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Sonic Scanner
Sonic Scanner
Applications
Geophysics
Improve 3D seismic analysis and seismic tie-ins Determine shear anisotropy Input to fluid substitution Analyze rock mechanics Identify stress regimes Determine pore pressure Evaluate well placement and stability Identify gas zones Measure mobility Identify open fractures Maximize selective perforating for sand control Maximize safety window for drawdown pressure Optimize hydraulic fracturing Evaluate cement bond quality
Geomechanics
uses long- and short-monopole transmitter-receiver spacing is fully characterized with predictable acoustics.
Reservoir characterization
Well integrity
Earlier technologies attempted to operate close to the tools low-frequency limit, or they depended on previously acquired formation information to anticipate formation slowness prior to data evaluation. The wide-frequency spectrum used by the Sonic Scanner tool allows data capture at high signal-to-noise ratios and extracts maximum data from the formation. This design feature also helps ensure that data are acquired regardless of the formation slowness. The monopole transmitters have
Figure 1. The Sonic Scanner tool provides the benefits of axial, azimuthal, and radial information from both the monopole and the dipole measurements for near-wellbore and far-field slowness information.
Benefits
Enhance hydrocarbon recovery Make real-time decisions with real-time quality control Improve reserves estimates Decrease operating time and reduce job costs by eliminating multiple logging runs Reduce uncertainty and operating risk
Features
Robust measurement of compressional and shear slownesses Increased logging speed (1,097 m/h [3,600 ft/h]) Multiple monopole transmitter and receiver spacing High-fidelity wideband waveforms and dispersion curves Large receiver array Predictable acoustics Enhanced behind-casing measurements with simultaneous cement bond log (CBL) and Variable Density* cement bond quality measurements Extremely rugged electronic package
enhanced low-frequency output over the entire range of sonic frequencies; and the dipole transmitters are designed for high-output power, high-purity acoustic waves, wide bandwidth, and low power consumption. The Sonic Scanner receivers feature a longer azimuthal array than other acoustic tools; i.e., 13 stations and 8 azimuthal receivers at each station. With the two near-monopole transmitters straddling this array and a third transmitter farther away, the short- to long-monopole transmitter-to-receiver spacing combination allows the altered zone to be seen and provides a radial monopole profile.
The transit time scattering shows 0.31-in eccentering in the 7-in, 23-lbm/ft casing. The two bond index measurements show good agreement, even in the zone of high eccentralization near the top of the interval.
Figure 2. A very good match is shown between azimuthally averaged Sonic Scanner platform and CBT curves (1). Curve scattering indicates 0.31-in eccentering (10 % of the internal radius) in the 7-in casing (2). A good match between bond index measurements is indicated (3).
Gamma Ray
Transit Time
Variable Density*
Bond Index
Variable Density
3
2
295 200
600 0
150 0 dB/ft
50 0 mV
1 200
1200
Figure 3. Excellent resolution obtained from the Sonic Scanner tool compared with the surface seismic image.
XX,000
XX,005
Wellbore XX,010
Figure 4. In this example, the high-gamma ray activity indicates a shaly interval. An isotropic zone (N = 0) extends from XY,500 to XY,600 m, and a high-permeability zone exists from XY,005 to XY,100 m.
Shear Rigidity in X2X3 Transversely Borehole Plane 0 Borehole Deviation Compressional DT 0 deg 90 440 s/ft Fast Shear DT N_TIV@3D_Aniso_Com 300 GPa Shale Depth m Thin Bed 300 440 440 440 s/ft Slow Shear DT s/ft Stoneley DT s/ft Shear Rigidity in X2X3 Transversely 40 Isotropic Vertical Plane 40 0 GPa 5 0 GPa 10 Shear Rigidity in X2X3, X1X2, and X1X3 Borehole Plane GPa Equivalent Shear Rigidity in Borehole Plane 5 0 GPa 10 10
XX,800
The inset image in Fig. 3 shows the surface seismic data with normal, rather poor, resolution. In the Sonic Scanner image of Fig. 3, the solid green line indicates the interpreted reservoir top, and the dashed blue line is the interpreted bottom of the main sand body. The purple line shows the wellbore path. The relative horizontal position along the bottom scale is 20 600 m from left to right, and the vertical scale (deep reading) is in increments of 5 m, showing clearly more than 15 m of excellent resolution compared with the surface seismic image. The Sonic Scanner image measurements are used to update the geological model and as input to the reservoir simulator for predicting pressure with production.
