) = cos(2f ct ) s2 (t ) = cos(2f ct + ) = cos(2f ct ) Tb Tb Tb 0t<Tb v Eb l nng lng tn hiu / bit. ng thi thi gian truyn mi bt phi m bo cha mt s nguyn chu k ca sng mang nn tn s fc c chn =nc/Tb (hay Tb/Tc=nc) vi nc l mt s nguyn c nh. Nu t 2 (4.2) (t ) = cos(2f ct ) Tb
l hm c s c nng lng n v: 2 (t )dt = 1
0 Tb

th:

41

s1 (t ) = Eb (t ) s2 (t ) = Eb (t )

0t<Tb 0t<Tb

(4.3) (4.4)

Da trn l thuyt v khng gian tn hiu th h nh phn PSK (vit tt l BPSK) ng b c khng gian tn hiu mt chiu (N=1) v 2 im bo hiu (dng sng bo hiu) (M=2). Ta ca 2 im bo hiu tng ng vi 1 v 0 s l: s11 = s1 (t ) (t )dt = + Eb
0 Tb

s21 = s1 (t ) (t )dt = Eb
0

Tb

(4.5)

S to dng sng PSK v tch tn hiu nh sau (hnh 4.2)

Hnh 4.2 S khi cho a) Pht BPSK v b) B thu BPSK ng b

quyt nh v tnh xc sut li, ta chia khng gian thnh 2 vng: 1) vng gn + Eb 2) Vng gn Eb T tnh c xc sut li loi 1 (pht 0 li quyt nh l 1 ti ni thu), ch vng quyt nh k hiu l 1 (tn hiu s1(t)) l Z 1: 0<x1< V i

x1 = x(t ) (t )dt
0

Tb

(4.6)

x(t) l tn hiu thu c sau knh th hm xc sut iu kin l 1 1 f x1 ( x1 / 0) = exp ( x1 s 21 ) 2 N 0 N0

(4.7) (4.8)

1 1 exp ( x1 + Eb ) 2 N 0 N0

42

Hnh 4.1 S khng gian tn hiu cho h thng BPSK ng b

Do

Pe (0) = f x1 ( x1 / 0)dx1 =
0

1 1 exp ( x1 + Eb ) 2 dx1 N 0 0 N0

(4.9)

i bin tch phn

z= Ta c Pe (0) = 1 1 ( x1 + Eb ) N0

(4.8) Eb 1 erfc N 2 0 (4.9)

Eb / N 0

exp( z

)dz =

Tng t c th tnh c xc sut li pht 1 m thu c 0 c gi tr cng nh vy. 4.2.2. FSK ng b nh phn : Trong k thut ny i lng mang thng tin 1, 0 l 2 tn s f1 v f2 ca sng mang. Cp sng sin biu din c m t l: 2 Eb cos(2f it ) 0 t Tb vi i=1,2 (4.10) si (t ) = Tb conlai 0 n +i Tn s sng mang l f i = c vi mt s gi tr nguyn nc (Tc l Tb/Ti=nc+i) Tb Ngoi ra hiu 2 tn s sng mang c tnh l f2-f1=1/Tb= tn s bit Tn hiu FSK m t y l tn hiu pha lin tc (khi chuyn bit t tn s ny sang tn s khc, khng c s nhy pha v chu k bit lun l bi ca chu k sng mang, y l trng hp ring ca dch tn pha lin tc - CPFSK). Tp hm c s s l

43

 2 cos(2f it ) 0 t Tb (4.11) i (t ) = Tb conlai 0 Do 2 tn s l trc giao vi nhau (c th kim tra bng php ly tch phn tch 2 hm ny trong khong thi gian bit s bng zero) v cc h s sij tng ng l

E i= j 2 Eb 2 (4.12) cos(2f it ) cos(2f it )dt = b Tb Tb i j 0 0 0 Nn khng ging nh PSK, h FSK c trng bng khng gian tn hiu 2 chiu v 2 im bo hiu (N=2,M=2) E 0 (4.13) s1 = b v s2 = Eb 0 sij = si (t ) j (t )dt =
T T

Ch khong cch Euclid gia 2 vec to l 2 Eb S to v tch tn hiu FSK cho trn hnh 4.4

Hnh 4.4 S khi cho a) Pht BFSK v b) thu BFSK ng b Ch l trong s to BFSK b m ha on-off i vi 1 hoc 0 nhnh trn th qui tc off-on ngc li nhnh di Vect quan st c (sau khi tn hiu qua knh) c 2 thnh phn l:

44

x1 = x(t )1 (t )dt
0

Tb

v x2 = x(t )2 (t )dt
0

Tb

(4.14)

Khng gian quan st c chia thnh 2 vng (hnh v) c x1>x2 v vng x2>x1

Hnh 4.3 S khng gian tn hiu cho h thng BFSK ng b

Ta a vo mt bin mi l l=x1-x2 khi E[l/1]=E[x1/1]-E[x2/1]= + Eb v E[l/0]=E[x1/0]-E[x2/0]= Eb (4.15) V x1 v x2 l cc bin c lp thng k (do gn vi 2 hm trc giao) c phng sai =N0/2 nn var[l]=var[x1]+var[x2]=N0. Gi s 0 c truyn, hm kh nng sau knh s l: (l + Eb ) 2 1 (4.16) f L (l / 0) = exp 2 N0 2N 0 V x1>x2 tng ng l>0, nn (l + Eb ) 2 1 Pe 0 = P(l > 0 / 0) = f L (l / 0) = exp (4.17) dt 2 N 2N 0 0 0 0 l + Eb (4.18) i bin tch phn sang z vi: z = 2N 0
Ta c Pe 0 = 1

Eb / 2 N 0

2 exp( z )dz =

Eb 1 erfc 2N 2 0

(4.19)

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Cui cng khi xt thm Pe1 mt cch tng t ta c Eb 1 Pe = erfc 2N 2 0

(4.20)

4.3 iu ch ng b vung pha 4.3.1. Kha dich vung pha ng b (QPSK) Khi thit k h truyn thng ngoi mc tiu quan trong l xc sut li bit phi thp cn c mc tiu l s dng c hiu sut rng bng. Kha dch vung pha l trng hp ring ca hp knh sng mang vung gc, mi dng sng mang thng tin 2 bit nn cn tt c 4 dng sng ng vi 4 pha c hiu sut bng tn cao. Dng sng ca k hiu l: 2E cos 2f ct + (2i 1) 0 t T i=1,2,3,4 (4.21) si (t ) = T 4 conlai 0 Khai trin ra ta c: 2E 2E si (t ) = cos (2i 1) cos(2f ct ) sin (2i 1) sin( 2f ct ) (4.22) T 4 T 4 Vi 4 dng sng trn, 2 hm c s c xc nh l: 2 0tT (4.24) 1 (t ) = cos(2f ct ) T 2 1 (t ) = sin( 2f ct ) 0tT (4.25) T

