PERMANENTMAGNETBLDCDRIVE

Dr.(Mrs.)C.S.Rajeshwari NITTTR Bhopal NITTTR,

Objectives
Introduction Constructionandoperatingprinciple Controlstrategy Mathematicalmodel Bldc motorapplications Manufacturersofbldc motorintheWorld Conclusion

Introduction
Developmentinpowerelectronicshas introducedanewconceptofelectricdrive calledBLDCmotor. Thesedrivearecosteffective,energy efficientandreliable. BLDCmotorhasbecomealternativeto theDCMotor. Motor BrushlessDirectCurrent(BLDC)motors areoneofthemotortypesrapidlygaining p p popularity. y

Advantages&DisadvantagesofBrushlessDCMotors
Due to replacement p of mechanical commutator by y Electronic Commutator Absence of sparking, Has longer operating life and L Less maintenance i t Highly reliable Due to low inertia and friction fast acceleration and can run at high speed upto 100,000 rpm. Since armature winding is on stator, cooling is better. Hence higher specific outputs t t can be b obtained bt i d High efficiecy(75%), much quiter(due to absence of brushes) less length of motor etc Reduced radio interference causes small filter design Pollution free since produce no brush /commutator particles/Gases as b byproducts d t of f operation ti Can operate under submerged condition in fluids/combustible gases as they may be hermatically sealed Disadvantages: High Cost and low Starting Torque

WhatisBrushlessDCmotor
A BLDC motor is a Synchronous y motor with a permanent magnet rotor using semiconductor control(Electronic control) to control the stator currents such that the a constant maximum torque as in DC motoris produced for a given speed. Unlike conventional DC motor the function of mechanical commutator in a is replaced by a electronic commutator in BLDC motor.

WorkingPrincipleofBLDCmotor
Therotorfluxdensitydistributionproducedby thepermanentmagnetsisrepresentedbythe greenspacevectorBr. Apowerprocessingunitsuppliesthreephase currentstothestatorwindingsinsucha mannerthattheresultantstatorcurrentspace vectorIs is 90o aheadoftherotorfluxvector. Themmf distributionproducedbythestator currentsflowinginthestationarythreephase windingsisequivalenttothatproducedbyIs flowinginasinglesinusoidallydistributed rotatingwindingwhosemagneticaxislinesup withIs asillustratedinthisanimation.

CONSTRUCTIONAND OPERATINGPRINCIPLE
A brushless dc motor has a rotor with permanent magnets and a stator with windings. The control electronics replace the function of the commutators and energize the proper winding. The magnetic field generated by the stator and the rotor are rotates at the same frequency. The function of the magnet is the same in both the brushless motor and the dc commutator motor.

 I InaBLDCmotor,the h position i i of fthe h rotoris i sensedandcontinually yfedbacktothe commutationelectronicstoprovidefor appropriateswitching. TheBLDCmotorisdrivenbyvoltagestrokes coupledwiththegivenrotorposition.

Disassembledviewofabrushlessdc motor

BrushlessDCmotoralongwithelectroniccontroller
3 phase star connected Stator winding is connected to a current regulated Voltage source inverter comprising of 6 SCRs. Diodes are connected across SCRs to protect these from reactance voltage. Rotor carries a commutating disc with 1800cutout so that it rotates with rotor Light sensitive or hall effect sensors are fixed 120 0apaprt receiving light from fixed light source.Sensors source Sensors produce logic 1 while receiving light and logic 0 when dark The 3 fixed sensors and rotating commutating t ti disc di rotating t ti along l with ith rotor t produce the required sensor code from which electronic circuitary generates gating pulses for firing SCRS in a sequence so as to be in synchronism with the rotors mechanical position. The stator and rotor gets locked with each other and remain in synchronism at any speed

