OSI Model

OSI MODEL
Presented by Aditya Kumar Gupta Lecturer, Department of Computer Application SMS aranasi

OSI Model

Communication Architecture
Strate!y for connectin! "ost computers and ot"er communicatin! e#uipment$ Defines necessary elements for data communication bet%een de&ices$ A communication arc"itecture, t"erefore, defines a standard for t"e communicatin! "osts$ A pro!rammer formats data in a manner defined by t"e communication arc"itecture and passes it on to t"e communication soft%are$ Separatin! communication functions adds fle'ibility, for e'ample, %e do not need to modify t"e entire "ost soft%are to include more communication de&ices$

OSI Model

Layer Architecture
Layer arc"itecture simplifies t"e net%or( desi!n$ It is easy to debu! net%or( applications in a layered arc"itecture net%or($ )"e net%or( mana!ement is easier due to t"e layered arc"itecture$ *et%or( layers follo% a set of rules, called protocol$ )"e protocol defines t"e format of t"e data bein! e'c"an!ed, and t"e control and timin! for t"e "ands"a(e bet%een layers$

OSI Model

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model

International standard or!ani+ation ,ISO- establis"ed a committee in ./00 to de&elop an arc"itecture for computer communication$ Open Systems Interconnection ,OSI- reference model is t"e result of t"is effort$ In ./12, t"e Open Systems Interconnection ,OSIreference model %as appro&ed as an international standard for communications arc"itecture$ )erm 3open4 denotes t"e ability to connect any t%o systems %"ic" conform to t"e reference model and associated standards$

OSI Model

OSI Reference Model

)"e OSI model is no% considered t"e primary Arc"itectural model for inter5computer communications$ )"e OSI model describes "o% information or data ma(es its %ay from application pro!rammes ,suc" as spreads"eets- t"rou!" a net%or( medium ,suc" as %ireto anot"er application pro!ramme located on anot"er net%or($ )"e OSI reference model di&ides t"e problem of mo&in! information bet%een computers o&er a net%or( medium into SE E* smaller and more mana!eable problems $ )"is separation into smaller more mana!eable functions is (no%n as layerin!$

OSI Model

OSI Reference Model: 7 Layers

OSI Model

OSI: A Layered Net or! Model

)"e process of brea(in! up t"e functions or tas(s of net%or(in! into layers reduces comple'ity$ Eac" layer pro&ides a ser&ice to t"e layer abo&e it in t"e protocol specification$ Eac" layer communicates %it" t"e same layer6s soft%are or "ard%are on ot"er computers$ )"e lo%er 2 layers ,transport, net%or(, data lin( and p"ysical 7Layers 2, 8, 9, and .- are concerned %it" t"e flo% of data from end to end t"rou!" t"e net%or($ )"e upper four layers of t"e OSI model ,application, presentation and session7Layers 0, : and ;- are orientated more to%ard ser&ices to t"e applications$ Data is Encapsulated %it" t"e necessary protocol information as it mo&es do%n t"e layers before net%or( transit$

OSI Model

"hysical Layer
Pro&ides p"ysical information$ interface for transmission of

Defines rules by %"ic" bits are passed from one system to anot"er on a p"ysical communication medium$ Co&ers all 5 mec"anical, electrical, functional and procedural 5 aspects for p"ysical communication$ Suc" c"aracteristics as &olta!e le&els, timin! of &olta!e c"an!es, p"ysical data rates, ma'imum transmission distances, p"ysical connectors, and ot"er similar attributes are defined by p"ysical layer specifications$

OSI Model

#ata Lin! Layer

Data lin( layer attempts to pro&ide reliable communication o&er t"e p"ysical layer interface$ <rea(s t"e out!oin! data into frames and reassemble t"e recei&ed frames$ Create and detect frame boundaries$ =andle errors by implementin! an ac(no%led!ement and retransmission sc"eme$ Implement flo% control$ Supports points5to5point as %ell as broadcast communication$ Supports simple', "alf5duple' or full5duple' communication$

OSI Model

Net or! Layer

Implements routin! of frames ,pac(ets- t"rou!" t"e net%or($ Defines t"e most optimum pat" t"e pac(et s"ould ta(e from t"e source to t"e destination Defines lo!ical addressin! so t"at any endpoint can be identified$ =andles con!estion in t"e net%or($ >acilitates interconnection bet%een "etero!eneous net%or(s ,Internet%or(in!-$ )"e net%or( layer also defines "o% to fra!ment a pac(et into smaller pac(ets to accommodate different media$

OSI Model

$ransport Layer
Purpose of t"is layer is to pro&ide a reliable mec"anism for t"e e'c"an!e of data bet%een t%o processes in different computers$ Ensures t"at t"e data units are deli&ered error free$ Ensures t"at data units are deli&ered in se#uence$ Ensures t"at t"ere is no loss or duplication of data units$ Pro&ides connectionless or connection oriented ser&ice$ Pro&ides for t"e connection mana!ement$ Multiple' multiple connection o&er a sin!le c"annel$

OSI Model

Session Layer
Session layer pro&ides mec"anism for controllin! t"e dialo!ue bet%een t"e t%o end systems$ It defines "o% to start, control and end con&ersations ,called sessions- bet%een applications$ )"is layer re#uests for a lo!ical connection to be establis"ed on an end5user6s re#uest$ Any necessary lo!5on or pass%ord &alidation is also "andled by t"is layer$ Session layer is also responsible for terminatin! t"e connection$ )"is layer pro&ides ser&ices li(e dialo!ue discipline %"ic" can be full duple' or "alf duple'$ Session layer can also pro&ide c"ec(5pointin! mec"anism suc" t"at if a failure of some sort occurs bet%een c"ec(points, all data can be retransmitted from t"e last c"ec(point$

OSI Model

"resentation Layer
Presentation layer defines t"e format in %"ic" t"e data is to be e'c"an!ed bet%een t"e t%o communicatin! entities$ Also "andles data compression and data encryption ,crypto!rap"y-$

OSI Model

Application Layer
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Application layer interacts %it" application pro!rams and is t"e "i!"est le&el of OSI model$ Application layer contains mana!ement functions to support distributed applications$ E'amples of application layer are applications suc" as file transfer, electronic mail, remote lo!in etc$

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OSI Model

OSI in Action
A messa!e be!ins at t"e top application layer and mo&es do%n t"e OSI layers to t"e bottom p"ysical layer$ As t"e messa!e descends, eac" successi&e OSI model layer adds a "eader to it$ A "eader is layer5specific information t"at basically e'plains %"at functions t"e layer carried out$ Con&ersely, at t"e recei&in! end, "eaders are striped from t"e messa!e as it tra&els up t"e correspondin! layers$

)CP?IP Model

)CP?IP MODEL

)CP?IP Model

OSI % $C"&I" Models

)CP?IP Model

$C"&I" Model
Application Layer
Application programs using the network )ransport Layer ,)CP?@DPManagement of end-to-end message transmission, error detection and error correction *et%or( Layer ,IPHandling of datagrams : routing and congestion Data Lin( Layer
Management of cost effective and reliable data delivery, access to physical networks

P"ysical Layer Physical Media