Hnh 4.5 S khng gian tn hiu cho h QPSK ng b v 4 im bo hiu, mi im c 2 thnhphn l:

46

 E cos(2i 1) 4 si = E sin( 2i 1) 4
Nu dng m Gray theo bng tng ng si2 si1 10 /4 + E/2 - E/2 - E/2 00 3/4 - E/2 01 11 5/4 7/4 - E/2 + E/2
+ E/2 + E/2

(N=2, M=4)

(4.26)

Ta c khng gian tn hiu nh hnh 4.5 Dng sng ng vi tn hiu 01 10 10 00 s c to nn nh sau: Dy c chia thnh 2 dy con: Nhng bit c nh s chn gp vo mt dy v nhng bit nh s l vo mt dy. ng vi 2 dy ny l cc dng sng ng vi tn hiu PSK t trn sng cosin v sin ring r. Khi cng li chng s cho QPSK

Hnh 4.6 a) dy nh phn vo. b) Bt l li vo v dng sng BPSK lien kt. c) Bt chn li vo v dng sng BPSK lin kt.d) Dng sng QPSK

47

Cch to v tch tn hiu QPSK c cho trn hnh 4.7

Hnh 4.7 S khi cho a) Pht QPSK v b) Thu QPSK

Xc sut li trung bnh s c tnh nh sau: Tn hiu nhn c : x(t)=si(t)+w(t) i=1,2,3,4 s cho T E + w1 x1 = x(t )1 (t )dt = E cos (2i 1) + w1 = 4 2 0
T

(4.27)

E (4.28) x2 = x(t )2 (t )dt = E sin (2i 1) + w2 = m + w2 4 2 0 H QPSK ng b c th coi l 2 h PSK lm vic song song dng 2 sng mang vung pha. Xc sut li trung bnh ca mt h PSK l E/2 1 1 = erfc E P ' = erfc (4.29) 2 2N0 N0 2 Cc knh ng pha v vung pha l c lp vi nhau. Knh ng pha quyt nh mt bit, knh vung pha quyt nh bit th 2. xc sut quyt nh ng c 2 bit l:

48

 1 E = 1 erfc E + 1 erfc 2 E Pc = (1 P ' ) 2 = 1 erfc 2N 4 2N 2N 2 0 0 0 Xc sut trung bnh li k hiu s l: E 1 erfc 2 E Pe=1-Pc= erfc 2N 2N 4 0 0 Khi E/2N0>>1 c th b qua s hng th 2 v ta c:

(4.30)

(4.31)

Eb 1 (4.32) erfc N 2 0 Cng thc ny c th rt ra bng cch khc: Do s khng gian tn hiu l i xng, nn d 1 4 (4.33) Pe erfc ik 2 k =1, k i 2 N 0 i l im bo hiu mi. V d chn m1, cc im gn n nht l m2 v m4 v d12=d14= 2 E Gi s E/N0 ln b qua ng gp ca m3 i vi m1. Khi c li nhm m1 thnh m2 hoc m4 s cho mt li bit n, cn nhm m1 thnh m3 s c 2 bit li. Khi E/N0 ln , hm kh nng ca 2 bit trong k hiu mc li nh hn i vi bit n nn c th b qua m3 trong vic tnh P3 khi m1 c gi. Do k hiu trong QPSK c 2 bit nn E=2Eb Eb Hay Pe erfc (4.34) N 0 Pe
Khi dng m Gray i vi 2 bit n tc chnh xc ca bit li trung bnh l: Eb 1 BER = erfc (4.35) N 2 0 4.3.2 OQPSK: Yu cu ca tn hiu QPSK l bin khng i song i khi dch pha xy ra lm bin i qua im zero, iu ny gy nn nhng bp ph trong phn khuch i phi tuyn, cn nu ch dung phn khuch i tuyn tnh th s km hiu sut. Mt s ci tin chng li hin tng ny l k thut offset QPSK (OQPSK). S ci tin ch trong QPSK khi sp hng dng bit l v bit chn th s chuyn bit xy ra ng thi trn 2 dng, song OQPSK 2 dng bit ny c t lch nhau mt bit (mt na chu k k hiu), nn dch pha ca tn hiu truyn ch c th l 900 (song nhp dch pha nhanh hn, sau mi Tb ch khng phi 2Tb). Do khng gy nn nhng bp ph ca ph khi i qua im zero nn ph ca OQPSK rt gn hn trong khi cho b khuch i RF hot ng hiu sut hn.

49

Hnh 4.8 4.3.3 /4QPSK: iu ch /4 QPSK l k thut dung ha OQPSK avf QPSK cho php dch pha ln hn (chng n pha tt hn) v do vy c th gii iu ch mt ng b hay khng ng b

Hnh 4.9 50

Dch pha cc i ca /4 QPSK l 1350 so vi 1800 QPSK v 900 OQPSK do n bo ton tnh cht bin khng i tt hn QPSK song km hn OQPSK c im hp dn ca /4 QPSK l n c th tch ng b c v lm n gin nhiu b thu them na i ng truyn a ng v fading /4 QPSK hot ng tt hn. Thng /4 QPSK kt hp vi m vi phn chng li nhm ln pha khi khi phc sng mang, khi ta gi l k thut /4 DQPSK. Trong iu ch /4 QPSK, im bo hiu c chn t 2 gin chm sao QPSK c vi nhau /4 (hnh). S chuyn gia 2 chm sao sau mi bit m bo c s chuyn pha l bi ca /4 gia cc k hiu lin tip d dng cho vic khi phc thi gian (clock) v ng b pha (khc vi QPSK 2 k hiu cnh nhau c th khng c s i pha) (Tham kho k thut pht v thu /4 QPSK ) 4.3.4. Kha dich ti thiu ng b (MSK) y l k thut FSK c khong cch 2 tn s sng mang gn nht m vn m bo tnh cht pha lin tc v 2 tn s trc giao. iu ny m bo knh thng tin c rng bng tn hp nn tit kim ph. Xt cch biu din tn hiu CPFSK theo iu ch gc: 2 Eb (4.37) s (t ) = cos[2f ct + (t )] Tb (t) l hm lin tc tng hoc gim tuyn tnh theo thi gian trong mi khong bit: h (4.38) 0tTb (t ) = (0) t Tb (0) l pha ti thi im t=0 , gi tr ny s ph thuc vo iu ch trc ( cho pha lun lin tc gia 2 k hiu). nh ngha ny tng qut hn tn hiu trong FSK. du + tng ng vi gi 1(tn s f1) cn du tng ng vi gi 0 (tn s f2). h l mt gi tr no . Ta rt ra cp lin h: h h (4.39) fc + = f1 f c = f2 2Tb 2Tb 1 (4.40) Gii ra ta c f c = ( f1 + f 2 ) v h = Tb ( f1 f 2 ) 2