BrushLessDC(3Phase2poleTrapezoidalPMAC)MotorDrives Statorhas3concentratedphase windingsdisplacedby1200 andeach windingspansoneachsideby600 WhenrevolvinginCCWdirection upto 1200,rotationfromtheposition shown alltopconductorsofphaseA shown, linkswithsouthpoleandallbottom conductorsofphaseAwilllinkwith theNorthpole. SoVoltageinducedinPhaseAis 0 rotation sameduring1200, Beyond1200 someconductorsattop linkwithNpoleandothersSpole. Sameiswithbottomconductors. Voltageinduced inphaseAlinearly reversesinnext600rotation

TorqueinBLDCmotor
Since air gap flux is constant , the voltage induced is proportional to speed of rotor. During each 60 interval current enters one phase and comes out of another phase.Therefore power supplied to the motor in each such interval

E = Ke m P = E Id + ( E ) ( Id ) = 2 E Id = 2 Kem Id Torque = T = P/ m

= 2 Ke Id = 2 KT Id T Torque i proportional is ti l to t Id

RegenerativeBrakinginBLDC

When speed reverses, polarity of f induced d d voltage l reverse. g p phase currents reverse Reversing the source current Id Now power flows from machine to inverter and from inverter to dc source,

The stator windings are fed with current pulses. The current pulses are each 1200 duration and are locted in region where induced voltage is constant and maximum y of current Polarity pulses is same as that of induced voltage

T1T6,T1T2,T3T2,T3T4,T5T4,T5T6

Duringoto60,iA =Id andiB = Id CurrentiA entersthroughphaseAand leavesthroughphaseB WhenT1T6areon,terminalsAandBare connectedto+ve andve erminals ofthe dcsourceVd. CurrentflowsfromVd,T1Ph.A,Ph.B and T6andrateofchangeofcurrent,iA willbe positive WhenT1andT6areturnedoffcurrent flowsfromPh.A ,Ph.B,diodeD3,vd and diodeD4 Sincethecurrentshastoflowagainst g Vd,rateofchange g ofcurrentiA voltage willbenegative
T1T6,T1T2,T3T2,T3T4,T5T4,T5T6

LowCostBLDCMotor
Low cost BLDC motopr employs only 3 transistors and 3 diode converter to supply only positive currents or voltages to 3 motor oto p phases ases

Hall Effect devices which generally provide optimum size and the best environmental capabilities versus cost.

Backemf detectiontechniqueisusedfor sensorlessoperationofBLDCmotor.

BLDCMOTORAPPLICATIONS
Usedinturntabledrivesinrecordplayers,Tape driveforvrdio recorders, spindledrivesinharddiskdrivs forcomputers Lowcostlowpowerdrivesincomputerperipherals,Instrumentsandcontrol systems UsedinaerospacelikeGyroscopemotors Usedinbiomedicallikecryogeniccoolersandartificialheartpumps Usedfordrivingcoolingfansforelectroniccircuitsandheatsinks RailwaysFan110VDC. SolarbasedIrrigation/Pumpingmotor. S t llit S Satellite Solar l Tracking T ki Power P Supply. S l EngineCoolingapplicationinAutomobiles. HightorqueapplicationsuchasTractionsystems. AutomotiveReturnlessFuelpump. ExternalRotorfanapplicationswherelowacousticnoiseisimportant ElectricWheelchairwithDSPbasedcontroller. ControlofRobotarmandTrackingapplication.

Conclusion
Inconclusion,BLDCmotorshaveadvantagesoverbrushedDCmotorsand inductionmotors. Theyhavebetterspeedversustorquecharacteristics,highdynamicresponse, high g efficiency, y,long goperating p glife, ,noiselessoperation, p ,higher g speed p ranges, g , ruggedconstructionandsoon. Also Also,torquedeliveredtothemotorsizeishigher, higher makingitusefulinapplications wherespaceandweightarecriticalfactors. Withtheseadvantages,BLDCmotorsfindwidespreadapplicationsin automotive,appliance,aerospace,consumer,medical,instrumentationand automationindustries.

ThankYou