XY,000
High permeability
XY,200
XY,400
Isotropic
XY,600
XY,800
intrinsic anisotropy; N > 0 implies beddinginduced anisotropy), relative magnitude of principal stresses, and fluid mobility in porous rocks. Figure 4 shows the 3D anisotropy algorithms ability to generate the TI parameters. With reference to a borehole that is parallel to the X3 axis, shear modulus or rigidity in the X2-X3 plane and shear rigidity in the X1-X2 plane enable quicklook interpretation of formation anisotropy, stress, and mobility effects.
Figure 5. Mobility measured by the Sonic Scanner tool is shown in Track 4. The red dots indicate mobility values measured by the MDT* Modular Formation Dynamics Tester, which show good agreement.
Shale Sand 0 0 6 1.95 Porosity % Gamma Ray gAPI Caliper in Bulk Density g/cm3 Quality 100 Flag 160 Signal150 to-Noise 300 Ratio 16 30 dB 50 300 Depth ft 240 DT Compressional s/ft DT Shear s/ft DT Stoneley s/ft DT mud s/ft Bound Water Mobility Error Stoneley Mobility mD/cP 10,000 MDT Mobility mD/cP 10,000 Oil Water Coal Sonic Scanner Stoneley 0 s/ft 16,000
60 150 200 1 40 1
2.95
X,X00
X,X20
X,X40
X,X60
at best, because of fracture alignment, dipping beds, unbalanced stresses, and formation damage from drilling. The Sonic Scanner tool enables a full 3D characterization of the formation by adding the radial dimension from the multiple transmitter-receiver spacings, along with wideband frequency measurements and acquisition of all acoustic modes propagating in the borehole. From the expanded set of measurements, dominant formation data can be evaluated and the appropriate processing techniques can be selected to extract 3D acoustical properties. In a tight-gas reservoir, formation evaluation data and wellbore images were combined with Sonic Scanner shear wave anisotropy and Stoneley wave data shown in Fig. 6. Wellbore stability simulation was used to ensure consistency between the mechanical earth model and the logging and drilling data. The mechanical earth model was then applied to optimize subsequent drilling operations.
Figure 6. A mechanical earth model can be constructed and compared with independent measurements of rock properties and in situ stresses.
2.5 x10
2,000
1.5
1
E - 3.084 x 10 psi
0.5
Youngs Modulus
o3 = 3000 psi Sample 67-S1 Depth: 4912.00 ft
6,000
10
1.2
1.4
1.6
Delta Stability
8,000
Distance (in)
-5
-10
-10
-5
0 Distance, in
10
FMI log
Figure 7. Stoneley wave measurements enabled determination that the fractures were natural, not drilling induced.
Washout 0 4 4 4 0
Crossline Energy
Gamma Ray Maximum gAPI 150 Crossline Energy Bit Size 100 in 14 0 Caliper 1 Dynamic Image Slowness Slowness Minimum C r ossline Slowness Slowness Horizontal Scale: 1:13.744 Frequency Frequency in 14 Energy Projection Projection Analysis Analysis Orientation North Fast-In-Line Slow-In-Line Caliper 2 120 240 360 Variable Variable in 14 0 80 s/ft 280 80 s/ft 280 80 s/ft 280 80 s/ft 280 0 100 Resistive Conductive Density Density Stoneley Fractures Depth DT Shear Fast DT Shear Fast DT Shear Slow DT Shear Slow ft in 0.5 0 s 6,000 80 s/ft 280 80 s/ft 280 0 s 100 80 s/ft 280 80 s/ft 280 FMI Image
XX,050
XX,100
Sonic Scanner Measurement Specifications Output Max. logging speed Range of measurement Vertical resolution Accuracy Mud weight or type limits Combinability
Acquisition
Compressional and shear DT, full waveforms, cement bond quality waveforms 1,097 m/h [3,600 ft/h] Standard shear slowness: <4,921 s/m [1,500 s/ft] <1.82-m [6-ft] processing resolution for 15.24-cm [6-in] sampling rate DT: <6.56 s/m [2 s/ft] or 2% up to 35.6-cm [14-in] hole size <16.40 s/m [5 s/ft] or 5% for >35.6-cm [14-in] hole size None Fully combinable with other tools
speed depends on product class and sampling rate. Vertical resolution of <60.96 cm [<2 ft] is possible.
Sonic Scanner Mechanical Specifications Max. temperature Max. pressure Borehole size Min. Max. Outer diameter Length Weight Tension Compression
Advanced Basic
177 degC [350 degF] 138 MPa [20,000 psi] 12.07 cm [4.75 in] 55.88 cm [22 in] 9.21 cm [3.625 in] 12.58 m [41.28 ft] 6.7 m [22 ft] 383 kg [844 lbm] 188 kg [413 lbm] 157 kN [35,000 lbf] 13 kN [3,000 lbf]
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05-FE-130 November 2005 2005 Schlumberger *Mark of Schlumberger