Hnh 4.10 a) Cy pha . b) Li pha: ng v m biu din dy 1101000

51

Ti t=Tb ta c: h doivoi _ 1 (4.41) (Tb ) (0) = h doivoi _ 0 Tc l gi 1 lm tng pha ca CPFSK ln h radian v gi 0 s gim pha i h radian. S thay i pha theo thi gian nh ng thng, nghing ca n din t s tng hay gim mt lng tn s (nhy tn). Vi mt dy d liu vo, tin hiu c th pha nh mt cy pha C th chn nhiu gi tr h khc nhau m bo 2 tn s trc giao song h=1/2 din t lch tn (hiu 2 tn s f1 v f2) bng mt na tc bit. y l khong cch tn s ti thiu cho php 2 tn hiu FSK din t 1 v 0 trc giao vi nhau theo ngha l tch phn 2 k hiu trong khong thi gian ca chng bng zero (nh li l trong k thut FSK ng b, 2 tn s lch nhau bng tc bit). Do nguyn nhn ny m tn hiu CPFSK vi hiu s lch bng tc bt c gi l kha dch ti thiu (MSK) Khai trin tn hiu s(t) (4.37) theo thnh phn ng pha v vung pha s c 2 Eb 2 Eb (4.42) s (t ) = cos[ (t )] cos(2f ct ) sin[ (t )] sin( 2f ct ) Tb Tb
(4.43) 0tTb t 2Tb du cng tng ng vi 1 v du tr tng ng vi 0 v (0) bng 0 hay sau khong 2Tb ty vo pha trc . Xt thnh phn ng pha : 2 Eb 2 Eb t sI (t ) = cos[ (t )] = {cos[ (0)] cos sin[ ( 0 )] sin m 2T 2T t } = Tb Tb b b = 2 Eb cos 2T t Tb b (4.44) Du cng ng vi (0) bng 0 v du tr khi (0)=. iu ny c ngha l thnh phn ng pha b iu ch bi hm cosin na chu k v c pha gi nguyn hoc o pha l do pha ban u l 0 hay trong sut khong 2Tb (-Tb0Tb) m khng ph thuc bit ti t=0 l 1 hay 0 Tng t nh vy trong khong 0t2Tb. Thnh phn vung pha s l xung sin na chu k, cc tnh ca n ch ph thuc (Tb) sQ (t ) = 2 Eb sin[ (t )] = Tb 2 Eb 2 Eb t = sin[ (Tb )] sin sin 2T 2T t Tb Tb b b (4.45) Vi h=1/2 ta c:

(t ) = (0)

du cng tng ng (Tb)=/2 cn du tr ng vi (Tb)=-/2

52

Hnh 4.11 S d khng gian tn hiu cho h MSK T phn tch trn do (0) v (Tb) u c 2 gi tr c th nn c 4 trng hp xy ra: (0) (Tb) bit pht 0 /2 1 /2 0 -/2 1 0 -/2 0 to ra tn hiu nh vy chn 2 hm c s trc giao nh sau:

1 (t ) =

2 cos 2T t cos(2f ct ) Tb b

0tTb

(4.46)

2 0tTb sin 2T t sin( 2f ct ) Tb b Tn hiu MSK vit li l: s (t ) = s11 (t ) + s22 (t ) vi

2 (t ) =

(4.47) (4.48)

53

Hnh 4.12 Dy d liu v dng sng cho tn hiu MSK a) Dy nh phn li vo b)Hm thi gian c t l s11(t). c) Hm thi gian c t l s22(t). d) Tn hiu MKS l kt qu cng 2 hm trn theo kiu bit-bit

s1 =

Tb

Tb

s(t ) (t )dt =
1 2

Eb cos[ (0)]

-TbtTb

(4.49)

S nhn 2 gi tr s2 =
2Tb

s(t ) (t )dt =
0

Eb sin[ (Tb )]

0tTb

(4.50)

Cng nhn 2 gi tr Gin tn hiu c N=2, M=2 ging QPSK tuy nhin c im khc: Trong QPSK mt tn hiu pht biu din 2 bit c tng ng c lp vi 1 trong 4 im tn hiu v pha c th gin on sau khong 2Tb, ,2 hm c s trc giao l hm sin v cosin. Cn MSK mt tn hiu pht biu din 1 bit trong khong Tb phi biu din bng t hp 2 trong 4 im tn hiu, ng thi 2 hm c s trc giao l 2 hm sin, cosin b iu ch to nn pha lin tc sau khong bit Tb.

54

Hnh 4.13 S khi cho a) B pht MSK v b) B thu MSK Cch to v tch MSK: u im ca MSK l: ng b tn hiu v t s lch khng nh hng theo tc d liu li vo. Hai tn hiu sin: mt tn s fc=nc/4Tb vi nc nguyn v mt tn s 1/4Tb c cp ln b iu ch tch, s to nn 2 sng sin ng b ti tn s f1 v f2. hai song sin ny c phn tch bng 2 b lc bng hep. Li ra b lc c t hp tuyn tnh to nn cp sng mang vung pha v trc giao 1 (t ) v 1 (t ) Cui cng 2 sng mang ny c nhn vi 2 dng song nh phn a1(t) v a2(t) c tc 1/2Tb Tnh xc sut trung bnh ca li: Xt tn hiu truyn qua knh n: x(t)=s(t)+w(t) vi s(t) l tn hiu MSK. quyt nh xem 1 hay 0 c truyn trong khong 0tTb ta cn phi tch trng thi pha ca (0) v (Tb). Trc ht ta phi tnh hnh chiu ca x(t) ln 1 (t ) trn khong -TbtTb:

x1 =

Tb

Tb

x(t ) (t )dt = s
1

+ w1

(4.51)

55

T y nu x1>0 th chn (0)=0 ngc li chn ()=. Tng t tch (Tb) Ta tnh: x2 =
2Tb

x(t ) (t )dt = s
2 0

+ w2

(4.52)

Nu x2>0 chn (Tb)=-/2 ngc li l (Tb)=/2 Sau phi hp cc kt qu trn c quyt nh ng Li xy ra khi knh I hoc knh Q b li. S dng thng k bit ca 2 knh ny ta xc nh c tc bit li ca MSK l: Eb 1 BER = erfc (4.53) N 2 0 chng ging nh PSK nh phn trong QPSK, tuy nhin hiu qu quan trng tch MSK l tin hnh trn thi gian quan st 2Tb ch khng phi trong Tb 4.3.5 GMSK GMSK l k thut iu ch nh phn n gin rt ra t MSK dng sng d liu NRZ i qua b tin iuch l b lc to dng xung Gauss lm trn qu o pha ca MSK v nh vy lm n nh s thay i tn s tc thi theo thi gian v lm gim bp song ph trong ph. B lc Gauss gy nn ISI trong tn hiu pht song c th thy l nu tch di bit v rng 3dB (BT) nh hn 0.5 thi s nh hng ISI khng ng k. GMSK hy sinh t l li bit do bo hiu ng ng mt phn i ly hiu sut ph v tnh cht bin khng i. p ng xung ca b lc l:

56

hG (t ) =

2 2 exp 2 t

V hm truyn: HG(f)=exp(-2f2) Thng s lien h vi rng ph B theo cngt hc: 2 ln 2 = B Do b lc GMSK c th nh ngha theo tch s BT. Trn hnh cho mt s dng ph ca GMSK vi cc gi tr BT khc nhau (MSK ng vi tch BT bng v cng)

4.4 iu ch khng ng b 4.4.1. iu ch trc giao khng ng b Ti bn thu nu khng bit pha ca sng mang khi truyn ti ni, c th s dng k thut tch khng ng b. iu ny thng gp phi khi ng truyn khng xc nh V nguyn tc iu ch nh phn khi dng 2 tn hiu trc giao s1(t) v s2(t) c nng lng bng nhau. Gi s tn hiu qua knh nhn c l g1(t) v g2(t) vn gi tnh trc giao v nng lng bng nhau. B thu s gm 2 b lc ph hp vi cc hm c s 1 (t ) v 2 (t ) l cc phin bn ca s1(t) v s2(t). V pha ca sng mang l khng bit, b thu ch da trn s phn bit bin nn li ra b lc c tch ng bao, ly mu v so snh vi nhau. Nu l1>l2 th quyt nh l s1(t), ngc li th l s2(t) (hnh 4.11a). Khi
57

 mi b lc ph hp khng ng b tng ng nh b thu vung gc (hnh 4.11b), 2 nhnh: nhnh trn l ng pha x(t) c tng quan vi i (t ) l phin bn ca s1(t) hoc s2(t) vi pha sng mang zero, nhnh di l knh vung gc, x(t) c tng (t ) l phin bn ca (t ) dch pha i -900 (vi (t ) v (t ) l trc giao vi quan vi i i i i nhau, l bin i Hilbert ca nhau) (t ) = m(t ) sin( 2f t ) V d nu i (t ) = m(t ) cos(2f it ) th (4.54) i i V pha sng mang l khng bit nn n ti li ra ca mi b lc ph hp c 2 bc t do: ng pha v vung pha do b thu c 4 tham s n c lp, phn b u v b thu c cu trc i xng. Gi s s1(t) c pht. Ti knh di ta c ln ca ng bao l2 =
2 xI22 + xQ 2

(4.56)

do n l Gauss nn cc thnh phn cng c phn b Gauss: xI22 1 f X I 2 ( xI 2 ) = exp N N 0 0

(4.57)

58

Hnh 4.11 a) B thu nh phn tng qut cho iu ch trc giao khng ng b.b) B thu vung gc tng ng vi mt trong 2 b lc ph hp trong s a): i=1,2 S dng mt kt qu ca l thuyt xc sut l: ng bao ca qu trnh Gauss l phn b Rayleigh v c lp vi pha, tc l: 2 2l2 l2 exp l2 0 (4.58) f L2 (l2 ) = N 0 N0 0 con _ lai Xc sut iu kin l2>l1 c nh ngha: l12 (4.59) P (l2 > l1 / l1 ) = f L2 (l2 )dl2 = exp N 0 l1 Khi tn hiu s1(t) c pht vi nng lng E ta c: E 1 (4.60) Pe = exp 2N 2 0

Hnh 4.12 a) Biu din hnh hc ca 2 nhnh li ra l1 v l2 trong b thu khng ng b tng qut. b) Tnh xc sut iu kin l2>l1 khi cho trc l1 4.4.2. Kha dich tn nh phn khng ng b: Trong trng hp FSK nh phn: 2 Eb cos(2f it ) 0 t Tb vi fi=ni/Tb si (t ) = Tb 0 con lai .

(4.61)

59

Hnh B thu khng ng b tch2tn hi u BFSK S thu nh hnh4.13 4.13, nhnh trn ph h p vi cos( 2 f 1t ) , li ra b tch ng Tb bao c ly mu ti t=Tb v cc gi tr c so snh. Tc li trung bnh i vi FSK khng ng b l: Eb 1 (4.62) Pe = exp 2N 2 0 4.4.3. Kha dich pha vi phn (DPSK) Mt cch iu ch khng ng b khc (tc l khng cn xc nh pha sng n) l s dng m vi phn da trn tnh cht l hiu pha ca 2 k hiu lin tip khng ph thuc vo pha sng ti (K hiu trc c pha ti l bao nhiu th k hiu ngay sau cng c pha ti nh vy hay ni cch khc l pha sng ti coi l thay i chm trong khong thi gian bit) K thut ny gm 2 thao tc: m vi phn dy li vo ri thc hin PSK. gi 0 cng thm pha 1800 vo dng sng, gi 1 ta gi dng sng khng i (nh vy cn bit pha ca bt trc ). B thu c nh c th o sai pha gia 2 k hiu lin tip.

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Hnh 4.14 S khi cho a) B pht DPSK v b) B thu DPSK

DPSK cng c coi l trng hp ring ca iu ch trc giao khng ng b khi xt trn khong 2 bit. Khi pht 1, tn hiu tng ng l: Eb cos(2f ct ) 0 t Tb 2Tb (4.63) s1 (t ) = E b cos(2f ct ) Tb t 2Tb 2 T b

V khi pht 0 Eb cos(2f ct ) 0 t Tb 2Tb s1 (t ) = Eb cos(2f t + ) T t 2T c b b 2Tb

(4.64)

Ta s thy rng s1(t) v s2(t) trc giao vi nhau trn khong 2Tb=T v 2Eb=E Do tc bit li ca DPSK s l: Eb 1 (4.65) Pe = exp N 2 0 To tn hiu DPSK: Trc ht to dy m vi phn dk - Nu bk l 1 ,dk gi li ging nh bit trc dk-1 - Nu bk=0 , dk s thay i so vi dk-1 d k = d k 1bk + d k 1bk (modulo2)

61

Hnh 4.15 S khng gian tn hiu ca tn hiu DPSK thu c Bng m ha nh sau: {bk} {bk } {dk-1} {d k 1} {bkdk-1} {bk d k 1} Dy m vi phn dk Pha c pht 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

B thu ti u: Khi pha sng mang khng bit, b thu gm 2 knh ng pha v vung pha. S khng gian tn hiu c cc im thu nhn c l: (Acos ,sin) v (- Acos,- sin), vi l pha cha bit cn A th bit r. B thu s o ta ti t=Tb (xI0,xQ0)=x0 v ti t=2Tb (xI1,xQ1)=x1. Vn l 2 im ny ng vi cng mt im tn hiu hay khc nhau. Mun bit ta kim tra tch ni (v thng) ca 2 vc t ny nu x0Tx1 dng s ng vi 1 (pha khng b thay i), v ngc li nu m s ng vi 0 (pha thay i). C th l xI0xI1+xQ0xQ1 c so snh vi 0 Biu thc trn tng ng: [(xI0+xI1)2+(xQ0+xQ1)2-(xI0-xI1)2-(xQ0-xQ1)2-]<>0 Qu trnh s ng vi im x0 l gn vi x1 hay nh ca x1 l x1 Nh vy b thu ti u tch ng b vi phn DPSK nh phn theo phng trnh tnh tch v hng. Khi thc hin i hi phi nh gi tr mu do vy trnh phi lm ng tr. B thu tng ng kim tra cc phn t bnh phng nh vy phc tp hn song d phn tch hn khi 2 tn hiu c coi l trc giao trong khong (0,2Tb). V vy phn tch gii iu ch trc giao khng ng b c p dng. 4.5 So snh s iu ch nh phn v gc phn t
S iu ch a) PSK ng b QPSK ng b MSK ng b Eb 1 erfc N 2 0 (4.67) Tc li bt

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b) FSK nh phn ng b

Eb 1 erfc 2N 2 0

(4.68)

c) DPSK

Eb 1 exp N 2 0 Eb 1 d) FSK nh phn khng ng b exp 2N 2 0

(4.69) (4.70)

Hnh 4.16 So snh tc ng n trn h PSK vi phn v h FSK Nhn xt: 1. Tc bit li ni chung gim n iu khi tng Eb/N0

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2. Vi cng mi gi tr Eb/N0 PSK,QPSK v MSK c tc li nh hn cc h iu ch khc khc 3. PSK v DPSK ng b yu cu Eb/N0 3dB nh hn FSK v FSK khng ng b vi cng tc li 4. Ti Eb/N0 ln,DPSK v FSK khng ng b s ging (trong khong 1dB) PSK v FSK ng b, i vi cng tc bit v nng lng bit 5. Vi QPSK 2 sng mang c s dng, vi 2 dng bit c lp c pht v c thu 6. Trong MSK ng b, hai sng mang c iu ch bi 2 dng xung i cc trn khang 2Tb 7. MSK khc cc s trc l b iu ch v b thu c nh.

4.6 K thut iu ch hng M rng bng yu cu thng t l vi 1/Tb. Nu s dng iu ch hng M=2n th rng bng ch cn 1/nTb. y chnh l k thut iu ch c hiu sut s dng bng tn cao. Song gi phi tr y l t l li bt cao hn 1. PSK hng M 2E 2 cos 2f ct + (i 1) i=1,2,M Dng sng: si (t ) = (4.71) T M fc=nc/T. Cc tn hiu trn l t hp ca 2 hm c bn: 2 1 (t ) = cos(2f ct ) 0tT (4.72) T 2 0tT (4.73) 2 (t ) = sin(2f ct ) T S vi M=8 d12 = d18 = 2 E sin 8

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Hnh 4.17 a) Khng gian tn hiu cho kha dch pha bc 8 (M=8). Bin quyt nh l ng t m .b) S minh ha vic p dng bin ton (4.74) th cho kha dc pha bc 8
E sin Pe = erfc N M 0

Cui cng

Vic tnh ton li cho PSK hng M vi phn l phc tp, ta ch c th xp x: 2E (4.75) sin Pe erfc vi M4 N 2M 0 So snh ta thy rng DPSK hng M c xc sut li ging nh PSK hng M ng b c nng lng truyn trn k hiu tng thm mt nhn t: sin 2 M vi M4 (4.76) k (M ) = 2 2 sin 2M V d k(4) = 1,7 tc l QPSK vi phn xp x 2,3dB hiu qu thp hn QPSK ng b

2. QAM hng M: 2 E0 2 E0 ai cos(2f ct ) + bi sin( 2f ct ) T T Hai hm c s ca cc dng sng ny cng l: Dng sng: si (t ) = 0tT (4.77)

Hnh 4.18 Khng gian tn hiu cho QAM hng M vi M=4

65

2 cos(2f ct ) 0tT T 2 0tT 2 (t ) = sin( 2f ct ) T Cc ta ca dng sng th i l: ai E0 v bi E0

1 (t ) =

(4.78) (4.79)

Vi (ai,bi) l cc phn t ca ma trn: ( L + 1, L 1) ( L + 3, L 1) .. ( L 1, L 1) ( L + 1, L 3) ( L + 3, L 3) .. ( L 1, L 3) {ai , bi } = (4.80) .. .. .. .. ( L + 1, L + 1) ( L + 3, L + 1) .. ( L 1, L + 1) L = M tnh xc sut li ta lm nh sau: a) V cc thnh phn ng pha v vung pha l c lp nn xc sut tch ng l: Pc=(1-Pe)2 Vi Pe l xc sut li k hiu ca mi thnh phn b) Gin sao trong cc thnh phn cng pha v vung pha tng t ging PAM hng M, nn E0 1 P 'e = 1 erfc (4.81) N vi L = M L 0 c) Xc sut li ca QAM hng M s l: (v gi s Pe l nh so vi n v) (4.82) Pe=1-Pc=1-(1-Pe)22Pe Kt hp vi cc phng trnh trn ta c: E0 1 (4.83) Pe 21 erfc N M 0

Hnh 4.18 Chm sao tn hiu cho a) QPSK hng M v b) QAM hng M vi M=16

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3. FSK hng M:

2E cos (nc + i )t 0tT (4.84) T T V cc dng sng l i mt trc giao nn cng c M hm c s v b thu gm M b tng quan hay M b lc ph hp. Bin trn ca xc sut li c xc nh l: E 1 Pe ( M 1)erfc (4.85) 2N 2 0 Dng sng:
si (t ) =

4. So snh cc k thut iu ch hng M So snh vi cng xc sut li k hiu l 10-4 Gi tr M ( rng bng hng M/ rng bng nh phn) 4 0.5 8 0.333 16 0.25 32 0.2 (Cng sut tb hng M/ cng sut tb nh phn) 0.34dB 3.91dB 8.52dB 13.52dB

4.7 Ph cng sut Cc tn hiu thng di bng hp c th biu din: (4.86) s(t ) = sI (t ) cos(2f ct ) sQ (t ) si(2f ct ) = Re[~ s (t ) exp( j 2f ct )] V i ~ s (t ) = sI (t ) + jsQ (t ) l ng bao phc ca tn hiu thng di. K hiu SB(f) l
mt ph cng sut ca ng bao phc,(tc l mt ph cng sut bng c s). Ta c th biu din mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu bng thng di nh su: 1 S S ( f ) = [ S B ( f f c ) + S B ( f + f c )] (4.87) 4 Do vy vic tnh ph cng sutca tn hiu thong di c qui v tnh vi bng c s 1.Ph cng sut ca PSK v FSK nh phn a) i vi PSK nh phn bin phc ch c mt thnh phn ng pha. Hm to dng l: 2 Eb 0 t Tb (4.88) g (t ) = Tb 0 con _ lai Gi s dng sng nh phn ngu nhin cn bng gia 1 v 0. Khi mt ph cng sut =mt ph cng sut ca hm to dng k hiu= bnh phng ln ca bin i Fourier ca g(t). V vy 2 Eb sin 2 (Tb f ) (4.89) SB ( f ) = = 2 Eb sin c 2 (Tb f ) 2 (Tb f ) Ph suy gim nghch o vi bnh phng tn s b) i vi FSK nh phn: t t t 2 Eb 2 Eb 2 Eb s (t ) = cos 2f ct = cos cos(2f ct ) sin T sin (2f ct ) Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb b 67

(4.90) t t 2 Eb 2 Eb cos cos(2f ct ) m sin T sin (2f ct ) Tb T T b b b - Thnh phn ng pha c lp vi sng nh phn, n bng = (4.91)

2 Eb / Tb cos(t / Tb ) ti mi gi tr thi gian. Mt ph cng sut ca thnh phn ny gm 2 hm delta, trong s Eb/2Tb v xy ra ti f=1/2Tb - Thnh phn vung pha lin h trc tip vi sng nh phn li vo. Hm to dng : 2 Eb t sin 0 t Tb T (4.92) g (t ) = Tb b con _ lai 0 C ph mt nng lng l: 8EbTb cos 2 (Tb f ) 2 (4Tb2 f 2 1) 2 Do mt ph cng sut ca thnh phn vung pha l:

g(f ) =

(4.93)

g ( f ) / Tb

Tng hp li: 1 1 8Eb cos 2 (Tb f ) + 2 (4.94) f + f + 2 2 2 2Tb 2Tb (4Tb f 1) Thay cng thc vo ph bng thng di ta s c 2 thnh phn ri rc ti f1=fc+1/2Tb v f2=fc-1/2Tb Ch l mt ph cng sut ca FSK nh phn pha lin tc gim t l nghch bc 4 vi tn s. Tuy nhin khi FSK c pha khng lin tc ti khong gia bit, mt ph cng sut ch gim t l nghch bc 2 vi tn s v to ra nhiu giao thoa ra bn ngoi bng 2. Ph cng sut ca QPSK v MSK a) i vi QPSK: - Ty theo 2 bit gi trong khong -TbtTb cc thnh phn cng pha v vung pha c cng hm mt ph cng sut: SB ( f ) = Eb 2Tb

Hnh 4.19 Ph cng sut ca tn hiu BPSK avf BFSK 68

 E (4.95) g (t ) = T 0 t Tb Esinc2(Tf) con _ lai 0 - Thnh phn vung pha v cng pha l c lp nn mt ph cng sut ca QPSK s l tng ca 2 thnh phn SB(f)=2Esinc2(Tf)=4Ebsinc2(2Tbf) (4.96) b) i vi MSK: - Ty theo gi tr ca trng thi pha (0) thnh phn ng pha s l: +g(t) hay g(t) 2 Eb t cos Tb t Tb 2T (4.97) g (t ) = Tb b 0 con _ lai Mt ph nng lng ca hm to dng s l: 32 EbTb cos 2 (2Tb f ) (4.98) g( f ) = 2 (16Tb2 f 2 1) 2 nn mt ph cng sut s l: g ( f ) / 2Tb - Ty theo gi tr ca (Tb) thnh phn vung pha s alf +g(t) hay g(t) vi 2 Eb t sin 0 t 2Tb 2T (4.99) g (t ) = Tb b 0 con _ lai Mt ph nng lng cng c tnh ging nh thnh phn cng pha - Ging nh QPSK Cc thnh phn cng pha v vung l c lp nn mt ph cng sut ca MSK s l:

Hnh 4.20 Ph cng sut ca tn hiu QPSK avf MSK

69

 g ( f ) 16 Eb cos 2 (2Tb f ) S B ( f ) = 2 = 2 2 2 2 2Tb (16Tb f 1)

(4.100)

Hnh 4.21 Ph cng sut ca tn hiu PSK hng M vi M=2,4,8 3. Ph cng sut ca tn hiu hng M PSK nh phn v QPSK l trng hp ring ca PSK hng M T=Tblog2M. Phn tch ging nh lm vi QPSK c th thy mt ph cng sut bng c s ca PSK hng M l; (4.101) SB(f)=2Esinc2(Tf)=2Eblog2Msinc2(Tbflog2M) Hnh 4.21, 4.22

Hnh 4.22 Ph cng sut ca tn hiu FSK hng M, vi M=2,4,8

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4.8 Hiu sut rng bng rng knh v cng sut pht l 2 ti nguyn c bn ca truyn thng. S dng hiu sut cc ti nguyn ny l l do ca cc nghin cu s tit kim ph. Trong cc i hiu sut rng ph nh ngha l t s tc d liu v rng knh(n v l bit/giy/Hz). i tng th 2 l t c tit kim bng vi mt cng sut tb tn hiu ti thiu hay l minimum t s tn hiu /n. Vi tc d liu Rb v rng bng knh l B. Hiu sut s dng bng l: R = b b/s/Hz (4.102) B 1. Hiu sut rng bng ca PSK hng M Ph cng sut ca PSK hng M l bup chnh gii hn bi 2 im zero rng knh cho qua PSK hng M (chnh xc hn l cho qua bup chnh)l: B=2/T T l di k hiu , i ra di bit 2 Rb (4.103) B= log 2 M R log 2 M = b = (4.104) Nn B 2
Bng Hiu sut rng bng ca PSK hng M M 2 4 8 16 32 64 (bit/s/Hz) 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

2. Hiu sut rng bng ca FSK hng M Xt FSK hng M gm tp M tn hiu trc giao. Cc tn hiu cnh nhau c th cch nhau tn s=1/2T duy tr tnh trc giao. Do rng knh truyn FSK hng M l: Rb M (4.105) B=M/2T= 2 log 2 M R 2 log 2 M (4.106) V = b = B M Bng hiu sut bng ca FSK hng M M 2 4 8 16 32 64 (bit/s/Hz) 1 1 0.75 0.5 0.3125 0.1875

4.9 nh hng ca ISI Do bng truynt n hiu gii hn nn bncnh ngun gy li Gauss cn c ngun ISI. Khi c ISI b lc tng quan ng b (b lc ph hp) khng cn ti u. iu ny cng ng vi bt hu khng ng b. Mt s phng php s c dng tnh xc sut li tb khi c c 2 ngun gy li ny (da trn tnh tuyn tnh ca qu trnh tch PSK ng b). Tuy nhin vi DPSK qu trnh tch l khng tuyn tnh, rt kh phn tch hot ng li di iu kin thu khng ng b ny. phn tch ngi ta dung pp m phng my tnh vi mt s dadc im chnh nh sau: 1. Tn hiu pht s(t) c biu din bng ng bao phc ~ s (t ) thng thp vi lin h ~ (4.107) s (t ) = Re[ s (t ) exp( j 2f ct )]

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Hnh 4.23S minh ha s lien h gia thnh phn ng pha v vung phaca p ng b lc bng c s vi tn hiu Fc l tn s song mang c coi l ln so vi mt na rngt n hiu truyn. tnh cht s (t ) nn loi ca dng song d liu avf ca phng php bo hiu c m t y qua ~ b tnh cnt hit m phng vi song mang tn s cao s (t ) vi 2. m phng hiu ng n trc v sau bt hut a cng ~ ~ (4.108) w(t ) = wI (t ) + jwQ (t ) L hm mu ca qu trnh n , tb zero v mt cng sut n N0/2 (w/Hz) 3. B lc ph hp (hay tng quan) cng c thay bng b lc thong thp tng ng ~ ~ (4.109) h(t ) = 2 Re[h (t ) exp( j 2f ct )] vi h (t ) = hI (t ) + jhQ (t )

4. ng bao phc ca tn hiu cao tn li ra cng c tnh theo cng thc ~ ~ y (t ) = h (t ) * ~ x (t ) Biu din theo thnh phn ng pha v vung pha s l: (4.110) yI (t ) = hI (t ) * xI (t ) hQ (t ) * xQ (t )
yQ (t ) = hQ (t ) * xI (t ) hI (t ) * xQ (t ) m phng , cn gi s trc phn b cc k hiu l bng nhau v c lp. iu ny hay c s dng qua dy M cc i hay PN. Gi s trong khi chy m phng c N k hiu cn pht. L k hiu trong c th b b thu hiu sai, th N phi ln xc sut li tb c tnh bng: Pe=L/N

72

Cng thc ny cng chnh xc khi N cng ln. nh gi xc sut li c 10-5, N tit hiu phi l 107 tc l 100 ln ngch i ca xc sut li. iu ny lm lc chun (cn ca phng sai) khng ln hn 10 phn trm. Trong ht uyn tnh c th trnh vic chy m phng lu bng cch dung qui trnh gin tip nh gi nh hng ca tn hiu pht v n tch bit. Ta minh ha qui trnh ny bng bng vic xt h bo hiu vunggc. Dng m hnh tng ng bngc s ca b thu trc ht tnh bin li ra b tng quan (hay li vo b quyt nh) knh ng pha. Gi s aI,n l bin ca k hiu mn. Tip tnh varian ca n ti cng im thu(tng ng vi nhnh ngpha) I2 . Do i vi tn hiu mn xc sut iu kin ca li l: i,n 1 (4.111) PeI (n) = erfc 2 n=1,2,N 2 i , n = aI2, n / I2 N l s tng cng k hiu c truyn Vic tnh ton ni trn c lp li cho nhnh vung gc. V xc sut li iu kin ct nh y l: (4.112) Pe(n)=PeI(n)+PeQ(n)-PeI(n)PeQ(n) Trung bnh kt qu ny trn tng s k hiut ruyn: 1 N Pe Pe (n) (4.113) N n =1 Trong trng hp bo hiu nhj phn chng ta ch c mt knh ng pha n PeQ(n) l zero avf xc sut tb li ky hiu rt li thnh: 1 N (4.114) Pe PeI (n) N n =1 Bng ch dng qui trnh gin tip ni trn di ca qu trnh m phng gim i vi bc so vi qui trnht rct ip, ch yu cu l dy gi ngu nhin c dung to thnh phn ng pha v vung pha phi c di ln hn 100, tc l tt c cc k hiu trong bng c dung xp x nh nhau
4.10 K thut ng b Hai dy s kin ( b thu v b pht) gi l ng b khi chng xy ra ng thi. K thut thu ng b cn thc hin 2 vn : - Xc nh tn s v pha sng mang. oc lng tn s v pha ti b thu cn gi l khi phc sng mang hay ng b sng mang - Xc nh thi im b iu ch thay i trng thi (bt u v kt thc mt k hiu), t xc nh thi im ly mu v kt thc tch-tch phn . c lng thi gian ny gi l khi phc ng h hay ng b k hiu Hai kiu ng b ny c th thc hin ng thi hay ln lt. Vi k thut tch khng ng b th khng cn ng b sng mang. ng b sng mang Phng php n gin nht l iu ch sao cho tn hiu c iu ch cha thnh phn ri rc c tn s sng mang. Sau PLL bng hp c th bm thnh phn ny ri cung cp tn hiu tham chiu cho b thu

73

Hnh 4.24 Vng cng sut th M

PLL gm mt b VCO, mt b lc vng v mt b nhn ni vi nhau theo h phn hi m (hnh 3.12). Nhc im ca phng php ny l thnh phn ri rc khng mang thng tin no khc ngoi pha v tn s sng mang, vic truyn n lm tn thm cng sut K thut iu ch tit kim cng sut lun c quan tm. Trn thc t ngi ta hay dng cch sau: Khi khng c thnh phn mt chiu trong ph cng sut ca tn hiu mang d liu, b thu dng vng bm sng mang con tham chiu (sng c tn s bi ca tn s sng mang). V d s khi phc sng mang PSK hng M (M=2). Mch ny gi l vng ly tha bc M (M=2 gi l vng bnh phng). Tuy nhin mt vn km theo ca phng php ny l s nhm ln v pha. V d vi PSK nh phn c b bnh phng nn khi tn hiu li vo thay i du th du ca sng mang khi phc khng i hay n cch khc vng bnh phng nhm ln 180 0 v pha. Tng t vi vng PSK hng M s c M pha nhm ln trong khong (0, 2) Mt phng php khc khi phc sng mang l dng vng Costa gm 2 nhnh : Mt nhnh ng pha v mt nhnh vung pha. C hai nhnh thng qua mt b VCO to nn vng phn hi m. Khi ng b t c dng sng d liu c gii iu ch xut hin ti li ra nhnh cng pha cn li ra ca nhnh vung pha l zero vi iu kin l tng. phng php ny cng nhm ln pha v tn nhiu b lc.

74

Cch gii quyt s nhm ln pha l dng m vi phn. D liu c m vi phn trc khi iu ch v c gii m vi phn sau khi tch ti b thu.(gim cp nh khi c n). phng php ny gi l tch ng b PSK hang M vi m vi phn. y khc vi DPSK hng M. i vi tch ng b DPSK nh phn xc sut li ca k hiu l: Eb 1 Eb 2 Pe = erfc (4.115) N 2 erfc N 0 0

Hnh 4.25 a) Xung ch nht g(t), b) Li ra ca b lc ph hp vi g(t)

Khi Eb/N0>>1 s hngt h 2 c th b qua nn c kt qu ging nh s iu ch QPSK ng b hay MSK. i vi tch ng b ca QPSK vi phn : Eb Eb Eb 1 Eb 2 3 4 (4.116) Pe = 2erfc N 2erfc N + erfc N 4 erfc N 0 0 0 0 Vi Eb/N0 ln xc sut li s xp x nh QPSK ng b
ng b k hiu ng b k hiu c th song song hay trc hoc sau ng b sng mang ty theo ng dng. C th pht Clock cng vi tn hiu mang d liu theo cch hp knh. Sau ti b thu clock c tch bng b lc thch hp ca dng sng c iu ch. Cch ny ti thiu thi gian khi phc sng mang v clock, tuy nhin nhc im ca n l mt phn cng sut pht c chia x cho ng h. Mt phng php khc (tt) l trc tin dng b tch khng ng b tch clock. y s dng mt c im l thi gian clock l n nh hn pha ca sng mang. Sau sng mang c khi phc bng s l li ra b tch khng ng b trong mi chu k clock.

75

Trong mt phng php khc, khi phc clock sau khi khi phc sng mang, clock c tch bng cch s l dng sng bng c s (khng cn tch) c gii iu ch v vy trnh c lng ph cng sut truyn. Sau y chng ta xy dng mt b ng b k hiu tha mn yu cu ny.

Bi tp
Hnh 4.26 Loi cng sm-mun ca b ng b k hiu

Xt mt xung ch nht: a 0 t T (4.117) g (t ) = 0 con _ lai Li ra ca b lc chp vi g(t) ch trn hnh b) ta thy c cc i ti t=T v i xng hai bn im nay. Nn thi gian chnh xc cho ly mu ti li ra b lc chp lt=T. Nu ly mu sm hn hay chm hn mt lng 0T hai gi tr mu ny l bng nhau (tnh trung bnh khi c n) v im ly mu chnh xc l chnh gia 2 im sm hn v mun hn. Gi tr khc bit ca 2 gi tr mu sm v mun s iu chnh b VCO hiu chnh chnh xc thi gian ly mu k hiu iu ch ng b nh phn 1.D liu nh phn truyn qua knh vi ba vi tc 106 bit/giy. Mt ph cng sut n ti li vo thu l 10-10w/Hz. Tm cng sut sng mang trung bnh yu cu xc sut li tb l Pe10-4 i vi FSK ng b nh phn. rng knh c yu cu l bao nhiu

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2. tn hiu PSK nh phn cp ln b tng quan c cung cp tham chiu pha khc vi pha song mang chnh xc _ rad . Xc nh nh hngc a li pha ln xc sut li tb cua h thng iu ch dng b vung gc 3. Xt tn hiu QPSK c gin chm sao trn hnh a) V dng sng ca cc thnh phn ng pha v vungpha ca QPSK ny khi dy li vo l 11 00 100010 b) V dng sng ca QPSK , cho rng tn s song mang l bi nguyn ca tc k hiu 1/T 4. Bi tp trn p dng cho MSK iu ch nh phn khng ng b 5. Dy 11 00100010 c cp ln b pht DPSK (hnh 7.19a) a) V dng song li ra b pht b) Cp dng sng ny ln b thu DPSK. Chng t rng khi khng c n dy nh phn c ti to li iu ch hng M 6. Trong iu ch hng M di mi tn hiu c c nh c lp vi M (tp tn hiu). S dng gin chm sao nh gi cc nhn xt sau: - tng M s dn n tng xc sut li tb cn tng nng lng ca mi tn hiu pht s gim li tb k hiu -Tng M gim cp hot ng ca K, trong khi gim mt it PSK cn FSK li c ci thin 7. Xt QPSK hng 4 v hng 8 (hnh v) (2 chm sao c cng bn knh) a) chng t rng khi t s tn/tp ln s khc nhau tim cn trheo Eb/N0 gia 2 chm sao c th biut h l 10log10(3d02/d42) vi cc khang cch v trn hnh b) Chng t rng sai khc tim cn biu th mt mt mt 3.57dB Hiu sut rng bng 8. rng n tng ng ca tn hiut hng di dc nh ngha tha mn: 4BS(fc)=P 2B rng n tng ng c tn s trung tm fc

S(fc) l gi tr cc i mt ph cng sut cuae tn hiu ti f=fc. P l cng sut ca tn hiu

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Chng t rng rng n tng ng c chun ha vi tc d liu (o bng b/s) nh sau iu ch rng n/tc bit PSK nh phn 1.0 QPSK 0.5 MSK 0.62 S dng rng n ny tnh hiu sut rng bng ca PSK nh phn QPSK v MSK

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